May 2010

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PUBLICATION STAFF
CTTwo Founder.........................Joseph M. Kane
Editor and Publisher ..........D. Phillip Burnside
Associate Publisher ..............Roberto Chellini
Managing Editor ......................Brent D. Haight
Senior Editor ...................Michael J. Brezonick
Volume - XV: Issue - IV
Regional Manager/Editor ...........Ian Cameron

Can We Justify Our Angst?

Feature Editor.........................Dawn M. Geske
Associate Editor.................Amanda M. Klemp
Associate Editor ..........................Kyle Kopplin
Field Editor/
Business Manager .......................Bo Svensson
Advertising Manager ..........Christa L. Johnson
Production Manager ..............Marisa J. Roberts 9.7%?” The risk of a “double-dip” re-
Graphic Artist ........................Brenda L. Burbach cession hovers over us like a dense
Graphic Artist .............................Carla D. Lemke
Graphic Artist............................Amanda J. Ryan cloud. One ray of light is that the odds
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Richard P. Schook - Transfer, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. A “Heard on the Street” column in
HOUSTON OFFICE The Wall Street Journal reported on a
Brent D. Haight, Managing Editor
Joe Kane recent deal in the oil and gas industry.
15814 Champion Forest Drive, #308
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Telephone: 832-717-4549 We’ve moved past the worst — so “When they aren’t fending off kill-
GERMAN OFFICE we hope. The stock market, while still joy regulators or rabid bank execu-
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Gabriele Dinsel, Advertising Manager waffling, seems to be moving up as a tives, short sellers contend with pesky
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Industrial Index. This is good news ration and production sector.
Ian Cameron, Regional Manager/Editor for those depending on their 401Ks “The reason is a surge in mergers
Samantha Doran, Advertising Manager for their retirement nest eggs. and acquisitions. A week or so ago,
Riverbank House, Suite 610
1 Putney Bridge Approach We last reported a move past the Mariner Energy was to brief analysts
London SW6 3JD, United Kingdom 11,000 mark in January of 2006. At on its strategy but instead surprised
Telephone: +44 20 3179 2979 Telefax: +44 20 3179 2970
that time, we were just coming off a investors by announcing it would sell
ITALIAN OFFICES
Roberto Chellini, Associate Publisher very favorable 2005. However, econ- itself to Apache Corp. for $2.7 billion.
44, Via Delle Forbici omists already were raising flags re- Mariner’s stock shot up 42%.
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garding sustainability. To them, it “Roughly $65.5 billion of E&P deals
Roberta Prandi seemed a bit overheated. No one have been announced since October,
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Telephone: +39 0464 2430891 Telefax: +39 0464 244529
or a subprime disaster as an under- the previous 13 quarters combined.
SCANDINAVIAN OFFICE lying cause. “Conditions are favorable for further
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Dunderbacksvagen 20 to a somewhat modest demand, the commodatingly buoyant. The combi-
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Telephone: +46 70 2405369 Telefax: +46 122 14787 U.S. public is concerned about growth nation of low gas prices and high oil
JAPANESE OFFICE sustainability. If we are going to make prices has exposed both the strains on
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the stuff, someone first has to purchase some smaller companies’ balance
Yokohama, 231-0824 Japan it on a regular basis. Taking the pulse of sheets and made a move toward oil
Telephone: +81 45 624 3502 Telefax: +81 45 624 3503 the buying public has to be a marketing reserves desirable. The latest deal will
CHINESE OFFICE nightmare. Consumers are spending enable Apache’s bigger balance sheet
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Rm 1405, Kowloon Building more, factories are producing more, to finance development of Mariner’s
555 Nathan Road but, layoffs have not tapered off as fast deepwater Gulf of Mexico oil pros-
Kowloon, Hong Kong as expected. Until we see some stability pects. Short sellers in the sector
Telephone: +852 3118 7930 Telefax : +852 3110 3572
in the buying public, growth will re- should be losing sleep.”
main less than what we had hoped. Though a lot of gloom exists in the
The job market looked to be re- world today, we always need to hold
Chairman of the Board............Russell Palmer bounding, with some 162,000 jobs out hope for better times. History tells
President ............................Michael J. Osenga added during the month of March, only us that. The economy is moving for-
Senior Vice President ........Michael J. Brezonick
to run into a 24,000 jump in applica- ward, even though slowly. We in-
tions for unemployment benefits during evitably will reach another pivot
the week ending April 10. Estimates point; a break in the employment bar-
are that about 17% of working-age rier will burst. Hopefully, in spite of
Americans remain unemployed or un- economists’ doubts, this will occur yet
MEMBER OF BPA WORLDWIDE®
PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. deremployed. The question is asked, this year. In the meantime, may the
Reprints of all articles published in COMPRESSORTech “Can the economy show much vigor if Lord continue to hold you in the hol-
Two

are available. Please address inquiries to:

mgraesing@dieselpub.com
the unemployment rate remains at low of His hand. g

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4
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 MAY 2010 ■ Volume XV: Issue IV ................................................................................4
■ Global Perspective — Is GTL a Viable Alternative to LNG? ..........................8
■ Market Talk — EIA to Change Production Estimation Protocol ..................10
■ LNG Regasification on Offshore Floating Terminals ................................12
■ ASI Medium-Voltage Variable Frequency Drives ......................................14
■ Atlas Energy, Reliance Industries Join Forces..........................................18
■ Konecranes Inspects Critical Components ..............................................22

p. 12 ■ Sentinel II Target — Peace of Mind ........................................................26

■ Marine Applications for LNG Regasification Systems ..............................34
■ Keeping Cool and Safe ..........................................................................38
■ TECHCorner — Torsional Behavior of Complex Compressor Trains ............42
■ Gas Reinjection Modules Onboard an FPSO Surpass
60,000 Service Hours ............................................................................52
■ Companies Recognized for Midstream Safety Statistics ..........................54
■ Valerus Announces New Executive Team Members..................................56
p. 34
■ Handling of Boil-Off Gas in Large LNG Plants ..........................................58
■ New, Advanced Products from Altronic ..................................................62
■ A Different Grain of RICE........................................................................64
■ Is Venezuela Becoming a Natural Gas Player in Latin America? ..............74
■ About the Business — Power Ignition and Controls … Stoddard …
SPX Hydraulic Technologies … Tension Systems Ltd. … Pump Users
Symposium … Turbomachinery Symposium …Offshore Middle East Conf.
p. 58 & Expo … Laurence Reid Gas Conditioning Conf. … Apache Corp. …
Mariner Energy ......................................................................................80

Follow us on at www.compressortech2.com

■ Dateline ................................................................................................11
■ Industry News ........................................................................................23
■ Recent Orders ......................................................................................36
p. 62 ■ Featured Products ................................................................................67
■ Scheduled Downtime..............................................................................70
■ Literature Library ..................................................................................71
Media ■ Advertisers’ Index ..................................................................................72
Partner
■ Marketplace ..........................................................................................73
COMPRESSORTech (ISSN 1085-2468) Volume 15, No. 4 — Published 10 issues/year (January-February, March, April, May, June, July,
Two

August-September, October, November, December) by Diesel & Gas Turbine Publications, 20855 Watertown Road, Waukesha, WI 53186-
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MAY 2010 6
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TA I L O R – M A D E
 IS GTL A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO LNG?
Solving Problems Seems to be a Constant in
the Development of New Industrial Processes
By Roberto Chellini, Associate Publisher
Shell recently announced that the
company’s Pearl gas-to-liquids (GTL)
project in Ras Laffan, Qatar, could
generate US$6 billion a year in profit.
The Pearl GTL project, which is due
on-stream in 2011, has seen its con-
struction costs balloon from an initial
$5 billion to $19 billion. The latest an-
nouncement helps to clarify how Shell
expects to recoup this outlay.
According to Shell officials, the an-
nual profit of $6 billion is based on an
oil price of $70 per barrel (bbl) and
operating costs of around $6/bbl. The
Pearl plant is now expected to start
gas processing in late 2010 and begin
fuel deliveries in early 2011.
Following the start-up of deliveries
from Pearl and a planned increase in
output at the QatarGas liquefied nat-
ural gas (LNG) project, Shell’s opera-
tions in Qatar could account for as
much as 10% of the company’s total
hydrocarbons production.
When complete, the plant is ex-
pected to be the largest in the world,
with production levels of 120,000
bbl/d of natural gas liquids (NGLs)
and ethane and 140,000 bbl/d of ultra-
clean diesel, naphtha and other GTL
products. The project has been de-
layed several times from its original
completion date in late 2009. With the
start of deliveries now having been
delayed until 2011, when the facility is
likely to operate at full capacity re-
mains unclear. If the company is able
to make $6 billion a year in profits
from the facility, the huge construc-
tion costs could be paid off relatively
quickly, perhaps within a five-year
period. As the profit estimates are
based on an oil price of $70/bbl, any
increase in oil prices could lift the
project’s returns further.
MAY 2010
The conversion of natural gas from
the giant Qatar North Field to GTL is
achieved through the Shell proprietary
GTL process first developed for the
Malaysian plant of Bintulu. This plant
was started up in 1993 and was the
world’s first commercial GTL plant. It
has the capacity to convert approxi-
mately 106 Bcfd (3 x 106 m3/d) of nat-
ural gas into some 14,700 bbl/d of
cleaner GTL products. Back in 2008,
Shell set up an R&D center in Bintulu
to develop the process further by ex-
tending catalyst life and reducing re-
lease of carbon dioxide.
The other plants producing GTL are
based on the Sasol process. The GTL
is now jointly marketed in partnership
with Chevron.
Three plants are presently in opera-
tion with the Sasol process — two in
South Africa and one again in Qatar.
The Orky plant in Ras Laffan was first
started in 2006, and only in March
Roberto Chellini
8 COMPRESSORTechTwo
2009 — reached an output of 29,000
bbl/d very close to the design figure
of 30,000 bbl/d. Also, in this case, the
plant went through some unexpected
teething problems and exhibited
higher project costs than anticipated.
Sasol is hard at work to reduce capital
and operating costs. Developments in-
clude a new catalyst for the Fischer
Tropsch process, with higher conver-
sion efficiency, doubling plant capac-
ity (economy of scale) and considera-
tion of the Air Products one-stage ion
membrane oxygen production and
methane partial oxidation process.
Both GTL processes presently on
the marketplace appear to still be in
the development stage. Shell and
Sasol are working to reduce invest-
ment costs, increase productivity and
minimize emissions.
LNG, however, can be considered a
mature process. Many changes have
taken place since its first introduction
in the late 1960s. Now, only small ad-
justments need to be introduced to
gain a competitive advantage.
At the present, GTL seems to be
serving mostly local markets where
liquid hydrocarbons are in short sup-
ply, and natural gas and coal can be
transformed into clean fuel for trans-
portation. Floating LNG versus float-
ing GTL is still to be explored and
could be an interesting alternative.
The recent Shell announcement that
the Pearl GTL plant is expecting to be
profitable in spite of the higher than
planned investment is certainly very
promising for the future of GTL.
Rising oil prices (over $70/bbl) will
make the GTL solution even more at-
tractive. However, LNG and GTL, in
the long run, will finally cover two
different market segments. g
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 EIA TO CHANGE PRODUCTION ESTIMATION PROTOCOL
Withdrawal Season Demands Help Reduce Storage Surplus
The withdrawal season has
come to a close for the winter of
2009-2010 and considering the way
the season started, with an overage
of 409 Bcf (11.6 x 109 m3), or 10%,
over the five-year average, the in-
dustry exited the season with only
1638 Bcf (46.4 x 109 m3) in storage.
While this remained 160 Bcf (4.5 x
109 m3) over the five-year average, it
was actually less than what was in
storage last year at this time by 16
Bcf (453 x 10 6 m3). While this was
excellent news for the industry, the
market remains cautious as it at-
tempts to comprehend the implica-
tions of new supply sources and the
strength and impact of a recovering
U.S. economy.
Recent news from EIA could also
have a profound impact on the
market, too. The U.S. Energy
Information Agency (EIA) indicated in
a recent Wall Street Journal article
that it would be making a revision to
their natural gas production data after
finding that it has been overstating
output. Production data is collected
by EIA using Form 914, which surveys
larger producers. This data is then ex-
trapolated across the industry to es-
tablish an estimated monthly produc-
tion total. One of the underlying
issues is that it doesn’t capture the
variation in production from smaller
producers. The changes the EIA is
planning could lead to a downward
revision of the nation’s natural gas
production figures.
According to EIA, these changes
will involve new sampling and es-
timation processes designed to sim-
plify calculations and make use of the
most recent reliable information avail-
able from the states. According to EIA,
the new protocol will introduce three
main changes:
Monthly Sample — Moving for-
ward, the sample will be updated
MAY 2010
By Harold Lampe
every month using information that is
more recent.
Estimation — Estimation of produc-
tion of nonsampled companies will use
data that is six to 18 months old (rather
than the previous practice that used
data that was two to seven years old).
Timing — Calibration will be up-
dated monthly rather than annually.
How the market will respond when
revised data is provided is yet to be
seen, but if findings lead to lower pro-
duction numbers it could relieve some
of the pressure on the market and
could potentially lead to an upward
movement on prices going forward.
It is likely, though, that even if pro-
duction output estimates are re-
vised downward, the market will
remain cautious. In part, that will re-
Harold Lampe
Harold Lampe is principal of
Energy Research Services of Tulsa,
Oklahoma, U.S.A., which provides a
range of marketing services for the
energy industry. He can be reached at
hlampe@hotmail.com.
10
sult from a perception that the in-
creased drilling we are currently seeing
in the U.S. will lead to new production
and result in an oversupplied market
as demand for natural gas remains
muted. Currently, consumption num-
bers are rebounding, but a clear pace
and evidence of sustainability will be
needed to ensure that the financial
market has turned the corner.
COMPRESSORTechTwo), drilling activities
As previously indicated (April 2010
continue to rise. As of April 1, Baker
Hughes reported that there were 949
rigs drilling for natural gas in the
United States. This is an increase of al-
most 200 rigs from the first of this year.
At the same time, future prices re-
main under pressure with the 12-
month strip at US$4.75 (at the time of
this writing), down from the previous
month of $5.18. Future prices also
briefly dipped below $4 as contracts
closed out for the month. Spot prices
at Henry Hub have been running be-
low $4 as the industry exited the
withdrawal season and weather that is
more seasonal has settled in over the
United States.
While generally the economic news
has been positive, lingering concern
about unemployment numbers
continues to weigh on the market.
Generally, experts predict that unem-
ployment will probably remain high
for the foreseeable future. An ex-
tended period of high unemployment
numbers could undermine a long-
term recovery.
I am hopeful that next month will
provide some clarity regarding
EIA’s production estimating modi-
fications and a better sense of how
the market will interpret those revi-
sions. At that time, we may be able to
better understand their likely impact
on future prices.
I look forward to visiting with you
then. g
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 Dateline
For a complete listing of upcoming events, please visit our website at www.compressortech2.com

*May 3-6, Of fshor e Technology
Conference - Reliant Center at Reliant
Park, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.; Tel: (972)
952-9494; Fax: (972) 952-9435
*May 11-13, Eastern Gas
Compression Roundtable - Robert
Morris University, Moon Township,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; Tel: (304) 293-
3745/(304) 293-3745; Fax: (304) 293-6751
June 21-25, Neftegaz 2010 -
Expocentre, Moscow, Russia; Tel: 0812
320 6363; Fax: 0812 320 8090
Aug. 24-27, ONS 2010 Exhibition and
Conference - Stavanger Forum,
Stavanger, Norway; Tel: +47 51 59 81
21; Fax: +47 51 55 10 15
*Indicates shows and conferences in which COMPRESSORTechTwo is participating.
Sept. 13-16, Rio Oil & Gas Expo and
Conference - Riocentro Convention
Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, IBP; Tel:
55 21 2112 9000; Fax: 55 21 2220 1596
*Sept 15-17, Wyoming Natural Gas Fair
- Snow King Center, Jackson Hole,
Wyoming, U.S.A.; Tel: (307) 234-7147:
Fax: (307) 234-5306

*May 12-13, Four Corners Oil &

G a s C o n f e r e n c e - McGee Park,
Far mington, New Mexico, U.S.A.; 3-STEP GUIDE TO EMISSIONS COMPLIANCE.
Tel: (505) 325-0279; Fax: (505) 327-7556

*May 18-20, Sensor+Test 2010 - Int’l

Trade Fair for Sensorics, Measuring and
Testing Technology Nuernberg Messe,
Nuremberg, Germany; Tel: +49 5033
9639-0; Fax: +49 5033 1056

*June 1-4, AchemAsia - 8th International

Exhibition-Congress on Chemical
Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing,
People’s Republic of China; Tel: +49 69 Bang Head Here.
7564-423; Fax: +49 69 7564 450

June 1-4, Caspian Oil & Gas 2010 -

17th Int’l Caspian Oil & Gas Exhibition &
Conference Incorporating Refining and
Petrochemicals, Hyatt Meeting and
Conference Centre, Baku, Azerbaijan; Tel:
+44 207 596 5000; Fax: +44 207 596 5106

June 7-9, Sensors Expo & Conference
- Donald E. Stephens Convention
Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.; Tel:
(888) 219-8300; Fax: (617) 219-8310
*June 8-10, Global Petroleum Show -
Calgary Stampede Park, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada; Tel: (403) 209-3562;
Fax: (403) 245-8649
*June 9-10, Energy Exposition -
Cam-Plex Convention, Gillette,
Wyoming, U.S.A.; Tel: (307) 234-1868;
Fax: (307) 234-1868
*June 14-18, ASME Turbo Expo -
Scottish Exhibition & Conference
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MAY 2010 11
 According to Bernard Mann, direc-
tor, Process and Shipboard Line of
Cryostar, the 1 MW size demonstra-
tion plant was needed to allow mod-
eling for a dynamic simulation of a
standard 40 MW plant. The 1 MW
was selected to avoid distortion in the
scaling-up process.
The EcoVap-SW system is designed
to use seawater as a final heating
medium. However, in the first genera-
tion of regasification vessels, seawater
was in direct contact with the very
cold pipes of the heat exchanger that
circulates the LNG. This could give
rise to many concerns related to
safety, especially the risk of water
freezing and leakage, which would
then contaminate and influence sea-
water system availability.
Cryostar’s EcoVap system uses
propane as intermediate fluid. Sea
water transfers the heat to a propane
loop, which is kept within reasonable
temperature ranges. The propane
loop, in turn, transfers the heat to the
LNG. In this process, propane is va-
porized by the seawater and con-
Computer rendering of Cryostar’s EcoVap system. The system uses propane as intermediate densed again by the LNG while the
fluid. Sea water transfers the heat to a propane loop, which is kept within reasonable tempera- LNG is vaporized at low temperature.

LNG REGASIFICATION ON OFFSHORE

ture ranges. At this point, the cold natural gas is
directed through a second propane
loop, which raises it to the desired

FLOATING TERMINALS
temperature before being delivered to
the pipeline. The heat exchangers are
of semi-welded plate technology
made of titanium to ensure smooth
operation with seawater. The propane
is contained in a tank that fills the two
Cryostar’s EcoVap Modular System Designed closed loops where it is recirculated
without consumption.
for Regasification on LNG Vessels LNG from the cryogenic tanks is fed
By Roberto Chellini to the EcoVap system at high pressure
725 to 2029 psi (50 to 140 bar) by spe-
cial booster pumps (RVP) also designed
Exploiting gas fields in remote spots designed for the regasification process by Cryostar. This pump is based on a
accounts for increased volumes of LNG on LNG vessels. A 1 MW capacity pi- proven design, but specially adapted
from these fields, which are not other- lot EcoVap-SW plant was recently pre- for offshore application. The RVP is a
wise connected to consumer areas. It sented to potential customers and Class-Approved, vertical, multistage,
poses a problem of construction of im- classification societies at Cryostar’s centrifugal pump designed for deck-
port regasification terminals in popu- Hésingue, France, headquarters. mounted operation. It is driven by a
lated sites. For both safety and envi-
ronmental reasons, authorization to
build a regasification terminal onshore
is getting more and more difficult.
The latest trend is to bypass the ob-
stacle by building regasification termi-
nals offshore on artificial islands, barges
or Floating Storage and Regasification
Units (FSRU-vessel). This trend can ap-
ply to LNG carriers, which become
very flexible because they are able to
deliver cargo to any submerged buoy
connected to a mainland pipeline.
The French company Cryostar,
which specializes in handling indus-
trial gases at cryogenic temperatures,
has developed and patented its The complete EcoVap testing installation at the Cryostar site of Hésingue, France. From the left:
EcoVap modular system specifically cryogenic nitrogen storage tank, high-pressure pump and 1 MW EcoVap module.

MAY 2010 12 COMPRESSORTechTwo


standard electric motor. The number of
stages (up to 14) enclosed in the barrel
depends on the pressure selected to
match the pipeline pressure down-
stream of the vaporization process.
A deck-mounted pump is easier to
maintain when compared to an LNG
submerged pump. Motor bearings of a
submerged pump are lubricated by
LNG and have to be serviced every
8000 hours, while the bearings of a
standard motor need service after
40,000 hours. Maintenance operations
are also easier. While a submerged
pump rotor has to be removed com-
pletely from the barrel and then dis-
mantled, only the motor of an RVP
pump has to be pulled down while
the impeller shaft, which has no wear-
ing points, remains in the barrel.
These pumps are fed, at low pres-
sure around 73 psi (5 bar), by the sub-
merged pump inside the cryogenic
tank. While this pump features the
suction nozzle at the lower end and
the discharge at the motor end in the
RVP, the flow direction has been re-
versed in order to keep the dry gas
seals (API approved) working on the
low-pressure side.
A typical booster pump module is
equipped with two 50% pumps having
a total operating range of 725 to 2029
psi (50 to 140 bar) discharge pressure,
with a flow range of 4238 to 17,657 cfh
(120 to 500 m3/h). Pressures and flows
can be adjusted to customer specifica-
tions. An arrangement with two booster
pumps per skid usually enables an op-
eration range from 10 to 100% of de-
MAY 2010
EcoVap demonstration
module. The 1 MW capac-
ity plant is a scaled-down
representative of the ac-
tual plant.
sign rating. More than one skid may be
required to match the plant output.
The simulation test of the 1 MW pi-
lot plant was accomplished with liquid
nitrogen simulating LNG in the gas
loop, while the two propane loops
were actually filled with propane gas
out of a 883 cu.ft. (25 m 3 ) tank.
Among the guests invited to witness
the pilot plant test were representa-
tives of GDF-Suez, presumably the
first customer of the EcoVap-SW for
the Triton project and Bureau Veritas.
The pilot plant test was mandatory to
be qualified for the Triton project.
Cryostar’s EcoVap-SW main features
are: high reliability and maintainability;
excellent range ability because of the
pump configuration; modular construc-
tion for easy scaling; skid design for
versatile installation; manufactured from
Detail of the upper section of the EcoVap demonstration module.
13
proven components; reliable and versa-
tile pumps; and in-house cryogenic
process and equipment knowledge.
The Triton LNG Project
In May 2008, Gaz de France (GDF-
Suez following merger in July) and
Höegh LNG AS signed a joint de-
velopment agreement related to the
design, construction supervision and
operation of a FSRU through a 50/50
joint venture. The FSRU will serve the
Triton offshore LNG terminal, devel-
oped by GDF-Suez in the Adriatic Sea
about 20 mi. (34 km) off the Italian
shore in the Marche Region.
The FSRU with LNG storage capacity
of about 6.0 MMcf (170,000 m3), will
be moored to a submerged buoy and
pipeline system receiving LNG from
conventional LNG carriers and supply-
ing natural gas to the Italian energy
market through a subsea pipeline. The
base load regasification capacity will
be 177 Bcf (5 x 10 9 m 3 ) per year,
which can be increased to 354 Bcf (10
x 109 m3) per year with a second FSRU
vessel. The FSRU vessel will be leased
from GDF-Suez to the Joint Venture
and operated by Höegh LNG on behalf
of the joint venture.
The technologies applied in the
FSRU vessel and in the ship-to-ship
LNG transfer will be selected in order
to represent the safest and most cost-
efficient solution with a minimal effect
on the environment. Such a concept
is particularly well adapted to meeting
the growing gas needs and the strin-
gent environmental requirements of
Italy. It will put Italy in the forefront
of new technological developments in
LNG regasification.
The studies related to the permitting
and development of the Triton offshore
LNG terminal are already well ad-
vanced. The final investment decision
is expected by end of 2010. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
COMPRESSORTechTwo

ASI MEDIUM-VOLTAGE VARIABLE
FREQUENCY DRIVES
Compressors can be Driven by Variable Speed Motors
up to 100 MW Thanks to Power Electronics
By Roberto Chellini
Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali (ASI) has
been developing power controls for
over 110 years. In the early 1990s, the
Italian company pioneered high-speed
technology for gas compression appli-
cations, developments which led to the
present power electronic solutions for
high-power, high-speed applications.
ASI said that its medium-voltage
(MV) drives are designed to improve
the overall flexibility and efficiency of
the plant — achieving significant, long-
term cost savings and emission contain-
ment by reducing energy consumption.
They feature a user-friendly interface,
high reliability, optimum power quality,
near to unit power factor and more
than 98% drive efficiency. The com-
pany maintains complete capabilities
manufacturing both the drives and the
electric motors in-house.
The power conversion system can
be configured up to 100 MW based
on standard drive technology. The
company’s product range comprises
two different power systems: the TN
and GN series, which the company
engineered for regenerative operation
MAY 2010
Silcovert TH is a Neutral
Point Clamped Voltage
Source Drive with IGBT
power devices, air cooling
and a more efficient and
precise control for induction
and synchronous motors. H
series drives (TH/NH) are
compatible with existing
motor systems, regardless
of brand or age.
and demanding performance applica-
tions, and the TH and NH series,
which are designed for retrofitting to
improve efficiency and reduce envi-
ronmental impact.
ASI said that MV drives use a state-
of-the-art control system that allows
full control of the entire process and
enhances overall plant efficiency. That
common control platform is based on
14
a high-performance 32-bit CPU for
distributed control and processing.
The control system supports a wide
variety of built-in standard communi-
cation protocols for seamless integra-
tion into the customer’s plant automa-
tion platform.
Standard power modules are used
to provide the correct power solution
for a given application. Users can se-
lect a 12-pulse, 24-pulse or 36-pulse
incoming diode rectifier (DFE). The N
series drives can also be configured
for active front-end (AFE) operation.
By placing standard modules in paral-
lel, it is easy to configure the drive to
match specific power needs.
All drives can cooled by air or
water. The forced air cooling system
is applied in low-power applica-
tions in which the amount of heat
to be dissipated is low. For high-
power applications (or dusty, pol-
luted environments), the water-
cooled system is preferred because
it significantly reduces ventilation
and air conditioning costs. The
closed-loop water cooling system
also keeps the inside of the drive
free from harmful agents.
ASI equips its drives with a number
of auxiliaries such as switchgears,
transformers and harmonic filters.
Normally ASI drives do not require
harmonic filters, however, filters can
be provided for particularly weak net-
works posing the risk of disturbance.
The TH drives feature an intrinsically
integrated transformer. ASI’s other
drives can be equipped with inte-
grated or separate transformers to
meet plant requirements.
The company said its intuitive hu-
man machine interface (HMI) is highly
versatile and permits the user to per-
sonalize the drive settings and controls
at the touch of a finger through the
front panel-mounted touchscreen.
This control system provides cus-
tomized reports that can be easily
continued on page 16
Silcovert NH is a Neutral
Point Clamped Voltage
Source Drive with IGBT
power devices and a
more efficient and pre-
cise control for induction
and synchronous mo-
tors. Its water cooling
method enables high out-
put power ranges.
COMPRESSORTechTwo

Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Conventional
Screw
Kobelco advanced dry screw compressors
provide superior benefits for Flare or
Vapor Recovery service:

Smallest footprint from compact design

Minimal initial cost

Better efficiency

No water injection required

Less maintenance
Ask Kobelco! The Best Solution for Any Gas Compression.
Tokyo +81-3-5739-6771
Munich +49-89-242-18424
www.kobelco.co.jp/compressor
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Get The
Smallest
Footprint
of Any Flare or Vapor Gas
Recovery Compressor for
Onshore Refineries and
Offshore FPSO/Platforms
Advanced Dry Screw
Since they are dry (oil-free), Kobelco
advanced dry screw compressors easily
compress any gas and reliably operate
without concerns about lube oil or water
contamination. They help you meet the
toughest environmental regulations
worldwide – with minimum space and cost.
Kobelco EDTI
Compressors, Inc.
Houston, Texas
+1-713-655-0015
rotating@kobelcoedti.com
www.kobelcoedti.com
 integrated into existing production re-
ports. The software package includes
full-diagnostics capability, and con-
verter data can be consulted on the
drive or sent to a master control or
supervision system. This control sys-
tem can be configured to support a
single I/O point to hundreds of digi-
tal, analog, sequence of events,
and/or pulse accumulator I/O points,
data trending, historic tracking, alarm
processing, etc.
Frequency converters are known
for their tendency to generate volt-
age and current harmonics, but ASI
said its MV drives ensure excellent
power factor line-side in every situa-
tion due to the full wave rectification
using multiphase diode operation.
Their very low harmonic content
meets the most stringent require-
R torque ripple and low har-
ments for current and voltage har-
monic distortion as defined by IEC
and NEMA standards.
The harmonic content motor-side
is also extremely low thanks to the
special pulse width modulation
(PWM) control that eliminates the
Silcovert GN is a Neutral Point
Clamped Voltage Source Drive
with IGCT power devices and
fields-oriented control technol-
ogy for synchronous and in-
duction motors. Its three-level
topology with Active Front
End configuration achieves
near-unity efficiency, near-
unity power factor, minimum
monic content, both on the
line and on the motor side.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Silcovert TN is a Neutral Point
Clamped Voltage Source Drive
with IGBT power devices and
digital control for high-per-
formance variable speed dri-
ves for induction motors. The
PWM technique with high
switching frequency allows an
almost sinusoidal motor cur-
rent with low total losses and
ripple-free torque. Diode Front
End and Active Front End
configurations are available.
current harmonics without increasing
the drive’s complexity.
The reliability of ASI MV drives is en-
hanced by the low number of compo-
nents (most of them available off-the-
shelf) and their modular construction.
Those characteristics increase equip-
ment life by leading to reduced repair
and maintenance costs. The sophisti-
cated algorithms of the torque and
speed control eliminate current peaks
and produce very low torque ripple on
the motor shaft, thus reducing stress on
mechanical and electric components.
According to ASI, experience has
shown that mean time between fail-
ures (MTBF) for their variable fre-
quency drives can be set at 60,000
working hours. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
 global expansion
At Compressor Products International we have been planning and implementing a proactive

program of global expansion, to bring CPI’s expertise and dependable quality of products and

services closer to operators, wherever they may be around the world.

you fit in?
Talk to us at CPI and find out how you can play a part and If you welcome and are ready for a challenging future with endless
benefit from our global expansion. Providing reliability, improved possibilities, at present we are reviewing resumes for the following
performance and economic savings that CPI products and opportunities within our organization globally:
services offer to its customers. Sales Representatives, Mechanical Engineers, Application
Engineers, Sales Engineers, Field Service Technicians,
We are currently looking for highly skilled and motivated Manufacturing Machinists (CNC and manual).
employees who can thrive in a fast-paced work environment
with opportunities for career growth and professional
development.

evolving solutions
around your world.

4410 Greenbriar Drive, Stafford, TX 77477, USA Tel: +1 281 207 4600 or 800 675 6646 Fax: +1 281 207 4612 email info@c-p-i.com Smitham Bridge Road, Hungerford, Berkshire RG17 0QP, UK Tel: +44 (0)1488 684585 Fax: +44 (0)1488 684001 www.c-p-i.com

SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM


(Image courtesy of Atlas Energy.)
Atlas Energy Inc. is a large independent natural gas producer with U.S. holdings in the
ATLAS ENERGY, RELIANCE INDUSTRIES
Appalachia and Michigan Basins and in the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania.
JOIN FORCES
US$1.7 Billion Venture in Marcellus Shale
Atlas Energy Inc. (Atlas) has entered
into a joint venture transaction with a
wholly owned affiliate of Reliance
Industries Ltd. (Reliance), a global en-
ergy firm that is the largest private sec-
tor company in India. The deal has
Atlas transferring an interest in its
Marcellus Shale position equal to
120,000 net acres (48,600 ha) in a trans-
action valued at US$1.7 billion. Re-
liance will pay approximately $340 mil-
lion in cash upon closing and an
additional $1.36 billion in the form of a
drilling carry. Atlas will serve as the de-
velopment operator for the joint ven-
ture. Reliance will have the option to
operate in certain project areas in the
coming years outside of Atlas’ core op-
erating areas of Fayette, Greene, Wash-
ington and Westmoreland Counties in
southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Reliance will acquire a 40% undi-
vided interest in approximately 300,000
net acres (121,000 ha) of undeveloped
leasehold held by Atlas, and Atlas will
retain a 60% undivided interest in the
acreage. In addition to funding its own
40% of drilling obligations, Reliance
has agreed to fund 75% of Atlas’ re-
spective portion of drilling and com-
pletion costs until the $1.36 billion
drilling carry is fully utilized. Atlas has
five and one-half years to utilize the
drilling carry, subject to a two-year ex-
MAY 2010
tension under certain conditions. The
companies have agreed upon a five-
year development plan that calls for
the drilling of 45 horizontal Marcellus
Shale wells for the joint venture during
the remainder of 2010, increasing to
108 wells in 2011, 178 wells in 2012,
and 300 wells in 2013 and 2014.
Atlas will act as the sole leasing
agent for the joint venture in the area
of mutual interest (“AMI”). In the near
future, Atlas and Reliance expect to
considerably grow the joint venture’s
Marcellus Shale leasehold position
within the AMI. Reliance will have the
option to acquire a 40% share of such
new acreage under terms comparable
to those agreed to by Atlas, with each
party paying its proportionate share of
acquisition costs.
In addition, if Atlas decides to sell
all or part of the 280,000 additional
Appalachian acres (113,000 ha) cur-
rently controlled by it, but excluded
from the joint venture and not in-
cluded in the AMI, Atlas has granted
Reliance a right to purchase such
acreage at a price of $8,000 per acre
($3240/ha). Reliance also receives a
right of first offer with respect to po-
tential future sales of this acreage by
Atlas at lower prices. The acreage is
located predominantly in Mercer,
Crawford and other Pennsylvania
18
counties not currently included in
Atlas’ core Marcellus area of south-
western Pennsylvania.
“We are excited by this opportunity
to partner with Reliance, one of the
world’s largest vertically integrated en-
ergy companies, and one that has
demonstrated exceptional capability
in all aspects of the energy business.
We believe that this joint venture will
greatly increase the value of Atlas’
business,” said Edward E. Cohen,
chairman and chief executive officer
of Atlas Energy.
“This transaction will enable us to ac-
celerate sharply our development of the
Marcellus while further reducing our al-
ready low finding and development
costs, and our capital structure will im-
mediately benefit from reduced lever-
age and enhanced liquidity,” he said.
“As a result of this joint venture, we an-
ticipate creating a significant number of
new, well-paying Pennsylvania jobs.
Pennsylvania will also benefit from our
strong commitment to the highest envi-
ronmental and safety standards.”
The purchase and sale is subject to
certain closing conditions, including
the consent of participating lenders un-
der Atlas’ senior secured credit facility.
Reliance Industries Ltd. is an India-
based industrial enterprise that ranks
among the largest refiners and petro-
chemical producers in the world. Its
recent market capitalization was over
$78 billion, with current production
of almost 3 Bcfed (85 x 106 m3/day)
of oil and gas production from its
E&P operations.
Atlas Energy Inc. is a large indepen-
dent natural gas producer in the
Appalachia and Michigan Basins and
in the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania.
Atlas reports that it is also the coun-
try’s largest sponsor and manager of
tax-advantaged energy investment
partnerships.
Atlas also owns 1.1 million com-
mon units in Atlas Pipeline Partners
L.P. and a 64% interest in Atlas
Pipeline Holdings L.P., a limited part-
nership that owns the general partner
interest of APL.
Atlas Pipeline Partners L.P. is active
in the gathering and processing seg-
ments of the midstream natural gas in-
dustry. In the Midcontinent region in
Oklahoma and Texas, U.S.A., APL
owns and operates eight active gas
processing plants and a treating facil-
ity, as well as approximately 10,300
mi. (16,600 km) of active intrastate
gas gathering pipeline. In Appalachia,
APL is a 49% joint venture partner
with The Williams Companies in
Laurel Mountain Midstream LLC. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
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PROTECTING COMPRESSORS WORLDWIDE

KONECRANES INSPECTS
CRITICAL COMPONENTS
In-Depth NDT Inspection and Assessment of
Load-Bearing and Safety-Related Overhead Lifting Components
Konecranes, a familiar name in the
world of overhead cranes and other
lifting equipment, offers its Critical
Component Assessment (CCA), an ad-
vanced inspection process utilizing
nondestructive technology (NDT).
CCA enables inspectors to identify and
evaluate defects and deficiencies in
critical load-bearing and safety-related
overhead lifting components not nor-
mally discovered during routine in-
spection. According to Konecranes, its
CCA produces a meaningful and con-
sistent condition assessment, which al-
lows customers to determine the relia-
bility of their equipment.
Undetected defects and deficiencies
in critical components can lead to cat-
astrophic failure. Most compliance and
preventive maintenance inspections
rely on visual observations and meas-
urements, despite the fact that many
defects and deficiencies cannot be
identified with the naked eye.
Konecranes said that the in-depth as-
sessment possible with the CCA
reaches beyond what is possible with
visual observations and measurements.
Experienced, certified inspectors ef-
ficiently perform CCA inspections us-
MAY 2010
ing proven proprietary methods such
as thermal imaging and electromag-
netic-inductive technology to assess
the condition of critical components.
Those components can include items
such as internal wires, strands and
wire rope core; the mechanical cou-
pling between hoist motor and gear-
box; motor winding insulation; gear-
box and mechanical load brakes; and
mechanical components.
A complete bottom block hook in-
spection using NDT can also be con-
ducted to check for cumulative fatigue
that could lead to hook failure.
To provide maximum flexibility, the
company said that various elements of
the CCA can be applied individually
or grouped in the most appropriate
combination to suit a customer’s par-
ticular application. These elements fo-
cus on critical areas of crane opera-
tion and include an overall crane
inspection and analysis, an evaluation
of the operating environment, a key
components analysis and a mainte-
nance and reliability study.
The CCA results summarize the cur-
rent condition of the equipment in-
cluding its current operating capacity
22
Undetected defects and
deficiencies in critical
components can lead to
catastrophic failure. The
CCA is an in-depth as-
sessment that goes be-
yond visual observations
and measurements.
and the extent of its usability. This
comprehensive report allows cus-
tomers to make informed decisions on
how to maximize the service life and
use of equipment, prioritize mainte-
nance schedules and forecast mainte-
nance expenses. No matter what the
findings, Konecranes can provide cus-
tomers with the required repairs, re-
placement parts and training to ensure
safe equipment operation. Konecranes
technicians can also provide customers
with engineered solutions to maximize
productivity while minimizing down-
time and total life-cycle costs.
Konecranes is a group of lifting
businesses that serve serving a broad
range of customers, including manu-
facturing and process industries,
shipyards, ports and terminals. Kone-
cranes provides productivity-enhanc-
ing lifting solutions as well as serv-
ices for lifting equipment and
machine tools of all makes. The
group has 9800 employees, at more
than 545 locations in 43 countries, in-
cluding 100 service branches in
North America. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 Industry News COMPRESSORTechTwo
Champion Laboratories Inc. complete market focus, fs-Elliott is able to (0.25 to 224 kW), in reciprocating, rotary
Filtration manufacturer Champion Lab- provide its customers with a complete air screw, portable and oil-less configura-
oratories Inc. has been listed at Number compressor package. tions. fs-Curtis also offers vacuum pumps,
11 in Quality Magazine ’s 2010 “Leader- fs-Elliott’s headquarters, engineering refrigerated compressed air dryers, desic-
ship 100” list, center and manufacturing operations are cant air dryers, compressed air filters, cli-
which honors based in Export, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. fs- mate control compressors, and genuine
companies that Elliott also has service and packaging fa- fs-Curtis parts and compressor lubricants.
have encour- cilities in Shanghai, China; Bangalore, fs-Curtis maintains a modern 150,000
aged their em- India; and Jubail, Saudi Arabia. sq.ft. (1390 m2) production facility in St.
ployees to take fs-Curtis, a 154-year-old compressor Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., as well as facili-
an active role manufacturing firm, offers a complete ties in San Diego and Los Angeles,
in ensuring line of compressors from 0.33 to 300 hp California, U.S.A.
quality, and continued on page 32
for using and integrating employee
ideas and opinions in the production
process. This is the first year that
Champion Laboratories has been in-
cluded on Quality ’s Leadership 100, and
THE 5 TH EDITION
it was the only company from the filter
industry listed.
HAS RAISED THE BAR.
“We’ve made some significant im-
provements in our quality-control sys-
Non-linear Time Domain
tem over the last few years and every pulsation analysis
one of those improvements has been Compressor model for software is necessary
the result of a committed joint effort superior accuracy of to meet 5th edition
from all of us here at Champ Labs,” said mechanical vibration requirements (including
analysis dynamic pressure drop)
John Gaither, vice president of Engi-
neering and Quality.
Quality Magazine chose the honorees
after surveying more than 800 manufac-
turers on criteria such as scrap and re-
work as a percentage of sales, warranty
costs as a percentage of sales, rejected
parts per million shipped, and contribu-
tion of quality to profitability and share-
holder value. Companies were also evalu-
ated based on the number of quality
programs in place; registration to various Beta’s data mining software
standards; percentage of employees dedi- Field proven scrubber enables easy interpretation
cated to quality responsibilities; average modeling using proprietary across a wide range of
number of hours monthly that employees techniques operating conditions
receive quality training; and the role that
quality professionals play in the acquisi-
tion of test, measurement and inspection
tools, software and services. ARE YOU MEETING IT?
The 5 th edition of API 618 has new, more stringent requirements
fs-Elliott, Curtis Toledo, fs-Curtis for pulsation and mechanical vibration analysis including
fs-Elliott co. LLC and Curtis Toledo dynamic pressure drop, shaking forces, forced response studies,
Inc., operating under the name fs-Curtis,
and complete range of operating conditions.
have established a customer support cen-
ter in Houston, Texas, U.S.A. The com- Beta has been meeting these high standards for years
pany will focus on industrial equipment through some unique qualifications (see above captions)
sales, customer service, repairs, field serv- earning the complete trust of global OEMs, packagers & owners.
ice and timely access to genuine service
parts for fs-Elliott centrifugal air compres-
Visit our website for a copy of our primer on
sors and auxiliary equipment. fs-Com-
pression is certified to service all fs-Elliott API 618 5 th edition vibration control strategies.
products. The company will also fully W W W. B E TA M A C H I N E R Y. C O M 1-800-561-2382
support fs-Curtis distributors in the
Houston area with local stocking of com-
plete units and service parts.
fs-Elliott is dedicated to centrifugal air
compressor technology, providing flexi-
ble air compressor solutions to various
industries from automotive manufactur- Keeping it running smoothly
ing, food and beverage processing, to re-
fining and the oil and gas industries. With

COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010 23
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
 maintenance, while more effective
than run to failure, still leaves room
for improvement. We know this be-
cause machinery still breaks down at
the worst possible moment.
The gas industry is currently chal-
lenged with the exodus of experi-
enced operations and maintenance
personnel, and the lack of qualified
replacements. Basically, the industry
is being forced to grow its own
again. The result of this is that inex-
perienced personnel are doing the
best they can, but often will perform
the wrong repair or not do the work
correctly, leading to another failure
and shutdown.
Existing and new environmental
regulations require higher levels of
maintenance and control of compres-
sion equipment. NOx, CO, VOCs and
fugitive emissions are all under in-
creasing scrutiny by state, local and
federal regulators. Control and moni-
toring systems are, in large part, not
designed to mitigate the risks or iden-
The Sentinel II system uses a unique and patented process that incorporates crankshaft refer- tify the faults and recommend correc-
enced pressure and vibration data. Specific crank angle “windows” are identified for specific tive action.
machinery faults. This data is then statistically analyzed to describe a “normal” operating signa- In order to address these current is-
ture for each unit and operating condition. sues, the need now is for devices,
products and services that are more
predictive and diagnostic in nature and

SENTINEL II TARGET — PEACE OF MIND

take action or produce actionable infor-
mation based on a thorough analysis of
current operating conditions and the
wear patterns of critical components.

Sentinel II
Dynalco’s Engine and Compressor Control The Sentinel II is an engine and
and Monitoring System — Modularly Designed compressor control and monitoring
system modularly designed with intel-
with Operating Experience Built In lectual capital (experience) built in.
By Bob Webber The system uses a unique and
patented process that incorporates
crankshaft referenced pressure and vi-
bration data. Specific crank angle
“windows” are identified for specific
The Problem they either trigger a nuisance trip, or machinery faults. This data is then sta-
Complicated, expensive, dangerous they intervene too late and shutdown tistically analyzed to describe a “nor-
and often remote production machin- panels are there to salvage skids be- mal” operating signature for each unit
ery that is subject to frequent break- fore additional damage is done. The and operating condition. This is called
downs, is being serviced by too few practice of preventive or time-based continued on page 28
trained and experienced personnel.
Data exists everywhere, mountains of
it, and rivers of it — being generated
by more and more devices attached to
the equipment. Managers and opera-
tors are drowning in data. And, on
top of this, they are faced with the
ever-present and changing environ-
mental regulations.
The current popular engine shut-
down panels are designed to shut the
skid down based on static setpoints.
Although this can be sufficient, often

Bob Webber is principal engineer, Dynalco

Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A. Table 1.

MAY 2010 26 COMPRESSORTechTwo

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Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Figure 3.
a “learn,” so along with temperature,
fuel flow and other pieces of operat-
ing data, a complete picture of the
machinery condition is developed.
MAY 2010
This “learn” is then used as a “base-
line” to determine how mechanical
condition and performance are chang-
ing over time. The system looks at
28
every window then compares the re-
sult to the statistical norm or baseline
and uses either an “SPC”-calculated alert
of warning or alarm, or an operator-
entered setpoint.
The system has the capability for
complete shutdown and start sequenc-
ing along with the ability to establish
shutdown setpoints for any operating
parameter, calculated parameter or
windowed alert. Although not a PLC,
the system sequence engine is a simple
“drag and drop” operation. Because it
is not a PLC, it does not require pro-
gramming or ladder logic skills.
When a threshold is met, the condi-
tion must persist for a period of time
determined by the variance in the
data or user set to ensure the condi-
tion is real. The system then provides
specific information on the alert con-
dition such as “Cylinder 1L intake
valve hitting hard” and a specific rec-
ommendation such as “Schedule re-
pair next 30 days” in the case of a
warning or “Shut down and repair
now” in the case of an alarm.
Once the operator acknowledges
the alert, a yellow or red light on the
alert beacon goes from blinking to
steady, to indicate the condition has
been noticed. The system records the
alert, the recommendation, the date
and time it occurred, along with the
date and time, and who acknowl-
edged it. To clear the alert and return
the system to “green,” the condition
must return to within the normal sta-
tistical limits and persist at the normal
state for the calculated or preset per-
sist period.
The system also provides real-time
comparison to empirically measured
compressor efficiency or hp/MMscfd,
and measures and reports the com-
pressor load and flow by the use of
empirically developed compressor
performance equations. Every piece of
data, information or Sentinel-derived
recommendation is made available to
SCADA, via Modbus Ethernet or via
the Internet if the client’s infrastructure
is so equipped.
Modularity provides a highly cus-
tomizable solution for engine-only
applications, compressor-only appli-
cations or both. A large number of
I/O, both analog and digital, is sup-
plied by adding boards, thus allow-
ing a tight custom application-
specific installation. I/O is config-
ured using a windows-based config-
uration tool.
The system provides operators with
performance measures of compressor
flow and horsepower, efficiency
(hp/MMscfd) and deviation from
baseline. The system also provides
operators with driver energy usage
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 and efficiency such as engine heat-
rate deviation from manufacturer’s
guarantee, energy conversion rate
and more.

Application and Real-World Use

The system is designed for high-
speed and slow-speed machinery
although its initial market penetra-
tion is high-speed engine and com-
pressor packages running in gas-
gathering operations. The system is
applicable to electric motor-driven
compressors, engine-driven genera-
tors or pumps running at speeds
from 100 to 1800 rpm.
Sentinel II provides information and
Figure 4. recommendations for impending me-
chanical faults that, when used on a
fleet of machines, allow efficient re-
source allocation and equipment use.
Because the system continuously
monitors the key mechanical faults
that impact emissions levels, the unit
can be programmed to shut down
when the likelihood of emission viola-
tions are high, thus saving the client
the cost and headache of fines.

A Scenario
Routine valve-lash adjustments are
not effective. After adjustment, the
Sentinel system begins warning that in-
take valve 2R and 6R were exceeding
Figure 5. continued on page 30

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The Science of Compliance™

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Figure 7.

the “learned” norm by the calculated Conclusion

number of standard deviations. The This presentation concentrates on just
entire right bank was louder and had one of many issues and characteristics
larger standard deviations after the of this particular Waukesha 7042 spark-
adjustment than before. An investiga- ignited, natural gas-fueled engine.

PRODUCT APPLICATIONS:
tion found that two different techni-
cians set each bank and that both
Fire Flooding were “soft.” Lifter and rocker arm
CO2 Injection
wear problems were encountered on
Sentinel alarmed on and documented
several other mechanical condition
faults on both the engine and compres-
sor. The graphs come primarily from

Coal Seam Gas

those valves that continued to have another Dynalco tool called M-Health.

Landfill Gas Recovery

high amplitudes and react to speed In this small case, how quality con-

Vapor Recovery
Wellhead Gas Recovery
Offshore Applications
changes. trol of maintenance activity can be
The Sentinel data (Table 1 and tracked and documented is easy to
Figures 1 through 6) shows that understand. It also allows a manager
the right-side amplitudes increased to quantify the performance impact

Gas Turbines
by 32% from before and after the that a poorly adjusted or maintained

Hydrogen Compressors
adjustments were made. The devia- valvetrain has on the cost of opera-
tions only increase slightly, indicat- tion. Of course, this has emissions im-
ing that the mechanical looseness plications as well.

ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified

causing cycle-to-cycle variations was Sentinel II is a control system that

SUMMIT
not caused by the valve lash.
The graph in Figure 7 shows how
a properly adjusted valve lash along
with mechanically sound compo-
provides direct diagnosis of a prob-
lem and suggests actions to frontline
personnel while providing economic
justification. Start-up, shutdown,

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
nents respond to speed changes as sequencing, diagnostics and fleet-
compared to a valve with known wide comparisons are in one modu-
lar system. g
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COMPRESSORTechTwo
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 HOERBIGER launches a new sealing solution
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Industry News COMPRESSORTechTwo
Alliance Engineering
M. McKinstry T. Yates
Wood Group’s Alliance Engineering has
hired Matthew A. McKinstry and
Tommy L. Yates as facility engineers
whose responsibility will be to develop
and execute major offshore projects.
McKinstry has a process engineering
background, with 14 years of experience
in domestic and overseas oil and gas
projects. He has been the lead process
engineer on Gulf of Mexico production
platforms and on several large FEEDs for
international projects. He holds MS and
BS degrees in Chemical Engineering from
the University of Michigan.
Yates has a mechanical engineering
background and, for the past 18 years,
has led the engineering, design and con-
MAY 2010
struction efforts for numerous onshore
and offshore production and transmission
facilities around the world. He earned a
BS degree in Mechanical Engineering
from Ohio State University and is a regis-
tered Professional Engineer in the U.S.
state of Texas.
Alliance Engineering has also hired
Greg Vetter as manager of offshore busi-
ness development
within its offshore
business unit. In his
new role, Vetter
will be responsible
for identifying op-
portunities and en-
hancing the growth
of Alliance in exist-
ing and new off-
shore markets. He
G. Vetter
has over 10 years
of sales, marketing and business devel-
opment experience, with eight of those
servicing the offshore oil and gas majors
and independents. He has a record of
successful accomplishment, and comes
to Alliance from EDG, where he served
as business development consultant re-
sponsible for offshore business develop-
ment. He holds a BBA degree in
32
Management from Baylor University,
and is a member of SPE, PMI, API, GPA
and AMA.
Based in Houston, Texas, U.S.A.,
Alliance Engineering provides “highly
optimized concept-to-completion cus-
tom engineering solutions” for the oil
and gas industry. Some of the most visi-
ble projects in the world compose
Alliance’s onshore and offshore project
portfolio, according to the company.
Alliance said it emphasizes quality ini-
tiatives and cost-effective engineering
as it serves customers in three energy
market segments: deepwater, shelf/
FPSO and onshore. In addition to its
Houston headquarters, Alliance oper-
ates out of an of fice in Denver,
Colorado, U.S.A.
Wood Group is an international energy
services company with approximately
US$5 billion in revenue, employing
28,000 people worldwide and operating
in 50 countries. The group consists of
three businesses — Engineering &
Production Facilities, Well Support and
Gas Turbine Services — that provide a
range of engineering, production support,
maintenance management and industrial
gas turbine overhaul and repair services
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Industry News COMPRESSORTechTwo

to the oil and gas, and power generation
industries.
Dresser Waukesha
Natural gas engine manufacturer
Dresser Waukesha has been awarded ISO
14001 certification for its headquarters
and manufacturing operations in
Waukesha, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
ISO 14001 is an internationally recog-
nized standard for environmental man-
agement systems that helps organizations
indentify the impact and risks associated
with carbon emissions, energy and water
use, and waste stream management, as
well as to develop programs to control
and improve performance in those areas.
“The decision to seek ISO 14001 certifi-
cation demonstrates Dresser Waukesha’s
commitment to minimizing the impact of
our operations and products on the envi-
ronment,” said Somnath Dasgupta, direc-
tor of Environmental Health & Safety for
Dresser Waukesha.
“Receiving this certification is the cul-
mination of a rigorous process that began
over a year ago and required the com-
pany to conduct a thorough review of
every aspect of our operations. It in-
volves a detailed process by which we
identified potential environmental im-
pacts. Going forward, we will use a proc-
ess of continuous improvement to de-
velop plans to eliminate or minimize
those impacts and promote sustainable
processes,” he said.
“The ISO process also provides a plat-
form for moving beyond compliance to
establishing future sustainability goals
and further reducing our impact on the
environment,” he said.
Dasgupta also underscored Dresser
Waukesha’s ongoing commitment to
helping other companies reduce their en-
ergy footprint by developing “greener,”
more efficient engines. He said that
Waukesha’s product lineup includes en-
gines that operate with very low emis-
sions, engine-generator sets designed for
combined heat and power applications to
squeeze maximum energy out of the fuel
they burn and engines that operate on
waste gases such as methane from di-
gesters and landfills.
The company has an ongoing part-
nership with the U.S. Department of
Energy for the development of efficient,
low-emission engines. The first result of
this collaboration is Waukesha’s highly
efficient 1 MW APG1000, which was in-
troduced in 2006. Recently, the com-
pany received another grant that is be-
ing used to increase the efficiency of its
APG2000/3000 models.
Shenhua Group
China’s state-owned Shenhua Group
has completed a feasibility study for its
second coal-to-liquids (CTL) plant. The
plant is being developed with South
African coal processing specialist Sasol.
While the commercialization of the tech-
nology is still at an early stage in China, its
success in South Africa suggests that over
time it could come to play an important
role in China’s fuels balance. The facility
would have a capacity of 93,000 bbl/d,
above earlier estimates of 80,000 bbl/d.
The PROS Co.
The PROS Co. has announced the ad-
dition of a sales engineer. To m
Logsdon, who resides in Farmington,
New Mexico, U.S.A., will be responsible
for sales and company promotions in
the Rocky Mountain States and Eastern
Plains. Logsdon has a professional
background in the Air Drilling sector of
the industry.
continued on page 50

MAY 2010 33 COMPRESSORTechTwo


The first ship to complete its official regasification test was Golar Winter, Golar LNG’s 4.9 MMcf
(138,000 m3) LNG floating storage and regasification unit. Hamworthy outfitted the vessel with
MARINE APPLICATIONS FOR LNG
regasification technology that uses seawater as the heating medium for vaporizing LNG.
REGASIFICATION SYSTEMS
Hamworthy’s Regasification Systems on FPSO Fleet
By Ian Cameron
Hamworthy Gas Systems has deliv-
ered its first vessels to feature regasifi-
cation technology that uses seawater
as the heating medium for vaporizing
liquefied natural gas (LNG).
“This is a milestone in the introduc-
tion of another new technology to the
offshore market,” said Reidar Strande,
director of LNG Marine. Hamworthy
supplied the onboard vaporizer sys-
tem, comprising three LNG regasifica-
tion skids. The technology is based
on an intermediate closed propane
loop that that transfers heat energy
from seawater for vaporizing LNG.
“The intermediate propane circuit
between seawater and LNG is applied
to avoid freezing. As it is based on sea-
water heating the equipment, it has a
high level of efficiency and therefore
requires less fuel and operating cost to
regasify the LNG than steam-based sys-
tems,” said Strande.
The first ship to complete its official
regasification test was Golar LNG’s 4.9
MMcf (138,000 m3) LNG floating storage
and regasification unit (FSRU) Golar
Winter, which is chartered by Petrobras
and is part of an LNG import project in
Guanabara Bay, Brazil.
LNG carriers will tranship cargoes
to the FSRU, which will then send gas
to an onshore gas grid through a sub-
sea pipeline. Built as an LNG carrier
in 2004, Golar Winter was converted
to an FSRU by Keppel Shipyard in
MAY 2010
Singapore. After leaving the Keppel
yard, LNG cargo was collected in
Trinidad en route to Petrobras’ Pecem
Terminal, Brazil. Initial commissioning
and testing began in Pecem before
the vessel departed for Petrobras’ Rio
terminal for further testing.
Golar Winter was tested with two
skids operating in parallel for full
regasification capacity of 495 MMcfd
(14 x 106 m3/d) at 1739 psi (120 bar),
equivalent to 507 tons/h (460
tonnes/h), said Hamworthy.
Hamworthy signed a contract with
Golar LNG in July 2007 to deliver the
propane regasification skids. Capacity
per skid is 247 MMcfd (7 x 106 m3/d),
outlet pressure is 1492 psi (103 bar),
and outlet temperature can reach
42°F (6°C). Two skids will be used
during nominal send-out, with a third
skid on standby.
Each 77 ton (70 tonne) skid is 34 x
20 x 26 ft. (10.5 x 6.1 x 8 m), and
contains the required pumps, motors,
heat exchangers, instrumentation and
control systems to provide the re-
quired capacity. The equipment is de-
signed for marine installations and
cryogenic working conditions, and
can handle large variations in send-
out capacity, Hamworthy said.
The vaporizer system also was
commissioned on the Suez Neptune, a
4 MMcf (145,000 m3) LNG shuttle re-
gasification vessel (SRV) built by
34
Samsung Heavy Industries and deliv-
ered in December 2009. The vessel
has picked up an LNG cargo in
Trinidad, and regasification tests being
held off Boston, Massachusetts,
U.S.A., were due to be finalized in
February 2010. SRVs transport and
store LNG, which is then vaporized
into natural gas and sent ashore by
subsea pipeline.
A second Neptune SRV, Suez Cape
Ann, is scheduled for delivery during
the second quarter 2010. For both
ships, Hamworthy is supplying three
regasification skids per ship with each
vessel having a regasification capacity
of 231 tons (210 tonnes/h) of LNG with
send-out pressure of 1666 psi (115 bar).
Hamworthy’s third regasification
project was for the 4.5 MMcf (126,000
m 3 ) FSRU Golar Freeze for Dubai
Supply Authority (DUSUP) and Shell
in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Hamworthy delivered the regasifica-
tion skids for this vessel in September
2009. The system was installed on the
1977-built LNG carrier, which is being
converted into an FSRU before being
chartered by DUSUP for 10 years,
with options to extend for up to an-
other five years.
After its delivery to DUSUP in the
second quarter of 2010, Golar Freeze
will be permanently moored alongside
a purpose-built jetty within the existing
Jebel Ali port. The FSRU will be capa-
ble of storing 4.4 MMcf (125,000 m3) of
LNG and delivering up to 494 MMcfd
(14 x 106 m3/d) of regasified LNG to
DUSUP for further delivery into the
Dubai gas network.
In a separate move, Hamworthy
Moss AS has signed contracts to de-
liver 10 shipboard inert gas systems to
be installed on a series of 316,000 dwt
crude oil and product tankers being
built by Waigaoqiao Shipyard, China.
The company has won orders spec-
ifying Hamworthy Moss flue gas sys-
tems for four 316,000 dwt crude oil
tankers due for delivery between June
2010 and August 2011 to Nanjing
Changjiang Oil Transportation Corp.
Hamworthy has also secured con-
tracts to supply Moss Multi-Inert sys-
tems for six 316,000 dwt crude oil and
product tankers to be delivered by
Waigaoqiao Shipyard to Singaporean
ship owner Ocean Tankers between
June 2010 and October 2011.
Geir Hellum, managing director of
Hamworthy Moss, said, “These so-
phisticated systems have been de-
signed to enable Ocean Tankers the
choice to handle or store surplus
product, in line with the demanding
trading patterns of the ships.” g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
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COMPRESSORTechTwo
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Distributed by:

Burckhardt Compressors to
Polysilicon Production
Burckhardt Compression delivered
three process gas compressors to
“Semiconductor Plant” JSC for its
polysilicon production plant in
Zaporozhye, Ukraine. The contractor
for the project is centrotherm photo-
voltaics, from Blaubeuren, Germany,
which provides technology, equip-
ment and services for the photo-
voltaics industry. The contract consists
of three process gas compressors in-
cluding auxiliaries, lube oil system,
piping, compressor control system
and electric drive motors.
The compressor trains will be in-
stalled in the gas recovery unit within
the chlorine-silane regeneration oper-
ation. This specific compression proc-
ess requires knowledge in dry-run-
ning technology, an accurate material
selection for this severe operating en-
vrionment as well as reliability and
high availability.
MAY 2010
/HaHYKV\Z 
Recent Orders
Burckhardt Compression has over
20 years of experience in in-house tri-
bology research and therefore offers a
wide range of application-specific ma-
terials available with extensive exper-
tise for process gases with extremely
abrasive pollution.
Polysilicon is used in the production
of monocrystalline and multicrystalline
solar wafers. The principal raw mater-
ial is used to produce the solar cells
that converts sunlight into electricity.
Start-up of the polysilicon production
is scheduled to be in the second quar-
ter of 2010. Burckhardt Compression is
supporting the customer by supervision
of the assembly and the commissioning
of the compressors on-site.
Burckhardt Compression’s process
gas compressors are used in the re-
finery and petrochemical industry as
well as for industrial gases and gas
transport and storage. The company
said its products offer high availabil-
ity and a long mean time between
36
overhauls thanks to design, in-house
engineered high-quality components
and valves, which together with
great serviceability result in lowest
life-cycle cost.
Burckhardt Compression is the only
manufacturer offering a complete range
of laby (labyrinth piston), process gas
and hyper compressors.
Dresser-Rand Turbomachinery
for Four FPSOs
Dresser-Rand Group Inc. will sup-
ply advanced turbomachinery to three
different clients for four floating, pro-
duction, storage and offloading
(FPSO) vessels. Three of the four are
destined for Petrobras’ pre-salt oil
fields in the Santos Basin offshore
Brazil and one will work in the U.K.
sector of the North Sea.
The order is for 14 centrifugal com-
pressor trains comprising 18 casings,
two DR-61G (LM2500) mechanical
drive gas turbines and four DR-61GP
COMPRESSORTechTwo
  VY /HYTSLZZ
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KPMMLYLUJL 9LHS[PTL KH[H HUHS`ZPZ HUK L_WLYPLUJLIHZLK
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SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

Recent Orders

(LM2500+) gas turbine generator sets
for these projects. The total price for
the scope being supplied exceeds
US$120 million.
The compressor trains will be man-
ufactured in Le Havre, France, and
Olean, New York, U.S.A; the gas tur-
bine generator sets will be engineered
by Dresser-Rand’s gas turbine packag-
ing center of excellence in Kongsberg,
Norway. Dresser-Rand booked these
orders in March 2010.
“We are very pleased that we have
been selected to supply the critical ro-
tating equipment for these important
projects. Leveraging our global pres-
ence and world-class singular
processes, our teams in Houston
[Texas, U.S.A], Le Havre, Kongsberg
and Kuala Lumpur [Malaysia] worked
closely with our clients’ teams on se-
lecting the best technology to meet ap-
plication requirements and offer single-
source solutions for compression and
power generation,” said Jesus Pacheco,
Dresser-Rand’s executive vice presi-
dent, New Equipment Worldwide.
Among the equipment being supplied
will be some of the highest-density re-
injection compressors ever built, such
as the 550 bar [7975 psi] units to com-
press a 35+ mole weight natural
gas/CO2-blended stream, as well as
CO2 compressors to re-inject carbon
dioxide to over 300 bar [4350 psi] pres-
sure,” he said.
“Two of the four FPSO projects in-
volve relocation of existing vessels
and required very short cycle times,
which we were able to meet. This
award is representative of the value
our technology, cycle times and ad-
vanced business processes bring to
our clients,” added Pacheco.
These vessels will be capable of
handling oil production and treatment
of approximately 100,000 to 120,000
bbls/d and have gas compression ca-
pabilities of up to 150 MMscfd (4.25 x
106 m3/day).
“We believe activity in the floating
production market will continue to be
significant and, as our success in
every FPSO project that has closed
since the fourth quarter of 2009
shows, that our value proposition re-
mains compelling,” said Pacheco.
Dresser-Rand supplies rotating
equipment to the worldwide oil, gas,
petrochemical and process industries.
The company operates manufactur-
ing facilities in the United States,
France, United Kingdom, Germany,
Norway,
C India and China, and main-
tains a network of 37 service and
support centers covering more than
140 countries. g
Follow us on
www.compressortech2.com

MAY 2010 37 COMPRESSORTechTwo


KEEPING COOL AND SAFE
Caterpillar Introduces Hazardous Location Water-Cooled Manifold Diesel Engines
Caterpillar Global Petroleum has in-
troduced the C7 ACERT, C9 ACERT
and C32 ACERT hazardous location
water-cooled manifold diesel engines,
designed to meet the requirements of
offshore and other hazardous applica-
tions where an ignition source from
the engine, such as hot skin tempera-
tures or electrical arching, could spark
an explosion due to hazardous chemi-
cals or gases in the environment or
cause danger due to engines housed
in close quarters.
The C7 is available with ratings of
205, 231 and 275 hp (153, 172 and
205 kW) at 2200 rpm; the C9 is rated
341 hp (254 kW) at 2200 rpm; and the
C32 is available at 801, 860, 920 or
1100 hp (597, 641, 686 or 820 kW at
2100 rpm.
The engines were developed to
meet the most current land and
offshore emission requirements in-
cluding EPA Tier 3, EU Stage 3a and
IMO and EPA Marine Tier 2.
Additionally, said Caterpillar, with the
use of the EPA Tier 4 flexibility provi-
sions, the EPA Tier 3 ratings will be
applicable for land-based applications
until 2018.
Caterpillar’s manifold engines fea-
ture water-cooled exhausts and tur-
MAY 2010
bochargers to maintain lower engine
skin temperatures. The reduced en-
gine skin temperature allows the en-
gine to operate in enclosed areas and
around hazardous materials. ATEX
safety directives require that engine
skin temperatures remain below 392°F
(200°C) (T3).
Certifications obtained by the
engines include:
•ATEX 94/9 Group II, 3G (Zone 2)
Ex nA T3;
• Electrical system certified
to gas group IIC;
• Mechanical system certi-
fied to gas group IIA;
•NEC 500 — Class I Division 2
Non-incendive Field Wiring Group
T3 certification; and
•NEC 500 — Class I Zone 2 AEx
nA nR Group IIC T3 certification.
To prevent errant sparks, the elec-
trical harness and components are
designed with a protective molding
to keep contained any sparks that
may occur .
Depending on the application, dif-
ferent cooling options are available to
provide packaging flexibility. Both the
separate circuit (water-to-air) after-
cooled and the remote aftercooled
cooling system are available on the
38
Caterpillar has introduced the
C7 ACERT, C9 ACERT and C32 ACERT
hazardous location water-cooled mani-
fold diesel engines, designed to meet the
requirements of offshore and other haz-
ardous applications where an ignition
source from the engine, such as hot skin
temperatures or electrical arching, could
spark an explosion.
C9 ACERT engines. The C7 ACERT
and C32 ACERT engines feature the
separate circuit (water-to-air) after-
cooled cooling system.
ATEX safety directives require that
engine skin temperatures remain be-
low 392°F (200°C) (T3). In order to
comply, some ATEX configurations
come with software to automatically
derate engine power to maintain
ATEX T3 skin temperatures in all am-
bient conditions up to 113°F (45°C),
said the company.
Caterpillar said these engines
represent the first from the company
that come from the factory with
the hazardous location certifica-
tions. While previous engine models
were able to operate in those envi-
ronments, the user had to apply
for certifications.
Typical application can be found in
offshore well servicing duties such as
workover, pumping, fracturing, ce-
menting and coiled tubing. The C7
and C9 engines are manufactured in
Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.A.,
and the C32s are manufactured in
Griffin, Georgia, U.S.A. They are all
currently available for order. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
COMPRESSORTechTwo
Vapor recovery units to ensure 'zero flaring' on an off-
shore platform in the Arabian Gulf.
Initially single level skids were envisioned, but finally
multi-level modules have been engineered and built.
The result of global NEA networking and good custo-
mer cooperation.

Trust NEUMAN & ESSER GROUP

www.neuman-esser.com
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
AJAX C-202 Separable Compressor AJAX E-565 Pump Jack Engine
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
 TORSIONAL BEHAVIOR OF COMPLEX COMPRESSOR TRAINS
The Design of Complex Machine Trains Includes Optimization for Dynamic Loads
Acting on Foundations, Irregularity Degree and Torsional Stresses
By Amin Almasi
Editor’s Note: This is the fourth in a series of technical
articles by the author. The first article, “Recommendations
published in the January-February issue of COMPRESSORTechTwo.
for Pulsation Control of Reciprocating Compressors,” was
The second, “Piston-Rod Load Capability of Reciprocating
Compressors,” appeared in the March issue, and the third,
“Crosshead Slap in Reciprocating Compressors,” was pub-
lished in the April issue.
A multimachine train consists of several complex shafts
and rotors and relatively flexible shaft extensions and cou-
plings. It may also include gears and flywheels. Because
connected machines function as spring systems in series,
the potential exists for torsional resonance and torsional fa-
tigue damage. Couplings are often modified to tune the
overall system.
Multimachine complex trains have complex torsional be-
havior. Complex rotating machine trains are becoming com-
mon trains in industries. For example: 1. Train including
compressor, electric motor and turbo expander gas recovery
turbine. 2. Multi-throw and multicylinder reciprocating ma-
chines. Figure 1 shows an example of complex rotating ma-
chine trains.
Figure 1. Three machine casings, compressor, motor and recovery tur-
bine, joined through couplings and SSS clutch.
The design of complex machine trains includes opti-
mization for dynamic loads acting on foundation, irregular-
Amin Almasi is lead rotating equipment engineer in Technicas
Reunidas S.A., Madrid, Spain. He holds a chartered engineer cer-
tificate from IMechE (CEng MIMechE), a chartered professional
engineer license from Engineers Australia (MIEAust CPEng –
Mechanical) and he also holds MS and BS degrees in Mechanical
Engineering. He specializes in rotating machines including recip-
rocating, centrifugal and screw compressors, gas and steam tur-
bines, process pumps, condition monitoring and reliability.
Almasi is an active member of IMechE, Engineers Australia,
ASME, CMVI, Vibration Institute, SPE, IEEE, SMRP and IDGTE. He
has authored more than 30 papers and articles dealing with ro-
tating machines, condition monitoring and reliability. For addi-
tional information or answers to questions, contact the author
via his e-mail address: aalmasi@tecnicasreunidas.es
MAY 2010
ity degree and torsional stresses[1, 2]. It needs detailed tor-
sional analysis to ensure reliability, availability and proper
design. Avoiding torsional resonance (particularly at or
near the lower operating speed harmonics), and to ensure
that shafts and other components are suitably sized to
avoid failure during possible severe transient disturbances
is of paramount importance. If shaft or rotating component
failures occur, the consequences can be catastrophic. An
entire machine can be wrecked as a result of large unbal-
ancing forces that can arise following shaft separation.
These have actually occurred[3]. Vast damage and loss of
human life can occur.
Torsional Model
The model must be accurate enough to simulate the real
system behavior (usually below the 10th multiple of the
maximum rotating speed). Very high frequency additional
modes have no effect on reliability (no resonance is fore-
seen and also they are high-frequency and low-amplitude
exciting harmonics)[4]. Basically, the model is represented
by a number of rotating masses connected to each other
by means of mass-less shaft intervals with appropriate tor-
sional stiffness.
Rotating masses can represent both the shaft or rotor in-
tervals and the connected components (such as impellers,
blades, connecting rods, piston rods, crossheads, etc).
Proper dedicated lumped masses for all accessories (such
as flywheel, gear wheel, exciter, connecting flange, etc.)
also must be added to the model. Figure 2 shows a tor-
sional model for a complex rotating machine train.
Figure 2. Torsional model for a complex rotating machine train.
Nomenclature used in presented model:
ui Torsional displacement of mass i (rad).
Ji Polar moment of inertia of mass i (kg s3/m).
Ki Torsional stiffness of the shaft internal i (Nm).
Ci Damping coefficient for interval i (kg s2/m).
CMi Damping coefficient for the mass i (kg s2/m).
continued on page 44
42 COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
 n Model lumped mass total number. (mostly diameter) can be studied jointly with electric ma-
m Maximum torque harmonic order. chine sub-vendor. Rotating machine rotor, shaft or crank-
Ma,i Resonance amplifier for shaft interval i. shaft geometry is never modified to accommodate torsional
v Torsional natural frequency (rad/s). application requirements.
Mi Applied torque to mass i (Nm).
Steady-State and Transient Torsional Responses
Torsional Natural Frequencies The governing equations of system to calculate the
The goal is to locate natural frequencies away (usually by damped forced torsional vibration are as equation (2).
10%) from potential excitation frequencies that might come
from machines[4, 5, 6]. In addition, as a recommendation, nat- Equation (2)
ural frequencies should be placed 10% outside of electrical J 1θ&&1 + K1 (θ1 − θ 2 )+ C1 θ&1 − θ&2 + C M 1θ&1 = M 1
net frequency and 5% outside of its second multiple[4]. In J θ&& + K (θ − θ )+ K (θ −θ )+ C θ& − θ&
i i i −1 i i −1 i i i +1 i −1 ( i i −1 )
practice, the first three modes of vibration usually need to
be investigated carefully. + Ci θ&i − θ&i +1 + C Miθ&i = M i , i = 2,..., n − 1
( )
J nθ&&n + K n−1 (θ n − θ n−1 )+ C n−1 θ&n − θ&n−1 + C Mnθ&n = M n
( )
J 1θ&&1 + K1 (θ1 − θ 2 ) = 0 Equation (1)

J iθ&&i + K i −1 (θ i − θ i −1 )+ K i (θ i−θ i +1 ) = 0 , i = 2,..., n − 1 The general expression of the steady-state applied

J θ&& + K (θ − θ ) = 0
n n n −1 n n −1
Torsional natural frequencies come from equation (1).
The calculation of the undamped natural frequencies is a
problem of Eigen values and Eigen vectors that represent
natural frequencies and mode shapes respectively.
Because of low damping level[3, 4], undamped natural fre-
quencies can represent natural frequencies of the real train.
In case the torsional natural frequencies do not meet men-
tioned margins (10% away from potential excitation fre-
quencies), individual train components should be modified.
A parametric study of the natural frequency calculation
method presented here can provide information on how to
denute a rotating machine’s train. Modification of the cou-
pling torsional stiffness by an appropriate tuning of the
coupling type or space diameter is primary and is the easi-
est solution.
Generally, the coupling is the most flexible shaft interval
in a train and has a strong influence on torsional natural
frequencies, especially the first torsional natural frequency.
Range of available coupling options is vast, from flexible
couplings to rigid forged flanged connection (without cou-
pling). However, if a coupling modification is not sufficient
and further modification is required (for example more tor-
sional stiffness is required to raise torsional natural frequen-
cies), modification of the electric machine shaft geometry
torques (Mi), includes a vibrating component superimposed
on an average torque level as shown in equation (3). Train
load torques can be decomposed, through a “Fourier
Analysis” into a series of sinusoidal curves, which frequen-
cies are multiples of the machine running speed. The mod-
ulus generally decreases as the harmonic order increases.
Optimum solution suggested as calculation of 25 harmonics
(m=1 to 25 in this formula).
Equation (3)
m
M i = ∑ M i , p sin (pωt + α p )
p =0
The torsional dampening is assumed to be the hysteretic.
Solution of equation (2) can be obtained based on
“Principle of Linear Superposition.” The system is com-
posed of (n) linear differential equations with (n) parame-
ters, tri-diagonal and symmetrical. Its solution can be trans-
ferred to the solution of (m) differential equation systems
(each equation related to a different harmonic of the excit-
ing forces).
The transient torsional analysis requires a different and
more time-consuming calculation method. It requires a di-
rect integration of the motion equations, and the solution is
time dependent. The differential equations of motion are
similar to those of the steady-state equation (2) but they
have different exciting torques[4].
continued on page 46

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SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

MAY 2010 44 COMPRESSORTechTwo

 Rest Easy.
When Every Part Is Genuine. ™

Leave it to the experts when it comes to critical parts for your

engine, and enjoy peace of mind. Avoid potential early failure and
unscheduled downtime caused by using “will fit” parts. For parts
and service information, contact your local Cummins distributor
or OEM dealer, call our 1-800-DIESELS™ Customer Assistance
Center or visit quickserve.cummins.com.

SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

©2010 Cummins Inc., Box 3005, Columbus, IN 47202-3005 U.S.A.
Case Study sient response is substantially reduced by train damping
Analytical results are presented for a multi-throw, heavy- with a flexible coupling. The compressor is started while
duty, complex reciprocating compressor for refinery serv- unloaded, and the nominal running speed is achieved
ice. Driver is a direct-coupled, 18-pole, 330 rpm, induction within five seconds.
electric motor. Extensive simulations are shown for this Table I shows equivalent moment of inertia for compres-
train regarding frequency separation, required maximum sor train components. It shows the importance of electric
current pulsation and all possible transient cases. A flexible motor moment of inertia.
coupling is the best and optimum option.
The first torsional natural frequency is well below the Component Equivalent Moment of Inertia of
train operating speed. (It is around 3.7 Hz and approxi- Components as % of Train (Total)
mately 33% below train speed.) The second natural fre- Moment of Inertia
quency is well above the 10th harmonic of train operating
speed. (It is around 70 Hz.) This implies an adequate sepa- Each Cylinder - ~ 1%
ration. Coupling stiffness variance of about 30% would be Throw (Four Throw)
required for the train to reach resonance. Flywheel and Half Coupling 31.5%
Figure 3 shows the reciprocating compressor brake
torque vs. crank angle for one revolution of the crankshaft Half Coupling 1.5%
under steady-state conditions. The solid and dashed-dotted Electric Motor 63%
curves represent compressor torque for normal full load
and (50%) unloaded conditions, respectively. Table I: Equivalent moment of inertia for compressor train components.
The transient event of a phase short circuit is assumed to
last about 0.8 seconds. The electric motor is subjected to a Table II shows equivalent interval stiffness for compres-
high-frequency and high-amplitude oscillating torque. Peak sor train components (other train components are consid-
torque is around 3.5 times the normal value. Torsional tran- erably stiffer than flexible coupling). For a train with flexi-
ble coupling (specifically for when a flexible coupling with
1.8 rubber elements which have low stiffness is used), it is
orque / Electric Motor Rated Torque

Normal Full Load possible to approximate the first natural torsional fre-
Half Load (50%)
1.6 quency with a simple 2° of freedom model (considering
that the coupling as the only flexible interval). Usually it
1.4
provides the first natural torsional frequency with around
1.2
10 to 20% error.
According to the API, proper margins (with natural fre-
1 quencies) for all harmonics up to 10th multiple of machine
speed shall be investigated. In addition, other coinci-
0.8 dences up to 20th multiple of machine speed shall be re-
Compressor Brake To

0.6
spected if there are lower frequencies or frequencies
around the third natural torsional frequency. In this exam-
0.4 ple, very close margins are evident for 13th, 15th and 16th
multiples of machine speed with second and third tor-
0.2 sional natural frequencies. No significant source of excita-
tion in all parts of the package should occur to excite
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 these frequencies (such as bearings, meshes, grids, teeth,
Crank Angle (Degree) mechanisms, VSD, etc.). The case of the 16th multiple of
machine speed is of more concern.
Figure 3. Reciprocating compressor torque vs. crank angle. continued on page 48

COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010 46
 Bringing energy and the environment into harmony.
SM

24/7/365 SERVICE —
BECAUSE EVERY PART COUNTS.

Dresser-Rand Services cover everything from upgrades, revamps, rerates, product

training, and field services, right down to the nuts and bolts. And with the largest installed
base of rotating equipment in the industry, Dresser-Rand is ready to deliver comprehensive
service solutions for your centrifugal and reciprocating compressors, steam and gas turbines,
and control systems—quickly, efficiently and safely. With approximately 40 service centers
around the world, our personnel stand ready to help maximize the reliability, production
revenue, and profitability of your rotating equipment. So keep downtime down—with
service that’s up to any challenge.

Visit us at OTC .10, Booth 6105 and EGCR, Booths 317 & 319

The Americas: (Int’l +1) 713-354-6100 / EMEA: (Int’l +33) 2-35-25-5225

Asia-Pacific: (Int’l +60) 3-2093-6633 / info@dresser-rand.com » www.dresser-rand.com

SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

 Interval Equivalent Interval Stiffness as Ratio
of Flexible Coupling Stiffness
(K/Kcoupling)
Committing to the future
First Throw – Second Throw 172
Second Throw – Third Throw 27

NOx Third Throw – Fourth Throw

Compressor (Fourth Throw)
– Flywheel
172
94

Solutions
Coupling 1
Electric Motor 31
Table II: Equivalent interval stiffness for compressor train components.

Practical Recommendation
Numerous torsional vibration problems continue to occur in
Testo Portable complex rotating machine trains. Main reasons are lack of com-
prehensive torsional vibration study, improper application and
Emission Analyzers maintenance of couplings (mainly flexible couplings), using
electric machines traditionally used in noncomplex applica-
tions (such as variable speed motors) and lack of monitoring.
As a rule of thumb, the electric machine shaft diameter
FOR TUNING testo 335 should be equal to or greater than the reciprocating ma-
chine crankshaft diameter. Shaft materials should be high-
strength steel. If welds are required on the shaft, a weld-
able shaft material should be used. Proper weld procedures
and material compatibility must be considered.
Fabrication details such as the electric machine pole bolt
torque, etc., should consider loads caused by torsional vibra-
tion. Continuous operation at torsional resonance should be
avoided. Coupling and electric machine torsional characteris-
tics have strong influence on train torsional vibration and can
FOR be modified to tune the system. Avoid full-load shutdowns
COMPLIANCE especially of trains with torque-sensitive equipment. Trains
with short flanged connections (no coupling) and single-
testo 350 bearing electric machines have much lower damping; how-
ever, they have higher natural frequencies and may be ac-
ceptable after careful review of torsional analysis.
Measuring and verifying torsional vibration is important
during performance tests. Transient events are critical and
should be respected in details. They include synchronous
electric machine start-up, short circuit and loaded shutdown.
A train that passes through a torsional natural frequency
during start-up may produce significant transient shaft
stresses. A start-up analysis should be performed to deter-
mine if low-cycle fatigue is a potential problem. Coupling
torque is usually chosen on the basis of mean requirements
for full load. It must have a sufficient service factor to han-
dle likely overload (such as electrical faults).
Only accurate modeling of an electrical machine can re-
sult in an accurate torsional analysis of a train (accurate
modeling such as detailed Finite Element Model [F.E.M.] or
detailed analytical model to obtain flexibility and inertia of
rotating parts of an electric machine). Otherwise, it can re-
• Smart sensors sult in missed torsional natural frequencies, inaccurate tor-
sional analysis and torsional problems.
• Fast, simple operation Recommendations for coupling include high torsional stiff-
ness coupling (best and optimum option, if torsional simulation
• Easy maintenance confirmed, frequency separation and transient torques) or flexi-
ble coupling (more elasticity and damping and more mainte-
IDEAL FOR TESTING nance) or integral, rigid, forged-flange connection (more rigid-
Engines Furnaces Diesels ity, high natural frequencies and much less damping).
Boilers Turbines SCR
Low NOx US EPA & State Compliance Conclusions
The torsional analysis method for complex rotating equip-
ment should include data used in mass elastic systems, display
www.testo350.com • 800-227-0729 continued on page 50
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
48 COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
 of torque vs. speed, torsional critical speeds, mode shape dia-
grams, all possible steady-state and transient cases, worst-case
design, upset condition results and sensitivity analysis.

References
[1]
Heinz P. Bloch, “Compressor and Modern Process
Application,” John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
[2]
Heinz P. Bloch, “A Practical Guide To Compressor
Technology,” Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
[3]
Duncan N. Walker, “Torsional Vibration of
Turbomachinery,” McGraw-Hill, 2004.
[4]
Enzo Giacomelli, Carlo Mazzali, Nocola Campo, Paolo
Battagli, Fabio Falciani, “Torsional Analysis of A-20
Cylinder Hypercompressor Train, Proceeding of
ESDA2006, Engineering System and Analysis,” Torino,
Italy, July 4-7, 2006.
[5]
Shelley Greenfeld and Kelly Eberle, “New API Standard
618 (5 th Edition) and its Impact on Reciprocating

COMPRESSORTechTwo, June, July, August/September 2008.

Compressor Package Design – Part I, II and III,”
[6]
Vibration in Reciprocating Machinery and Piping
Systems, Engineering Dynamics Inc., Engineering Dynamic
Inc. (EDI), San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A., June 2007.

Industry News COMPRESSORTechTwo

Hardy Instruments Inc.
Hardy Instruments Inc. recently appointed
Stan Modzel as North American service
sales manager. Modzel will play a key role
in expanding Hardy’s service business, in-
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM cluding pre-sales application engineering,
system installation and start-up, scale verifi-
Rebuild all cation, calibration and certification, emer-
gency troubleshooting and service and pre-
brands, makes, ventive maintenance and inspection
models of screw throughout North America.
Modzel brings over 30 years of applica-
Compressors and S. Modzel tion and field service experience to his po-
Gear Boxes sition. Prior to joining Hardy Instruments, Modzel served as serv-
ice manager for Mettler-Toledo Scales in Florida, U.S.A., and
most recently formed and managed SMS Services, a
Sample of The PROS Company work. weighing/construction services business.

Burckhardt Compression
Burckhardt Compression has modernized its existing Training
Center at its headquarters in Winterthur, Switzerland. In order to
meet the requirements of customers that operate laby, process
gas or hyper compressors, Burckhardt expanded the range of
compressors available for hands-on practice in the center.
Theoretical compressor training continues to be offered at the
center. Space available for training is now about 3230 sq.ft. (300
Before & After m2) in a dedicated building located at the company’s headquar-
ters. The Training Center stands adjacent to the building where
The PROS Company the compressors are engineered and manufactured.
Burckhardt Compression’s compressor training has always
601 Texas Avenue taken place nearby the company’s workshops. That proximity al-
lows participants to observe compressor components and view
Lubbock, Texas 79401 the assembly process for a variety of compressor models.
As an OEM, Burckhardt Compression’s reciprocating compres-

806-749-7761 (PRO1) sor experts can provide tailor-made theoretical education as well
as practical courses. The chief training instructors gained exten-

www.thePROSco.com
sive knowledge in compressor operation, optimization and effi-
cient compressor troubleshooting on international jobs, and have

sales@thePROSco.com
broad technical backgrounds.
continued on page 57

SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM 50 COMPRESSORTechTwo

R U N N I NG TIMES 13,000 HOURS
36
UPDATE

STILL RUNNING
STITT S-AGR18LLBEX17-2 one-piece, extended-
length, Annular Gap electrode spark plugs with STITT
USL2LE-VHP4 secondary leads being operated at a
field booster, engine-compressor station in the coal
seam methane zone in the Powder River Basin of
Wyoming.
Engine is a 1200rpm, 4-stroke cycle V-12 cylinder,
Waukesha© L7044GSI driving separable compressors.
This engine has a cylinder head design in which the
engine manufacturer fits a short, conventional spark
plug, a plastic extension, and an ignition coil that bolts
to the valve cover. This arrangement has some durabil-
ity and maintenance deficiencies. And it requires the
usage of expensive components.
Contrast the engine manufacturer’s ignition arrange-
ment to the STITT solution.
1. LOWEST COST
STITT-RECOMMENDED MANUFACTURER and LIST
IGNITION COMPONENTS PART NUMBER PRICE

Remote-Mounted Ignition coil Altronic 501-061 $58.00

(or Equivalent)

Secondary Lead Stitt USL2LE-VHP4 $40.54

Extended-Barrel Spark Plug Stitt S-R807LLBEX17-2 $28.99

or
Stitt S-AGR18LLBEX17-2 $39.47
HIGH VOLTAGE COMPONENTS
TOTAL COST $127.53 $138.01
STITT Selected Components

ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT IGNITION ENGINE MANUFACTURER LIST

COMPONENTS PART NUMBER PRICE

Valve Cover-Mounted Ignition coil 69694G $263.89

Plastic (PTFE) Extension A211797G $169.94

Short Spark Plug 60999Z $47.34

HIGH VOLTAGE COMPONENTS

TOTAL COST $481.17

Factory Selected Components

2. COMPLETELY ISOLATES SECONDARY CIRCUIT
FROM ELECTRICAL CONTAMINANTS.
3. ELIMINATES THE NEED TO REMOVE THE IGNI-
TION COIL TO CHANGE THE SPARK PLUG.
4. OFFERS A “HANDS-ON” SPARK PLUG INSTAL-
LATION PROCEDURE.

STITT
®

STITT SPARK PLUG COMPANY

Conroe, Texas
281-443-2279 • 936-756-7796
Fax: 936-539-9762 • Email: sales@stitt-sparkplug.com
Web: www.stitt-sparkplug.com
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

The Petrojarl I FPSO in which the LMF reinjection module has been in operation for more than
60,000 service hours.
GAS REINJECTION MODULES
ONBOARD AN FPSO SURPASS 60,000
SERVICE HOURS
Upgrades Include a Water Reinjection, Two Gas
Reinjection Modules and Diesel-Driven Generator Sets
By Roberto Chellini
Flaring of associated gas at oil
wellheads has been a long-standing
practice in spite of international rec-
ommendations. The Norwegian gov-
ernment has been one of the more
strict guardians of the environment.
Norway discourages oil companies
from such practice on the continental
shelf under its jurisdiction by intro-
ducing a heavy “carbon tax” that pe-
nalizes gas flaring.
The first application of associated
gas reinjection modules onboard an
FPSO is said to date back to 2001.
Then, LMF of Austria was asked to
supply one gas reinjection module for
the Petrojarl I FPSO.
At the beginning of the new century
Statoil Hydro (at that time Statoil)
started producing oil from the Glitne
Field located in the North Sea, 143 mi.
MAY 2010
(230 km) west of Stavanger, Norway, in
water depth just over 328 ft. (100 m).
Glitne is the smallest oil field in
Norwegian waters and is estimated to
contain 25 MMbbl of recoverable oil
reserves to be produced within a two-
to three-year timeframe. Subsequent
drilling more than doubled the esti-
mated reserves (Glitne II) and ex-
tended the time of recovery well be-
yond the original timeframe.
The Petrojarl I is a purpose built,
turret-mooring, production vessel,
built in Japan in 1986 that had per-
formed 10 different jobs in the North
Sea in 15 years. In 2001, the decision
was made to upgrade it to make it
comply with the latest Norwegian
Shelf conditions. The refurbishing op-
erations took place at the Kvaerner’s
Rosenberg yards in Stavanger and
52
DNV issued certificates for another 15
years of operation.
Upgrading of this FPSO included
the installation, in a more friendly
way, of a water reinjection module,
two gas reinjection modules and
new diesel-driven generating sets to
produce the power required on-
board. The production stream arriv-
ing on the Petrojarl I is first treated
in the separation plant where the oil
is stored in the 180,000 bbl FPSO
storage tanks to be then exported to
the UK. Produced water is purified
and reinjected in the reservoir and
the low-pressure 24.6 psi (1.7 bar)
associated gas, still in wet condition,
is recompressed up to 297 psi (20.5
bar) to be further processed on-
board before being reinjected in the
same well used to reinject produc-
tion water.
LMF has engineered and manufac-
tured the compressor module accord-
ing to API 618 code.
The 178,000 lb. (81,000 kg) mod-
ule features an LMF B 154 balanced
opposed reciprocating compressor
driven, at 720 rpm, by an 805 hp
(600 kW) electric motor, with inter-
stage heat exchangers, moister separa-
tors, interconnecting piping, instru-
ments and controls. The four-cylinder
compressor features a cast-iron crank-
case with integral crosshead exten-
sions. The four-throw, forged-steel
crankshaft has a 5.9 in. (150 mm)
stroke with a 11.6 fps (3.6 m/s) mean
piston speed, which allows a long
service life for the PTFE piston and
rider rings. The first compression stage
consists of two double-acting cylin-
The LMF associated gas reinjection module
being lifted for installment on the Petrojarl I
FPSO deck during the upgrading operations
performed in 2001 at Kvaerner’s Rosenberg
shipyard in Stavanger, Norway.
COMPRESSORTechTwo

ders featuring a 21.7 in. (550 mm)
bore while the second-stage cylin-
ders have a 11.4 in. (290 mm) bore.
To handle a wide variety of gas
compositions and flows (and to also
meet different condensation rates of
the compressed gas), each compres-
sor stage is designed to be con-
trolled individually between 10 and
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Detail of the LMF bal-
anced opposed com-
pressor inside a gas
reinjection module.
100% by the HydroCOM hydraulic
suction valve control system and a
bypass valve to meet zero to 10%,
also, if necessary. The complete con-
trol system, designed by LMF, in-
cludes a PLC controlling the com-
pressor logic system.
The water-cooled cylinders are oil
lubricated, the lube oil system for
crankcase and cylinder lubrication is
included in the package.
Pulsation suppression is achieved
with a vessel system at the inlet and
discharge sides of each compression
stage. The vessel system is built ac-
cording to a pulsation study respond-
ing to API 618, Approach III.
All the equipment is assembled on
one steel skid and some top frames
that are bolted together to form the
module. The complete assembly was
submitted to a test run, according to
API 618, at LMF premises prior to ship-
ment. The various skids and frames
were shipped separately and the mod-
ules reassembled in Bremerhaven,
Germany, before being lifted and
placed on board the FPSO.
Oil production at the Glitne Field
started on Aug. 28, 2001, and all the
water and natural gas associated with
oil production have been reinjected in
the reservoir in order not to pollute
the environment.
According to LMF, the gas compres-
sion module has been operating in
continuous service with full satisfaction
of the operator. The total number of
service hours reported by the operator
in September 2009 is 56,618, presum-
ably surpassing the 60,000 service-hour
milestone at the time of publication. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
 COMPANIES RECOGNIZED FOR
MIDSTREAM SAFETY STATISTICS
Annual Safety Honors Given by Gas Processors Association
At its 89 th annual convention in
Austin, Texas, U.S.A., the Gas Pro-
cessors Association (GPA) recognized
both GPA and Gas Processors Sup-
pliers Association (GPSA) member
companies for outstanding midstream
industry safety achievements in 2009.
GPA President Bob Dunn made the
presentations before an audience of
more than 1600 industry professionals
from around the world.
“Despite gas processing involving
volatile substances at high pressures,
the natural gas industry has a superb
safety record,” said Dunn, senior vice
president of Prism Gas Systems.
“Recognizing the outstanding safety
performances of our member compa-
nies each year and routinely bringing
together safety managers throughout
the year to share learned knowledge
for the benefit of everyone, are im-
portant parts of this association’s con-
tinuous focus on safety.”
GPA member companies that re-
ceived Safety Award recognitions for
being the top performers according to
last year’s safety statistics include
those listed here.
In Division I (companies reporting
more than 500,000 workhours), Hess
Corp. (Houston, Texas) received first-
place honors for its 0.290 “total cases”
incident rate and zero “fatalities plus
lost workdays” incident rate over
688,508 workhours among top U.S.
firms. Second place was awarded to
BP America Production Co. (Houston)
for a 0.338 “total cases” incident rate
and zero “fatalities plus lost workdays”
incident rate for 592,418 workhours.
Among GPA’s international-based
entrants, the Division I first-place win-
ner was United Gas Derivatives Co.
(Cairo, Egypt) with a 0.170 “total
cases” incident rate and zero “fatalities
plus lost workdays” incident rate for
1,173,249 workhours. Pharanoic
Petroleum Co. (Cairo, Egypt) received
second place with a 0.199 “total
cases” incident rate and zero “fatalities
plus lost workdays” incident rate for
1,005,577 workhours.
In Division II (companies reporting
100,000 to 500,000 workhours), first
place went to U.S.-based CenterPoint
Energy Field Services (Shreveport,
Louisiana, U.S.A.) with a zero “total
MAY 2010
Workhours/Years
7,000,000 Workhours
5,000,000 Workhours
2,500,000 Workhours
2,000,000 Workhours
1,500,000 Workhours
1,000,000 Workhours
500,000 Workhours
45 Years
30 Years
15 Years
10 Years
5 Years
Companies receiving facility safety honors for 2009.
cases” incident rate and zero “fatalities
plus lost workdays” incident rate dur-
ing 294,665 workhours. Second place
was awarded to AKA Energy Group
LLC (Durango, Colorado, U.S.A.),
which reported “total cases” and “fa-
talities plus lost workdays” incident
rates of zero for 164,069 workhours.
On the international side, first-
place winner in Division II was
Phoenix Park Gas Processors Ltd.
(Trinidad, West Indies) with a zero
“total cases” incident rate and zero
“fatalities plus lost workdays” incident
rate for 291,256 workhours.
Division III (including companies
reporting less than 100,000 work-
hours), SemGas LP (Tulsa, Oklahoma,
U.S.A.) received the first-place award
for companies based in the U.S. with
54
Company
United Gas Derivatives Co. Plants
Anadarko Petroleum Corp. San Juan River Gas Plant
Pharaonic Petroleum Co. Operations
Saudi Aramco Yanbu NGL Fractionation
Saudi Aramco Haradh Gas Plant
Saudi Aramco Juaymah NGL Fractionation
Aux Sable Liquid Products
Chevron Hatter Pond Gas Plant
Saudi Aramco Hawiyah Gas Plant
Saudi Aramco Juaymah NGL Fractionation
Saudi Aramco Shedgum Gas Plant
Aux Sable Liquid Products
CenterPoint Energy Field Services Operations
Southern Union Gas Services Ltd. Jal #3 Plant
Saudi Aramco Shedgum Gas Plant
Targa Resources Mont Belvieu Terminal
Saudi Aramco Juaymah NGL Fractionation
Saudi Aramco Uthmaniyah Gas Plant
Devon Gas Service LP Worland Gas Plant
Targa Resources Calvert City
Targa Resources Lake Charles Plant
Elkhorn Gas Processing Roystone Gas Processing
Hiland Partners Eagle Chief Plant
ONEOK Field Services Co. LLC Panther Creek Plant
Targa Resources Lowry Plant
Southern Union Gas Services Ltd. Jal #3 Plant
Targa Resources Yscloskey Plant
AKA Energy Group LLC San Bois Treating Facility
Enerfin Resources Co. North Texas Operations
Enerfin Resources Co. Cenpat Operations
PVR Midstream Crescent Gas Plant
Targa Resources Abilene Plant
a zero “total cases” incident rate and
zero “fatalities plus lost workdays” in-
cident rate for 85,707 workhours.
Second place went to Hawk Field
Services LLC (Tyler, Texas) with zero
“total cases” incident rate and zero
“fatalities plus lost workdays” incident
rate for 83,184 workhours.
Aitken Creek Gas Storage ULC
(Calgary, Alberta, Canada) received
the top international honor for the di-
vision with zero “total cases” incident
rate and zero “fatalities plus lost
workdays” incident rate for 33,765
workhours.
Also presented were the GPA
President’s Awards for Safety Im-
provement, recognizing member com-
panies that notably improved their
own safety records. By the award’s cri-
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 Company Workhours
ExxonMobil 1,185,583
United Gas Derivatives Co. 1,173,249
Pharaonic Petroleum Co. 1,005,577
Bahrain National Gas Co. 833,097
Hess Corp. 688,508
Enogex LLC 660,160
BP America Production Co. 592,418
CenterPoint Energy Field Services 294,665
Phoenix Park Gas Processors Ltd. 291,256
Pioneer Natural Resources 233,203
Chesapeake Energy 227,713
Hiland Partners 180,957
PVR Midstream LLC 176,645
Red Cedar Gathering Co. 167,607
AKA Energy Group LLC 164,069
Mustang Fuel Corp. 142,650
Questar Gas Management 138,895
Aux Sable Liquid Products Inc. 117,860
Enerfin Resources Co. 103,657
Copano Energy 85,802
SemGas LP 85,707
Hawk Field Services LLC 83,184
Superior Pipeline Co. 75,803
Carrera Gas Companies LLC 67,546
Prism Gas Systems LP 62,685
M2 Midstream LLC 50,226
El Paso Production Oil & Gas Gathering Co. LLC 45,117
Aitken Creek Gas Storage ULC (Unocal - Chevron) 33,765
Marlin Midstream 29,787
Elkhorn Energy LLC 27,040

Companies receiving Perfect Record certificates for 2009.

teria, the improvement must have isfied five-year-interval plateaus within

been at least a 25% reduction in the
company’s total recordable incident
rate for the year in comparison to their
average of comparable records for the
three previous years, and they must
not have had an Occupational Safety
and Health Administration reportable
incident during the year.
GPA Safety Improvement winners
were CenterPoint Energy Field
Services (Shreveport, Louisiana),
Hiland Partners (Enid, Oklahoma) and
Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia).
GPSA also honored safety winners
from its membership of supplier com-
panies. Barry D. Payne and Associates
Inc. (Houston), CB&I (Houston),
ENGlobal Engineering (Tulsa), Master
Corp. and Ref-Chem (both of Odessa,
Texas) received top distinctions from
GPSA President Harvey Hensley from
ENGlobal.
A GPSA Award for Safety Improve-
ment was also presented, going to
member company URS Corp. (Tulsa).
Facility safety honors, recognizing a
facility for operating without a lost-
time accident or fatality, are recog-
nized by the association each year,
too. The following facilities were
noted for such accomplishments
based on having achieved at least
half-million workhours or having sat-
statistical year 2009.
Additionally, GPA member compa-
nies with no lost-time accidents from
Jan. 1, 2009, through Dec. 31, 2009,
received Perfect Record certificates.
The Gas Processors Association
(GPA) is an incorporated, nonprofit
trade association made up of about
115 corporate members, all of whom
are engaged in processing natural gas
into merchantable pipeline gas, vol-
ume movement or further processing
of liquid products from natural gas.
The active membership, as a group,
accounts for more than 90% of all nat-
ural gas liquids produced in the United
States and also includes a number of
Canadian companies and international
companies that produce natural gas
liquids on a global scale. GPA has
served the light hydrocarbons industry
since
C 1921 and has been instrumental
in shaping the midstream business. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Follow us on
www.compressortech2.com

MAY 2010 SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

 VALERUS ANNOUNCES NEW
EXECUTIVE TEAM MEMBERS
Company Expands Procurement and
Production Equipment Leadership

TMEIC GE delivers
electric drives Houston, Texas, U.S.A.-based Valerus Compression
Services, a full-service provider of natural gas compression,

designed for large processing and treating services, has announced two new
members to its leadership team: Scott McKinnon, vice presi-

compressors. dent of procurement; and Frank Smith, vice president of

production equipment.
In his role as vice president of procurement, McKinnon
will be responsible for “enhancing vendor relationships
TMEIC GE has earned a global and maximizing purchasing strength” in the manufactur-
reputation for delivering reliable ing, packaging and general operations areas.
A certified purchasing manager, McKinnon brings to
electric drives and motors to industry. Valerus more than 25 years of experience in global sourc-
For the Oil & Gas industry, TMEIC GE ing, supply chain and procurement manufacturing opera-
tions. He previously worked at Ingersoll Rand Co., where
offers electric drives with: he most recently served as a sector vice president and
oversaw spending in manufacturing and assembly facilities
U ˆ}… «œÜiÀ iÛiÃ around the world. Prior to that, McKinnon spent 19 years
U "ÕÌÃÌ>˜`ˆ˜} Àiˆ>LˆˆÌÞ with Pratt & Whitney as a procurement manager among
various company divisions. McKinnon has an MBA from
U ˆ}… ivwVˆi˜VÞ Embry-Riddle University and a BS degree from Florida
U φ
"2, NOx and noise State University.
As vice president of production equipment, Frank Smith
will be responsible for expanding overall business services
and increasing market share in the production equipment
business, with emphasis on shale play.
Previously, Smith served as the executive vice president
of NATCO, where throughout his 17-year tenure he
helped grow the standard and traditional business seg-
TMdrive-XL85
ment to over US$350 million in revenue. He holds a BA
degree in Marketing from Texas Tech University and cur-
rently serves on the board of directors for the Petroleum
Equipment Suppliers Association and the Gas Processors
Suppliers Association. Smith also is a member of the
25MW Motor Society of Petroleum Engineers and the American
for Compressors Petroleum Institute.
Valerus Compression Services owns and operates com-
pression equipment in excess of 450,000 hp (336 MW) and
currently operates more than 30 facilities worldwide. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

Follow us on

www.tmeicge.com U Phone: +1-540-283-2100

1325 Electric Road U Roanoke, Virginia 24018 USA
Email: OilGas@tmeic-ge.com
www.compressortech2.com

COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010 56
 Industry News COMPRESSORTechTwo
GE Oil & Gas, Petrovietnam Petrovietnam, including Petrovietnam’s in communications with industrial engines,
GE Oil & Gas has signed a Memor- Nghi Son Refinery, Long Son Refinery, generator sets, marine propulsion and
andum of Understanding (MOU) with the Chevron Block B Off-Shore development auxiliary engines, and heavy construction
Vietnam National Oil and Gas Group and the Long Son Petrochem Complex. equipment using many different standard
(Petrovietnam), the Government of and nonstandard protocols. Monico’s ex-
Vietnam wholly owned company respon- Monico Inc. perience in communicating with Cat-
sible for all oil and gas resources in the Monico Inc. has relocated its headquar- erpillar engines and generator sets has
country and the third largest oil producer ters to 5527 Louetta Rd., Suite D., Spring, earned it the opportunity to service deal-
in Southeast Asia. Texas, 77379. Phone: 281-350-8751. ers in Taiwan, China, Europe, Russia, the
Signatories to the MOU were Nguyen Monico Inc. provides pre-configured Middle East, Australia, South America and
Quoc Thap, vice president of Petro- monitoring solutions for industrial engine almost every dealer in the United States.
vietnam, and Marco Caccavale, North communications. The company specializes continued on page 78
America region, general manager of GE
Oil & Gas, in the presence of His
Excellency Nguyen Tan Dung, prime
minister of the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam, during his visit to Washington,
D.C., U.S.A.
Regarding the MOU, Nguyen Quoc
Thap said, “This agreement will acceler-
ate our already successful cooperation
with GE Oil & Gas, reinforcing our long-
term partnership to benefit the efficient
development of oil and gas resources in
Vietnam. We are confident that GE Oil &
Gas will continue to play an important
role in helping Petrovietnam contribute to
the national and regional economy.”
Claudi Santiago, president and CEO,
GE Oil & Gas, said, “We are honored to
sign this MOU with Petrovietnam — al-
ready a highly valued partner to GE Oil &
Gas. Our agreement sets out a clear basis
for continued successful cooperation in
the coming years. We are dedicated to
supporting the continued development of
oil and gas resources in Vietnam and are
capable of delivering technologically ad-
vanced projects of significant scale to
meet the growing energy needs of
Vietnam and the region.”
The MOU outlines the principles and
basis of long-term collaboration between
GE Oil & Gas and Petrovietnam regarding
the supply of advanced oil and gas
equipment, services and spare parts to
optimize the total life-cycle value of key
oil and gas projects. It creates a frame-
work of standardized contractual terms,
conditions and manufacturing slot reser-
vations, and provides for potential future
cooperation on new oil and gas technolo-
gies, and access to GE’s Lean and Six
Sigma management practices as well as
other training and technical support.
GE Oil & Gas has a strong local
presence in Vietnam in Hanoi and in
Ho Chi Minh City for turbomachinery,
drilling and production equipment,
and services support, respectively. The
company provides technology, equip-
ment and services to projects such as
the BP Pipeline, Dung Quat Refinery,
Phu My Refinery, Caumau Fertilizer
and Vietsovpetro. The MOU will en-
able GE Oil & Gas to more effectively
collaborate on other projects with

COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010 57
 Model of an electric motor drive
boil-off gas (BOG) compressor
train.

HANDLING OF BOIL-OFF GAS IN LARGE LNG PLANTS

BOG and End Flash Compressors Complete GE’s Offer to
Large LNG Producing and Receiving Terminals
By Roberto Chellini

GE Oil & Gas has gained leader- reciprocating compressors, which are ber of ethylene compressors han-
ship status in the supply of large re- currently used in the majority of LNG dling gas at temperatures as low as -
frigerating compressors for LNG pro- plants, and by centrifugal compres- 148°F (-100°C) — a good starting
ducing plants. However, these plants sors, which are gaining ground in the point to reach -256°F (-160°C).
also need gas compression for what plants now under construction. Also in the IGV field, GE’s experi-
are called “auxiliary services” such as To better handle large flow varia- ence extends from the single-stage
handling of boil-off gas (BOG) and tions, the service is typically subdi- (SRL) to high-pressure (BCL) ammo-
flash gas. The size of the compressors vided into two or three machines nia synthesis compressors with recy-
used in these services is not as spec- working in parallel (this configura- cle impeller where the gas flow to
tacular as those for the refrigeration tion is applicable both with recips be recycled depends on the reactor
process, but the cryogenic tempera- and centrifugals). The main features cat conditions.
ture of the gas and the variation in characterizing these centrifugal com- The typical configuration of the GE
capacity call for dedicated machines. pressors are: the use of variable inlet Oil & Gas BOG compressor, to feed the
In order to supply customers the guide vanes (IGV) to control the gas turbine fuel system, consists of a
entire line of compressors installed flow and the head; the use of cryo- two-casing centrifugal compressor train
in an LNG plant, GE Oil & Gas has genic materials for all components in driven by a fixed-speed electric motor
introduced spe- through a step-up
cialized “auxiliary” gear. BOG is fed at
compressors. To better handle large flow variations, the service is typically approximately 14.5
Especially de- subdivided into two or three machines working in parallel psi (1 bar) around
manding, due to -256°F (-160°C) at
the low and largely the inlet of the low-
variable gas temperature (-256° to contact with very cold gas that can pressure casing (MCL) and delivered
-112°F [-160° to -80°C]), and for the reach -256°F (-160°C). at the outlet of the high-pressure cas-
wide variation of the flow to be han- All other system components be- ing at a pressure of 435 to 580 psi (30
dled, is the BOG compressor. long to the horizontally split (MCL — to 40 bar) depending on the type of
(Minimum flow occurs when the plant low pressure) and vertically split gas turbine used to drive the main
is on hold and the BOG comes from (BCL — high pressure) centrifugal LNG refrigerating compressors (the
the plant storage tanks. Maximum compressors. discharge pressure is set to match the
flow occurs when loading one or even GE started the development of needs of the turbine fuel system).
two LNG carriers — an operating BOG centrifugal compressors by im- Due to the largely variable flow
mode that can be found again in LNG plementing a technology that, to a and temperature conditions of this
receiving terminals.) certain degree, was already well service, the system is frequently
BOG compression can be done by known. In fact, GE has built a num- equipped with a large quenching

MAY 2010 58 COMPRESSORTechTwo

 KIENE INDICATOR VALVES
FOR COMPRESSOR ANALYSIS
drum receiving the BOG, the recycle gas (hot) and an LNG
connection used to spray LNG to make up minimum flow
and/or decrease the temperature. The LNG spray system is al-
ways present for safety reasons but its use is restricted to
when it is really needed due to costs.
It has to be noted that while the BOG temperature from
the land storage tanks is practically constant and around
-256°F (-160°C), the temperature of the BOG from LNG carri-
ers can vary substantially (-184° to -112°F [-120° to -80°C])
based on the distance of the compressor system from the
mooring point of the ship. LNG spray can be necessary to
avoid thermal shocks in the piping and compressor materials.
This is also when capacity control by IGV is not sufficient and
FOR MAXIMUM ACCURACY, KIENE’S NEW FULL-OPENING
CV-70 SERIES INDICATOR VALVES PROVIDE THESE FEATURES:
“While the BOG temperature from the land • Large, Straight-Through flow path minimizes channel resonance
and maximizes accuracy.
• Compact design is safe — no need for separate nipples or
storage tanks is practically constant and
adapters.
around -256°F (-160°C), the temperature
• Vent Valve safely relieves pressure prior to removing transducer.
of the BOG from LNG carriers can vary
substantially (-184° to -112°F [-120° to -80°C]) • 2000 PSI, 250° (F) capacity.
based on the distance of the compressor • Quarter-turn for fast operation
system from the mooring point of the ship.” Safety Locking Handle option is also available
THE CV-SERIES INDICATOR VALVES ARE DESIGNED SPECIFI-
CALLY FOR COMPRESSOR ANALYSIS.
CALL NOW FOR INFORMATION.
part of the compressed gas is recycled from discharge to the
quenching drum. The cooler placed on the line can only miti-
gate the temperature rise due to compression.
GE Oil & Gas has focused on the design of four com- KIENE
DIESEL ACCESSORIES, INC.
ponents from the Centrifugal Compressor product line: Telephone: 1-800-264-5950 Fax: 630-543-5953
variable inlet guide vanes (IGVs), dedicated inlet flange, E-mail: info@kienediesel.com Website: www.kienediesel.com
cryogenic materials and dedicated mechanical design.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Variable Inlet Guide Vanes
GE’s experience in the use of IGVs is extensive (for ax-
ial and centrifugal compressors, gas turbines and ex- Tired of replacing
panders), but until recently did not cover cryogenic appli-
cations on compression stages. It was therefore decided to alternators and belts?
carry out an in-depth investigation of the aerodynamic
and mechanic design of the system. On the aerodynamic
side, CFD analysis allowed GE to optimize the profile, the
length and the number of blades necessary to achieve a
wide control of flow and head. In addition, the inlet scroll
was redesigned and its distance from the first impeller eye
calculated to minimize flow distortion at the impeller inlet.
The system was then designed to withstand thermal
continued on page 60

DYNA-GEN
TM

Try the
Flywheel Generator System
• No belts or bearings to wear out
• CSA Class I, Div 2 approved

DYNALCO
Inside of the testing device showing the gears of the IGV during the
(954) 739-4300 • www.dynalco.com
test carried out at the Florence, Italy, R&D facility with liquid nitrogen.

MAY 2010 59 SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

 SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
IDEAL ANALYZER TO MEASURE
ENGINE EMISSIONS
E INSTRUMENTS provides the latest technology in
hand-held instrumentation with
the NEW E2200 analyzer that is
ideal for emissions monitoring
including quarterly tests as well
as tuning and maintenance of rich
and lean burning gas &
diesel engines.
E2200 features include:
• O2, CO, and NO/NOx Gas Sensors
• Pre-Calibrated & Field Replaceable Gas Sensors
• CO2% and Excess Air Calculations
• Built-In Impact Printer
• Unbreakable Metal Hose Connections
• PC Software Package & Internal Memory
• Temperature & Draft/Diff. Pressure
Measurements
E Instruments International
Phone: 215-750-1212
www.E-Inst.com
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Testing device and variable inlet guide vanes (IGVs) tested at cryogenic
temperature, reached by means of liquefied nitrogen, in a specially de-
signed pit located at the GE Oil & Gas R&D facility in Florence.
shocks and operate at cryogenic temperatures with the
highest reliability.
Aerodynamic and mechanical testing of the system took
place on a prototype at the GE Oil & Gas research and
development manufacturing center in Florence, Italy.
Dedicated Inlet Flange
The IGVs are assembled on the inlet flange and submit-
ted to the lowest temperatures and to thermal shocks dur-
ing transients, which are common in this type of service.
The inlet flange houses the dry gas seals, one main bearing
and the shaft for the actuation of the IGV, which operates
at cryogenic temperature at its inner section and at ambi-
ent temperature on the outer one, which in turn becomes
a potential point of ice formation (blocking IGV turning).
A heating serpentine has been incorporated in the
flange to protect the dry gas seals and the bearing from
excessive low temperatures. The serpentine is heated
with oil drawn from the lube oil console and warmed up
by a dedicated heater. Drainage of the oil from the ser-
pentine is provided as a safety device to avoid oil freez-
ing in case of power failure.
A separate electric heating device has been placed
around the shaft controlling the IGV. In case of heating
60 COMPRESSORTechTwo
failure, a nitrogen buffering system
will automatically replace the heater
to avoid ice for mation and thus
blockage of the shaft controlling the
IGV position.
This dedicated flange has been de-
signed to function as an end cover
for barrel-type (BCL) centrifugal com-
pressors and also to equip horizon-
tally split (MCL) compressors after
modifying the cold end of the casing.
The IGV system is usually mounted
only on the low-pressure casing, but de-
pending on the degree of flow and head
control requested, can be assembled on
the high-pressure casing as well.
improved efficiency in respect to the
original standard design. An IGV test-
ing vehicle was set up to test the IGV
operability at various temperatures
including steady state, with the IGV
immersed in liquid nitrogen down to
-310°F (-190°C).
The GE Oil & Gas offering for BOG
compressors also includes a cryogenic
performance and mechanical test,
which is carried out in an external test
bed. The cryogenic temperature is ob-
tained in the inlet of the compressor
through a heat exchanger capable of
decreasing the inlet temperature
down to -184°F (-120°C). The testing
facility provides the capability to com-
pletely simulate the operability of
both low- and high-pressure casing
compressors at full load. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
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Cryogenic Materials
and Dedicated TAKE A CLOSER LOOK!
Mechanical Design
To maintain a good resilience at low
temperatures, alloy steel with 9% nickel
content has been used for all compo-
nents in contact with cryogenic gas.
The 3-D and 2-D impellers are stan-
dard in their general configuration,
however, the hub area has been ex-
tended to better distribute the stresses
in their interface with the shaft and
the key removed to avoid stress con-
centration. In fact, during start-up, the
cryogenic gas will cool the impellers
before the shaft cools down and the
stresses on the hub tend to increase
until a steady state is achieved.
When the compressor is shut down,
temperature stratification tends to
build up inside the machine to avoid
PATENT PENDING
rotor bowing, which would induce
high vibration during the dedicated
Can the CECO rMAX high-speed
TM
start-up procedure that has been de-

poppet valve outperform plate valves?

veloped to create a homogenous tem-
perature distribution across all of the
internal components.
During transients, which are very
frequent in this type of service, expan- HIGH-SPEED POPPET VALVES
sion of the various components, due to
their varying size and mass, occurs Yes! The rMAX high-speed
TM

with different timing. Consequently,

the clearance of the interstage
labyrinth seals placed on the di-
aphragms, had to be substantially
modified when compared with com-
pressors handling gas at conventional
temperatures. In fact, during shut-
poppet valve provides greater
reliability for high speed
Œ˜–™›Žœœ˜›œȯœ’—’ęŒŠ—•¢
reducing compressor downtime.

“
down, the rotor warms up more
quickly than compared to the di- We installed CECO’s rMAX poppet valves
TM

aphragms and contact of the labyrinths

”
with the impeller eye must be avoided. in our high-speed compressors 2 years ago and
In addition, compressor performance they’re still going strong. Now that’s reliability!
has to be calculated taking into ac- — Brad L. Goodwin
count internal recirculation in steady- CenterPoint Energy
state conditions.

Testing Program Listening l Learning l Solving

A performance test on the IGV sys-
tem plus first stage of compression
has been performed and demon-
strated very good flow control and 75<&(&2 ‡ 75<&(&2#FHFRQHWFRP ‡ 75<&(&2FRP

COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010 61
 Altronic Detonation Sensing
Monitors are designed for use on
natural gas-fueled engines to detect
detonation and misfire and avoid
consequential engine damage.

NEW, ADVANCED PRODUCTS FROM ALTRONIC

Detonation Sensing Monitors Help Guard Against Catastrophic Engine Damage
Altronic Inc. has released the
Detonation Sensing Monitors (DET-
1600 and DET-1620), 24 Vdc-pow-
ered, 32-bit microprocessor-based
electronic instruments designed for
use on natural gas-fueled engines to
detect detonation and misfire and
avoid consequential engine damage.
Industry-standard, low-cost, piezo-
electric vibration sensors are mounted
directly on the engine and are used to
transform the vibrations caused by com-
bustion into electrical signals, which are
then evaluated by the DET device.
These values — generated for every
cylinder on a cycle-by-cycle basis —
are then measured against misfire and
to take a number of control actions to
protect the monitored engine upon in-
dication of detonation (or misfire). In
many applications, the DET will use
one of two solid-state output switches
to activate an external unloader to re-
duce engine load. Should that reme-
dial action be unsuccessful addressing
the detonation issue, the DET can be
configured (when used in conjunction
with a digital ignition system) to auto-
matically retard the ignition timing.
In the event that an ignition timing
adjustment also proves to be ineffective
in eliminating engine detonation, the
second output switch — typically tied
to a digital annunciator or other moni-
toring device — acts as a final safety
measure to shut down the engine.
The DET system is housed in a
rugged, powder-coated, aluminum
enclosure and features an integral
2x16 backlit LCD to display the deto-
nation and misfire reference level
numbers, engine cylinder labels, con-
trol and output switch status, the
cause of shutdown log and all diag-
nostic messages. System configuration
is accomplished using an onboard
RS485 serial port and a powerful, yet
easy-to-use, system configuration and
monitoring program. g
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

ALTRONIC DIGITAL/BAR-GRAPH SETPOINT GAUGE MONITORS

detonation setpoints configured by the
user for the monitored engine. The

PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, VIBRATION AND OTHER VARIABLES

monitor accepts up to 16 detonation
sensors that are wired to pluggable
Phoenix-type connectors; the recom-
mended configuration is one sensor
per cylinder. The DET-1600 is used in
conjunction with standard negative-
ground ignition systems; the DET-1620
is used exclusively with the Altronic
CPU-2000 digital ignition system.
The DET system can be configured
The Altronic DSG-1611DUPS, DSG-1692DUS, and DSG-1682DUPS are ad-
vanced digital/bar-graph setpoint gauges for monitoring, displaying and
protecting either one or two process variables such as temperatures, pres-
sures, etc. The DSG-1611 is a universal one-point model that replaces the
former DSG-1301/1601 series. The DSG-1682DUPS and DSG-1692DUS are
two-point versions.

MAY 2010 62 COMPRESSORTechTwo

 These universal models can be con- thermocouple, zero to 5 volts Altronic digital/bar-graph
nected to either type J or K thermocou- or zero to 25 mA input setpoint gauge monitors
ples, zero to 5 volts or zero to 25 mA signals. This allows the are available in three
(scalable) input signals. In the DSG- device to be used for configurations.
1692, this choice is made independently one temperature and
for each of the two monitored points. one pressure or two
In addition, all versions have an RS-485 of either type. In ad-
serial port with Modbus communica- dition, the device can
tions protocol with five selectable baud be set up with a dif-
rates: 9600, 19,200, 38,400, 57,600 and ferential setpoint be-
115,200. This versatility makes the DSG tween the two moni-
gauges universal panel products, thus tored points. g
reducing spare parts requirements to a SEE DIRECTLINK AT
minimum. Power requirement is 12 to WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
36 Vdc, 0.25 Amps maximum.
A unique feature of the DSG gauges
is the high-resolution 16-character,
eight-line digital readout/bar-graph
display that gives the operator an im-
mediate indication of the reading as a
percent of (user-selectable) transducer
span or span between high/low set-
points, as well as a reference to direc-
tion and amplitude of a rapid change
in reading. The display also indicates
the units and annunciates an alarm by
number (first or second setpoint) and
type (high or low).
The front panel of the microproces-
sor-based gauge has a sealed mem-
brane keypad for easy selection and ad-
justment of the units, transducer range
and setpoints. There are two (one on
the DSG-1682DUPS) solid-state, form C
(N.O. and N.C.) output switches. Each
output can be assigned both high and
low setpoint values that are retained in-
definitely. The precision nature of the
output switch allows these gauges to be
used as control devices.
DSG-1611DUPS: The single-point • Field proven with over 55,000 units sold
model has both 4 to 20 mA propor-
tional output and RS-485 serial com- • Compressor O.E.M.’s Preference
munications. It replaces all prior mod- • 3 Year “Unconditional” Warranty
els of the DSG-1301 and 1601 and can • Ratings:
be programmed for both a low and
high output for each of the two out- CSA C-US 186200
put switches. Class 1, Division 1, Groups A,B,C,D T4
DSG-1682DUPS: The dual-channel CE 0344
DSG-1682DUPS is a single-loop PID Class I, Zone 1, Ex md IIC T4
controller that accepts up to two type Ex II 2G EEx md IIB T5
J or K thermocouples or zero to 5 KEMA 00ATEX 1090X, AMB. -40°C – +85°C
volt, zero to 25 mA transducer input • Fail Safe in Open Loop or Closed Loop Modes
signals. This sophisticated instrument/ • Manufactured in the USA by Whitlock Instrument Since 1996, ISO 9001:2000 Certified
controller is designed to offer the fol-
lowing modes of operation: • Distributed by Progressive Equipment Celebrating 38 Years of Customer Service
• 4 to 20 mA output loop vs. the • Field Replaceable 3.6v Lithium Tadiran Battery
channel 1 input or channel 2 —
channel 1 (differential); and
• direct or inverse PID output PROGRESSIVE EQUIPMENT INCORPORATED
based on the input of channel 1 14028 Aston Avenue
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be modified by the monitored in-
put of channel 2. sales@peilube.com
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DSG-1692DUS: In the standard
dual-point model, each channel is in- “Your Single Source For Any Lubrication Application”
dependently assigned for type J or K

COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010 63

A DIFFERENT GRAIN OF RICE
Revised National Emissions Standards for
Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines in Stationary Applications
Brian Kromer
Brian Kromer is managing director
of Infleksion, a firm dedicated to pro-
viding custom market analytics, strate-
gic dashboards and software to the en-
ergy industry, with a special emphasis
on point source emissions. He can be
reached at info@infleksion.com.
MAY 2010
By Brian Kromer
In February of 2010 the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) released a new amendment to
the final rule on the “Subpart ZZZZ —
National Emissions Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary
Reciprocating Internal Combustion
Engines,” with new requirements tar-
geting compression ignition (CI) or
diesel engines and revisions yet to be
finalized for spark-ignited (SI) or nat-
ural gas and gaseous-fueled engines
— herewith termed “CI RICE” and “SI
RICE,” respectively.
The SI RICE portion of the rule is
anticipated to be finalized by Sep-
tember 2010, but both CI RICE and SI
RICE emission standards stem from the
March 2009 EPA proposed rule, which
is just now happening. This one-year
timeframe since last March to this
February might seem like warp speed
when we consider that 14 years passed
from the time EPA was mandated by
Congress to address the mitigation of
hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emis-
sions (through the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990) to initial promul-
gation of the RICE NESHAP rule.
64
Table 1. The “3 Ruling” history of
RICE NESHAP — note the current
NESHAP Subpart ZZZZ emission
standards for both major and area
sources are pending a final rule in
August for SI RICE.
The only significant action other
than this February 2010 final rule
amendment was one promulgated
in January 2008, tightening this very
R I C E N E S H A P S u b p a r t . Ta b l e 1
summarizes the timeline of each
successive Subpart ZZZZ final rul-
ing since 1990.
The original 2004 Subpart ZZZZ
targeted only those RICE with site
rating over 500 hp (373 kW) located
at facilities considered “major” for
hazardous air pollutants HAPs. The
ter ms “major source” and “area
source” have been defined by the
EPA based on the quantity of haz-
ardous pollutant being emitted. A fa-
cility is considered a “major source”
if it has the “potential to emit” at
least 10 tpy (9.07 T/yr) of any single
HAP or 25 tpy (22.7 T/yr) or more
of any combined HAPs.
The designation of major or area
source is important because, gener-
ally speaking, mandates that are
evermore stringent apply to major
sources versus area sources.
The history of air quality regula-
tory programs from the Clean Air Act
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 Emission Limits for New and Reconstructed Stationary RICE • 500 hp at
Major Sources and New and Reconstructed Stationary RICE at Area Sources
Emission Requirement
Engine Engine Type Manufacture g/KW-hr or (g/hp-hr) or
Power and Fuel Date [ppmvd at 15 % O2]
HC+NOx NOx CO VOC
Non-emergency July 1, 2008 3.8 6.5
25 < hp < 100 SI Natural Gas and (2.8) (4.8)
Non-emergency SI July 1, 2008 3.8 200.0
Lean Burn LPG (severe duty) (2.8) (149.2)
Non-emergency July 1, 2008 (2.0) (4.0) (1.0)
100 ≤ hp ≤ SI Natural Gas and
Non-emergency SI Jan. 1, 2011
[160] [540]
(1.0) (2.0)
[86]
(0.7)
RECIPROCATING
Lean Burn LPG
Non-emergency July 1, 2008
[82] [270]
(3.0) (5.0)
[60]
(1.0)
AND CENTRIFUGAL
hp < 500 SI Landfill or
Digester Gas Jan. 1, 2011
[220] [610]
(2.0) (5.0)
[80]
(1.0) COMPRESSORS
[150] [610] [80]
25 < hp <130 Emergency Jan. 1, 2009 (10.0) (387)
≥ 130 hp Emergency Jan. 1, 2009 (2.0) (4.) (1.0)
[160] [540] [86]

Table 2. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) to consider with

the pending RICE NESHAP’s yet to come in August for SI RICE.

follows a logical pattern of starting with the major sources

AZ12010
first and then working toward the smaller area sources. In
fact, the amendments specifically targeting RICE under
NESHAP Subpart ZZZZ are a perfect example of why E F T E G
N 1, Booth D1
there have been two significant revisions since the original Hall 2
2004 final rule — to include a broader spectrum at major
sources and to bring in area source RICE as well.
This is because the EPA has statutory obligations under
the Clean Air Act of 1990 to address hazardous air pollu-
tants from various source types. In particular, sections BORSIG ZM Compression GmbH, a member of the
112 (d), 112 (c) (3) and 112 (k) of the Clean Air Act BORSIG Group, offers Reciprocating Compressors
Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 cover the impact to source for Process Gases, Centrifugal Compressors for
types such as RICE in stationary service applications. Process Gases, Reciprocating Compressors for
CNG Filling Stations, Compressor Valves, Roots
Subparts C through ZZZZ define the “source categories”
Blowers and Blower Systems. Our products stand for
like turbines, boilers or internal combustion engines and
high quality, compentence and reliability.
set forth specific standards to be met through the applica-
tion of emission controls for that given source category. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS for Process Gases
Subpart ZZZZ is a different grain of RICE, because it fo- acc. API 618, in vertical design (PV) as well as boxer
cuses exclusively on reciprocating internal combustion en- type units with horizontal cylinder arrangement (PH)
gines in stationary service, thus the term RICE. with up to a maximum of 6 axes.
Often, Subpart ZZZZ is called “Quad-Zee” or “the RICE
NESHAP,” and the rule covers both CI RICE (diesel en- Discharge pressure: 3 ... 1,000 bara
gines) and SI RICE (natural gas engines) in the present Capacity/flow: 100 ... 115,000 m³/h
February 2010 final ruling. Power: 50 ... 16,000 kW
The passage of the CAAA legislation is important to un-
derstand in the context of SI RICE, because gas compres- CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS for Process Gases
sion activities dominate this class of prime mover in serv- acc. API 617, API 672, API 614, up to four-stages
ice. Therefore, changes to Subpart ZZZZ that directly affect Pressure ratio: 1.4 ... 15, max. 4 stages
SI RICE also influence the natural gas industry as a whole. Capacity/flow: 1,100 ... 40,000 m³/h
The original NESHAP Subpart ZZZZ RICE rule was not Power: 100 ... 12,000 kW
promulgated until 2004, or approximately 14 years after
the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
This was in part because of the tremendous number of BORSIG ZM Compression GmbH
“source categories” EPA has addressed under Subparts C Seiferitzer Allee 26
through ZZZZ of its NESHAP regulations. D-08393 Meerane
Logically, since Subpart ZZZZ seemingly is the last in Germany
the alphabet, there were many other “source categories”
in line ahead of internal combustion engines in nonmo- Phone: +49 (0) 3764 / 5390-0
bile applications. Or, could it be because the ZZZZ really Fax: +49 (0) 3764 / 5390-5092
looked like “Zzzz” and puts one to sleep? But the sleepy e-mail: info@zm.borsig.de
appearance of four Zs put together should not disguise www.borsig.de/zm
continued on page 66 A member of KNM Group Berhad

MAY 2010 65 SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

 Continuing to Lead The Industry
with 286,000 SF of Manufacturing
Facilities on 38 Acres
AXH air-coolers
401 East Lowry, Claremore, Oklahoma 74017
(918) 283-9200 Fax (918) 283-9229
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the expanding scope of Subpart ZZZZ and the broader
requirements it will bring to CI RICE and SI RICE.
The original Subpart ZZZZ rule targeted only “major
sources” and engines greater than 500 hp (373 kW). In
January of 2008, a second final rule amendment was pro-
mulgated that covered not just “major sources,” but also
certain types of RICE at “area sources.” In March 2009, ad-
ditional Subpart ZZZZ amendments were proposed to
specifically deal with other CI RICE and SI RICE (including
certain types of existing engines at area sources). The
amendment remained in the proposal state until recently,
when in February 2010, the final ruling for CI RICE went
into effect and the timeline for the SI RICE was set for
August 2010.
Now both “major source” and “area source” defini-
tions, according to the EPA, will be targeting engines
above and below 500 hp (373 kW) and result in a
broader range of total impact CI RICE and SI RICE.
While it is unclear as to the full implications of the up-
coming final rule for Subpart ZZZZ with respect to SI RICE,
the March 2009 proposed rule serves as the foundation for
the changes to come because it is the March 2009 pro-
posed rule that has served as the foundation for the
February 2010 final ruling on CI RICE or diesel engines.
The March 2009 proposed rule will serve as the foundation
for the additional requirements targeting SI RICE or natural
gas engines anticipated to be finalized in August 2010.
The EPA has statutory obligations under the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 to address HAPs from various source
categories such as RICE in stationary service applications.
Certainly, this is a high-level overview of the air quality reg-
ulatory matrix that originates at the federal level targeting
internal combustion engines. There are many points of con-
sideration not necessarily covered in this article for the sake
of timeliness and simplicity.
There are other sections and subparts of air quality reg-

%2/7,1* 0$'( 6,03/(

ulations that have less of a unilateral impact on stationary
RICE (both CI and SI type engines) that must also be con-
sidered in the compliance equation. Subpart IIII and
Subpart JJJJ of the New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS) directly affect internal combustion engines, but,
generally speaking, apply to installation date or modifica-
tion date triggers as is the case with Subpart ZZZZ. Table
2 shows the current NSPS emission standards for SI RICE.
Since the NSPS is known, these standards must be con-
sidered alongside the yet to be determined SI RICE re-
quirements under Subpart ZZZZ coming in August 2010.
NESHAP Subpart ZZZZ has been singled out and high-
lighted here because it is one of currency and signifi-
cance to the natural gas industry.
Remarkably, the legacy of legislation passed over 20
years ago is its ability to continue spawning new regula-
tory mandates even today.
0HHW WKH IDVW VDIH Ultimately, the assessment of regulatory impacts on air
DQG HDV\ VROXWLRQ emission sources represents a complex analytical exer-
cise that requires the consideration of many factors not
fully explored by this simple overview. The roles and re-
6XSHUEROW¶VŠ SDWHQWHG lationships among those many other nuances born out of
VWXGEROW 7HQVLRQHUV the Clean Air Act gives growth to a different kind of
HOLPLQDWH XQVDIH DQG grain of “RICE.” g
WLPH FRQVXPLQJ EROWLQJ SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
PHWKRGV 2QO\ KDQGDLU
WRROV DUH UHTXLUHG Follow us on
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'9' RU FDWDORJ
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ZZZVXSHUEROWFRP www.compressortech2.com

COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
66
 Featured Products COMPRESSORTechTwo
Machine Condition
Monitoring and Analysis
Azima DLI, a provider of predictive
machine condition monitoring and analy-
sis services, offers a series of prepack-
aged programs designed to ensure com-
prehensive equipment reliability and
uptime results, said the company. Azima
offers three Watchman Reliability Service
Plans that feature an evaluation of the
plant environment and risk profile along
with a set of solutions and deliverable to
meet specific uptime, compliance and
cost-avoidance objectives.
Each package includes primary tech-
nologies, such as vibration analysis, lube
oil analysis and infrared thermography as
well as transparency of portal delivery,
analysis support and a range of optional
services to complete condition monitor-
ing. The three models are: Watchman
Professional, Watchman Insight and
Watchman Select.
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Polycarbonate Enclosures
Adalet now offers thermoplastic, poly-
carbonate enclosures as part of its indus-
trial enclosure product line. Ranging in
sizes from 6 in. x 6 in. x 4 in. (15.2 cm x
15.2 cm x 10.2 cm) to 18 in. x 16 in. x 10
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in. (45.7 cm x 40.6 cm x 25.4 cm), the
N4XP line of polycarbonate enclosures
provide high impact resistance and supe-
rior UV protection in a lightweight, non-
corrosive design. Enclosures are available
in opaque or clear covers for viewing, are
UL/cUL listed and meet type 2, 3, 3R, 4,
4X, 5, 6/6P, 12, 13 and marine use.
Each enclosure ships with a cover gas-
ket providing a watertight seal for NEMA
4 applications and add-on mounting feet
for wall-mount applications. Threaded
brass inserts are standard and provide se-
cure back panel installation. The enclo-
sures are light grey in color with a gloss
finish and can be ordered as screw cover
for submersible 6P ratings or stainless-
steel latch cover designs for quick ac-
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swing panels and panel adjustment kits
are available. All enclosures can be or-
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slots or cutouts.
While extremely lightweight, polycar-
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sistance of over 900 lb.in. (102 Nm).
Designed for use in rugged and harsh
applications, the Adalet N4XP enclosures
offer high strength and durability and
UV protection when exposed to sun-
light. The enclosures are noncorrosive
when used in extreme environments and
nonconductive, thereby eliminating a
shock hazard.
Adalet, a Scott Fetzer Co., manufac-
tures explosionproof enclosure systems
and cable accessories, enclosure thermal
management products and industrial
NEMA-rated sheet metal enclosures and
related accessories.
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Image Sensors
with Extra Reach
Banner Engineering’s iVu Remote
Touch Screen Display is the latest addition
continued on page 68
 Featured Products COMPRESSORTechTwo
Flexware ®
to its iVu Image Sensor series. The company said it delivers
Turbomachinery Engineers easy-to-apply yet comprehensive vision inspection to hard-to-
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Readers, first introduced with integrated touchscreens for on-site
inspection setup and modifications, are available as iVu Remote
Series Sensors, replacing the sensors’ touchscreens with a sepa-
rate display. This arrangement allows users to program iVu sen-
sors through a single display and to change inspection parame-
ters remotely. Banner said that the iVu Remote Display offers an
all-in-one vision inspection solution for difficult-to-reach areas
without the need for a PC or other external devices.
The iVu Remote Display boasts the same intuitive program-
ming interface as the iVu’s integrated touchscreen, which
speeds operator training and reduces installation time. One dis-
play can be used to program multiple iVu sensors. Remote
Series Sensors operate independently of the Remote Display, so
the display can also be hot-swapped, a feature that helps mini-
mize downtime when reprogramming sensors to satisfy new ap-
plication requirements.
Connected via a cable between 3 ft. (1 m) and 50 ft. (16 m) in
length, the Remote Display facilitates access to the user interface
and allows personnel to view inspection images from a distance.
The company said that capability proves particularly beneficial in
certified application environments, where personnel access could
compromise the integrity of the area.
Banner said a number of features make the iVu Remote
Touch Screen Display ideal for complex inspections in chal-
lenging-to-access areas. They include a display that incorpo-
rates two LEDs providing feedback on the remote sensor’s op-
eration (one for Power/Error and the other indicating Pass/Fail
inspection results), a 3.5 in. (8.89 cm) diagonal color LCD flat-
panel touchscreen display, lightweight design with an er-
gonomic shape that fits comfortably in the hand and the ability
to be hot-swapped among multiple live sensors. The screen of-
fers a wide viewing angle of 60° left and right, 50° up and 55°
down. A mounting bracket/docking station and stylus with ca-
ble are included.
Banner offers a selection of five cordsets up to 50 ft. (16 m)
in length.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

Respiratory Facepiece Seal Technology

Scott Health & Safety has
launched its SureSeal
System, which the com-
pany described as the
“most dynamic facepiece
seal available today for
users of respiratory protec-
tion products.”
We Manufacture and Developed with numer-
ous innovations such as
Remanufacture the an enhanced sealing sur-
face and practical per-
World’s Largest sonal protective equip-
ment (PPE) interfaces, the
Crankshafts Scott SureSeal system
combines greater user
comfort with superior fit.
Ellwood Crankshaft Group Scott said that because it
Irvine, PA, USA 16329 is integrated with the Scott AV-3000 facepiece, users experience
an expansive field of vision and exceptional voice intelligibility.
Hermitage, PA, USA 16148 The SureSeal System utilizes a U-shaped seal that maintains
1-800-247-1326 a continuous circumferential seal around the user’s face. Scott
or 724-347-0250 developed its patent-pending design, called reverse reflex, to
ecgsales@elwd.com allow the SureSeal System to flex with facepiece movement,
www.ellwoodcrankshaftgroup.com resulting in a higher fit factor and improved user comfort.

SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM 68 COMPRESSORTechTwo

 Featured Products COMPRESSORTechTwo
Additionally, a fifth strap improves
sealing capabilities by adding another
point of connection to the smaller
Kevlar head harness. The tightening
buckles are positioned so they won’t
torque the seal and cause leaks if
over-tightened.
Scott said that an important feature
of the SureSeal System is its deeper,
lower-profile seal that offers a more ro-
bust interface with protective suits,
hoods, shrouds and helmets. Ad-
ditionally, a smaller Kevlar head har-
ness eliminates bunching and discom-
fort under helmets and hard hats. For
proper and quick donning, a reflective
positioning tab is located on the back
of the head harness.
As with all of Scott’s AV-series face-
pieces, the AV-3000 facepiece with the
SureSeal System honors Scott’s Top-
Down Convertibility design concept,
which allows a single facepiece to be
used for all NFPA/CBRN/NIOSH respira-
tory applications. The SureSeal System is
available on all new AV-3000 facepieces
and can be retrofitted to AV-3000 face-
pieces currently in use.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Vacuum Pumps and
Compressors
GD Nash has introduced its new
2BE4 series vacuum pumps and com-
pressors. Nash said that the 2BE4 series
provides the same long life and reliable
operation for which its 2BE3 series is
known, but benefits from its effort to
upgrade and per fect that series.
Features of the new design include op-
timized inlet and discharge porting for
enhanced per for mance, the use of
cylindrical roller bearings for improved
load ratings and increased reliability (a
bearing upgrade that can be applied to
existing 2BE3 series units), optional
lobe purge piping to remove entrained
solids and prevent erosion, elimination
of the need for inlet bypass piping in
most installations, a choice of ductile
iron or stainless-steel construction and
a configuration that allows it to be a
drop-in replacement for existing 2BE3
installations.
The 2BE4 series feature a suction ca-
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
pacity of 212,000 to 388,000 cfh (6000 to
11,000 m3/hr) and suction pressure rang-
ing from 11.6 to 21.8 psia (0.8 to 1.5
bara). Discharge pressures can range
from 21.8 to 54.4 psia (1.5 to 3.75 bara).
Nash, a division of Gardner Denver,
manufactures liquid ring vacuum
pumps, compressors and engineered
systems serving the chemical, petro-
leum, power, paper, mining, environ-
mental and food industries. Nash also
provides global service and technical
support for its products through its loca-
tions around the world.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Subsea Power Converter
Power Supply manufacturer Schaefer
Inc., has announced a new power con-
verter designed for use in subsea mineral
exploration or other deep-sea applications.
Based upon Schaefer’s C3700 power
converter, the robust design provides up
to 1100 W of power with an adjustable,
tightly regulated 24 Vdc output. Schaefer
can also engineer units to accept a high
voltage input (up to 5000 Vdc) or to sup-
ply higher-output voltages and/or output
power. No minimum load is required for
stable operation.
The converter is optimized such that
seawater can be used as the input re-
turn path; and it has convection cooling
over a wide temperature range of -4° to
167°F (-20°C to 75°C). All dissipated
heat is efficiently conducted through a
single flat aluminum surface that can be
mounted to the subsea structure. Over-
temperature shutdown with alarms, fea-
turing automatic recovery, is inherent in
the design. Additional features and
comprehensive protection circuitry in-
cludes remote sensing, Power-OK, DC-
OK, current limiting, short-circuit pro-
tection, overvoltage protection and
overload protection.
Schaefer said that the use of industrial
grade components yields a highly effi-
cient, space-saving solution while in-
creased mechanical strength and tropical
protection facilitates reliable operation in
extreme environments. Rugged Reliable Accurate
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
[ Y e c k i W $ Y e c
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
. - - # ) ( , # , * ' '
 PETRONAUTICA
Anchor Mess
Azimuth OIM
Ballast OOE
Caisson OTL
Catering Platform
Chiksan PSTL
Compressor Quarters
Concrete Rig
Coxwain Riser
Crane Rotation
Deck Roughneck
Derrickhand Roustabout
Drill ROWPU
Fixed Safety
Flare Scaffolder
FPSO SemiSubmersible
Freefall Spar
Galley Stabilizer
Genset Stores
HeavyLift Superstructure
Helipad TensionLeg
Jackup Thruster
Kit Toolpusher
Lifeboat Topsides
Locker Trim

Visit www.compressortech2.com for answers.

MAY 2010 70 COMPRESSORTechTwo

 Literature Library — COMPRESSORTechTwo
Manufacturing and Repair
Compressor Ele-
ments offers liter-
ature on its com-
p r e s s o r- r e l a t e d
machining, manu-
facturing and re-
pair. The com-
pany manufac-
tures and repairs
a complete line of
compressor parts,
maintains a ware-
house inventory
of new replace-
ment parts, and
sells used and refurbished compressors.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Rotor Dynamics Analysis
The Turboma-
chinery Research
Consortium of the
Turbomachinery
Laboratory
Texas A&M Uni-
at
versity offers a
brochure on its
XLTRC2 rotor dy-
namics software
suite. XLTRC2 is a
suite of fast, accu-
rate and user-
friendly codes for
executing a com-
plete lateral and torsional rubber dynamic analysis
of rotating machinery including pumps, compres-
sors and turbines. XLTRC2 runs on most versions of
Windows with Microsoft Office 97 or later.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Magnetic Bearings
Advances In
Magnetic Bearings
is the title of a
white paper in-
cluded in a com-
pany capabilities
folder from Syn-
chrony. In addi-
tion, the folder in-
cludes multipage
overviews of se-
lected Synchrony
products, includ-
ing its Fusion and
NovaGlide brands
of magnetic bearings and the NovaDrive 400 and
NovaGen 400 oil-less drivetrains. The company also
manufactures high-speed motors and generators for
a wide range of industrial applications.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010
Laser Alignment
Information on Express Alignment (XA) from Fixturlaser
is available in a 12-page brochure that explains the wide
range of standard technical features in the Fixturlaser XA
system. Those include CCD technology, line laser, large
detector surfaces 1.18 in. (30 mm) and pre-mounted fix-
tures. Also described are the 3-D color animation dis-
plays, wireless data transfer capability and the automatic
Express Mode that speeds the measurement and align-
ment process.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
continued on page 76
• Continuous Monitoring
• Early Warning
• Critical Shutdown
• Peace of Mind
A Diagnostic
Solution that
can PREVENT
MOST
SHUTDOWNS!
SENTINEL II is unique -
there is nothing else like it!
A modular concept that allows
you to custom tailor a shut- Can your current shutdown panel catch
this before it causes severe damage?
down/diagnostic/control system
to your company’s mechanical
condition and economic goals.
From simple shutdown
protection...to complete
diagnostics...including
performance information and
SCADA communications,
SENTINEL II provides
“peace of mind” that your SENTINEL II can!
compression equipment: A broken piston retaining ring is just one
type of failure Sentinel II can diagnose.
• Is meeting company
profit goals
• Is mechanically sound
enough to run safely
• Is likely to be in
environmental compliance
• Is properly loaded at all
operating conditions
SENTINEL II gives you
confidence for today,
flexibility for tomorrow,
with fast payback.
DYNALCO
3690 N.W. 53rd Street • Fort Lauderdale • Florida 33309 U.S.A.
Toll Free (US) (800) 368-6666 • www.dynalco.com
COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
71
 MAY
Company Name Page Number
ACI Services, Inc. ......................................29
ADIPEC 2010 ..............................................78
AXH air-coolers ..........................................66
Altronic, Inc. ..............................................2-3
ARIEL ..........................................................27
BG Service Co., Inc., The............................57
BETA Machinery Analysis ..........................23
BORSIG ZM Compression GmbH ..............65
* Burckhardt Compression AG ................43, 49
CC Technology ......................................20-21
CECO, Compressor Engineering Corp. ......61
* CPI, Compressor Products International ....17
Cameron’s Compression
Systems Group ..................................40-41
Canfield Industries, Inc./
Spartan Scientific ....................................60
* Cook Compression ......................Third Cover
Cummins Inc. ..............................................45
CRYOSTAR SAS ........................................46
* Dresser-Rand ..............................................47
DYNALCO ............................................59, 71
ECOM America ..........................................69
* Further information on this company’s products can be found
in the 2009 Edition of the Global Sourcing Guide (at GSGnet.net) and 2010 Compression Technology Sourcing Supplement (at CT2SS.com).
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010
Advertisers’ Index
Company Name Page Number
E Instruments Group ..................................60
* Elliott Company ........................Second Cover
* Ellwood Crankshaft Group ..........................68
EmeraChem, LLC........................................53
EMIT Technologies, Inc. ..............................1
Enerproject SA ............................................44
Exline, Inc. ..................................................76
Flexware, Inc. ..............................................68
Foley Equipment..........................................76
* GE Oil & Gas ................................................5
GPSA, Gas Processors
Suppliers Association ..............................73
Harsco Industrial - Air-X-Changers ............31
* HOERBIGER Kompressortechnik
Holding GmbH....................................32-33
In The News ................................................72
KB Delta Mfg, Inc. ......................................55
Kiene Diesel Accessories, Inc. ..................59
Kobelco EDTI Compressors, Inc. ..............15
Kobe Steel, Ltd. ..........................................15
LCEC, Louisiana Chemical
Equip. Co., LP..........................................50
72
www.compressortech2.com
Company Name Page Number
LMF Leobersdorfer Maschinenfabrik AG ......7
Lincoln Crankshaft & Machine Ltd. ............79
MAN Diesel ..................................................9
MIRATECH Corporation ..............................11
MOTORTECH GmbH ..................................35
Murphy, FW ................................Fourth Cover
* Neuman & Esser Group ..............................39
PROGNOST Systems, Inc. ..................36-37
Progressive Equipment Inc. ........................63
PROS Company, The ..................................50
Rawson Energy Services (RES) ................16
Robt. L. Rowan & Assoc., Inc. ....................77
Rottler Manufacturing ..................................19
Stitt Spark Plug Company ..........................51
Summit Industrial Products ........................30
Superbolt Inc. ............................................66
TMEIC GE ..................................................56
* Tech Transfer, Inc. ..................................24-25
Testo, Inc. ....................................................48
Ultrachem, Inc. ............................................75
Wesco Valve and Manufacturing Company....67
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 Marketplace — COMPRESSORTechTwo
U W

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AC&DC ENGINE STARTING SYSTEMS
• STARTER MOTORS • ALTERNATORS
A Midwestern manufacturing company seeks an experienced
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Candidate must be familiar with the bleshooting and profitability of the

Houston-based operation of engines used in the product line.
Writer/Editor natural gas compression, power
generation and marine markets. The position will report directly to
CompressorTechTwo is seeking a Houston-based
the Vice President of Marketing &
Writer/Editor with 2-5 years' experience on newspa- Responsibilities of the position Sales and work closely with cus-
per or B2B magazine staff with proven research and include managing and expanding tomer service personnel, production
interview skills, familiarity with publishing processes the product, marketing, sales, ap- managers and customers. Extensive
and fluency with Microsoft Office applications. The plication engineering, field trou- travel is required.
ideal candidate will be disciplined, self-motivated,
outgoing, curious and mentally agile. Fluency in
Spanish is a definite advantage. This position is full Requirements: degree preferred plus minimum of 3 years of technical
time and offers competitive compensation and sales experience or equivalent.
excellent benefits.
We offer a competitive salary, relocation package, benefits including
Please express your interest by e-mail only to
heath, life, disability, and 401K plan.
pburnside@dieselpub.com. Include attached PDF
files of 1) your resume, 2) at least three published
examples of your relevant work and 3) a list of three Email resume c/o cjohnson@dieselpub.com
credible references. REF: CT0410CJ

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SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010 73
 Great Expectations
Gas Projects Offshore Venezuela
IS VENEZUELA BECOMING A NATURAL
GAS PLAYER IN LATIN AMERICA?
Recent Developments May Reshape the
Natural Gas Export Market in Latin America
By Roberto Chellini
To date, major producers and ex-
porters of natural gas in Latin America
have been Mexico, serving the con-
sumer markets in the North (United
States), and Bolivia, exporting its gas
to several countries located in South
America. Venezuela has been a major
exporter of oil and heavy hydrocar-
bons (from the Orinoco Belt) but not
of natural gas, although its proven
natural gas reserves amount to 170.9
Tcf (4.84 x 1012 m3), representing 2.6%
of world gas reserves (BP Statistical
Review of World Energy, June 2009).
Geopolitical reasons have prevented
international oil companies from invest-
ing large amounts of money in
Venezuela to develop the necessary in-
frastructures needed to export this
source of energy. However, as reported
by Business Monitor International in
several issues of its Daily Oil & Gas
Alert, the situation might be changing.
In April, according to the Venezuelan
Energy Minister Rafael Ramírez, a
Japanese company offered Venezuela a
US$1 billion loan to develop the large
Mariscal Sucre offshore gas project. In
MAY 2010
addition, the state-run Petróleos de
Venezuela (PdVSA) is holding bilateral
talks over funding for the $8.3 billion
Mariscal Sucre development after a re-
cent project tender failed to attract bids.
Apparently, the unnamed Japanese
concern is prepared to advance the
loan. Ramírez added that the govern-
ment was “looking for a large-scale
firm” (such as Gazprom) to help de-
velop Mariscal Sucre’s reserves.
The much-delayed Mariscal (Mar-
shall) Sucre complex is one of sev-
eral gas projects in the shallow wa-
ters bordering Trinidad & Tobago
that PdVSA is hoping will propel
Venezuela into the ranks of the
world’s major gas producers.
The project comprises the Dragón,
Patao, Mejillones and Río Caribe gas
fields, and according to the government
holds 14.7 Tcf (416 x 109 m3) of gas.
Under PdVSA’s development plans,
gas from Mariscal Sucre will supply the
local market, with the surplus to be
liquefied for export. An LNG plant
would be built at the Gran Mariscal de
Ayacucho industrial facility in Sucre
74
State and comprise two trains, each
with a send-out capacity of 4.7 MM
tons per annum (tpa) or 6.48 x 109 m3.
A final investment decision on Mariscal
Sucre LNG is due by year-end 2010,
and operations are expected to start in
2014-2015, beyond the original 2013
start-up date. Combined production at
the fields is expected to reach 438 Bcf
(12.4 x 109 m3) of gas per annum and
20,000 barrels per day of condensate.
PdVSA puts the costs of the up-
stream section of the project at $2.7
billion, while the total price tag is
supposed to be around $8.3 billion.
To attract funding, in January 2010
PdVSA offered a 40% stake in the
project to foreign investors, short-
listing Gazprom, Japanese fir ms
Marubeni, Mitsui, Mitsubishi and
Itochu, and several Western interna-
tional oil companies for the tender.
The licensing round, however, re-
ceived no bids.
Thus, PdVSA is now trying to se-
cure investment from Gazprom and
Japanese conglomerates on a bilateral
basis. While it is Caracas, Venezuela’s
growing ties with Moscow, Russia,
that have been grabbing the headlines
over the last year, its investment links
with Tokyo, Japan, are more ad-
vanced and arguably as valuable to
the struggling Latin American country.
The wide-ranging preliminary agree-
ments signed with Tokyo covered the
potential participation of Japanese con-
glomerates in upstream and down-
stream Venezuelan projects, including
loans for the upgrade of the Puerto la
Cruz and El Palito refineries and a joint
feasibility study of the Junín 11 Block
in the Orinoco heavy oil belt. In addi-
tion, PdVSA signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) with four
Japanese firms over their participation
in the Mariscal Sucre LNG terminal.
Under a preliminary deal signed earlier,
Mitsubishi and Mitsui hold 2.5% each in
the first proposed train of the plant and
Itochu and Mitsubishi have 10% and
5%, respectively, in the second train.
Following his visit to Tokyo,
President Hugo Chávez announced
that the trip yielded $33.5 billion
worth of agreements. A $1 billion
loan, however, would mark the first
concrete investment under the deals.
The loan, which is yet to be con-
firmed by the Japanese side, could
come from any of the four Japanese
signatories of the Mariscal Sucre MoU.
In return for funding, the Asian in-
vestors will be looking to secure LNG
supplies for their domestic market.
The amount of Mariscal Sucre’s gas
available for export, however, is in
question, and that uncertainty is be-
lieved to have been the main reason
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 Gulf of Venezuela Gas Exploration corporate history. The reserves up-
Repsol and Eni’s Stake grade at Perla is a further boost to the
prospects for Venezuela’s gas sector. At
170.9 Tcf (4.84 x 1012 m3), Venezuela
has Latin America’s largest proven gas
reserves, but upstream attention has
focused for decades on the country’s
large oil reserves and its importance as
one of the top oil exporters to the U.S.
market. As a result, non-associated gas
production remains low and gas distri-
bution infrastructure is limited. The
government has ambitious plans for
the sector, however, and has set a tar-
get to raise national gas production to
4.6 Tcf (130 x 109 m3) by 2013, from
1.1 Tcf (31.5 x 109 m3) in 2008.
To support these goals, the govern-
ment and PdVSA are hoping to de-
velop a national gas infrastructure and
LNG export capability. In spite of the
behind the failure of the project bid- company also stated that two new upgrade
C of the Perla field’s reserves,
ding round. Apparently, severe power Perla development wells will be however, PdVSA would have to dra-
shortages caused by Venezuela’s pro- drilled in mid-2010. Under their con- matically ramp up capex to achieve its
longed drought have led the govern- tract, Repsol and Eni will have to gas output targets. g
ment to raise the amount of Mariscal transfer a 35% stake in the project to
Sucre’s gas used for internal con- state-controlled PdVSA, leaving the Follow us on
sumption. This would severely dam- two European firms with a 32.5%
age the economics of the LNG plant stake each.
by forcing companies to sell gas at When the Perla gas discovery was
government-imposed domestic prices. announced in late 2009, it was
At present, gas from Venezuela’s Venezuela’s largest natural gas discov- www.compressortech2.com
non-associated onshore gas fields is ery and the biggest gas find in Repsol’s
sold for around $0.9 per million BTU,
way below international prices. At
such low prices, even the politically
driven Gazprom will struggle to justify
its investment in the project. Unless
the government is prepared either to
raise wholesale gas prices or to free
up more supplies for export, it is un-
likely that Mariscal Sucre will be able
to attract the required investment.
Moreover, given Caracas’ track record
of contract alterations, any agreements
reached with the IOCs now run the
risk of being overridden during
Venezuela’s next energy supply crisis.
In North Venezuela, Spain’s Repsol
YPF and Italy’s Eni announced, on
April 12, that the Perla field in their
50:50-owned Cardón-IV exploration
block in the Gulf of Venezuela may
have 30% greater gas reserves than
initially estimated in October 2009.
The reserves upgrade announce-
ment was made following the drilling
of the Perla-2 well at a depth of 197
ft. (60 m) in the shallow waters of the
Gulf of Venezuela. The results of
Perla-2 mean the partners have re-
vised up the field’s gas reserve esti-
mates to approximately 8.8 Tcf to 9.9
Tcf (250 x 109 m3 to 280 x 109 m3).
Production targets will also require
upward revision, and the field’s loca-
tion in relatively shallow waters will
help to lower future production costs,
boosting the project’s economics. The

COMPRESSORTechTwo
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010 75
 Literature Library — COMPRESSORTechTwo
CALL ON EXLINE Thrust Bearings
Design Guide
Oil-Flooded Rotary
Compressors
FOR ALL YOUR
MAINTENANCE NEEDS
From major equipment
overhauls to minor
inspections, the Exline
Field Services Division
offers comprehensive
on-site maintenance
and service to keep
your machines rolling.
We specialize in reciprocating
engines, compressors, generators,
Kingsbury offers a design LeROI Gas Compressors from
rotating equipment, and other industrial guide that contains three sec- Rotary Compression Tech-
equipment. tions that will guide the user nologies Inc. has prepared a
to a proper thrust bearing se- handy summary of the fea-
Your Single-Source lection. Section I covers the tures, benefits and specifica-
Field Services Solution fundamentals of equalizing tions of its HG20 Series of
fluid film thrust bearings. geared and nongeared single-
Section II reviews design fea- stage oil-flooded rotary com-
tures and accessories for pressors. Also included are
Call 800-255-0111 • Fax 785-826-4425 monitoring performance. details of options available for
Visit our website at www.exline-inc.com Section III contains system- gas gathering, wellhead boost-
3256 East Country Club Road, P.O. Box 1487 atic guidelines for matching ing, fuel gas boosting, vapor
Salina, Kansas 67402-1487 • E-mail: salesandservice@exline-inc.com
your application with the recovery, inert gas boosting or
ideal bearing. landfall gas handling.
©2006I Exline, Inc. EXLI-2033
SEE DIRECTLINK AT SEE DIRECTLINK AT
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

Bearing Selection Valve Performance

Guide Simulator

EXCHANGE
GAS COMPRESSION
ENGINES
s 2EBUILT TO #AT® SPECIlCATIONS
s -OST MODELS IN STOCK
s 3AME AS NEW WARRANTY
s 3AME AS NEW QUALITY
For more information contact Foley Rebuild Center today!
FOLEY REBUILD CENTER
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A product selection guide
from Waukesha Bearings de-
scribes a variety of bearing de-
signs. The guide also provides
examples of typical applica-
tions in which each type fre-
quently sees service. Infor-
mation is provided for tilting
pad thrust, tilting pad journal,
polymer-lined and solid poly-
mer, active magnetic, fixed
profile, ceramic and vertical
bearings as well as horizontal
bearing assemblies.
A new service from Klaus
helps eliminate expensive,
time-consuming, iterative pilot
model valve testing offers rec-
ommendations to meet chang-
ing field conditions, support
new OEM designs and offer
API 618-compliant valve re-
ports. The company’s propri-
etary ValveSim software uses
computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) to test valve perform-
ance in a 3-D, digital “virtual
flow loop.”
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SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM 76 COMPRESSORTechTwo


Personal Locator
Device
m2m Data Corp. offers infor-
mation on the iSafety fea-
tures in the Spot Personal
Locator device, which con-
tains a satellite communicator
and GPS receiver in a small
package that can be worn on
the person. The literature de-
scribes the numerous fea-
tures of the device and ex-
plains its simple, three-button
operation.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
MAY 2010
Literature Library — COMPRESSORTechTwo
Gas Engine Rebuild
Service
Cummins Inc. has prepared
a document outlining the
Cummins Scheduled Rebuild
Program that is designed to
maximize critical uptime.
Included is an explanation of
how your Cummins distribu-
tor can help you schedule an
optimum engine rebuild
date. Also included is infor-
mation on the levels of serv-
ice available and warranty
information.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
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77
Energy Transfer
Products
A detailed, 28-page document
summarizing the company’s
range of products and support
capabilities is available from
Rexnord. Summaries of Rex-
nord product lines including
Falk and Rexnord gear drives;
Rexnord, Link-Belt and MB
brand bearings; Rexnord and
Falk coupling products; Rex-
nord FlatTop and other heavy-
duty, engineered steel chain
and roller chain.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Air
Starters
A four-color brochure from
TDI Tech Development offers
an overview on the com-
pany’s TurboTwin air starters.
The piece presents the fea-
tures and benefits of its tur-
bine air starters, an overview
of available models and in-
formation on the availability
of detailed, industry-specific
catalogs featuring TurboTwin
air starters.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
continued on page 78
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 Literature Library — COMPRESSORTechTwo
Compressor Bolting
Specialists Expertise

Compression Leasing Services An informative brochure de-

Inc. offers a library of bro-
chures and information on its
wide range of services to the
compression industry. The
subject matter of those publi-
cations includes the com-
pany’s gas packaging, sales,
leasing, service, machine
shop, fabrication and design
capabilities. Also included is
information on the firm’s con-
struction air equipment.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
signed to introduce the prod-
ucts, services and advanced
technical capabilities of Alltite
is now available. Subjects ad-
dressed include the com-
pany’s on-site calibration
services and its catalog of so-
phisticated pneumatic, hy-
draulic and manual torque
tools that are available for
rent or sale. A description of
the company’s diverse service
capabilities is included.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT
WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

Industry News — COMPRESSORTechTwo

TransCanada Corp.
TransCanada Corp. President and CEO Hal Kvisle will retire
effective June 30, 2010. Russ Girling, currently COO, will suc-
ceed him as president and CEO on July 1, 2010. Kvisle will assist
Girling with the transition through Aug. 31, 2010, and will be
available as an advisor thereafter.
“Executive development and succession planning are important
responsibilities of the board of directors,” Barry Jackson, chairman
of the board of directors. “Russ has demonstrated outstanding vi-
sion and leadership over his 16 years at TransCanada. He has had
exposure to all aspects of our business and has consistently
shown an unwavering commitment to the company’s long-term
success. His strategic thinking ability, commercial acumen, bot-
tom-line focus and people/leadership skills will serve the com-
pany well in the years ahead. We are confident in our choice of
Russ as Hal’s successor and look forward to TransCanada’s future
under his leadership.”
Kvisle joined TransCanada in 1999 as executive vice president
and became CEO in 2001. In 2008, he was named Canada’s
Outstanding CEO of the Year.
Incoming President and CEO Russ Girling joined the company
in 1994 and, prior to his appointment as chief operating officer in
July 2009, held a number of leadership positions including: presi-
dent, pipelines; CFO and executive vice president, corporate de-
velopment; and executive vice president, power. He is the cur-
rent Chairman of the Interstate Natural Gas Association of
America (INGAA).

SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM 78 COMPRESSORTechTwo

 Literature Library — COMPRESSORTechTwo
Tools and Supplies
Enco has re-
leased its 2010 Mat Systems
catalog, which An overview of the economic and environmental advan-
contains over tages of the C-Lock interlocking mat products available
75,000 products from Canadian Mat Systems Inc. of Edmonton and
in 14 categories. Alberta, Canada, are outlined in a color brochure. The
The company piece lists a range of applications for which the com-
also offers over pany’s products can help expand work activity outside
100,000 items on- regular seasonal constraints while helping to protect the
line at www. environment and reduce mitigation and remediation costs.
use-enco.com. SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
New offerings in
2010 include a
broader selection
of the products
for which the company has been known since
1940 — cutting tools, measuring instruments,
vises, fasteners, clamps, machinery, chucks and
power tools.
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

Engineering, Procurement LC&M…taking the load!

and Construction
Willbros USA Inc.
has prepared ma-
terial providing a
succinct overview
of the engineer-
ing, procurement
and construction
services firm’s of-
ferings to the en-
ergy industry.
Highlighted is the
company’s em-
phasis on interop-
erability, scalabil-
ity and advanced LC&M are pleased to announce the recent purchase and
analysis in which GIS and integrity program man- installation of our new 11,000mm CNC Orbital Crankshaft
agement are used to compile data that can be ana- Grinding Machine, offering you, our customers…
lyzed to understand how each element of a proj-
ect affects other elements. Enhanced quality
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Faster turnaround
More competitive prices
Manufacturing Crankshafts
Ellwood Crank- We are the UK’s leading manufacturer of large crankshafts, from
shaft Group (ECG) forging to finish grind - maximum capacity 11,000mm long by
has published lit-
erature featuring 25 tonnes in weight. We also specialise in crankshaft and turbine
the history and shaft repair, refurbishment and regrind.
crankshaft range
of the company.
The forging capa-
bilities allow ECG
to produce more
than 10,000 crank-
shafts between 13 Tel: +44 (0) 1522 522 855 Email: lcmsales@btconnect.com
and 23 ft. (4 and 7
Fax: +44 (0) 1522 522 856 Web: www.lcmandm.co.uk
m) in length. Mar-
ket segments in-
clude stationary power, compressors, locomotives, Lincoln Crankshaft & Machine Ltd
power generation and marine. Bay 18 Beevor Street
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM
Lincoln, LN6 7DJ, England

COMPRESSORTechTwo
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MAY 2010 79

POWER IGNITION AND CONTROLS … STODDARD …
SPX HYDRAULIC TECHNOLOGIES … TENSION SYSTEMS LTD. …
PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM … TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM …
OFFSHORE MIDDLE EAST CONF. & EXPO …
LAURENCE REID GAS CONDITIONING CONF. …
APACHE CORP. … MARINER ENERGY
Power Ignition and Controls has
been named the exclusive distributor
for Stoddard Silencers for the
provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and
British Columbia, Canada. Stoddard
Silencers is a Canadian manufacturer of
silencer products designed to control
the potentially harmful effects of noise
pollution in industrial environments.
Stoddard Silencers specializes in the
design and manufacture of silencers for
engines, rotary blowers, vents, com-
pressors, vacuum pumps and turbines
in industrial applications.
SPX Hydraulic Technologies, a busi-
ness unit of SPX Corp.’s Industrial
Products and Services segment, has ac-
quired U.K.-based Torque Tension
Systems Ltd. (TTS), a global supplier
of hydraulic torque wrench and ten-
sioner tool products. Transaction terms
were not disclosed.
Torque Tension Systems Ltd. had an-
nual revenues of approximately US$7.65
million in 2009. The company’s hy-
draulic bolting product lines include
Dura-Lite hydraulic torque wrenches,
LDF Torque wrenches, subsea bolt ten-
sioners, hydraulic nut splitters, flange
pullers and flange spreaders. In addition
to serving the power and energy mar-
ket, TTS’s tools are utilized in the petro-
chemical, automotive, chemical, railways
and shipbuilding industries. The com-
pany has additional offices in Australia
and Malaysia.
SPX Hydraulic Technologies is a
global manufacturer of high-force hy-
draulic pumps, cylinders, jacks, pullers
and tools, serving customers around
the world. With brands that include
Globe, Hytec, PowerTeam, Stone and
SPX Rail Systems Clamplock.
In a significant change to the machin-
ery event calendar, Texas A&M
University’s Turbomachinery Laboratory
has moved the date of the International
MAY 2010
About the Business
Edited By Phil Burnside
Pump Users Symposium, tradition-
ally held in February, to run concur-
rently with the fall Turbomachinery
Symposium. As a result, the 2011
event — the 27th International Pump
Users Symposium — will be held in
parallel with the 40th Turbomachinery
Symposium, Sept. 12-15, 2011.
Some details resulting from the
schedule change have not been set-
tled. One definite change will be the
due date for abstracts for prospective
presentations at the 2011 Pump
Users Symposium. The original dead-
line was May 3, 2010, but organizers
have announced a new deadline of
Sept. 27, 2010, which coincides with
the previously announced abstract
due date for presentations planned
for the 2011 installment of the
Turbomachinery Symposium.
The Advisory Board of the Offshore
Middle East Conference & Ex-
hibition is accepting abstracts for pre-
sentations at its 2010 conference, which
will be held Oct. 12-14, 2010, in Dohar,
Qatar. The event addresses the techno-
logical challenges associated with de-
veloping resources safely and economi-
cally. Abstracts between 150 and 300
words are due by May 18, 2010. They
must be submitted using the online
form at www.offshoremiddleeast.com.
The 2011 Laurance Reid Gas
Conditioning Conference, scheduled
for Feb. 20-23, 2011, in Norman,
Oklahoma, U.S.A. has issued a call for
papers. Authors should submit a 250-
word abstract including title and all au-
thors by June 11, 2010, along with an
e-mail address and contact informa-
tion. Consideration of abstracts will be-
gin on June 17, and final paper selec-
tions will be made on Sept. 13.
Detailed information can be found on
the events website at www.lrgcc.org.
Apache Corp. and Mariner
80
Energy have entered into a US$2.7
billion merger agreement that G.
Steven Farris, Apache’s chairman and
CEO said will provide “an exciting
new platform for growth in the deep-
water [Gulf of Mexico] and comple-
ments our strengths in the Gulf Shelf
and the Permian Basin.” Mariner’s
deepwater portfolio includes nearly
100 blocks, seven discoveries in de-
velopment — including interests in
Lucius and Heidelberg — and more
than 50 prospects.
In February, Mariner produced
63,000 boe per day from the Gulf
Shelf and deepwater, the Permian
Basin and unconventional onshore
plays. At the close of 2009, Mariner
had estimated proved reserves of 181
MMboe (47% liquid hydrocarbons) as
well as unbooked resource potential
of 2 billion boe. Mariner also has
more than 240 blocks on the Gulf
Shelf and more than 200,000 net acres
(80,900 ha) across several emerging
onshore plays.
Days earlier, Apache announced
that it will acquire Gulf Shelf assets
from Devon Energy Corp. that add
production of 19,000 boe per day
with year-end 2009 estimated proved
and probable reserves of 83 MMboe
across 158 blocks. The properties
gained in that US$1.05 billion deal are
projected to produce 9500 bbl of liq-
uid and 55 MMcfd (1.56 x 106 m3/day)
of natural gas (net) after closing,
which is expected in June.
Apache is the largest held-by-
production acreage owner and the
second-largest producer in Gulf waters
less than 1200 ft. (366 m) deep. The
acquired assets comprise 477,000 net
acres (193,035 ha) across 158 blocks.
The fields have 80 platforms and 211
production caissons in waters to 450
ft. (137 m) deep. g
COMPRESSORTechTwo
 Turnkey Compressor Reliability

Recognizing opportunities for improved compressor reliability

is one thing. Implementing them is another.

Doing both is Cook Compression.

Cook Compression is your source for turnkey engineered

solutions – including diagnostics, machine analysis, project
engineering, state-of-the-art products, emissions expertise,
machine upgrades, field services, contracting work, repairs,
maintenance and much more.

We’re everything you need to make reliability… a reality.

Turnkey Reliability
www.cookcompression.com

©2010 Cook Compression

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 The
We’re inspired by...

Experience
After 70 years in business,
we’ve seen a lot.
Markets go up and down. New technologies
replace the old. Better strategies adapt to
the future. It all builds experience. And the
more you have, the more you know.

That’s how FW Murphy keeps innovating.

We read the market. We see the changes coming.
Then we invest in new reseach and development
to get the future here faster.

Not sure about the best way to monitor and control your equipment?
Just ask Murphy—you can always rely on our experience.

That’s what inspires us.

The Centurion Plus brings exceptional

TM

technology to control systems, with

several customization options and a
0910381-2

simple-to-use touchscreen interface.

FW Murphy P.O. Box 470248 Tulsa, OK 74147 918.317.4100

w w w. f w m u r p h y . c o m Control Systems & Services Division, Rosenberg, TX +1 281.633.4500
SEE DIRECTLINK AT WWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM