Chemical Thermodynamics and 

03 
Chapter 03: Chemical Thermodynamics and
                          Energetics 
Energetics  

1. The enthalpy change for a reaction does not depend upon the nature of intermediate reaction steps. This is
in accordance with Hess’s law.
2. Reversible path

A B

Irreversible path
For cyclic process, the net change in internal energy is equal to zero. The change in internal energy does not
depend upon the path.
3. V = 10 litres, T = 300 K, W = 4  103 g
W  Mass  W  
From, PV = RT  n = 
M  Molar mass  M  

4  103 grams  0.0821 L.atm mol1 K 1  300
Pinitial = = 2463 atm
4grams / mole  10 L
Pfinal = 1 atm
P
W = 2.303  n  R  T log10 1
P2
4  103 grams 2463atm
= 2.303   8.314 J K1 mol1  300  log
4grams / mole 1atm
= 19.48  106 J
1 1 1
5. C(s) + O2(g)  CO(g) n = 1  =
2 2 2
1
H = U + nRT  H  U =  8.314  298 = 1238.78 J/mol.
2
6. To decide the spontaneity of a process, both H and S must be considered. An endothermic process can
become spontaneous at high temperatures (when T.S > H). Similarly, an exothermic process can be non-
spontaneous at high temperatures.
1 3
7. X2 + Y2  XY3
2 2
 Sreaction = Sproducts  Sreactants
1 3 
= 50    60   40 
 2 2 
1 3
= 50   60   40 J K1 mol1
2 2
Using equation, G = H  TS
H = 30 kJ, S = 40 J K1 mol1 and at equilibrium, G = 0
H 30  1000
 T=  = 750 K
S 40
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Std. XII : Triumph Chemistry 
8. Stronger the acid, more will be heat of neutralisation. Negative sign indicates evolution of heat.
1 1
9. Formation of HCl  H2 + Cl2  HCl
2 2
1 1
B.E. kcal   104 +  58  103
2 2
H(HCl) =  B.E.Reactants   B.E.Products
= 52 + 29  103 = 22 kcal/mole.
10. H = U + nRT
 H  U = nRT
= (12  15)  8.315  298 = 7.432 kJ

11. C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H = 394 kJ/mol = heat of formation of CO2. (in the form of graphite)

12. Vapourisation of H2O : H2O(l)  H2O(g); H = 10.52 kcal

H =  f H H O   f H H O
 2 (g)   2 (l ) 
 f H H O  H   f H H O = 10.52 + (68.32) = 57.80 kcal/mol
 2 (g)   2 (l ) 

1
13. Ag2O  2Ag + O2(g); qv = U = 30.66 kJ
2
qp = qv + nRT
ngRT > 0
 qp > qv i.e., qp > 30.66 kJ.
14. More positive the heat of formation, less will be the stability associated with the product.

15. There are 4 N  H bonds present in N2H4.

 Bond energy = 391  4 = 1564 kJ mol1
 Bond energy of N  N in N2H4 = (1724  1564) kJ mol1 = 160 kJ mol1
16. The heat of neutralisation of a strong acid with strong base is constant because the net reaction occurring is
H+ + OH  H2O.

17. For an endothermic reaction, a minimum amount of energy equal to H must be supplied.

18. Since the reaction is non-spontaneous (G is +ve)

As S is positive (given), H must be +ve. It means reaction is endothermic.

19. H has minimum value at equilibrium i.e., at G = 0

Since, G = H  TS
 H = TS
 H = 298  150 = 44700 J = 44.7 kJ

20. G = H  TS
=  270.6  [300  ( 139  103)] = 270.6 + 41.7 = 228.9 kJ/mol
21. At the stage of equilibrium, the total entropy change remains constant.
22. Crystallisation involves arrangement of molecules in a perfectly ordered manner i.e., minimum randomness.
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 Chapter 03: Chemical Thermodynamics and
                          Energetics 
23. At 298 K, H is H i.e., standard heat of formation,
For, CCl4(g) + 2H2O(g)  CO2(g) + 4HCl(g); H = ?
H reaction = HProducts  HReactants
=  f H  4   f H   f H  2   f H
(CO 2) (HCl) (CCl4 ) (H 2 O)

= 94.1 + 4  (22.1)  (25.5)  2  (57.8)

= 41.4 kcal
24. For a reversible, isothermal expansion, temperature of system and surroundings are same. Heat absorbed by
the system is equal to heat lost by surroundings so that total entropy change is zero.
Ssys + Ssurr = 0
 Ssys = Ssurr
25. For reversible process, under isothermal conditions,
P
W = 2.303 nRT log10 1
P2
1.01  105
= 2.303  3  8.314  300 log10
5.05  106
= +2.9277  104 J
V2
26. Wmax = 2.303 nRT log
V1
 20 
831.4 = 2.303  1  8.314  T  log  
 2 
831.4
T= = 43.42 K
2.303  8.314