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NSCP 2001

✓ Are based on the safety or load-carrying capacity of structures and

include buckling, fracture, fatigue, overturning, and so on.

✓ refer to the performance of structures under normal service

loads and are concerned with the uses and/or occupancy of
structures.
✓ Serviceability is measured by considering the magnitudes of
deflections, cracks, and vibrations of structures, as well as
by considering the amounts of surface deterioration of the
concrete and corrosion of the reinforcing.

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✓ Excessive deflections of beams and slabs may cause sagging floors,

ponding on flat roofs, excessive vibrations, and even interference with
the proper operation of supported machinery

✓ One of the best ways to reduce deflections is by increasing member

depths—but designers are always under pressure to keep members as
shallow as possible.

➢ These minimum thickness values, which were developed primarily on the basis of experience
over many years, should be used only for beams and slabs that are not supporting or attached
to partitions or other members likely to be damaged by deflections.

Minimum Thickness of Solid

Non-Prestressed One-Way Slabs and Beams
BEAMS
L/16
L/18.5
L/21
L/8
▪ Expressions applicable for normal weight concrete ( 2300 kg/m³) and 𝒇𝒚 = 415 MPa. For other cases, minimum
𝒉 shall be modified
▪ For 𝒇𝒚 other than 415 MPa, the expressions in shall be multiplied by ( 𝟎.𝟒+𝒇𝒚𝟕𝟎𝟎⁄).
▪ For non-prestressed beams made of lightweight concrete having 𝒘𝒄 in the range of 1500 to 2000 kg/m3, the
expressions in Table shall be multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b):
✓ a. 𝟏.𝟔𝟓−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝒘𝒄;
✓ b. 𝟏.𝟎𝟗

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➢ The members are constructed of such a shape that they will assume
their theoretical shape under some service loading condition
(usually dead load and perhaps some part of the live load). A simple
beam would be constructed with a slight convex bend, so that under
certain gravity loads, it would become straight, as assumed in the
calculations.
➢ Camber is generally used only for longer-span members.

✓ Loads used in these expressions are unfactored loads.

In some cases, only the live load is considered; in
others, both live and dead (sustained) loads are
considered.

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➢ If the bending moment is less than the cracking moment (i.e., if the flexural
stress is less than the modulus of rupture of about 𝑓𝑟 = 0.70 𝑓𝑐 ′ , the full
uncracked section provides rigidity, and the moment of inertia for the gross
section Ig is available. When larger moments are present, different-size
tension cracks occur and the position of the neutral axis varies.

➢ For the portion of a beam where the moment is less than the cracking
moment, Mcr, the beam can be assumed to be uncracked, and the
moment of inertia can be assumed to equal Ig.
➢ When the moment is greater than Mcr, the tensile cracks that develop in
the beam will, in effect, cause the beam cross section to be reduced, and
the moment of inertia may be assumed to equal the transformed value,
Icr.
➢ A concrete section that is fully cracked on its tension side will have a
rigidity of anywhere from one-third to three-fourths of its uncracked full
section rigidity.

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Ie Where:
➢ This moment of inertia provides a transitional value between Ig and Icr
that depends upon the extent of cracking caused by applied loads.
➢ It is referred to as Ie, the effective moment of inertia, and is based on an
f =modulus of rapture of concrete MPa
r

for normal concrete;

estimation of the probable amount of cracking caused by the varying
moment throughout the span2:
𝑓𝑟 = 0.7 λ 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝟑 𝟑
𝑴𝒄𝒓 𝑴𝒄𝒓
𝑰𝒆 = 𝑰𝒈 + 𝟏 − 𝑰𝒄𝒓
𝑴𝒂 𝑴𝒂
Where: f =modulus of rapture of concrete MPa
r

for lightweight aggregate;

I is the centroidal gross amount of inertia (without considering the steel) of
g

the section If fct is given: use 1.8fct for 𝒇𝒄 ′

𝒇𝒓 𝑰𝒈 But not exceed 𝒇𝒄 ′
Mcr is the cracking moment =
𝒚𝒕
If fct is not given: fr shall be multiplied
Ma is the maximum service-load moment occurring for the condition by:
under consideration
Icr is the transformed moment of inertia of the cracked section 0.75 for all lightweight concrete

0.85 for sand lightweight

➢ The factors affecting deflection increases include humidity, temperature,

curing conditions, compression steel content, ratio of stress to strength,
and the age of the concrete at the time of loading.

The code states that to estimate the increase in deflection due to these causes,
the part of the instantaneous deflection that is due to sustained loads may be
multiplied by the empirically derived factor λ.
𝝃
𝝀= Where:
𝟏 + 𝟓𝟎𝝆′
In this expression, which is applicable to both normal- and lightweight
𝑨𝒔′
concrete, ξ is a time-dependent factor that may be determined; 𝝆′ =
𝒃𝒅
to be computed at midspan for
simple and continuous spans, and at
the supports for cantilevers

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∗Limit not intended to safeguard against

ponding. Ponding should be checked by
suitable calculations of deflection,
including added deflections due to
ponded water, and considering long-term
effects of all sustained loads, camber,
Maximum Permissible Computed Deflections
construction tolerances, and reliability of
provisions for drainage.

†Long-term deflection shall be determined

in accordance with Section 5.9.5.2.5 or
Section 5.9.5.4.2 but may be reduced by
the amount of deflection calculated to
occur before attachment of nanostructured
elements. This amount shall be
determined on the basis of accepted
engineering data relating to time-
deflection characteristics of members
similar to those being
considered.

‡Limit may be exceeded if adequate

measures are taken to prevent damage to
supported or attached elements.

§But not greater than tolerance provided

for nonstructural elements. Limit may be
exceeded if camber is provided so that
total deflection minus camber does not
exceed limit.

The full dead load of a structure can be classified as a

sustained load.

But the type of occupancy will determine the percentage of

live load that can be called sustained;

20% to 30%= Apartment house or office building of service

live load

70% to 80%= service live load of a warehouse

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Example Problem 18:

The concrete beam 8 m long is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep

carries a dead load of 11 kN/m including its own weight and a
live load of 15 kN/m. The beam is reinforced for tension only with
4-25 mm diameter bars with an effective depth to tension bars of
530 mm.

Use: fy= 344.8 Mpa , fc’= 20.7 Mpa, fr=2.832 MPa, N=9, Ec= 21,650
MPa, Es= 200 GPa

a. Compute the maximum instantaneous deflection for DL + LL

b. Compute the deflection for the same loads after 5 years

assuming that 30% of live loads is sustained

Example Problem 19:

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For instance, at the center of the span

at Section 1–1 where the positive moment is
largest, the web is cracked and the effective
section consists of the hatched section plus the
tensile reinforcing in the bottom of the web.

At Section 2–2 in the figure, where the largest

negative moment occurs, the flange is cracked
and the effective section consists of the hatched
part of the web (including any compression steel
in the bottom of the web) plus the tensile bars in
the top.

Finally, near the points of inflection,

the moment will be so low that the beam will
probably be uncracked, and thus the whole cross
section is effective, as shown for Section 3–3 in
the figure.

➢ It is permitted to calculate Mu and Vu

due to gravity loads in accordance with
this section for continuous beams and
one-way slab satisfying;

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➢ Tensile stresses induced by loads, moments, shears, and

torsion cause distinctive crack patterns.
➢ Members loaded in direct tension crack right through the
entire cross section, with a crack spacing ranging from 0.75 to
2 times the minimum thickness of the member.
➢ In the case of a very thick tension member with reinforcement
in each face, small surface cracks develop in the layer
containing the reinforcement (Fig. a). These join in the center
of the member. As a result, for a given total change in length,
the crack width at B is greater than at A.

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➢ For Members subjected to bending moments develop flexural

cracks, as shown in Fig. b.
➢ These vertical cracks extend almost to the zero-strain axis
(neutral axis) of the member.
➢ In a beam with a web that is more than 3 to 4 ft high, the
cracking is relatively closely spaced at the level of the
reinforcement, with several cracks joining or disappearing
above the reinforcement, as shown in Fig. b. Again, the crack
width at B will frequently exceed that at A.

➢ Cracks due to shear have a characteristic inclined shape, as

shown in Fig. c.
➢ Such cracks extend upward as high as the neutral axis and
sometimes into the compression zone.

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➢ Torsion cracks are similar.

➢ In pure torsion, they spiral around the beam. In a normal beam,

where shear and moment also act, they tend to be pronounced on
the face where the flexural shear stresses and the shear stresses
due to torsion add, and less pronounced (or even absent) on the
opposite face, where the stresses counteract (Fig. d).

➢ Bond stresses lead to splitting along the reinforcement, as shown in

Fig. e.
➢ Concentrated loads will sometimes cause splitting cracks or “bursting
cracks” of the type shown in Fig. f.

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➢ Cracks also develop in response to imposed deformations, such as

differential settlements, shrinkage, and temperature differentials.
➢ If shrinkage is restrained, as in the case of a thin floor slab attached
at each end to stiff structural members, shrinkage cracks may
occur.
➢ A frequent cause of cracking in structures is restrained
contraction resulting from the cooling down to ambient
temperatures of very young members that expanded under the heat
of hydration, which developed as the concrete was setting.

➢ The ACI Code crack-control limits were based on a maximum crack

width of 0.016 in. for interior exposure and 0.013 in. for exterior
exposure.
➢ ACI Code handle crack widths indirectly by limiting the maximum
bar spacings and bar covers for beams and one-way slabs.

Where:

s= is the bar spacing in millimeters

fs=is the service-load bar stress in MPa, and
Cc= is the clear cover from the nearest surface of the concrete in the
tension zone to the surface of the flexural-tension reinforcement, in
inches or mm

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NSCP 2001

Reference to NSCP 2001

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✓ Tensile strength of concrete is less than its shearing strength, the

concrete will fail in tension before its shearing strength is reached
✓ Diagonal principal tensile stresses, called diagonal tension, occur at
different places and angles in concrete beams, and they must be
carefully considered. If they reach certain values, additional reinforcing,
called web reinforcing, must be supplied.

✓ By the traditional theory for homogeneous, elastic, uncracked beams, we

can calculate the shear stresses,𝜈
𝑽𝑸
𝝊=
𝑰𝒃

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❖ DIAGONAL TENSION FAILURE

❑ Diagonal tension failure usually occur when the shear span is greater
than 3d or 4d;

❖ Shear-Compression Failure
❑ Shear-compression failure occurs when the shear span is from d to
2.5d.

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❖ Splitting- True Shear Failure

❑ Splitting failure occurs when the shear span is less than the effective
depth.

This is permitted only when:

1. the support reaction, in the direction

of the applied shear, introduces
compression into the end regions of a
member,

2. the loads are applied at or near the

top of the beam, and

▪ For nonprestressed members, sections located less than a distance d from the 3. no concentrated load occurs within d
face of the support may be designed for the same shear, Vu as that computed from the face of the support.
at a distance d.

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❑ The basic code requirement on shear strength is that the factored shear
for Vu shall be equal or less than the design shear 𝝓𝑽𝒏, or:

𝑽𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑽𝒏
❑ The nominal shear resistance is

𝑽 𝒏 = 𝑽𝒄 + 𝑽𝒔
Where:
Vc is the shear carried by the concrete
Vs is the shear carried by the stirrups
Vu shear force due to the factored loads

∅ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓, 𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏, ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑵𝑺𝑪𝑷 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎

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Vc

❖ SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION OF Vc:

❑ Members Subject for Shear and Flexure only

𝒇𝑪 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 =
𝟔
❑ Members Subject for Axial Compression

𝒇𝑪 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏+
𝟔 𝟏𝟒𝑨𝒈

❑ Members Subject for Axial Tension

𝒇𝑪 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝑵𝒖
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏+
𝟔 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝑨𝒈

Vc

❖ SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION OF Vc:

∅ 𝒇𝒄 ′
❑ Section where factored Torsional moment, Tu > σ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝟐𝟎

𝒇𝒄 ′𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟔
𝟐
𝑻𝒖
𝟏 + 𝟐. 𝟓𝑪𝒕
𝑽𝒖

Where:

Nu= factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously

with Vu to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension,
and to include effects of tension due to creep and shrinkage.

Ag= gross area of section in mm²

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Vs

When, 𝑽𝑼 > ∅𝑽𝑪 Shear reinforcement shall be provided, solve Vs ✓ If s is the stirrup spacing, the number of
stirrups cut by the crack is d/s.
❑ When Shear Reinforcement perpendicular to axis of member is ✓ Assuming that all the stirrups yield at
used failure, the shear resisted by the stirrups
𝑨𝒗 𝒇 𝒚 𝒅 𝟐 is
𝑽𝒔 = ≤ 𝒇 ′𝒃 𝒅 𝑨𝒗 𝒇 𝒚 𝒅
𝒔 𝟑 𝒄 𝒘
𝑽𝒔 =
𝒔

Where:
Av= Area of shear reinforcement within a
distance s; Av= 2Ab for U Stirrups
𝛼 =0

Vs

When, 𝑽𝑼 > ∅𝑽𝑪 Shear reinforcement shall be provided, solve Vs

❑ When inclined stirrups are used as a shear reinforcement,

𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 sin 𝜶 + cos 𝜶 𝟐
𝑽𝒔 = ≤ 𝒇 ′𝒃 𝒅
𝒔 𝟑 𝒄 𝒘

Where:
Av= Area of shear reinforcement
within a distance s; Av= 2Ab for
U Stirrups
𝛼 =Angle between inclined
stirrups and longitudinal axis
member.

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❑ Maximum Spacing of Stirrups, S

,s

When, 𝑽𝑼 > ∅𝑽𝑪 :

𝑽𝒖 𝟐
𝑽𝒔 = − 𝑽𝒄 ≤ 𝒇 ′𝒃 𝒅
∅ 𝟑 𝒄 𝒘
❑ Spacing of Stirrups, S

𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚 𝒅
𝒔≤ 𝟏
𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝒇 ′𝒃 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 𝟑 𝒄 𝒘
✓ If s<25 mm, increase the value of Av by either using 𝒅
bigger size or adding more shear area. 𝒔= 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟐

𝑽𝒖 𝟐 𝟏
𝑽𝒔 = − 𝑽𝒄 > 𝒇 ′𝒃 𝒅 𝑽𝒔 > 𝒇 ′𝒃 𝒅
∅ 𝟑 𝒄 𝒘 𝟑 𝒄 𝒘
𝒅
𝒔= 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎
✓ Not acceptable, adjust the size of the beam 𝟒

,s
𝟏
When, 𝑽𝑼 < ∅𝑽𝑪 , 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝑽𝒖 > 𝟐 ∅𝑽𝒄 :

❑ Minimum Spacing of Stirrups, S

𝟑𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚
𝒔≤
𝒃𝒘
❑ Maximum Spacing of Stirrups, S

𝒅
𝒔= 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟐

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Example Problem 20:

A Simply supported reinforced concrete beam with a

width of 230 mm and an effective depth of 500 mm has
a span of 6 m.
The beam carries a live load of 18 kN/m and a dead
load of 9 kN/m including its own weight.
Using 10 mm diameter stirrups, determine the required
spacing near the support. Use fy= 345 Mpa, and fc’= 28
MPa

Example Problem 21:

Design the spacing of a 10mm U-stirrups for the beam

as shown in the figure. DL= 60 kN/m and LL= 87 kN/m.
Use fy= 27.6 Mpa and fy= 414 Mpa

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