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Question 1 (25 marks)
The ideal buck converter shown in Fig. 1 operates from a 75V DC source. The output voltage,
V0, is maintained at 42V. The switching frequency of the converter is 100 kHz. The minimum
output power drawn from the converter is 30W and the converter must operate in continuous
conduction mode (CCM) down to this minimum output.
(i) Find the nominal duty cycle, D, of the converter.
D = V 0/V D = 42/75 = 0.56
(ii) Find the minimum inductance L required for the operation of converter in CCM
Lmin = (1 − D)R/2f s (taken from formulae on exam paper, this gives the same answer as the
formula given in lectures)
We want the converter to always be in CCM, so we will look at when it is running at minimum
power.
R = 422/30 = 58.8Ω
Lmin = (1 − 0.56) 58.8/(2 100k) = 129.36μH
(iii) Sketch the inductor voltage and current waveforms when the output power is 1.5 kW, clearly
indicating the maximum and minimum values of inductor currents.
I L = P /V = 35.71A
V L = Ldidt = L Δi
Δt (as it is linear)
Looking at the ton period
V d − V o = 33 = 129.36μ DT Δi
S
Δi = 1.43A
So the minimum and maximum values are
imin = 35.00A; imax = 36.42A
(iv) Find the minimum capacitance C required so that the output voltage ripple is not more than
1% of Vo.
ΔV 0
V o = 8f 2LC
1−D
s
1−D = 4.25μF
C = 0.08f 2
s L
Question 2 (25 marks)
The singlephase, fullycontrolled, converter circuit shown in Fig. 2 operates from a 240V, 50 Hz
supply. The AC source has a total sourceinductance, Ls=1.5mH. The load is highly inductive,
so that the load current may be assumed to be smooth and ripplefree.
(i) Sketch the output voltage, inductor voltage and the input current waveforms of the converter,
clearly showing the commutation angles and the transitions of AC supply current. Use the AC
source voltage as the reference waveform.
The inductor voltage will be zero except during the commutation interval at which point it is equal
to Vs. This is because during the commutation interval, all four thyristors conduct effectively
shortcircuiting the load so vd = 0 and vL = vs.
(ii) Find the DC voltage drop due to source inductance when the load current Id = 70A.
We need to find the area Au
α+μ
Au = ∫ 240√2 sin ωt dωt
α
This is the voltage across the inductor so can be expressed as
V L = Lsdidt = ωLsdωt
di
α+μ α+μ Id
Au = ∫ 240√2 sin ωt dωt = ∫ di dωt = ωL
ωLsdωt s ∫ di = 2ωLsI d = 65.97
α α −Id
And the average over a halfcycle is
ΔV d = Aμ/π = 21V
(iii) Find the firing angle of the converter when it delivers 70 A at 120 V DC, to the load.
V d = 2Vπmax cos α − 2ωL
π I d (taken from formula sheet)
s
Question 3 (25 marks)
(a) What is the function of an uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)? Draw a block diagram of
UPS and briefly explain functions of rectifier and inverter in UPS system.
UPSs are used for supplying critical loads such as servers or medical equipment. They provide
protection against power outages and surges and regulate the supply voltage preventing any
over or under voltages. They also suppress transients and harmonic disturbances.
The battery bank is needed to supply power when the line goes down. This needs to be charged
with a DC source and so the line is rectified and then supplied to the battery and inverter. The
inverter then converts this back to an AC voltage which is also filtered and delivered to the load.
Another advantage of this is that any harmonics or transients in the line are not carried through to
the load.
(b) One leg switch mode inverter shown in Fig. 3 has switching frequency fs, 1450Hz and DC
voltage, Vd, 600V. The output voltage is sinusoidal with a frequency of 50 Hz.
The load is connected between the inverter leg A and the DC voltage midpoint o. Calculate:
(i) the frequency modulation ratio, mf.
mf = f s/f 1 = 1450/50 = 29
(ii) the peak and rms value of output voltage when the amplitude modulation ratio, ma, is 0.8?
The peak voltage is
(V Ao)1 = V d/2 × ma = 240V
And the rms is
(V Ao)1 = 169.7V
(iii) the rms value of the harmonics output voltage at ma = 0.8 for mf, mf±2, and 2mf±1 with their
harmonic components 0.82, 0.22, and 0.32 respectively. Also indicate the frequencies at which
these harmonics appear.
mf = 29 as found in part (i).
(V )h (V )h
(V Ao)h = 1/√2 × 600/2 × V Ao
d/2
= 212.13 × V Ao
d/2
Question 4 (25 marks)
(a) What are the motor drives applications of DC, induction and synchronous motors?
DC speed and position control applications due to their low initial cost and excellent drive
performance
Induction adjustablespeed drives: controlling the speed of fans, compressors, pumps,
blowers, and the like. Servo drives: By means of sophisticated control, induction motors can be
used in computer peripherals, machine tools, and robotics
Synchronous servo drives in applications such as computer peripheral equipment, robotics,
and ASDs in a variety of applications such as loadproportional capacitymodulated heat pumps,
large fans, and compressors.
(b) In a threephase, 60 Hz, 460 V induction motor, Rs + Rr = 3 Ω and Xls + Xlr = 5.0 Ω. The
motor is driven by a squarewave voltage source inverter that supplies 460 V lineline voltage at
the frequency of 60 Hz. Estimate the additional copper losses due to summative harmonic
currents of fifth, seventh, eleventh and thirteenth harmonics.
V h = V LL1/(√3 × h)
V V
(P cu)h ≈ R( 377hL
h
1
)2 = R( √3.377h
LL1
L
2 4
2 ) = 8464/h
1
So the total copper loss is
P cu ≈ 8464(1/54 + 1/74 + 1/114 + 1/134) ≈ 17.94W
(c) A brushless, permanentmagnet, fourpole, threephase motor has the following parameters:
torque constant = 0.229 Nm/A; voltage constant = 24.0 V/1000 rpm; phasetophase resistance
= 8.4 Ω; phasetophase winding inductance = 16.8 mH.
Estimate the minimum DC input voltage to the switchmode converter required to supply the
motor if the maximum speed is 5000 rpm and the corresponding torque is 0.25 Nm.
At 5000 rpm,
Ellpeak = K E(ηspeed) = 24 × 5000/1000 = 120V
Maximum torque is 0.25 Nm
I s = T /K T = 0.25/0.229 = 1.09A
Voltage drop due to resistance is
V R = 1.09 × 8.4 = 9.2V
So the DC input should be at least 120 + 9.2 = 129.2V
Question 5 (25 marks)
(a) What is the function of a static var compensator (SVC) in industrial arc furnace loads and
AC transmission systems?
SVCs are used to monitor the power factor of a supply and supply/consume reactive power to
bring it close to unity. In arc furnace loads the load being supplied is constantly varying and an
SVC is needed to dynamically and swiftly adjust the power factor to keep the supply clean and
reduce flicker voltage. In transmission systems reactive power will alter the voltage of the line
depending on whether it is inductive or capacitive, SVCs compensate for this to keep the voltage
regulated.
(b) What is the need for improving the interfacing of power electronic equipment with utility
system?
Typical diode rectifiers used for interfacing power electronic equipment with utility systems have
large harmonic content in their outputs that may exceed the limits on individual current
harmonics and THD. In addition to the effect on power line quality, the equipment can be affected
in the following ways:
● The DCside filter capacitor is severely stressed due to the large peak pulse currents
● The losses in the diodes of the rectifier bridge are higher due to a currentdependent
forward voltage drop across the diodes
● The components in the EMI filter used at the input to the rectifier bridge must be designed
for higher peak pulse currents
● If a linefrequency transformer is used at the input, it must be highly overrated
(c) A DC transmission link interconnects two 230 kV AC systems. It has four bridges at each
terminal (two per pole) with each pole rated at ±250 kV, 1000 A. The parameters for each pole of
the DC link are given in the following table:
o
In this system, γ1 = γmin = 18 . At the rectifier terminal, the voltage is as close to 250 kV as
possible. Id = 1000 A. Calculate the current, voltages, real and reactive power, and angle at
rectifier end of the DC link.
Inverter voltage is
3ωLs
V dI = 3√2
π V LLcos γ − π I d = 114.83kV
2 bridges so
V dI(pole) = 2 × V dI = 229.66kV
And at the rectifier end
V dR(pole ) = V dI(pole) + (RdcI d)pole = 229.66 + 15.35 × 1000 = 245kV
Voltage on secondary winding of the converter transformer
V LLsec = 230 × 0.468 = 107.64kV
Rectifier voltage is
V dR = V dR(pole)/2 = 122.51kV
The rectifier voltage equation can be solved to find the angle:
3ωLs
V dR = 3√2
π V LLcos α − π I d
3(16.28)
122.51k = 3√2
π × 107.64k × cos α − π (1000)
α = 18.198o
The current on the secondary side is given by
I sec = 0.78I d = 780A
The real power is
P dR = V dRI d = 122.5MW
The apparent power is
SdR = √3(V LLsec)(I sec) = 145.42MV A
Making the reactive power
QdR =
√S 2
dR − P dR
2
= 78.36MV AR