Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Cont’d
Importance
Importance of
of Solar
Solar Energy
Energy
At
Atpresent
presentso
somany
manyalternative
alternativefuels
fuelshave
havebeen
beendeveloped,
developed,still
stillthey
theyare
areable
ableto
to
meet
meetonly
onlyaasmall
smallproportion
proportionofofour
ouractual demand--The
actualdemand Theright
rightfuel
fuelmix
mix
Cont’d
Cont’d
Solar
Solar Radiation
Radiation
Solar
SolarRadiation
Radiation
Components
Components
•Ultra-Violet
•Ultra-Violet(200nm
(200nmtoto400nm)
400nm) •Near
•Nearinfra-red
infra-red(700nm
(700nmtoto1100nm)
1100nm)
8.7%
8.7% 28.1%
28.1%
••Visible
Visible(400nm
(400nmtoto700nm)
700nm) •Infrared/far-infrared
•Infrared/far-infrared(above
(above1100nm)
1100nm)
36.2%
36.2% 25.4%
25.4%
•Infra-red
•Infra-red(700nm
(700nmtoto2500nm)
2500nm)
53.1%
53.1% Silicon
SiliconPV efficientUses
PVefficient Uses
Regions
RegionsOnly
Onlyheating
heatingor
orThermo
Thermo
Photo
PhotoVoltaic
Voltaic
Solar
SolarRadiation
RadiationLevelLevel
•Average
•Averageradiation
radiationouter
outerspace
space
Voltaic
VoltaicForm
Formof
ofradiation:
radiation:
136.7mw/sq.cm
136.7mw/sq.cm Diffused
Diffusedor
orBeamed
Beamed
•Radiation
•Radiationon
onEarth
Earthsurface
surface
107mw/sq.cm Cont’d
107mw/sq.cm
Ref: Thekaekara 1977
Current
Current solar
solar energy
energy consumption
consumption
Cont’d
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL MILESTONES
MILESTONES
•• 1838
1838--Edmund
EdmundBecquerel
Becquerelobserved
observed
materials
materialswhich
whichturn
turnlight
lightinto
intoenergy
energy Mouchout‘s
Mouchout‘s Solar
Solarcollector
collector
•• 1876
1876--7878--William
WilliamAdams,
Adams,wrote
wrotethethe
first
firstbook
bookabout
aboutSolar
SolarEnergy
Energycalled:
called:AA
Substitute
SubstituteforforFuel
FuelininTropical
Tropical
Countries
Countriesandandwas
wasable
ableto topower
poweraa2.52.5
horsepower
horsepowersteamsteamengine
engine
•• 1860-
1860-Auguste
AugusteMouchout,
Mouchout,usedused
direct
directconversion
conversionof
ofsolar
solarradiation
radiation
into
intomechanical
mechanicalpower.
power.
•• 1895
1895--Aubrey
AubreyEneas
Eneasformed
formedthe
thefirst
first
Solar
SolarEnergy
Energycompany
company
•• 1904
1904--Henry
HenryWillsie
Willsiebuilt
built22huge
huge
plants
plantsininCalifornia
Californiato
tostore
storegenerated
generated
power.
power.He Hewas
wasthe
thefirst
firstto
tosuccessfully
successfully
use
usepower
powerat atnight
nightafter
aftergenerating
generatingitit
during
duringthetheday
day
Cont’d
HISTORICAL MILESTONES
•• 1954
1954-Calvin
-CalvinFuller,
Fuller,Gerald
GeraldPearson
Pearson
and
andDaryl
DarylChaplin
Chaplinof ofBell
Bell
Laboratories
Laboratoriesdiscovered
discoveredthe theuse
useofof
silicon
siliconas asaasemi-conductor,
semi-conductor,which which
led
ledtotothe
theconstruction
constructionof ofaasolar
solar
panel
panelwithwithananefficiency
efficiencyrate
rateof
of6%.
6%.
•• 1956
1956-The-Thefirst
firstcommercial
commercialsolar solarcell
cell
was
wasmade
madeavailable
availableto tothe
thepublic
publicatataa
very
veryexpensive
expensive$300$300perperwatt
watt
•• 1958-
1958-Vanguard
VanguardI Ithethefirst
firstsatellite
satellite
was
waslaunched
launchedthat thatused
usedsolar
solarenergy
energy
to
togenerate
generateelectricity.
electricity.
•• 1970-
1970-The TheEnergy
EnergyCrisis
Crisis!!(OPEC
(OPECoiloil
embargo)
embargo)Solar Solarenergy
energyhistory
historywas
was
made
madeas asthe
theprice
priceofofsolar
solarcells
cells
dropped
droppeddramatically
dramaticallyto toabout
about$20$20
per
perwatt.
watt.
Cont’d
Discover
DiscoverSolar
SolarPanels
Panels
HOW
HOWITITWORKS
WORKS
1)1) Sunlight
Sunlighthit
hitthe
thesolar
solarpanel
panel(photovoltaic/
(photovoltaic/
PV)
PV)and
andabsorbed
absorbedby bysemi-conducting
semi-conducting
materials
materialssuch
suchasassilicone.
silicone.
2)2) Electrons
Electronsareareknocked
knockedloose
loosefrom
fromtheir
their
atoms,
atoms,which
whichallow
allowthem
themtotoflow
flowthrough
throughthe
the
material
materialto toproduce
produceelectricity.
electricity.This
Thisprocess
process
isiscalled
calledthe
thephotovoltaic
photovoltaic(PV)
(PV)effect.
effect.
3)3) An
Anarray
arrayofofsolar
solarpanels
panelsconverts
convertssolar
solar
energy
energyinto
intoDCDC(direct
(directcurrent)
current)electricity.
electricity.
4)4) The
TheDC
DCelectricity
electricityenters
entersan
aninverter.
inverter.
5)5) The
Theinverter
inverterturns
turnsDC
DCelectricity
electricityinto
into120-volt
120-volt
AC
AC(alternating
(alternatingcurrent)
current)
6)6) The
TheAC
ACpower
powerenters
entersthe
theutility
utilitypanel
panelininthe
the
house.
house.
7)7) The
Theelectricity
electricity(load)
(load)isisthen
thendistributed
distributedto
to
appliances
appliancesororlights
lightsininthe
thehouse.
house.
Cont’d
Discover
DiscoverSolar
SolarPanels
Panels
HOW
HOWITITWORKS
WORKS
8)8) When
Whenmore
moresolar
solarenergy
energyisisgenerated
generatedititcan
canbebe
stored
storedininaabattery
batteryasasDC
DCelectricity
electricityand
and will
will
continue
continuetotosupply
supplyyour
yourhome
homewith
withelectricity
electricityinin
the
theevent
eventofofaapower
powerblackout
blackoutororatatnighttime.
nighttime.
9)9) When
Whenthe
thebattery
batteryisisfull
fullthe
theexcess
excesselectricity
electricitycan
can
be
beexported
exportedback
backinto
intothetheutility
utilitygrid,
grid,ififyour
your
system
systemisisconnected
connectedtotoit.it.
10)
10) Utility
Utilitysupplied
suppliedelectricity
electricitycan
canalso
alsobe
bedrawn
drawnform
form
the
thegrid
gridwhen
whennot
notenough
enoughsolar
solarenergy
energyisis
produced
produced
11)
11) The
Theflow
flowofofelectricity
electricityininand
andout
outofofthe
theutility
utilitygrid
grid
isismeasured
measuredby byaautility
utilitymeter,
meter,which
whichspins
spins
backwards
backwards(when
(whenyouyouareareproducing
producingmoremoreenergy
energy
that
thatyou
youneed)
need)andandforward
forward(when
(whenyou yourequire
require
additional
additionalelectricity
electricityfrom
fromthetheutility
utilitycompany).
company).
The
Thetwo
twoare
areoffset
offsetensuring
ensuringthatthatyou
youonly
onlypay
payfor
for
the
theadditional
additionalenergy
energyyouyouuseusefrom
fromthe theutility
utility
company.
company.This
Thissystem
systemisisreferred
referredtotoasas"net-
"net-
metering".
metering".
Cont’d
Solar
Solar Photovolatics
Photovolatics in
in India
India
•• Begun
Begunas asfar
farback
backas asininthe
themid
mid70’s
70’s
solar
solarphotovoltics
photovolticsprogramme
programmeof ofthe
the
Government
Governmentof ofIndia
Indiaisisone
oneofofthe
the
largest
largestininthe
theWorld
World
•• Reliefs
Reliefsoffered
offeredby bygovernment
governmenton on
SPV
SPVmanufacturers
manufacturersand andusers
usersof
ofSPV
SPV
based
basedproducts
products::
** 100%
100%depreciation
depreciationininthe thefirst
firstyear
yearofof
installation
installationofofthe
thesystems
systems
** No
Noexcise
exciseduty
dutyfor
formanufacturers
manufacturers
** Low
Lowimport
importtariff
tarifffor
forseveral
severalraw
raw
materials
materialsandandcomponents
components
** Soft
Softloans
loansto tousers,
users,intermediaries
intermediaries Postage
PostageStamp
Stamppublished
publishedBy
By
and
andmanufacturers.
manufacturers. India
IndiaGovernment
Government
Cont’d
Solar
Solar Photovolatics
Photovolatics in
in India
India (cont’d)
(cont’d)
Promoting
Promotinguse
useof
ofPVPVtechnology
technologytotoProvide
ProvideLighting
Lightingin
in
Villages
Villagesin
inthe
theform
formof
of::
Portable solar lanterns 10Wp SPV module lighting 7 W CFL lamp for 3
hours a day
Cont’d
PRACTICAL
PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONSOF
OFSOLAR
SOLARENERGY
ENERGY
Solar
Solarpowered
powered“Auto
“AutoRickshaw”
Rickshaw”
NASA
NASAdesigned
designedSolar
Solarpowered
powered
vehicle-
vehicle-“HELIOS”
“HELIOS”
Cont’d
PRACTICAL
PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONSOF
OFSOLAR
SOLARENERGY
ENERGY
Semi
Semiautonomous
autonomousWar
War
machine-
machine-”Odysseus”
”Odysseus”
Solar
Solarcar-
car-““Quant”
Quant”
Cont’d
PRACTICAL
PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONSOF
OFSOLAR
SOLARENERGY
ENERGY
Solar
Solarstreet
streetlight
light
Solar
Solarcooker
cookerused
usedin
in
Rural
RuralIndia
India
Cont’d
Solar Energy Advantages
• Saves you money
• After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy from the sun is
practically FREE.
• Financial incentives are available form the government that will reduce your
cost.
• Environment friendly
• It's not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is therefore not
subjected to the ever-increasing price of gasoline.
• Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal), sustainable and
helping to protect our environment.
• As we see previously ,it does no pollute air.
• Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to global warming, acid rain or
smog. It actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas
emissions. By not using any fuel, Solar Energy does not contribute to the cost
and problems of the recovery and transportation of fuel or the storage of
radioactive waste. Cont’d
Solar Energy Advantages (cont’d)
• Low/ no maintenance
• Solar Energy systems are virtually maintenance free and will last for
decades.
• Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They operate silently, have no
moving parts, do not release offensive smells and do not require you to
add any fuel. More solar panels can easily be added in the future when
your family's needs grow.
Cont’d
Solar Energy- Main Drawbacks
• The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy
system, largely because of the high cost of the semi-conducting
materials used in building one.
• The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-renewable
utility-supplied electricity.
• Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a
good level of efficiency.
• The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun,
although this problem can be overcome with the installation of
certain components. The production of solar energy is influenced
by the presence of clouds or pollution in the air. Similarly, no solar
energy will be produced during nighttime although a battery
backup system and/or net metering will solve this problem.
• As far as solar powered cars go - their slower speed might not
appeal to everyone caught up in today's rat race.
Cont’d
FINAL VERDICT
AA1-kilowatt
1-kilowatthome
homesolar
solarsystem
systemwill
willprevent
preventapproximately
approximately170
170
lbs.
lbs.of
ofcoal
coalfrom
frombeing
beingburned,
burned,300
300lbs
lbsof
ofCO2
CO2from
frombeing
being
released
releasedinto
intothe
theatmosphere
atmosphereand
and105
105gallons
gallonsof
ofwater
waterfrom
from
being
beingconsumed
consumedeacheachmonth!
month!
Tools For Adoption & Acceleration Solar
SolarEnergy
EnergyCollector
Collector
•• Penalizing
Penalizingextractive
extractiveand
andpolluting
polluting
fossil-fuel
fossil-fueleenergy
nergy
•• Create
CreateIncentives
Incentives
–– Feed-in
Feed-intariffs
tariffs
––
Solar
SolarDish
Dish
Net
Netmetering
metering
–– Rebates
Rebates
–– Consumer
Consumertaxtaxdeductions
deductions
–– Production
ProductionTax
Taxcredits
credits
•• Invest
InvestininR&D
R&D
Cont’d
Can
Can solar
solar do
do itit all?
all?
No!
But it can do much more
than it does now.
“Old guys”
guys don’t know
about
solar design.
It is up to the “New
Graduates”
Graduates
to promote solar.
Cont’d
Thank You