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We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Project Report
entitled “Design of a UWB Antenna for microwave imaging application” by
Nisha, sakshi gangal and ishika garg in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
award of degree of B. Tech. (Electronics and Communication Engineering)
submitted in the Department of E.C.E. at G.B. Pant Government Engineering
College under Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi is an authentic
record of our own work carried out during the period from January to May 2018
under the supervision of Professor Dr. Smiriti Aggrawal. The matter presented in
this Project Report has not been submitted by me or anyone else in any other
University/Institute for the award of B.Tech Degree.
This is to certify that the Project entitled “Design of a UWB Antenna for
microwave imaging application” submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering at G. B. Pant Government Engineering College, New Delhi is an
authentic work carried out Nisha, Sakshi gangal, Ishika garg under my
supervision and guidance. I wish them success for their future endeavors.
We would like to place on record our deep sense of gratitude to Professor (Dr.)
Smiriti Aggrawal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, G.B. Pant
Government Engineering College, New Delhi for his valuable guidance, help and
useful suggestions. We express our sincere gratitude to Professor (Dr.) Smiriti
Aggrawal (Incharge - Minor Project), ECE department for his stimulating
guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of
present work. We also wish to extend our thanks to Mr. Sanjay Kumar (HOD-
ECE), Professor Smiriti Aggrawal and other faculty members of the department
for attending our seminars and for providing insightful comments and
constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this Project work. We are
extremely thankful to the Principal, GBPEC, New Delhi for providing us
infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been
possible.
Name of Student(s):
Nisha
Sakshi Gangal
Ishika Garg
INTRODUCTION
The main concept behind UWB radio system is that they transmit pulses of very
short duration, as opposed to traditional communication schemes, which send
sinusoidal waves. The role that UWB antennas play in all of this is that they have
to be able to transmit these pulses as accurately and efficiently as possible.
In this section, the literature review of UWB microstrip patch antennas is that
the uwb microstrip patch antenna exhibits many noticeable advantages like light
weight, low cost, low profile, planar configuration, easy of conformal, superior
portability, suitable for arrays, easy for fabrication, and easy integration with
external circuitries etc. which make it as obvious choice. Though the typical
microstrip antennas have many advantages but it also suffers from three basic
disadvantages: narrow bandwidth, low gain, and relatively large size and many
times these factors create an adverse impact in the antennas efficiencies.
The narrow bandwidth is one of the main drawbacks of these types of antennas.
The direct method to improve the bandwidth can be done by increasing substrate
thickness, but the major disadvantage of increasing thickness is the reduced
efficiency since the large portion of the input power is dissipated in the resistor
which takes away the available Power that can be radiated by antenna.
Furthermore, reducing the height of the structure may appear to be a suitable
solution, but it may lead to a reduced impedance bandwidth and lower radiation
efficiency.
For low dielectric constant substrates as a portion of the total available power
for direct radiation becomes trapped along the surface of the substrate. Compared
to this single-pin-shorted three-dielectric layer substrate is used to improve the
radiation efficiency and bandwidth without sacrificing, the cost and operational
advantages. Another use of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures have
attracted much attention in the recent years in the microwave community for its
unique properties. These structures are periodic in nature that forbids the
propagation of all electromagnetic surface waves within a particular frequency
band.
ANTENNA DESIGN
The ground plane and proximity feed line is placed on the both side of feed
substrate. In the present paper, a slotted microstrip patch antenna for ultra wide
band applications has been designed. We are using slotted triangular patch
because it provide comparatively larger bandwidth than others.
In above figure, shown ground plane and patch antenna. A rectangular shaped
feed line is placed between the antenna substrate and feed substrate.
B. CIRCULAR PATCH ANTENNA
The design of an ultra-wide band (UWB) circular patch antenna with microstrip
line feed and optimization of various antenna parameters are presented. The
dimension of (33 x 30 x 1.5) mm3 is fabricated on FR-4 epoxy substrate having
permittivity constant 𝜺r=4.3.The designed antenna has the capability of
operating in the bands (2.5-6) GHz, (6.0-10) GHz and (10-14) GHz. The
antenna performance was modified by inserting a slot in the ground plane to
achieve impedance bandwidth (S 11 -10dB) in (2.0-18) GHz. The modified
antenna was designed and simulated using HFSS software. The simulated
results are presented. The microstrip feed line used has characteristic
impedance of 50Ω. The design has 3 layers consisting of ground plane, substrate
and the patch.
Fig (f). Front view of circular Fig (g). Side view of circular
patch antenna patch antenna
Fig(h).Slotted Ground Fig(i).Cirular Patch with microstrip
For circular patch antenna, the time average poynting vector can be
written as
Sav = (1/2) Re [ExH] W/m2 (1)
where
E is the electric field V/m
H is the magnetic field A/m
The characteristic impedance can be expressed by
The vector potential can be used to find the field configuration with in the
cavity. The magnetic vector potential Az must satisfy the homogenous wave
equation
Az(ѱ,Ø,z) +K2Az(ѱ,Ø,z) =0
Whose solution can be written as
Az = -Bmnp Jm (K ρp- )[Az cos(m ) +Bz sin(n )] cos(KZ )
With constraint equation of
(K ρ)2 +(Kz)2 = ωr2μϵ
Therefore, the electric and magnetic fields can be expressed as
(6)
And the resonant frequency for TM mno modes can be written as
(fr)mno= =
𝜺reff = +
𝜺reff is effective dielectric constant
Wf is the feeder width
h is the height of the substrate