Nicholas – Grade 8 Grace

ICT REVIEW SA SEM 2

1. What is a computer model?
• A computer model is a compute program that attempts to simulate a real-life
system. In other words, it is a ‘virtual’ version of something in the real-world.
• The computer model is designed to behave just like the real-life system. The
more accurate the model, the closer it matches real-life.
2. Why do we prefer computer model simulation rather than human testing?
• To test a system without having to create the system for real (Building real-life
systems can be expensive, and take a long time)
• To predict what might happen to a system in the future (An accurate model
allows us to go forward in virtual time to see what the system will be doing in the
future.
• To train people to use a system without putting them at risk (Learning to fly an
airplane is very difficult and mistake will be made. In a real plane mistakes could
be fatal!)
• To investigate a system in great detail (A model of a system can be zoomed
in/out or rotated. Time can be stopped, rewound, etc.)
3. What are the examples of computer modelling?
• Designing Safer Cars
i. A computer model of a car can be used to test how safe the design of the car is
in a crash.
ii. The virtual car can be crashed over and over again, the effects investigated and
the design easily changed until it is as safe as possible.
iii. This is much quicker and cheaper than building and crashing real cars!
• Weather Forecasting
i. A computer model of a weather system can be used to predict storms.
ii. The wind patterns, temperatures, etc. for the whole planet are simulated using
very powerful computers. If the computer model is accurate (it is very difficult
to make an accurate model since our planet is rather big) then weather
forecasters can use it to ‘fast-forward’ into the future to see a prediction of
what the weather will be tomorrow, next week, next month
iii. (Since weather is so complex, and the models are not (yet) accurate enough,
often the weather forecast is wrong!)
• Building Better Bridges
i. A computer model of a bridge can be used to test the design.
ii. Bridges have to be able to survive extreme weather conditions. It’s obvious not
practical to build a real bridge and then wait to see if it falls down in a storm.
Instead, a computer model of the bridge is created and tested in virtual
storms.

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iii. If the model breaks, it can be quickly and cheaply re-designed and re-tested. If
it doesn’t break, the real bridge can be built, confident that it will survive real
storms.
iv. Bridges can also be tested to see if they can cope with heavy traffic. The
virtual bridge can be loaded with a traffic jam of virtual trucks to check that it
won’t collapse.
v. A similar system is used by building designers, especially for very large or tall
buildings, such as skyscrapers.
• Running a Business
i. A computer model of a business can be used to help predict future profits.
ii. If the working of a business can be modelled accurately, in particular the
financial systems, then these models can be used to make predictions. The
models are used to help answer ‘what if…?’ type questions, e.g. “What if we
decrease the workforce by 15%? Will our profits increase or decrease?”
iii. Based on the answers that the model gives, the managers of the business can
make decisions.
• Training Pilots to Fly an Airplane
i. Trainee pilots have many hours of lessons in flight simulators before being
allowed to fly a real airplane.
ii. Flight simulators behave almost exactly like real airplanes since they are
controlled by a computer with a very accurate and realistic model of the
airplane. The main difference is that the simulator can’t actually crash!
iii. Pilots can make mistakes without putting anyone’s life at risk.
iv. Flight simulators can provide a pilot with any number of highly realistic flying
situations: storms, engine failures, low cloud hiding the runway, etc.
v. The experience that pilots gain whilst using the simulator means that when
they eventually start flying real airplanes, they already have many of the
required skills.
There are also car simulators that are used to help train learner drivers, and also ship
simulators to help ship captains learn how to navigate and maneuver large ships such
as oil tankers.
4. What is an Expert System and describe the components.
An expert system is a computer software that attempts to act like a human expert
on a particular subject area.
• A user interface – This is the system that allows a non-expert user to
query(question) the expert system, and to receive advice. The user-interface is
designed to be a simple to use as possible
• A knowledge base – This is a collection of facts and rules. The knowledge base
is created from information provided by human experts/

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• An interface engine – This acts rather like a search engine, examining the
knowledge base for information that matches the user’s query.

5. What are the advantages/benefit and disadvantages of online shopping.?

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Convenience • Negative Environmental Impact of

• Better prices Packaging and Gas
• More variety • Shipping Problems and Delays
• Easy to send gifts • Risk of Fraud
• More control • Less Contact with you Community
• Easy price comparisons • Spending too much time online
• No Crowds • Returns can be complicated
• No Sales Pressure • You don’t know exactly what you’re
• Access to Used or Damaged getting
Inventory • Unfriendly, scammy, or complicated
• Privacy for Discreet Purchases websites
• No Sales Assistance
• No support for Local Resellers

6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of implanting industrial robots in

factories? What are the benefits for the company and employee?

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Robots can work 24 hours a day, • Robots cannot easily adapt to

every day, with no breaks
• Robots don’t need to be paid a wage
(so money is saved)
• Robots are extremely accurate
compared to humans, so product
quality is high
• Robots can perform tasks more
quickly than humans, so more
products can be made.
• Factories with robots don’t need to
be heated or even have the lights on,
and they don’t need food (so lower
day-today costs)
unusual conditions like a human can
(e.g. if an item on the line is not in
the correct place, a human worker
would notice and correct it)
• People are made unemployed
because robots are doing their jobs
(however some new jobs are created
– looking after the robots – and
some employees can be restrained)
• People are deskilled (this means
that, because the robots are doing
the complex, skilled tasks that the
people used to do, the people are
left doing simple, boring jobs)

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• Robots can work in very
dangerous/unhealthy conditions
(e.g. with dangerous chemicals)
• Robots don’t get bored/hate their
job!
• The robots are very expensive, and it
can take several years to pay for
them (paying with the savings made
by not paying any wages)

7. What is the process of an ATM?

• A customer identifies him/himself and their bank account by using a bank card.
The card is inserted into the ATM where it is read by a magnetic strip reader or a
smart card reader. The customer also types a secret PIN into the ATM’s numeric
keypad to confirm that they are the real owner of the card.
8. What are the features of an ATM machine?
• Withdrawing cash
• Depositing money
• Checking the balance of accounts
• Transferring money between accounts
• Paying bills
9. Why would people rather use the ATM machine rather than going to the bank?
• ATMs are often available 24/7. The tellers are not. ATMs can do most things you
could do via online banking or at a teller anyway.
• Because more people are using online banking, they need to go into branches for
only the more complicated transactions… so you have to wait.
10. Turtle commands:
• fd() – move forward
• bk() – move backward
• rt() – rotate clockwise
• lt() – rotate anti-clockwise
• pendown() – visible line
• penup() – make line not visible
• reset() – set x and y coordinates to (0,0)
• showturtle() – to show turtle
• hideturtle() – to hide turtle
11. What are the input and output process of a booking system?
• Input – are booking requests
• Process – involves checking if bookings are possible, and if bookings are
possible, and if so, making the bookings
• Output – are booking a confirmations/rejections.

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12. Advantages and Disadvantages of online booking system

Advantages Disadvantages

• Can be done online • Requires more fees than going to

• Can be done in any part of the world.
• Payment is done online with the use
of debit and credit card
• Can do seat reservation and online
checking in of baggage
the airline ticket agency
• Online taxes and other fees usually
apply
• Problem with the advantage of using
credit debit card for other
transaction

13. Applications of computers in retail industry.

• Point of Sales
• EFTPOS (Electronic Fund Transfer)
• Internet Shopping
14. What is HTML?
• Hyper Text Markup Language
• It is a text-based language used to develop the content layer of websites.
15. What is CSS?
• Cascading Stylesheet
• Style are created and added to web pages. CSS can be written (embedded) into
HTML but it is usually created in a separate file saved with a .css file extension.
16. What is Internet?
• The internet is a world-wide network that has grown and evolved from an
experimental network (ARPAnet) created by the US military back in the 1960s.
The Internet connects millions of people, and thousands of business,
governments, schools, universities and other organizations.
17. What is a web browser?
• A web browser is a software program which allows the user to retrieve and
display web pages (and other resources) from the world wide web.
18. What is search engine?
• A program in the web that indexes web pages from the whole internet.
• (ex: www.google.com, www.bing.com, and etc.)
19. What are the three development layers in a webpage?
• The content layers (sometimes called the structure layer) – The structure or
content layer of a web page is the underlying HTML code of the webpage.
• The presentation layers – This layer dictates how a structured HTML document
will appear based on the design the user has designed
• The behaviour layer (which often involves script languages.) – makes a website
interactive, allowing the page to respond to user actions

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20. All of the known function in HTML

• <!DOCTYPE> - identifier whether it’s a HTML5 format or a HTML format
• <html></html> - html ending and starting of document.
• <title></title> - the title of each webpage in a website
• <body></body> - define the document’s body
• <table></table> - forms a table structure
• <button></button> - forms a button in the webpage.
• <tr></tr> - table’s row
• <td></td> - table’s column
• <colspan></colspan> - combines table cells to the right or left
• <rowspan></rowspan> - combines table cells to the bottom or top.
• <center></center> - align an element to be center
• <p></p> - to insert a paragraph
• <h1></h1> → <h6></h6> - defines heading size <h1> is the biggest <h6 is the
smallest.
• <b></b> - bold a character in a text form
• <u></u> - underlines a character.
• <i></i> - forms a character into italics.
• <img src=”%destination%” alt=””> - inserting an image; if image failed to load than
alternative will show up.
• <div></div> - an element in HTML to group other elements. Mostly used as a
container in the HTML to easily configure the whole webpage.
• <style></style> - located in the head element as the CSS of the webpage.
• <ul></ul> - inserts an unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets
(customizable using the attributes type = “preffered_symbol” after <ul “here”)
• <ol></ol> - inserts an ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to
list your items.
• <dl></dl> - inserts a definition list. This arranges items in the same way as they
are arranged in a dictionary.
• <form></form> - insert a structure of a form (such as textboxes, buttons, and
etc.)
• <input></input> - inserts a textbox with minimal character length.
(commonly used as password and username)
i. Passwords are typed in an attribute of <input type=”password”></input>
ii. Normal text doesn’t need any other attribute except of width wants to be
adjusted.
• <label></label> - inserts a title for every element made in the form.
• <textarea></textarea> - inserts a textbox which has a customizable width and
height.

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• <script src=”script_destionation.js”></script> - insert a script that is editable to

work with in the environment of the HTML.
• <link rel=”css_destination.css”> - links the CSS file to implement in the HTML.

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