Protective Relay Basics

Presented By:
ARUN C N
The Purpose of Protective Relays

▪ To isolate the Faulty System from Healthy System.

▪ To Control High Voltage System with Low Voltage measurements.

▪ To Control High Current System with Low Current measurements.

▪ Logic Functions and Communications.

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The Functional Characters of Relay
▪ Speed

When electrical faults or short circuits occur, the damage produced is largely dependent upon the time till
fault persists. Therefore, it is desirable that electrical faults be interrupted as quickly as possible.

▪ Reliability

The protective system must function whenever it is called upon to operate, since the consequences of non-
operation can be very severe.

▪ Security

Protections must isolate only the faulted equipment, with no over-tripping of unaffected equipment. This is
accomplished by the use of over-lapping protection zones.

▪ Sensitivity

The protection must be able to distinguish between healthy and fault conditions, i.e., to detect, operate and
initiate tripping before a fault reaches a dangerous condition..

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Types of Relay

Based on actuating parameters:

▪ Current Relay.

▪ Voltage Relay.

▪ Frequency Relay .

Based on operating mechanism:

▪ Electro Mechanical Relays

▪ Solid State Relays

▪ Microprocessor based Numerical Relays.

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Protective Relay Inputs
Relay
▪ A protection relay is a smart device that receive inputs, compares them to set points, and provide
outputs.
▪ Inputs can be current, voltage ,resistance or temperature.
▪ Outputs can include visual feedback in the form of indicator lights.

A diagram is shown below,

▪ Current
▪ Voltage
▪ Insulation INPUT
▪ Temperature ▪ Visual Indication
PROTECTIVE RELAY ▪ Warning Alarm
OUTPUT ▪ Remove power
▪ Pick up levels time SETTING

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Current Transformer

▪ Transforms the current from High value to Low Value.

▪ The current transformer is mainly used for measuring high magnitude of current that the meter or instrument
cannot conveniently be measured.

▪ It has got two windings. Primary winding is connected in series of the line for measuring the current.

▪ The secondary winding reduces the high current value to low current in the range of 5A or 1A.

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Potential Transformer

▪ Transforms the Voltage from high value to Low Value.

▪ The Voltage transformer is mainly used for measuring high magnitude of voltage that the meter or instrument
cannot conveniently be measured.

▪ It has got two or more windings. Primary winding is connected in parallel of the line for measuring the voltage.

▪ The secondary winding reduces the high voltage value to low voltage in the range of 110V or 100V.

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DC System

▪ The dc supply systems are considered the most reliable power source in a power plant.

▪ To supply equipment requiring dc power during normal operation and which is also required to operate
following loss of normal ac supplies, e.g., essential instruments, control equipment, switchgear closing and
tripping, telecommunications, protections, interlocks, and alarms.

▪ The DC system voltages are 48V,110V and 220V.

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Relay With Trip Circuit

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Electromechanical Type Relay

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Solid State Type Relay

▪ The term ‘static’ implies that the relay has no moving mechanical parts in it.

▪ It is a relay that uses solid state components like transistors and diodes for the measurement or
comparison of electrical quantities.

▪ The static relays are designed to replace all the functions achieved earlier by electromechanical relays.

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Numerical Type Relay

• Numerical is the relay in which the measured AC quantities are sequentially sampled and
converted into numerical data that is mathematically and/or logically processed to make trip
decisions.

• Numerical relay is the latest development in the area of power system protection.

• The design and method of operation these relays are different from the conventional
electromechanical relays.

• Numerical relays are based on numerical devices such as microprocessors, microcontrollers and
digital signal processors etc.

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Comparison of Different Type of Relays

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Thank You

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