DCP ( Dynamic Cone penetration )

@ surface
number Cummulative Penetrat mean penetration/ Approximate Bearing Equivalent
of blows number of ion depth blow (mm) depth (mm) Pressure CBR %
blows reading (mm) (kPa)
(mm)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 34 34 34 34 59 6

1 2 62 28 28 62 76 7

1 3 87 25 25 87 88 8

1 4 114 27 27 114 80 8

1 5 153 39 39 153 49 3

1 6 171 18 18 171 125 12

1 7 181 10 10 181 250 22

2 9 200 19 10 200 250 22

2 11 216 16 8 216 315 30

5 16 260 44 9 260 280 26

5 21 317 57 11 317 225 20

5 26 405 88 18 405 125 12

3 29 465 60 20 465 110 10

3 32 541 76 25 541 88 8

2 34 604 63 32 604 63 6

1 35 641 37 37 641 53 6
1 36 676 35 35 676 57 6

1 37 710 34 34 710 59 6

1 38 741 31 31 741 66 6

1 39 772 31 31 772 66 6

1 40 805 33 33 805 61 6

1 41 842 37 37 842 53 6

1 42 874 32 32 874 63 6

1 43 905 31 31 905 66 6

1 44 935 30 30 935 69 6

1 45 966 31 31 966 66 6

1 46 997 31 31 997 66 6

DCP Graph at Surface

Cumulative Number of Blows
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0

200
Depth of Penetration (mm)

400

600

800

1000

1200

@ 900m
number Cumulative Penetration mean pen/blow approximate Bearing equivalent
of blows reading depth (mm) depth (mm) Pressure CBR %
Number of (mm) (mm) (kPa)
Blows

0 0 5 5 0 900 0 0

1 1 58 53 53 953 34 3

1 2 120 62 62 1015 28 3

1 3 181 61 61 1076 28 3

1 4 240 59 59 1135 31 3

1 5 296 56 56 1191 31 3

1 6 364 68 68 1259 25 3

1 7 411 47 47 1306 41 4

1 8 460 49 49 1355 39 4

1 9 497 37 37 1392 53 6

1 10 526 29 29 1421 72 7

1 11 550 24 24 1445 92 9

2 13 583 33 17 1478 135 12

3 16 613 30 10 1508 250 22

5 21 654 41 9 1546 280 26

5 26 682 28 6 1577 500 43

5 31 710 28 6 1605 500 43

5 36 740 30 6 1635 500 43

5 41 781 41 9 1676 280 26

5 46 822 41 9 1717 280 26

5 51 871 49 10 1766 250 22

3 54 900 29 10 1795 250 22

2 56 925 25 13 1820 180 17

2 58 952 27 14 1847 165 16

2 60 970 18 9 1865 280 26

DCP at 900 mm
Cumulative Number of Blows
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0

200

400
Depth of Penetration (mm)

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

@ 1750m
number Cumulative Penetration mean pen/blow approximate Bearing equivalent
of reading depth (mm) depth (mm) Pressure CBR %
blows Number of (mm) (mm) (kPa)
Blows

0 0 0 0 0 1750 - -
1 1 8 8 8 1758 315 30

1 2 18 10 10 1768 250 22

5 7 62 44 9 1812 280 26

5 12 90 28 6 1840 500 43

5 17 131 41 9 1881 280 26

5 22 205 74 15 1955 155 14

5 27 276 71 15 2026 155 14

5 32 323 47 10 2073 250 22

5 37 368 45 9 2118 280 26

5 42 445 77 16 2195 145 13

5 47 490 45 9 2240 280 26

5 53 502 12 3 2252 800 74

5 58 514 12 3 2264 800 74

 DCP at 1750 mm
Cummulative Number of Blows
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0

500
Depth of Penetration(mm)

1000

1500

2000

2500

Conclusion
According to the DCP graphs above, the strength of the soil increases with depth as indicated by
the increase in number of blows applied and minimum depth of penetration. This is because with
increase in depth the soil type changed from clayey to gravel clayey.

From the results above, the minimum bearing capacity at depth 1750m is 145kPa and the
maximum is 800kPa. For construction purposes the foundation can be constructed at this depth.

Compaction
At 1000mm

Mould number 44 15 3 4

Mass of mould (𝒎𝟏 ) (g) 4638 4424 4501 4438

Mould + wet sample (m2) (g) 8669 8624 8886 8

Mass of wet sample (g) 4031 4424 4501 4407

Wet density (kg/𝒎𝟑 ) 1.794 1.865 1.95 1.88

Water added (ml) 700 800 900 1000

Tare number 14 7 5A P

Tare mass (g) 275 273 275 277

Mass of tare + wet soil (g) 675 673 675 677

Mass of tare + dry soil (g) 639 633 628 629

Mass of dry soil (g) 364 360 353 352

Mass of water (g) 36 40 47 48

Moisture content (%) 9.9 11.1 13.3 14.2

Dry density (kg/𝒎𝟑 ) 1.632 1.679 1.724 1.65

 1730
1724
1720

1710

1700
Dry Density (g/m3)

1690

1680

1670

1660

1650

1640

1630

1620
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14
Moisture Content mC

CONCLUSION
The optimum moisture content = 13.25%

 = 0.133
The corresponding value of maximum dry density = 1.726 kgm-3
The dry density increased as the moisture content increased up to an optimum value of moisture content
of 13.25%, thus where we have the maximum value of dry density. A further increase in moisture content
caused a decrease in dry density. At maximum dry density of 1.726kgm-3, the highest binding of material
is achieved and for pavement design and foundation when using this type of soil as fill material, there is
need to compact to a level which gives at least 95% (MODASHTTO) of the dry density obtained from the
practical for it to sustain loads from moving vehicles and loads from different structural units, as well as
minimizing later settlement of the structure or the pavement.
AFTER CBR TEST

Mould 44

Penetration (mm) Gauge reading Load /N % CBR

0,5 9 207

1.0 20 460

1.5 31 713

2.0 39 897

2.5 48 1104 8.332

3.0 54 1242

4.0 65 1495

5.0 74 1702 8.510

7.5 90 2070

10.0 105 2415

12.5 120 2760

 load vs penetration curve for mould number 44
3000

2500

2000
loa d/(N)

1500

1000

500

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
penetration (mm)

Mould 15

Penetration Deflections Load CBR (%)

0.5 6 138

1.0 20 460

1.5 38 874

2.0 56 1288

2.5 70 1610 12.151

3.0 81 1863

4.0 100 2300

 5.0 114 2622 13.110

7.5 141 3243

10.0 163 3749

12.5 183 4209

200
LOAD VS PENETRATION CURVE FOR MOULD 15

180

160

140

120

100
LOAD(N)

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PENETRATION /(MM)
Mould 3

Penetration (mm) Gauge reading Load /N % CBR

0,5 10 230

1.0 23 529

1.5 36 828

2.0 47 1081

2.5 55 1265 9.547

3.0 61 1403

4.0 69 1587

5.0 74 1702 8.510

7.5 85 1955

10.0 95 2185

12.5 104 2392

 LOAD VS PENETRATION CURVE FOR MOULD 3

120

100

80
LOAD(N)

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PENETRATION /(MM)

Mould 4

Penetration (mm) Gauge reading Load /N % CBR

0,5 15 345
1.0 37 851

1.5 62 1426

2.0 84 1932

2.5 102 2346 17.706

3.0 119 2737

4.0 146 3358

5.0 172 3956 19.780

7.5 217 4991

10.0 252 5796

12.5 281 6463

 LOAD VS PENETRATION CURVE FOR MOULD 4

300

250

200
LOAD(N)

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PENETRATION /(MM)

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
The load was calculated as follows

Load = gauge reading × 23

And the percentage of loads at 2.5 mm and 5 mm penetration were calculated using the formulas
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
% CBR at 2.5mm = 13250 × 100

𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
% CBR at 5 mm = 20000 × 100

Sieve Analysis
Wet Sieving
@1000mm

Mass of sample before washing (g) 500

Mass of sample after washing (g) 111.7

Mass of sample passing through 75µm sieve (g) 388.3

@2000mm

Mass of sample before washing (g) 500

Mass of sample after washing (g) 291.1

Mass of sample passing through 75µm sieve (g) 208.9

@ 1000mm

Sieve size Mass Retained Percentage Cumulative Percentage

(mm) (g) Retained (%) Percentage Passing (%)
Retained (%)

4.750 0 0 0 100

2.360 0.42 0.08 0.08 99.92

1.180 1.51 0.30 0.38 99.62

0.600 11.44 2.29 2.67 97.33

0.300 25.24 5.05 7.72 92.28

0.150 34.90 6.98 14.70 85.30

0.075 32.36 6.47 21.17 78.83

-0.075D 5.83 1.17 22.34 77.66

-0.075W 388.3 77.66 100 0

0.075 394.13 78.83 - -

@2000m

Sieve size (mm) Mass Retained Percentage Cumulative Percentage

(g) Retained (%) Percentage Passing (%)
Retained (%)

4.750 5.34 1.07 1.07 98.93

2.360 8.92 1.78 2.85 97.15

1.180 40.74 8.15 11.00 89.00

0.600 68.16 13.63 24.63 75.37

0.300 52.59 10.52 35.15 64.85

0.150 54.36 10.87 46.02 53.98

0.075 56.48 11.30 57.32 42.68

-0.075D 4.51 0.90 58.22 41.78

-0.075W 208.90 41.78 100 0

0.075T 213.41 42.68 - -

Atterburg Limits

Liquid Limit

@900m
Experiment (15-25 blows range) (25-35 blows range)

Number of Blows 16 35

Tare Number 273 330

Tare Mass 12.89 12.89

Mass of tare + wet soil 70.41 70.47

Mass of tare + dry soil 53.40 55.00

Mass of water 17.01 15.47

Mass of dry soil 40.51 42.11

Moisture Content 0.41989 0.36737

Moisture Content (%) 42 37

Plastic Limit

@900m
Experiment 1 2 3

Tare Number 256 391 94

Tare Mass 12.96 12.82 12.76

Mass of tare + wet 17.54 17.45 17.30

soil

Mass of tare + dry 16.70 16.60 16.40

soil

Mass of water 0.84 0.85 0.90

Mass of dry soil 3.74 3.78 3.94

Moisture Content 0.224 0.225 0.247

Moisture Content 22.50 22.5 24.7

(%)

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙−𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑢 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙

PLASTIC Limit (PL) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙−𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

Determination of the Plasticity Index (PL):

Plasticity Index = Average Liquid Limit – Average Plastic Limit

PL = LL – PL

@ 1000m

Pl =

Shrinkage Limit

@1000m
Experimental Number 1 2

Initial Length 150 150

Final Length 138 138

Shrinkage Limit

@2000m
Experimental Number 1 2

Initial Length 150 150

Final 141 145

Conclusion
From the Lab work we did, we reliased that at 2m the soil is not plastic (liquid limit and plastic
limit failed ). Only shrinkage limit could be done.from the results at 1m the soil is fine grained
and is plastic.

Shear Box test

Penetration At 5kg load At 10kg load At 15kg load At 20kg load

0.5 93 119 185 270

1.0 135 188 265 375

1.5 162 254 321 455

2.0 186 312 365 525

2.5 204 356 412 594

3.0 225 388 456 656

3.5 243 409 501 713

4.0 264 428 545 760

4.5 277 449 587 808

5.0 292 464 617 857

5.5 301 483 650 899

6.0 312 500 682 942

6.5 319 519 707 980

7.0 326 535 732 1014

7.5 330 543 755 1043

8.0 331 552 778 1069

8.5 - 561 797 1087

9.0 - 565 812 1101

9.5 - 573 830 1132

10.0 - 578 846 1165

10.5 - 582 856 1187

11.0 - 862 1197

Load (kg) 5 10 15 20

Normal 243 380 518 655

stress KN/m2

Shear stress 69 121 180 249

KN/m2

Area of shear box = 0.0036𝑚2

Normal pressure 𝑃𝑛 is given by

205 505
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑊ℎ + (𝑊𝑏 +) + (𝑥 + 0.94)
50 50
Where 𝑥 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
Mass of loading yoke and hanger, 𝑊ℎ =7.73kg
Mass of beam,𝑊𝑏 = 5.205𝑘𝑔
Mass of beam hanger,𝑊𝑗 = 0.94𝑘𝑔
505
Beam ratio = 50

𝑛 𝑃
Normal stress 𝜎𝑛 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 × 0.00980
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 60𝑥60 = 3600𝑚𝑚2 = 0.0036𝑚²

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ×𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Shear stress = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.00134

Test1: 5kg
205
Normal pressure 𝑃𝑛 = 7.73 + (5.02 ∗ ) + 10.1(5 + 0.94)
50
 =88.31

88.31
Normal stress 𝜎𝑛 = 0.0036 x0.009 8 =240.40

0.00134 ×370
Shear stress = =137.72
0.0036

Test 2 :10kg

205
Normal pressure 𝑃𝑛 = 7.73 + (5.02 ∗ ) + 10.1(10 + 0.94)
50

=138.806

𝑝𝑛
Normal stress 𝜎𝑛 = 0.0036 𝑥0.009 8 =377.86

0.00134 ×727
Shear stress = =270.61
0.0036

Test 3: 15kg

205
Normal pressure 𝑃𝑛 = 7.73 + (5.02 ∗ ) + 10.1(15 + 0.94)
50

=189.306

𝑝𝑛
Normal stress 𝜎𝑛 = 0.0036 0.009 8 =515.33

0.00134 ×909
Shear stress = =338.35
0.0036

Test 4: 20kg

205
Normal pressure 𝑃𝑛 = 7.73 + (5.02 ∗ ) + 10.1(20 + 0.94)
50

=239.806
 𝑝𝑛
Normal stress 𝜎𝑛 = 0.0036 =652.81
0.00134 ×1212
Shear stress = =451.13
0.0036

Test Applied pressure Normal stress Shear stress

1:5kg 88.31 240.40 137.72

2:10kg 138.806 377.86 270.61

3:15kg 189.306 515.33 338.35

4:20kg 239.806 652.81 451.13

The variation of normal stress against shear stress is shown in a graph below

Shear stress vrs Normal stress

500

y = 0.6189x + 17.011
400
shear sress (KN/m²)

300

200

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
normal stress (KN/m²)

Conclusion.
Apparent cohesion = 17.011𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Angle of shearing resistance =31.75degrees.
From the table below the shear strength parameters resembles CL (low plasticity clay).