‘[” .,.. !

.
S(iiti;OF PETlijLEUii
ENGINEERSOF AIME PAPER
.63C0,North
CentralExpressway : ~ SPE 99Z
Dallas,Texas 75206 I

THIS IS A PREPRINT--- SUBJECTTO CORREO’TION ,,

A <
.,
PRESSURE DROP IN !I!WC)-PHASE, FiJOW OF A FLASHING FLUID

By
.,,
‘,’,, ~ w. R. McL~od~’”Jr;
Member AIM% MinistryOf petro~eumand Mines> San ?@rnandQ#Trinidad~
... . A. P. BUWO% The Univo of,~lsa~ w~sa~ Okla.) and DentonR“ ~ie~and)Member A~J’ :
7 DowellJDiv. of,,DowChemicalCo., Tulsa, Okla. i,
,, ,.
:, PublicationRiRhts Re$erve&
,..,
i,
Th~s paper is {o be”presentedat the j$)thAnnualFall Meetingof the Socidtyof.PetroleumEngineers
on 9ct. 11-14, 1964, in Houeton,‘Tex.,and ia consideredthe propertyof the Societyof PetroleumEngi-
“neer$. Permissiont.opublishis herebyrestrictedto an abstractof’not.more than 300 words, with no
UUustrations, unless the paper is speci.ficall.y
releasedto the press by the Editor of Journalof Petro-”
l~,umTechrwli)gy or ‘theExe@rtiveSecretary. Such abstractshou>dcontainconspicuousac~,owledgment~
where and by whom the pager is presented. Publicationelsewhereafter publicationin @@@. of Petro-
kum Technologyor Societyof PetroleumEngineersJournal is grantedon request,providingproper credit
. is given khat publicationand the original presentationof’the ~aper. .’
‘c”, ,..
btsc,uewion of thisjpaperisinvited. T&ee copies of any discussionshouldbe sent to the Society’ :
of’Petrole* Ei@neers office. Such discussionmay be presentedat the above meetingand considered
for publicationin one.ofthe two SPE magazineswith the paper.
,. ,:
‘,

ABSTl?ACT 4 INTRODUCTION
Presentedare experimentalresults
obtainedfqr preseuredrop in a two-phase
flowof a flashingfluid. Liquid’propane,
the flashingfluid;’andkerostnewe,remixed
at differentpressuresand flashedin a one-
.half inch insulatedhorizontalcopper line
140.3 feet in length, Twenty-sixtest runs
were performed. ‘Initial saturationpressures
varied from 35 to 65 psia, and mass flow
ratesvaried from 281 to 412 lb/ft2-sec.
An equationbaeed oma homogeneousmodel
and includingthe kineticenergy termwaa
developed. The data obtainedwhen using
this equationwere comparedwith results
obtainable!
:whenusing ths originalLockhatt-
Martinelliand the Un$’versityof Houstoncor-
relations,‘aswell as modfficat.toneof these
,twoequationswhich includedthe kinetic
energy term.
It was observedfrom the flow tests that
the frictionfactorfor”a flashingfluid is a
— --function-of-the-position
in~the-line,-“’-Zt-iB--
recommendedthat a two-phasefrictionfactor
shouldbe used when computingpressurelosses
in two-phaseflow.
~
Today more than ever before,there is an
intensifiedneed for a reliablemethod of pre-
dictingpressuredrop in two-phaseflow.
Previousinvestigators hwe attempted.to
correlatefrictionalpressuredrop with fluid
properties,mass velocities.conduitdiameter,
and lengthin two-phaseflow. Of these
approachesthe most wtdely acceptedcorrela-
tion have utilizedthe followingmethods.
The HomogeneousModel
In this method the two phases are treated
as an equivalentsingle-phasehaving average
~ropertiea, Tyb @ of this approachis the
work of Bankoff.[
tie AnnularFlow Model
In this appro4chthe lfquidoccupieethe
outer ring and the gas flows as a centralcore
in the conduit. Most noteworthyof this
approachiQ the experimentalwork of Lockhart
and Martinelli(2)and the theoreticalapproach ~
by-hvy:O”- - ‘-”-‘- ‘- ‘“--”--”““-”--”-‘-----”-””’
Lockhartand Msrtinelliamociated four
flow mechaniams.withtwo-phasetwo-componenc
 — -,
2 PRESSUREDROP ‘INi’WO-PHASE
fiOw -- turbulent-turbulent, v~acous-turbulent,
turbulent-viscous, and viscous-viscous.This
mathod relatesthe pressuregradientfor twc- ‘
phase flow to that of a gas and l~quid flowing
separatelyac the same mass flow rate. The
ratioof these two pressuredrops AFL/APG,
is a dimensionlessparametercalled
x. Anotherdimensionlessparameter,@LOr @G,
obtainedexperimentally,relatesthe pressure
gradientfor the singlephases to that for two-
phase flow as a uni~tierelationship.
Similarit~Analysi.s
and Model Theory ~ was co~trolledby an a~r-operatedcontrol
~his method utilizesexperimentaldata
(as amodel) and developsa’relat.ionship which
appliesequallywell to other data taken at
other conditionsand in other systems. Ass:
resultof researchunder the directionof
AGA-APICommitteeon mu tiphaseflow, the
Universityof Houaton(4 $ has utilfz?ed
the
similarityanalysisapproachand developeda
ueries of equationsfor evaluatingfrictional
prassuredrob.
NumericalSolutionof tie Equationof Motion
?..evy(5)prekented
a numertcalsolt+tion.for
evaluatingthe performanceof a two-phase’flow
ayetern. This system is treatedas a continuous
‘mediun-withequal turbulentexchangesof momen-
tum and den@itybased on the Prandtlmixing . ,
length theory’and the potentialflow equations.
DimensionalAnalyeis
This approachwas recentlyappliedto exper-
imentalwork carriedout at the Univerattyof
Cairo,(6).h thie4work’ the phase mass ~atio
of vapor to liquidwas consideredthe main
non-dimensionalparameteraffectingpressure
drop. With this premise in mind the authors
then correlated.experimentalresultsby means *
o“fdimensionalanalyeiq.
hlmostall of the studiesutflizingthe
abovemodels were based on iso-thermalcon-,
ditionsand systemswhera the per cent of . cons~s,tedof first flowingkerosinethrough
liquid and gas,dtdnot vary along the length
of the line. Furthermore,the effecto~
kineticenergywas neglected. In nearly
every caee a singlephase Fanningtype fric-
tion factorwas used in evaluatingthe frac-
tionalpreesuredrop.
In this study an equationwaa developed
which incluC&dthe kineticenergy term based
on a homogeneousmodel. This homogeneous
model conceptwas also appliedto the Lock-
hart-Marttnelli and the Universityof Bouston
corr~+ytions. Experimentaldata’on two-phase
flow was used in calculatingthe instan-
taneousfrictigq.factor as a functionof a
noxi-clip-Rsynolds-rmunbi?r;---TnstantaneOua---
‘ -
fr’ictionfactorswerk also obtainedusing
the modifiedLockhart-Marttnellt and the Uni- in the tank, the l/2”inchgate valve,which
versityof Houetonequatione. .—
-. -.
FLOW’.OF
A FLASHING”FLUID SPE 992
..-
APPARATUS
Figure 1 1s.a achamat:;cdrawingof the
apparatueuttlized. Kerosinewas pumped
from two storagetanks (S-1) into a surge
tank (S-2)by means.nfsix poeitivedisplace-
to D6 connectedin parallel).
ment pumps .(LIl
The flow rate of the ~erosinewas measured
by’a rotsmeter(C) and a liquid levelwas
maintainedin gauge glass IE), Liquid pro- ‘
pane was drawn from a 500 ~allon tank to
(S-2) througha regulator(F) which in turn
(G).
!J!he
kerosine-pr~pane mtxtul”eleaving /
the surge tank (S-2)was flashedin an insu- ..
Iated copper line, 0.627 inchesin diameter
and 140.30 feet in length (whichincludeda
visual eection8 inches long at each end of
the teet line), and into two separators
, (s-3)”.Pressure(l?2to p14) and temperature
(Tl toT3) thenuocoupleprobeswere located
as shown i IFigure1. : A manometerboard
waa locatednear the end of the ,teetsection.
The propanegas from the separatorswas
transportedthroughtwo 3/4 inch lines to a
furnace. TWO positivedisplacementpumps
were ueed to return the kerosinefrom the
separatorto the I;erosines:orage tank$[S-1).
INSTRUMENTATION
*’
An air-operatedpressurecontroller.was
used to maintaina predetenainedpressureon
the inlet surge tank. Flowing pressuresin
the ltne were m~asuredby Bourdon tube gaugee,
ConventionalU-tubemanometerswera used to
recordpreseureenear the end of the test
section. A rotamaterwas used to measu’re,the
kerosineflow.
PROCEDUFI ;
The procedureof performingthe tests
the test line to check the performanceof
the equipment.After the equipmenthad been
tested,a “valveon Ehe flow-line,atxinches
downstreamfrom the surge tank,wa6 cloeed
and the valve.on the returnline was opened,
caustngthe kerosineto by-pasa the surge
chamberand circulatethroughthe kerosine
storagetanks. Liquidpropanewaa then
introducedinto the bottomof the surge tank
which containedkerostneat a high”level so.
ae’to reduce the vapor space-.The mixture
was allowedto come to equilibriumat some
predeterminedpressure. This Was achieved
by the manuallyadjustedmicrometerscrewon
the pressurecontroller.
.. ...— —
After equilibriumhad-beeri esCab~~shed--
had been previouslyshut,was fullyopened.
Simultaneous~y, the keroeinebypass Line was
..
.. . . . .. . . ..... .. ..:
 ~ SPE 992 W. R, Mc~OD A, P. “B~OD. AND DENTON R, WIELAND
, ,,
closed and the ker.osine
againdirectedto the
@urge tank.
$he mixture leavingthe surge tank was
flashedin the test line. After.conditions
,hadreachedsteadystate,pressures,temper=
aturee,andflow rate were recorded. From
khe “resulti?g
pressureversus lengthdata,
instantaneouspressuregradientswere
obtainedby numericaldifferentiation.
A,totalof twenty-sixtest rqns were
performedhaving inlet pressuresranging
from 35 tia65 psia, and mass,flow,ratee
vqrying from 281 to 41{2lbli%2-sec.
I where D is the tube’diameter,G is the total.
AN~LYSISOF DATA
Itwas the purposeof th%s study to measure
instantaneousfrictionfactorsobtainedin a
two-phaseflow line and comparethese values
with thosepreviouslypublishedin the lit-
erature, z 2 single-phasefrictionfactor foy turbu%ent
Experimentalfrictionfactorswere
obtained:indirectly.ThatAs, testswere
made on a flow syskemwhich yieldedpressure
va lengthcurves for a given flow rate~ dia-
meter and inlet composition;.Frictionfactors
were then llback-calculatedly
using various
flow equatione. Since therehave been several
flow aquationspublished,severalsets of
frictionfactorswere calculatedfrom the same
basic data. These are listedas follows:
—.
Universityof HoustonMethod
This method treats the two-phaseflowing
fluid as an equ+valenfsingle-phasefluid
having a mean specificvolumeV . It does
not includea term for change~n velocity
along the pipe. Equation” gives the
value of the frictionfactorin terms of
the variousmea,pured parameters.
—.
Modified Universityof HoustonMethhd
Thts is the same ae aboveex~~pt that
a velocitygradienttexm has been incorpor-
ated. Equation(4) gives the value of the
friczionfactorin terms of the various
measuredparameters. The change in volume
with pressureunder adiabaticflow condf-
tionswas calculatedfrom point to point .
by enthalpybalanceaesuminghomogeneous
model flow conditions, The met od was pre-
! 3.
sented in a thes~sby Mci.eod.(7
Iackhart-kfartinelli
Method
‘Equation(9) gives the frictionfactor
tor th~s method in terms of the measured
-.
variables. The velocitygradientterm has
been addedwhich introducesthe mean vol-
=-.
=,
--”~e-t~~, -VM,--:–~~-+alue
-of-X,--thefractfon---–:..;- -- -f:--*.oi51./(Nm)!”:?!....... . ...(E5.).
vaporized, at any point in the line was
calculatedby enthalpybalance” ar@ assuming
homogeneous.flow. The value of 0 was
obtainedfrom the correlationsof%ackhart
“andMertinelli. ‘
3
~
Each of the publi,6hed
methods for pre-
dietingtwo-phasepressuredrop preeentsits
own mathod of obtainingthe frictionfactor,
It is normallyexpressedas a functionof
Reynoldsnumber as is done with single-phase
flow. ‘
‘l!he
method proposedfor %on-slipffflow
in the Universityof Houston reportis to
use the...atandard
single-phasefrictionfactor
equaitionfor turbulentflow,
f .= .00140: 0.125/(NM)0”32 (13)
The Reynoldsfn,umber,N~> equals DG/um
mass velocityass~ing homogeneousflow, and
is a mean viscosityweightedaccordidgto
,t
% e volume fractionof each phase.
The method proposedin the Lopkhart-
Martinellireport recommendsthe uee of a
flow,
f = .046/(Nm)O’2,wtiereDis the
tube diameter,G is ‘thetotal mass velocity,
~is the liquidviscosityandXis the weight
fractionof vapor at a given’potnt.
In order+to compare the various friction
factors,a plot of frictionfactorvereus
Reynoldsnumber is shown in Figures 2 and 3
for two typicaltest runs. There are 5
curve~ on each figure,.The conditionsfor
the two test runs are shown in Table 1.
Curve (10) is,a plot of frictionfactor
defined in equation(10) versus the Reynolds
number definedin equation(14). Curve+(4)
is a plot”offrictionfactorde-fined $n
equation(4) vereus the’Reynoldsnumber
defined in equa’”y (14). Curve (9,)is a
plot of friction.i
Eactordefined in equation.
(9) versus Reynolds”number defined inequa-
tion {12). Curve (11) tu a plot of friction
factoras definedby equatfon(11). Curve
(13) 1s aplotof frictionfactor as defined
by equation(13).
‘Inadditionto instantaneoid”friction
factorsdiscussedabove,mean frictionfat-
tors over the entire lengthof the line
were calculatedfor all of the test’runs.
These.dreplottedin Figure 4 in groups
correspondingto the ,curvesof Figures2,and
The svl~d line representsthe best fit
vf the data analyzedby the modtfied,Unfver-
sity of Houstonmethod as a functionof Rey-
nolds number describedin equation(14). The
equatfonof the best fit line for the mean
frfctionfactoris:
.
Ustng the mean frictionfactoras a
constantvalue, equations,(4),(9),,and(109
were ~ntegratedto find a pr%d’ictedpressure
veruus lengthcurve, The potnts along the
. . .. -- ?. . . . . -. .. ... . . .
k’ PRESSURE‘&OP IN TWO-PliASE
I%ne are plotted in IH.Gwx?5 for Test Run 2
‘usingthis method. A comparisonwith experi-
rnen~alpointd is also shown.
DISCUSSION
Xn examiningFigures2 and 3 it can be
seen that no matter which method of analysis
is used, the instantaneousfrictionfactor
exhibitsboth-aminim’um and a maximum. While
cprves (4) and (10) show an increasing R6ynolds L e’quival,ent-lengthof flow, ft.
.nbmberalong the line becauseof decreasing
mean viscosity,curve (9) shows a decreasing.
Reynoldsnumber along the Iine”since, nothing
$n Reynoldsnumber changesgreatlyexcept the ‘ NRe Reynoldsnumber,dimensionless
(1-x) term. The numberson the curves cor-
re~ponditothe number of.t.he.equatiod within
the body of the text.
At)a point near the pipe entrance,the,
frictionfactordrops to a minimum,rises
rapidly,passing througha maximum,and then
drops off again. The minimumpoint is more
pronouncedin some instancesthan in okhera
but in all cases seems to occur at a point
where vaporizationstar$s. Although tly
liquidenters the tube at saturatedconditions, p density,l/.V,lb./cu.ft.
it seems to flow as a supersaturatedsingle-
phase fluid for severalfeet before initial
vaporizationoccurs, One explanationof the
minimumpoint Is that initialvaporization
causea a sudden increasein turbulence;sweep-’
ing the liquid from the wall and thus reducing
friction,
A comparisonof curves,(4)and (10) shows
a marked differenceat the exit end of the tube y ratto of the specifics heats at constant
where velocityip high, Since ‘%on-elipt’ flow
was aseumedbut sl~ppageactuallydoes occur,
especiallyat the exit end, the true cu?e
should fall somewherebetweencurve (4) which
gives,too”large a vblocitycorrection,an-l
curve (10),which giv@S none.
This excessivecompensation for velo;ity
head also is includedin curve (9) and probably
gives valueswhich are too low at the exi.i
(low Reynoldsnumber).end. .
The experimentalmean frictionfactoreas
shown on FiguTe 4 appear to correlatebetter on
the standardfrictionfactor- Reynoldsnumber
cha’rt.However,the data’.ia considerablylow=
than the single-phasedata in the literature
as representedby curves (11) and (13}. Thii
leads to the questionof whether single-phase
correlationsshouldbe u6ed to extrapolateinto
two-phaseproblems,’It is suggestedthat equa-
tion (15) be used in place of equation(13) for
two-phaseflow problehs.
CONCLUSIONS .,’ :.
The frictionfactor;“w~inflowinga flash-
.:ingtwo=phase_fluidj.does.nQt..~sm=’$n:c@@atLt .:.University..of
but varies along the’flow path. Two-phaae
frict%onfactorsghouldbe used when perfona-
ing flow calculationiiinvolvinga flmh%ng
fluid; ratherthan relyitig on-publishedcor-
relationsfor eingle-phaseflow..
FLOW”OF”A’Fti-SriiNG
FLiJiD’
‘“-:”
---’:-’
“ ‘-””-’”SPE
992
NOMENCLATURE
A crose-sectional area for flow, sq, ft. ‘
D ci.nslde pipe diameter,ft,
I
f friction;actor,dimensionless -
gc conversionfactor,32,2 (lb, mass) ft/lb forct
Sec.2
g local gravitational- acceleration;ft.lsec, 2
G mtissvelocity,wIA, Iiblsec.-sq.ft.
p pressure,lb/sq.in.
P pressure,lb/sq.ft.
n 3,1415926---
u linearvelocity,ft.lsec, ‘ ,.
V specificvolume,cu. ft./lb. o
wmass flow rate, lbm/$ec.
x weight fractionof vapor in the two-phase’
mixture
AP/AL pressuregradientin single-phase
flow, lb./(sq,ftc)(ftc)
(A p/A L)Tp - pressuregradientin two-phase
flow, lb./(sq,ft.)(ft.)” ‘
u viscosity,l.../sec-sec.
OL ratio of the two-phasepressuregradientto
the preaaure,gradientif liquidflowedalone
in the conduit.(Parameterfrom Lockhart-
Martinelli)
0 ratio of the two-pha;ep-easuregradientto
g the pressuregradientif gas flowedin the
conduit.(Parameterfrom Lockhart-Martinelli)
F
) , Summa,ion
pressureand constantvolume
X Martinelliparameter= ratioof superfj.cial
liquidto gas.pressuredrops
j%bscriuteand Others
G,g vapor phase
f
?J,l liquidphase
m mixture
at constantheat
;P two phase
I
REFERENCES
1, “Bankoff,S. G,, 11AVariab~e-DenOitY Single-
Fluid Model for Two-PhaseFlow wi.thPar
titularReferenceto Steam-WaterFlowj’:
Trans.ASME82 265 (1960)Jour. of Heat
‘l!rans.
2.. =art, R. W., and Mart+nelli,R. C.,
IIproposedCorrelationof Data for lsO”
thermalTwo-phaseTwo-componentFlow in
Pipes,”Chem. Eng. Pro~ress,45, 39 (1949)
3. Levy, s., lI?JIheoq of .p:essure DrOP and
Heat Transferfor Two-phaseTwo-component
AnnularFlow in Pipes,ll M. S. Thesis,
.CaUfmmi.a,–B~rkeZey,..Z952.._.
‘~. AGA-APICondttee on MultiphaseFlow Joint
Research;- ProjectNR 28, Universf.ty of
lio.uston.
5.” Levy, S,f !lpre~ictiOnof Two-phasePressure
Drop and DensityDistributionfrom Mf*ing
 ,:”ANI”’DENTON
R;-WIELAND -5
Length“~eory,1!Joun. Of Heat Tranefer.Trans. Equation(4) “ISthe equationused by the
ASME, ExtensioqGEAP 3628, May, 196>, p.= authorsfor evaluatingthe instantaneoustwo-
6’. Khalil,K. H., Harkly,S. A., and Gabr, M.I., phase frictionfactor,
!lpressure Drop of ~o-phase Vapor-Liquid
Flow of PetroleumProductsin HorizonCal Lockhart-Martinelli Equation
Pipes,tfThe Ensineer,March 29, 1963.
7. McLaod,W. R,, I\pressure Drop in Two-phase In the followingderivationthe kinetic
Flow of a FlashingFluid,” M. S. Thesis, energy term is taken into considera~ionand
The Universityof Tulsa,Okl~ ‘theweightedaveragedensityis ths dansiky
8. Buthod,A. P., IlpresBunDrop fti Heaters>’t of the liquidvapor mixture.
-The Oil and Gas Journal,July 1, 1957.
9; Buthod,A. P..,?:~e~odynamicsOf TwQ- EquatLon(3) may be writtenas:
phase: Flow’in FurnaceTubes and Trtisfer 2 2
Lines,” PersonalCommunication(1962). 144 dp+ ~dV+- = O (5)
.0, Hougen,A; O., Watson,K. M., “and~gat~, ‘ c c
R. A,, llchemi~al processprtnciples-
Part Two: Thermodynamics,’l2d edi, John From Lockhart-Martinelli’a correlation
Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, April, 1962.
:1. Smith,J, M., and Van Ness, H. G., “Intro-
ductionto ChemicalEngineeringThermo- (6)
dynamics,”2d cd., McGraw-HillBqok CO., ~~
‘Inc., New York, 1959.
12, Dukler,A. E., Wicks,M., and Cleveland,
R, G,,”tlFrictiona~ I%eaaure:Dropin TWO-
phase Flow,” PersonalCommunication(1963),
Universityof Houston.
TABLE I
CONDITIONSFOR TEST RUNS NO, ~ and NO. 4
w,
Test Run ~ Test Run ~
I Substitutingequation(7) into equation(5):
~ 2; G2
-
Mass velocity,’lbslft–-sec. ~ 2~0L2 (1-x)2G2 dL=o
144 dp + ~dV+ (8)
Inlettemper?!ure, ‘F 100.5 100.5 c DgcpL ,
Inlekpressure,psi~ ;. 53.48 55.38 /
Outlet temperature,F 79*1 77.5 Dividingthroughby dp, multiplyingby
Weight fractionof propane 0.090703 0,09483
gcD
DERIVATIONOF EQUATIONS ~ , and solvingfor tha frictionfactor
. 2VmGz
For a horizontal,constantcrOsE-section~
ad~abaticflow line (dq F O),the differential
form of the Bernoulliequationis:

VdP+ udu -1-dF = O (1)“

< ,
SubstitutingFanning!sfriction. factor,u = GV (9)
and du = GdV into equation(1):
Universityof HoustonEquation
2
Vdv ~ 2fV2G2dL
VdP + ; o (2) If we neglect thekinetic.energyterm
gcD =
c in equation(4) we have a form of the Uni-
Dividingby V: ~ versityof Houston equation. However,in
2fG%dL -o this caae the frictionfactoris an instan-
dP-t&dV+— gc D (3) taneoustwo-phasefrictionfactor.
c
Ma$henaticallystated:
Solvingfor
— f, equation(.3)can be written:
A“ -1 144gD dp ““
~4i+&(?$
‘T,=% 1
.~...2VmG._< . ..:_.g~....
Cl&
) dL 1
., .~..-. .
(4)
.. ,.
‘TP “~ (—-)
2vm.G2___..
dL “
,:’ (10)
.. ,. ..... .....
The equationfor frfctionfactorwhich
where Vm a(l-x)v+xvg=
,,L
the weightedavg. is recommendedby Lackhartand Martfnelliis;
specificvolume.
 .“.
..
SPE 99-2’
‘-- ‘- -“-“
‘“PiUiSS-iTitE
‘tiROF‘IN”
‘~O=i%iSEF@W OF--A”’
F”~SHINGFLUIti’
‘--”-”-’
“’
= - 6

f = o.046/(NJ*2 , (11)

where:
NM = ~(1-X)/ ~ + (12)
.

The equationfor fr%ctionfactorwhich is

recommendedby.theUniversityof Houeton ie:
;.
f=0.0014+0,125/(NW)O’32 , (13)

,where:
I)G/pm (14)
. ‘“NSl= . .

The viecosity,pm, ia a mean visco6ity”weightkd

accordingto the volume fractionof each phase+ ;
The equationfor fri.ct~onfactorwhich
best representsthe two-phasedata of this
paper when usirtg.equation
(10),is; , -.

= 0.0,151/(NN)0”158 , (15)
‘!rP

~where:

‘RE= W/ km i (14)

I . . ..
1-
, .—: .. — —4 ---- - “”. . . .._ . ..- -.. .. . . . . . . .. . . —

. .. . . . . . . ... . . ..... ... ..-—.. ... .. . .. ... . .. .. . .. . .. .

 ,. .. ... .—. . ... . . . ... . .. . .. ...... . . . - .-—...--.
m“- ‘- “-””-”- ““” ‘- ‘“ ‘“ “--’””-
“ ‘-‘:” ‘“-’z‘ “ ‘-- ““--”’

. .
A rb’rmm
-.
?“, k t

IIA-I r’

,Wl
1

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ad nerd. w,, [., ?.,C Run 2. me “-b.,, 0“ th.
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milb”ab 4b w Wrolbmlhl?arw m w m
urigt~- Fd
mm 5. M*M9NMP km RUW9 d ‘hti.ti a. rw IW ,, ,
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