Earthquake Resistance Foundation and Structure for Recreational Center

INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes are major geological phenomena. People has been bothered about it
for ages, having just a little idea about the causes. The consequences of the severe
earthquakes are injury and loss of life, the cost of repair of damage structures, contents,
and infrastructure, and cost of disruption of business and other activities. Earthquake is a
spasm of ground shaking, originating from part of the earth’s crust, it occurs when tectonic
plates move and rub against each other. Sometimes, due to this movement, they snap and
rebound to their original position.
Almost every year, earthquakes take the lives of thousands of people, and destroy
property worth billions. For example, the Great Kanto earthquake in Tokyo, Japan in 1923
resulted about 142,800 death and only 300 people gathered their survived, the Tangsan
earthquake in China in 1976 resulted about 240,000 death and 164,581 are severely injured.
The damage and disruption caused by earthquakes throughout the world are considerable.
For example, in Northridge California 1994 the cost of the building loss was 20 Billion US
dollar. It is evident that the provision of earthquake resistance buildings and other
structures remains a greater challenge for engineers and other associated design and
construction of structures in the seismically active parts of the world.
Design of foundations remain as a challenging task for the earthquake
geotechnical engineer. Leaving aside the seismic retrofit of existing foundations, which
is an even more difficult issue, the design of new foundations raises issues which are far
from being totally resolved. One of the main reasons stems from the complexity of the
problem which requires skills in soil mechanics, foundation engineering, and soil-
structure interaction along with, at least, some knowledge of structural dynamics.
Earthquake-resistant structures are structures to protect buildings from
earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the
goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during
seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes,
earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain
probability that is likely to occur at their location. This means the loss of life should be
minimized by preventing collapse of the buildings for rare earthquakes while the loss of
functionality should be limited for more frequent ones.

Background of the Study

The 2015 Gorkha earthquake sequence confirmed that buildings are the most lethal
hazards in times of earthquakes; a detailed damage assessment of more than 200,000
buildings, conducted by NSET in the immediate aftermath of the Gorkha earthquake,
revealed that more than 95% of the people killed during earthquake were inside buildings.
This evidence clearly shows the importance of intervention for improving seismic
performance of buildings, existing and new.

Seismic design provisions and guidelines are the basis for reduction of potentially
devastating losses of life and property from earthquakes. Six tragic earthquakes since 1985,
affecting Mexico, Armenia, the United States, Japan, Turkey, and Taiwan, caused
combined property losses exceeding $320 billion and loss of lives exceeding 143,900.
These losses emphasize the need to improve the earthquake resistance of the built
environment in zones of high seismic risk.

The last decade of the twentieth century saw an unprecedented series of

improvements in seismic design provisions and guidelines developed and implemented in
over the world. These improvements, stimulated by important lessons learned from recent
earthquakes, are based on recent evaluations of seismic hazard, advances in technology,
and new concepts involving performance-based design. They provide a new set of
standards for earthquake-resistant design, construction, and retrofit for application in
regions with seismic hazard levels ranging from high to very low.

In 1992, Congress enacted the code derives its mandate from the National Building
Code of the Philippines. The code prescribes requirements which, if followed, ensure that
buildings will not sustain major structural damage when an earthquake strikes. In effect, it
protects homeowners and building occupants. It is developed and updated regularly by the
ASEP and is approved by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the
national government agency mandated to enforce structural standards in the Philippines.
years after the Casiguran Earthquake destroyed the Ruby Tower in Manila. It was later
revised by former President Ferdinand Marcos in 1977 through Presidential Decree No.
1096, which allowed updating of structural standards without a need for new legislation.
Updates are integrated by the ASEP when hazard scenarios, which are not yet factored in
when the previous versions of the code were drafted, crop up. Since 1972, the Structural
Code has been updated 6 times. The present NSCP was written in an “ultimate strength
basis.” This means structures following the code should be able to withstand earthquakes
with magnitudes 8 to 9 on the Richter scale, according to engineer Cesar Pabalan, National
Director of Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers and former ASEP President.

One of the most amazing earthquake-proof structure is the Philippine Arena, the
world's largest domed arena. It is owned by the religious group the Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC)
who has commissioned this 55,000 seating capacity arena for their 100th founding
anniversary three years ago on July 27, 2014. It is the centerpiece of the tourism enterprise
zone called Ciudad De Victoria in Bulacan, Philippines. Philippine Arena's vast stadium
roof, spanning165m in the shortest direction, was engineered to withstand severe transient
loadings such as earthquakes, winds, and typhoons. During an earthquake tremor, the
lateral loads that generate throughout the structure can be up to 40% of its mass. The gap
between the main structure and base foundation system is composed of lead rubber
bearings (LRB) which are a flexible arrangement of materials with high energy dissipation
properties. This allows the base and foundation system to freely move with the earthquake
force while the top structure remains stationary during dynamic actions.

Indeed, Improving the earthquake resistance of existing buildings is a major

obstacle to the reduction of future earthquake losses worldwide. Recent efforts in the
Philippines have also led to the development and implementation of new standards and
guidelines for existing buildings based on performance-based design concepts applicable
to most building types in regions with different seismic hazard levels. Ongoing
implementation of these provisions together with those for concrete frame and wall
construction is expected to have a significant impact on losses to existing buildings from
future earthquakes in our nation.
As citizens of the Philippines where plate sits along the Pacific ring of fire, the
world's most notorious and active chain of earthquake fault lines. Previous earthquakes in
the country has surmounted up to 8.2 Mw and have claimed thousands of lives because of
poor structures and seismic design of the buildings where that most lethal hazard in times
of earthquakes.

We’ve decide to proposed “EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT FOUNDATION

AND STRUCTURE FOR RECREATIONAL CENTER” since Recreational Center is
a building that is open to the public place for recreational activities needed to insure the
structural safety and makes everyone dangerous free when earthquakes occur.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This section presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and
comprehensive search done by the researchers. This will also provide the general
illustration of the study for the better understanding of the research.

Earthquake is defined as a sudden ground shaking caused by the released of huge

stored strain energy at the interface of the tectonic plates. This will cause ground vibrations
and these forces will travel through the roof, walls and the foundation of structure that
cause of the failure of weak and badly designed structures, leading to the innumerous
fatalities. This has been a major threat to human kind and the world, in the unrecorded and
recorded human history. The main topic of this study is to ensure that this forces reach the
ground without causing major damage or collapse of the structure.

New Era University (NEU) is a private educational institution in the Philippines

and was established on June 17th, 1975. run by the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC). The University
in located in No. 9 Central Avenue New Era and has an approximately 30,000 students.
The said university has two buildings, the main building and the annex.

My team proposed an Earthquake Resistance Foundation and Structure for

Recreational Center and this will be used as the main location for the events and activities
that will be held in New Era university (NEU). Earthquake Resistant structures are
structures that can accommodate a certain magnitude size of an earthquake depends on the
structural foundation of a building.
Theoretical Framework:
Since the devastating foundation, failures reported after the Mexico earthquake a wealth of theoretical
and experimental studies have carried out to develop bearing capacity, formulate which include the
effect of the soil inertia forces.
The theoretical studies mentioned above based on limit equilibrium methods; although they represent a
significant improvement over the previous analyses, which neglected the soil inertia forces, they suffer
from limitations, which restrict their use.
− the horizontal accelerations of the soil and of the structure are assumed to have the same
magnitude;
− the results are derived from an assumed unique failure mechanism which does not allow
for
foundation uplift;
− the methods only consider upper bound solutions without any indication on how close they
are from the exact solution.
At the same time, numerous studies have initiated in France and Europe with the objective of
providing solutions that are more general. The solutions developed within the framework of the yield
design theory, the loading parameters N, V, M and F considered as independent loading parameters
there by allowing for any combination of actions to be analyzed. many different kinematic mechanisms
are investigated and lower bound solutions are also derived to obtain the best possible approximation to
the bearing capacity, bracket the true value to obtain a quantitative measure of the goodness of the
solution. It is interesting to note that the results been later completed by additional lower bound
solutions, which confirm the merit of the upper bound solutions and help to narrow the gap between upper
and lower bound solutions. Finally, the results, mainly based on the upper bound solutions cast in the
general format.

φ (N, V, M, F) ≤ 0

where φ ( ) = 0 (figure 8) defines in the loading parameter space the equation of a bounding surface.
Inequality (3) expresses the fact that any combination of the loading parameters lying outside the
surface
corresponds to an unstable situation; any combination lying inside the bounding surface corresponds to
a
potentially stable situation. The word potentially is used to point out that no assurance can be given since
the
solutions derived from upper bound solutions. Indications on the merit of the solutions is obtained by
comparison with the lower bound solutions and the model safety factor introduced to account for
that uncertainty. The uncertainty is twofold: the solution obtained from an upper bound approach and,
although various kinematic mechanisms were investigated, their number remains necessarily limited
when a
comprehensive implementation of the upper bound theorem would require that all the conceivable
investigate mechanisms.

Statement of the Problem

This study of Earthquake Resistance Foundation and Structure for
Recreational Center on the nature of problem that may consider the following.
1. What will be the benefits of this study in the following individuals?
1.1 Building Owners
1.2 Civil Engineers
1.3 Citizens
2. What will be the advantages of the Earthquake Resistance Foundation and Structure
for Recreational Center in our country?
3. What will be the good impact of Earthquake Resistance Foundation and Structure
for Recreational Center in the people’s lives?
Significance of the Study
This study will help the following individuals in avoiding earthquake
occurrence.
Building Owners. This will help the building owners to avoid or lose their
property/structure from great damages.
Civil Engineers. Engineers will improve their engineering design techniques after each
damaging earthquake and resulted in increasingly more advanced seismic design standards.
When an earthquake occurs and structure experience more damage than their owners and
engineers judge acceptable, the community of engineers adjusts design standard to avoid
repeat occurrence.
Citizens. This will serve as a safety for citizens and to prevent any accidents in the future.
Future Researchers. Future researches will get an idea and gather information related or
about Earthquake Resistance Foundation and Structure for Recreational Center and can be
used as a reference for their future research.

Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study is to deal with the basic concepts involved in achieving appropriate
earthquake resistance of such buildings specially in building a recreational center. It also
focuses towards an effective material, design, configuration and construction
characteristics; to include suitable illustrations to explain the important points, and to
present such data which could be used to proportion the critical strengthening elements.
However, to demonstrate this development and to verify the proposals are excluded in this
study.

Definition of terms
Earthquake - An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the
sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.

Seismic wave - waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result
of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslidesand large man-
made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy.

Earthquake resistance - structures designed to protect buildings from earthquakes. the

goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during
seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.

Bearing - bears the weight of the elements above said wall, resting upon it by conducting
its weight to a foundation structure.

Foundation - is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure
to the ground.

kinematic mechanisms - a device that transforms input forces and movement into a desired set of output
forces and movement. Mechanisms generally consist of moving components

soil inertia forces. when the ground moves, even the building is thrown backwards, and the
roof experiences a force.
concrete frame - a common form of structure, comprising a network of columns and
connecting beams that forms the structural ‘skeleton’ of a building.

fault lines - a fracture along which the crust has moved.

Recreational center - a building that is open to

the public where meetings are held, sports are played, and there
are activities available for young and old people

NSET - National Society for Earthquake Technology

Nepal (NSET) under the Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response (PEER)
program is conducting a Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue

ASEP - Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

nationally-recognized association which exists to advance structural engineering practice,
uphold high ethical values, and promote national and international professional
collaborations with governments, industry and academe.

DPWH - Department of Public Works and Highways

the national government agency mandated to enforce structural standards in the
Philippines

NSCP - National Structural Code of the Philippines

NBCP - National Building Code of the Philippines.

LRB- lead rubber bearings

are a flexible arrangement of materials with high energy dissipation properties. This
allows the base and foundation system to freely move with the earthquake force while the
top structure remains stationary during dynamic actions.
 New Era University
College of Engineering and Architecture
English 9

Earthquake Resistance Foundation and Structure for Recreational Center

Submitted by:
BAGANG, LORRAINE ANNE R.
CONSTANTINO, BLANCHE
GLORIOSO, JAKE CHRISTIAN L.
NANGGAY, ANERAH P.
VALDEHUEZA, JELLA ARDRA N.

Submitted to:
PROF. MA. CECILIA V. FARILLAS