S7 Me - Course Handout PDF

Department of Mechanical Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
RSET VISION
To evolve into a premier technological and research institution,

moulding eminent professionals with creative minds, innovative
ideas and sound practical skill, and to shape a future where
technology works for the enrichment of mankind.
RSET MISSION
To impart state-of-the-art knowledge to individuals in various

technological disciplines and to inculcate in them a high degree of
social consciousness and human values, thereby enabling them to
face the challenges of life with courage and conviction.
COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 2

DEPARTMENT VISION
To evolve into a centre of excellence by imparting professional

education in mechanical engineering with a unique academic and
research ambience that fosters innovation, creativity and excellence.
DEPARTMENTMISSION
• To have state-of-the-art infrastructure facilities.

• To have highly qualified and experienced faculty from
academics, research organizations and industry.
• To develop students as socially committed professionals with
sound engineering knowledge, creative minds, leadership
qualities and practical skills.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
PEO 1: Demonstrated the ability to analyze, formulate and solve/design

engineering/real life problems based on his/her solid foundation in mathematics,
science and engineering.
PEO 2: Showcased the ability to apply their knowledge and skills for a
successful career in diverse domains viz., industry/technical, research and higher
education/academia with creativity, commitment and social consciousness.
PEO 3: Exhibited professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skill, team

work, multidisciplinary approach, professional development through continued
education and an ability to relate engineering issues to broader social context.
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
a) Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science,

Engineering fundamentals, and Mechanical Engineering to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
b) Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and Engineering
sciences.
c) Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex Engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

d) Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research based knowledge

and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
e) Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to
complex Engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
f) The Engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional Engineering practice.
g) Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
Engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and the need for sustainable developments.
h) Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the Engineering practice.
i) Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
j) Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Engineering activities
with the Engineering Community and with society at large, such as, being able
to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
k) Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the Engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multi-
disciplinary environments.
l) Life -long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life- long learning in the broadest context
of technological change.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
Mechanical Engineering Programme Students will be able to:
a) Apply their knowledge in the domain of engineering mechanics, thermal

and fluid sciences to solve engineering problems utilizing advanced
technology.
b) Successfully apply the principles of design, analysis and implementation
of mechanical systems/processes which have been learned as a part of the
curriculum.
c) Develop and implement new ideas on product design and development
with the help of modern CAD/CAM tools, while ensuring best
manufacturing practices.

INDEX PAGE NO:

1. SEMESTER PLAN
2. ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULE
3. SCHEME
4. ME401 DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS I
4.1. COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
4.2. COURSE PLAN
4.3 SAMPLE QUESTIONS
5. ME403 ADVANCED ENERGY ENGINEERING
5.2. COURSE PLAN
6. ME405 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
6.2. COURSE PLAN
7. ME 407 MECHATRONICS
7.2. COURSE PLAN
8. ME 409 COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
8.2. COURSE PLAN
9. ME 461 AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
9.2. COURSE PLAN
10. Elective 3: ME 463 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
10.2. COURSE PLAN
11. Elective 3: ME 467 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING
11.2. COURSE PLAN
11.3. SAMPLE QUESTIONS
12. Elective 3: ME 471 OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
12.2. COURSE PLAN
13. ME 431 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAB
13.2. SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS
14. ME 451 SEMINAR & PROJECT PRELIMINARY
14.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
14.2 COURSE PLAN
SEMESTER PLAN

ASSIGNMENT SCHEDULE
Week 4 ME401 Design Of Machine Elements I
Week 5 ME403 Advanced Energy Engineering
Week 5 ME405 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Week 6 ME 407 Mechatronics
Week 7 ME 409 Compressible Fluid Flow
Week 8 Elective 3
Week 8 ME401 Design Of Machine Elements I
Week 9 ME403 Advanced Energy Engineering
Week 9 ME405 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Week 12 ME 407 Mechatronics
Week 12 ME 409 Compressible Fluid Flow
Week 13 Elective 3

SCHEME
Hours/week Exam
Code Subject Credits
L T P/D Slot
ME401 Design of Machine Elements I 3 1 0 4 A
ME403 Advanced Energy Engineering 3 0 0 3 B
Refrigeration and Air

ME405 2 1 0 3 C
Conditioning
ME407 Mechatronics 3 0 0 3 D
ME409 Compressible Fluid Flow 2 1 0 3 E
Elective 3 3 0 0 3 F
ME431 Mechanical Engineering Lab 0 0 3 1 T
ME451 Seminar & Project Preliminary 0 1 4 2 S
Total 16 4 7 22

ME 401 Design of Machine Elements I S7ME
4. ME 401 DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS I

PROGRAMME:MECHANICAL DEGREE: BTECH
ENGINEERING
PROGRAMME: MECHANICAL DEGREE: B.TECH
ENGINEERING University: APJ Abdul Kalam Technological
University
COURSE: DESIGN OF MACHINE
SEMESTER: VII CREDITS: 4
ELEMENTS 1
COURSE CODE: ME 401
COURSE TYPE: CORE
REGULATION:2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: MECHANICAL CONTACT HOURS: 3 hours lecture and 1
SYSTEMS, DESIGN AND ANALYSIS hour tutorial,per week
SYLLABUS:
MODULE CONTENTS HOURS
Introduction to Design- Definition, steps in design process,

preferred numbers, standards and codes in design.
I Materials and their properties- Elastic and plastic behavior of 9

metals, ductile and brittle behaviour, shear, bending and torsional
stresses, combined stresses, stress concentration factor.
Theories of Failure- Guest’s Theory, Rankine’s Theory, St. Venant’s

Theory, Haigh’s Theory, and Von Mises and Hencky Theory.
II 11
Shock and impact loads, fatigue loading, endurance limit stress,
factors affecting endurance limit, factor of safety.
Threaded Joints- Terminology, thread standards, types of threads,

stresses in screw threads.
III 7
Bolted joints- effect of initial tension, eccentric loading, design of
bolts for static and fatigue loading, gasketed joints, power screws
Design of riveted joints- Material for rivets, modes of failure,

efficiency of joint, design of boiler and tank joints, structural joints.
IV 12
Cotter and Knuckle joints- Gib and Cotter Joint, analysis of knuckle
joint.

Design of welded joints- welding symbols, stresses in fillet and butt

welds, Butt joint in tension, fillet weld in tension, fillet joint under
torsion, fillet wed under bending, eccentrically loaded welds.
Springs- classification, spring materials, stresses and deflection of

helical springs, axial loading, curvature effect, resilience, static and
fatigue loading, surging, critical frequency, concentric springs, end
V construction. 9
Leaf springs- Flat springs, semi elliptical laminated leaf springs,

design of leaf springs, nipping
Shafting- material, design considerations, causes of failure in shafts,

design based on strength, rigidity and critical speed, design for
static and fatigue loads, repeated loading, reversed bending.
VI 8
Design of Coupling- selection, classification, rigid and flexible
coupling, design of keys and pins.
TOTAL HOURS= 56
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHOR/PUBLICATION

T1 Machine Design Data hand book by K. Lingaiah, Suma Publishers, Bangalore/ Tata
McGraw Hill
T2 PSG Design Data, DPV Printers, Coimbatore.
T3 K. Mahadevan, K.Balaveera Reddy, Design Data Hand Book, CBS Publishers &
Distributors, 2013
T4 V.B. Bhandari, Design of Machine Elements, McGraw Hill Book Company
T5 R. L. Norton, Machine Design – An Integrated Approach, Pearson Education, 2001
T6 Jalaludeen , Machine Design, Anuradha Publications, Chennai,2014
R1 J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw Hill,2003
R2 Juvinall R.C &Marshek K.M., Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, John

Wiley,2003
R3 M. F. Spotts, T. E. Shoup, Design of Machine Elements, Pearson Education, 2006
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM

To understand the stresses and strains in

ME 201 Mechanics of Solids different materials and analyze strength 3
characteristic of structural members.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To review concepts of statics and strength of materials
2 To introduce fundamental approaches to failure prevention of components.
To provide knowledge in the design of common machine elements such as fasteners,

3 shafts, springs cotter joints and couplings
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Blooms’
Sl. NO DESCRIPTION Taxomomy
Level
Students will able tounderstand and identifythedifferent

Understand
CME401.1 procedures to be followed during different phases of design (Level 2)
process and understand the basic material properties.
Students will understand different failure theories and basic Understand

CME401.2 concepts of deign factors like stress, factor of safety, etc. (Level 2)
Understand
(Level 2)
Studentswill understand the basics of threaded and bolted
joints. They will identify the forces acting on the joint and Apply
calculate the maximum stress in the system. They will be able (Level 3)
to compare and evaluate the permissible stress on a material
CME401.3 Analyze
and select the material for required force. With the optimum
(Level 4)
constrains students are able to design threaded and bolts.
Evaluate
(Level 5)
Create
(Level 6)

Understand
(Level 2)
Students will understand the basics and applications of riveted, Apply

cotter, kuckle, gib and welded joints. They will be able to (Level 3)
calculate and analyze the load on the system. According to the Analyze
CME401.4 application, student will be able to choose the type of joint and (Level 4)
design the system to satisfy the requirement.
Evaluate
(Level 5)
Create
(Level 6)
Understand
(Level 2)
Students will be able to classify different type of springs. They Apply

will be able to predict different effects on the spring under (Level 3)
different loading conditions. According to application they will Analyze
CME401.5 be able to calculate the load and analyze the deformation of the
(Level 4)
spring. By evaluating the load carrying capacity, the student can
design the spring to the required system. Evaluate
(Level 5)
Create
(Level 6)
Understand
(Level 2)
Apply
Students will be able to explain the different design
(Level 3)
consideration while designing shaft and couplings. They will be
able to calculate the forces acting on the system. Students will Analyze
CME401.6 be able to analyze and choose suitable design parametersfor (Level 4)
the system. They will be able to design couplings (shaft, keys,
Evaluate
pins etc.) for the specified requirement.
(Level 5)
Create
(Level 6)

CO-PO AND CO-PSO MAPPING

P P P P P P P P P P P P PS PS PS
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME401.1 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CME401.2 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CME401.3 2 3 3 - - 3 - - - 3 - 2 - 3 -
CME401.4 2 3 3 - - 3 - - - 3 - 2 - 3 -
CME401.5 2 3 3 - - 3 - - - 3 - 2 - 3 -
CME401.6 2 3 3 - - 3 - - - 3 - 2 - 3 -
2. 2.
CME401 3 - - 3 - - - 3 - 2 - 3 -
33 33
1- Low correlation (Low), 2- Medium correlation(Medium) , 3-High correlation(High)
JUSTIFICATIONS FOR CO-PO MAPPING

LOW/MEDIUM/
MAPPING JUSTIFICATION
HIGH
CME401.1-PO1 H Students can gain the basic knowledge of steps involved in design process
CME401.1-PO2 L Students understands basic design procedure and material properties

Students understand fundamental design factors and learn different failure
CME401.2-PO1 H
theories.
CME401.2-PO2 Students are able to identify and formulate basic design factors like stress
L
and factor of safety.
CME401.3-PO1 M Student understands the basic concepts of threaded and bolted joints.
CME401.3-PO2 The forces acting of the system are identified. Formulations are solved to
H
select suitable parameter for design.
CME401.3-PO3 H With the optimum constrains threaded and bolts are designed.
CME401.3-PO6 H The design assures safety.
CME401.3-PO10 H
The documentation of design procedure is done so as to communicate the
information to required person.
With the advancement of technology, design concepts have to be improvised
CME401.3-PO12 M
to provide solution to the latest technology.
Student understands the basic concepts of riveted, cotter, knuckle, gib and
CME401.4-PO1 M
welded joints.
H
CME401.4-PO3 H With the optimum constrains riveted and welded joints are designed.

CME401.4-PO10 H
CME401.4-PO12 M
CME401.5-PO1 M Student understands the basic concepts of springs
H
CME401.5-PO3 H With the optimum constrains springs are designed.
CME401.5-PO10 H
CME401.5-PO12 M
CME401.6-PO1 M Student understands the basic concepts of shafts and couplings
H
CME401.6-PO3 H With the optimum constrains couplings (shaft, key, pins, etc.) are designed.
CME401.6-PO10 H
CME401.6-PO12 M
JUSTIFATIONS FOR CO-PSO MAPPING
MAPPING LOW/MEDIUM/HIGH JUSTIFICATION
CME401.3-PSO2 Applying the principles of design for manufacturing threaded and

H
bolted joints.
CME401.4-PSO2 Applying the principles of design for manufacturing riveted and
H
welded joints.
CME401.5-PSO2 H Applying the principles of design for manufacturing springs.
CME401.6-PSO2 H Applying the principles of design for manufacturing couplings
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS:

SI PROPOSED RELEVANCE RELEVANCE
DESCRIPTION
NO ACTIONS WITH POs WITH PSOs
Use of finite element tools to
1 compare the design procedure CAD Lab 1,2,3,4,5 2,3
followed
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:


DESCRIPTION
1 Design of various real Projects/ 1,2,3,4,5 2,3

machine elements as Assignments
students projects
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:

1 http://nptel.ac.in/downloads/112105125/
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-
2 contents/IIT%20Kharagpur/Machine%20design1/New_index1.html
http://www.iannauniversity.com/2012/06/me2303-design-of-machine-
3 elements_26.html
4 http://www.svecw.edu.in/Docs%5CMEDMMLnotes2013.pdf
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
☑ CHALK & TALK ☑ STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☑WEB RESOURCES
☑ LCD/SMART
☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
BOARDS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☑ TESTS/MODEL ☑ UNIV.
☑ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS
EXAMS EXAMINATION
☐STUD. LAB ☐MINI/MAJOR
☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ CERTIFICATIONS
PRACTICES PROJECTS
☐ ADD-ON
☐ OTHERS
COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☑ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY ☑ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY
FEEDBACK, ONCE) (ONCE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS
☐ OTHERS
BY EXT. EXPERTS

4.2 COURSE PLAN
Day Module Topic
1 Introduction to Design- Definition

2 Steps in design process, preferred numbers
3 Standards and codes in design
4 Materials and their properties- Elastic behavior of metals
5 1 Materials and their properties- plastic behavior of metals
6 Ductile and brittle behavior, shear,
7 Bending and torsional stresses
8 Combined stresses
9 Stress concentration factor.
10 Theories of failure - Guest’s theory
11 Rankine’s theory -
12 St. Venant’s theory
13 Haigh’s theory
14 Von Mises&Hencky theory
15 2 Shock and impact loads
16 Fatigue loading
17 Eendurance limit stress
18 Factors affecting endurance limit
19 Factor of safety
20 Creep and thermal stresses
21 Threaded Joints- Terminology
22 Thread standards- thread nomenclature
23 Stresses in screw threads
24 3 Bolted joints- effect of initial tension, eccentric loading
25 Design of bolts for static and fatigue loading
26 Gasketed joints
27 Power screws
28 Design of riveted joints –Materials for rivet
29 4 Failure of riveted joints and efficiency of joint
30 Boiler and tank joints structural joints
31 Cotter and Knuckle joints

32 Gib and Cotter Joint
33 Analysis of knuckle joint.
34 Design of welded joints- welding symbols
35 Stresses in fillet and butt welds
36 Butt joint in tension
37 Fillet weld in tension, fillet joint under torsion,
38 Fillet wed under bending,
39 Eccentrically loaded welds.
40 Springs- classification
41 Spring materials, stresses and deflection of helical springs,
42 Axial loading, curvature effect
43 Resilience, static and fatigue loading
44 5 Surging, critical frequency
45 Concentric springs, end construction.
46 Leaf springs- Flat springs
47 Semi elliptical laminated leaf springs
48 Design of leaf springs, nipping
49 Shafting- material
50 Design considerations, causes of failure in shafts.
51 Design based on strength, rigidity and critical speed.
52 Design for static and fatigue loads
6
53 Repeated loading, reversed bending
54 Design of Coupling- selection, classification
55 Rigid and flexible coupling
56 Design of keys and pins

4.3 Sample questions
Module 1
1. Explain in detail the design consideration in design of machine elements
2. Briefly describe a) theories of failure b) Creep
3. Discuss the various factors affecting which govern the selection of material for machine
component.
4. Explain the weighted point method for material selection and state its limitations.
5. What are the ergonomic conditions in machine design?
6. Explain Fits and tolerances
7. Briefly describe standards and code in design.
8. Explain the term a) modulus of elasticity b) Explain ductile and brittle material using a
stress-strain diagram.
9. Explain a) combine stress b) stress concentration factor
10. Briefly explain the steps in design process
Module 2
1. Write a note on (i) fatigue failure and its prediction (ii) Factors affecting endurance limit.
2. A cantilever beam shown in figure below is subjected to load varying from P to 3P.
Determine the value of P if the material of beam has ultimate strength of 620.8 MPa., yield
strength of 400 MPa and endurance strength of 345.2 MPa. The stress concentration factor
may be taken as 1.4. Analyze the member at the change of cross section A-A. Use factor of
safety =3.
3. A mild steel shaft of 50 mm diameter is subjected to a bending moment of 2000Nm and a

torque T. If the yield point of the steel in tension is 200 MPa., find the maximum principle
stress; the maximum shear stress of yielding.

4. A cylinder shaft made of steel of yield strength 700Mpa is subjected to static loads
consisting of bending moment 10kNm and a torsional moment 30 kNm. Determine the
diameter of the shaft using maximum shear stress theory and maximum strain energy theory,
assuming a factor of safety of 2. Take E=210 GPa and Poisson’s ratio = 0.25.
5. Explain the following theories of failure a) Maximum normal stress theory, b) Maximum
shear stress theory and c) Distortion theory
6. A rod of 50mm diameter is subjected to compressive load of 20 kN together with a twisting

moment of 1.5kNm. It is made of C40 steel (σyt = 328.6 MPa). Determine the factor of safety
according to a) maximum normal stress theory and b) Maximum shear stress theory.
7. A bolt is subjected to tensile load of 18kN and a shear load of 12 kN. The material has a
yield stress of 328.6 MPa. Taking factor of safety as 2.5, determine the core diameter of bolt
according to the following theories of failure a) Rankine’s theory, b)Shear stress theory,
c)Shear energy theory and c) Saint Venant’s theory (Possion ratio = 0.298).
8. A machine member is subjected to the following stress σ x = 150 MPa, τ=24MPa. Find the
equivalent stress as per the following theories of failure, a) Shear stress theory, b) Normal
stress theory and c) Von-Mises theory.
9. Find the diameter of a rod subjected to a bending moment of 3 kNm and a twisting moment
of 1.8 kNm according to the following theories of failure, taking normal yield stress as 420
MPa and factor of safety as 3. a) Normal stress theory and b) Shear stress theory.
10. A M.S shaft having yield stress as 232 MPa is subjected to the following stresses σx =120
MPa and σy =-60 MPa and τ= 36 MPa. Find the factor of safety using: a) Rankine’s theory, b)
Guest’s theory of failure and c) Von-Mises theory of failure.
Module 3
1. What are the different forms thread used for power screw? Explain with neat sketch.
2. A double threaded power screw, used for lifting the load, has nominal diameter of 30 mm
and a pitch of 6mm. The coefficient of friction in at the screw thread is 0.1. Neglecting collar
friction, calculate (a) Efficiency of the screw with square thread and (b) Efficiency with Acme
threads.
3. Distinguish between Differential and compound screw
4. A 50kN capacity screw jack consists of a square threaded steel screw meshing with a
bronze nut. The nominal diameter is 60mm and the pitch is 9mm. The permissible bearing
pressure at the thread is Is= 30N/mm2 Calculate: (a) The length of thread (b) The transverse
shear stress in the nut.
5. A sluice gate weighting 500kN is raised at a speed of 6 m/min by two screw rods with
square threads 50*8 mm. The two screw rods are driven by bevel gears and motor. Determine
(a) torque require to raise the gate; (b) speed of rotation of the screw rods assuming the
thread are triple start; (c) maximum stress induced in the screw; (d) efficiency of the screw;
(e) Length of nuts required to support to load taking the allowable bearing pressure 12MPa;
(f) check for overhaul
6. A square thread of screw jack has a specification of 80*16 and is to raise a load of 100kN.
The mean radius of the thrust collar is 65mm. The coefficient of friction for the thread and
collar are 0.1 and 0.12 respectively. Determine a) the torque required to raise the thread, b)
overall efficiency c) Does the screw overhaul. Comment.
7. The load on a bolt consists of an axial pull of 10 kN together with a transverse shear force of
5 kN. Find the diameter of bolt required according to all the five theories of failure.
8. The cylinder head of a steam engine is subjected to a stream pressure of 0.7 N/mm 2. It is
held in position by means of 12 bolts. A soft copper gasket is used to make the joint leak
proof. The effective diameter of the cylinder is 300 mm. Find the size of the bolt so that the
stress in the bolt is not to exceed 100 N/mm2.
9. A cover plate is bolted on the flanged end of a pressure vessel through 6 bolts. The inner
diameter of the pressure vessel is 200mm and is subjected to an internal pressure of 10 MPa.
Selecting carbon steel C40 (σy = 328.6 MPa) as the material for the bolts determine the size of
the bolt, considering initial tension for the following cases: a) Metal to metal joints, b) A
copper gasket.
10. A steel bolt of M20 is used to connect two plates of each 16mm thick. A soft copper of
gasket of 3 mm thick is used in between the plates of joint to be leak proof. The outside and
inside diameters of gasket are 50mm and 22 mm respectively. Take modulus of elasticity of
bolt material as 200 Mpa and for gasket material as 120 MPa. The bolt is subjected to an axial
load of 15 kN. Determine the stress induced in the bolt.
Module 4
1. What are the different types of welded joints?
2. A circular shaft, 50mm in diameter is welded to a support by means of a fillet weld as

shown in the figure. Determine the size of the weld if the permissible shear stress in the weld
is limited to 100 N/m2.

2. What are riveted joins? What are its advantages and disadvantages of riveted joints over
welded joins? Explain. Also explain the type of rivet heads.
3. Determine the load carrying capacity of a welded joint as shown in figure below. The size
of weld is 10mm and allowable shear stress in the weld is 66Mpa.
4. Design a triple riveted zigzag lap joint to connect two plates each 12mm thick. Draw a neat
sketch of the joint.
5. Design a triple riveted double covered butt joint with unequal cover plates to connect two
plates of 20mm thickness. Use permissible values of tensile, compressive and shear stress are
90 N/mm2, 150 N/mm2and 60 N/mm2respectively.
6. Determine the size of the weld for a bracket welded as shown in figure below. Allowable
shear stress in the weld is 90 MPa.

7. A double riveted double cover butt joint in plates 20mm thick is made with 25mm diameter
rivets at 100 mm pitch. The permissible stresses are: Tensile =120 MPa, Shear stress 100
MPa, crushing stress =150 Mpa. Find the efficiency of joint, taking the strength of the rivet in
double shear as twice than that of single shear.
8. Design a double riveted butt joint with two cover plates for the longitudinal seam of a
boiler shell 1.5m in diameter is subjected to a steam pressure of 0.95 N/mm2. Assume joint
efficiency as 75%, allowable tensile stress in the plate 90MPa, compressive stress 140Mpa
and shear stress in the river 56 MPa.
9. Find the maximum shear stress induced in the weld of 6 mm size when a channel, as shown
in figure below, is welded to a plate and loaded with 20kN force at a distance of 200mm.
10. A rectangular steel plate is welded as a cantilever to a vertical column and supported a
single concentrated load P, as shown in figure below. Determine the weld size if shear stress
is not exceed 140 MPa.

11. Design a cotter joint to support a load varying from 30 kN in compression to 30 kN in

tension. The material used is carbon steel for which the following allowable stress may be
used. The load is applied statically. Tensile stress= compressive stress= 50 MPa; shear stress
= 35 MPa, and crushing stress = 90 Mpa.
Module 5
1. A helical compression spring of a cam-mechanism is subjected to an initial pre load of 50 N.

The maximum operating force during the load cycle is 150N. The wire diameter is 3 mm while
the mean coil diameter is 18mm. The spring is made of oil hardened and tempered valve
spring wire of grade–SW (Sut =1430N/mm2). Determine the factor of safety used in the
design on the basis of fluctuating stress.
2. Design a helical spring for a safety valve. The valve must blow off at a pressure of 1.2 MPa
and should lift by 3mm for 5% increase in pressure. The valve diameter is 60mm. The
maximum allowable shear stress is 400 MN/m2 and the modulus of rigidity is 82.7 Gpa.
Assume the spring index as 8.
3. The load on a steel helical compression spring varies from 500 N to 1200 N. The spring
index is 6 and the desired factor of safety is 1.3. Determine the required wire size by taking
yield shear stress as 600 MN/m2 and the endurance shear stress as 300 MN/m2.
4. A semi elliptical laminated spring is to carry a load of 600N and consists of 8 leaves 46mm
wide, two of the leaves being of full length. The spring is to be made 1000mm between the
eyes and is held at the centre by a 60 mm wide band. Assume that the spring is initially
stressed so as to induce an equal stress of 500 N/mm2 when fully loaded. Design the spring
giving a) thickness of leaves b) eye diameter c)length of leaves d) maximum deflection and
radius to which the leaves should be initially bent.
5. A helical compressed spring made of oil tempered carbon steel, is subjected to a load which
varies from 400 N to 1000 N. The spring index is 6 and the design factor of safety is 1.25. The
yield stress in shear is 770 MPa and endurance stress in shear is 350 Mpa, find: (a) size of the
spring wire, (b) Diameter, (c) Number of turns of the spring and (d) Free length of the spring.

The compression of the spring at the maximum load is 30mm. The modulus of rigidity of the
material may be taken as 80 kN/mm2.
6. Design a helical compression spring for a maximum load of 1000 N for a deflection of 25
mm using the value of spring index as 5. The maximum permissible shear stress for spring
wire is 420 MPa and modulus of rigidity is 84 kN/mm2.
7. The load on a steel helical compression spring varies from 500 N to 1200 N. The spring
index is 6 and the desired factor of safety is 1.3. Determine the required wire size by taking
yield shear stress as 600 MN/m2 and the endurance shear stress as 300 MN/m2.
8. An automotive single plate clutch, with two pairs of friction surfaces, transmits 300 Nm
torque at 1500rpm. The inner and outer diameters of the friction disk are 170 and 270mm
respectively. The coefficient of friction is 0.35. The normal force on the friction surfaces is
exerted by nine helical compression springs, so that the clutch is disengaged when the
external force further compressed the springs. The spring index is 5 and the number of active
coils is 6. The springs are made of patented and cold-drawn steel wires of grade 2. (G=81370
N/mm2). The permissible shear stress for the spring is 30% off the ultimate tensile strength.
Design the spring and specify their dimensions.
9. A concentric spring consists of two helical compression springs having the same free
length. The composite spring subjected to a maximum force of 2000 N. The wire diameter and
mean coil diameter of inner spring are 8mm and 64mm respectively. Also, the wire diameter
and mean coil diameter of the outer spring are 10 and 90 mm respectively. The number of
active coils in inner and outer springs is 12 and 8 respectively. Assume same material for two
springs and the modulus of rigidity of spring material is 81370 N/mm2. Calculate a) The force
transmitted by each spring, b) The maximum deflection of the spring and c) The maximum
torsional shear stress induced in each spring.
10. A helical compression spring of the exhaust valve mechanism is initially compressed with
a preload of 375 N. When the spring is further compressed and the valve is fully opened, the
torsional shear stress in the spring wire should not exceed 750 N/mm2. Due to space
limitations, the outer diameter of the spring should not exceed 42 mm. The spring is to be
designed for minimum weight. Calculate the wire diameter and the mean coil diameter of the
spring.
Module 6
1. A steel shaft is subjected to a bending moment of 9kNm and a twisting moment of 12kNm.
The yield strength of steel is 360 Mpa in tension and compression and the Possion’s ratio is
0.3. If a factor of safety of 2 with respect to failure is specified, determine the permissible
diameter of the shaft according to (a) Maximum shear stress theory of failure, (b) maximum
normal stress theory of failure (b) Maximum distortion theory of failure.

2. Design a bushed pin type of flexible coupling to connect a pump shaft to a motor shaft
transmitting 30kW at 900 rpm. The overall torque is 15% more than mean torque. The
material allowable properties area as follows: stress (in crushing for shaft and key material)=
80 MPa, Shear stress (in shear for shaft and key material)= 40 MPa, Shear stress (in shear for
cast iron)= 15 MPa. Material of the pin is as same as the shaft and the key. Draw the sketch of
the coupling.
3. A hollow transmission shaft having inside diameter 0.6 times the outside diameter is made
of plain carbon steel 40 C8 (Syt = 380N/mm2) and the factor of safety is 3. A belt pulley 1000
mm in diameter is mounted on the shaft which overhangs the left hand bearing by 250mm.
The belts are vertical and transmit power to the machine shaft below the pulley. The tensions
on the tight and slack side of the belt are 3kN and 1kN respectively, while the weight of the
pulley is 500N. The angle of wrap of belt on the pulley is 180 degree. Calculate the outside and
inside diameter of the shaft.
4. Briefly explain keys, advantage and their application.
5. Design a protected type flange coupling to transmit power between two shafts 40 mm and
50mm. The allowable shear stress for the shaft and the bolts is 60MPa. The allowable shear
stress and bearing stress for key are 54 MPa and 120 MPa respectively. For IC flange, the
allowable shear stress is 6MPa.
6. A SAE 1045steel rod of σy 309.9 MPa with 80mm diameter is subjected to bending
moment of 3 kN-m and torque T. Taking factor of safety as 2.5, find the maximum value of
torque ‘T’ that can be safely carried by rod according to : (a) Maximum normal stress theory;
(b) Maximum shear stress theory.
7. A simply supported shaft carries a pulley at the centre. The torque on pulley varies
between 120Nm and 200Nm and the bending moment varies between 300Nm and -150Nm.
The material of shaft has an ultimate stress of 600 MPa and yield stress of 450 MPa.
Endurance stress may be taken as half the ultimate stress. The stress concentration factor for
the shaft is 1.3 in bending and 1.2 in torsion. Take factor of safety as 1.8. The size and surface
factor are 0.83 and 0.9 respectively.
8. Design a rigid CI flange coupling to transmit 18kW of power at 1440 rpm. The allowable
shear stress for flange is 4MPa. The shaft, key and bolts are made of annealed steel having
allowable shear stress for flange in 4 MPa. The shaft, keys and bolts are made of annealed
steel having allowable shear stress of 93 MPa. Allowable crushing stress for key =186 MPa.
9. A mild steel shaft transmits 15kW of power at 300rpm. It is supported on two bearings
1.2m apart. The shaft receives power through a 450mm diameter pulley mounted at 300mm
to the right of the right bearing. The power is given out through a 300m diameter gear
mounted at 250mm to the right of the left bearing. The belt drive is horizontal and the gear
drive with a downward tangential force. Find the suitable diameter of the shaft if yield stress

for the shaft material is 234 MPa and the factor of safety is 2.0. Take shock and fatigue factor
as 1.5. Ratio of tension in belt is 3.0.
10. Design a shaft to transmit power from an electric motor to a lathe head stock through a
pulley by means of a belt drive. The pulley weights 200N and is located at 300mm from the
centre of the bearing.. The diameter of the pulley is 200mm and the maximum power
transmitted is 1kW at 120rpm. The angle of lap of the belt is 180 degrees and coefficient of
friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3. The stock and failure factors for bending and
twisting are 1.5 and 2.0 respectively. The allowable shear stress in the shaft may be taken as
35 MPa.
Prepared by Approved by
Mr.Joseph Babu K. Dr.Thankachan T Pullan
(Faculty, ME) (HOD, ME)

ME 403 Advanced Energy Engineering S7ME
5. ME0403 ADVANCED ENERGY ENGINEERING
5.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME:MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEGREE: BTECH

COURSE:ADVANCED ENERGY ENGINEERING SEMESTER: S7CREDITS: 3
COURSE CODE: ME403REGULATION: 2016 COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN:THERMAL AND FLUID CONTACT HOURS:3-0-0(L+T+P)
SCIENCE hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE (IF ANY): LAB COURSE NAME: NA
NIL
SYLLABUS:
MODULE DETAILS HOURS

Introduction to the course. Global and Indian energy resources. Energy Demand
I and supply. Components, layout and working principles of steam, hydro, 7
nuclear, gas turbine and diesel power plants.
Solar Energy- passive and active solar thermal energy, solar collectors, solar 7
II thermal electric systems, solar photovoltaic systems. Economics of solar power.
Sustainability attributes.
Wind Energy-Principle of wind energy conversion systems, wind data and
III energy estimation, wind turbines, aerodynamics of wind turbines, wind power 7
economics. Introduction to solar-wind hybrid energy systems
Biomass Energy – Biomass as a fuel, thermo-chemical, bio-chemical and agro-
IV chemical conversion of biomass- pyrolysis, gasification, combustion and 6
fermentation, transesterification, economics of biomass power generation, future
prospects.
Other Renewable Energy sources – Brief account of Geothermal, Tidal, Wave,
V MHD power generation, Small, mini and micro hydro power plants. Fuel cells – 8
general description, types, applications. Hydrogen energy conversion systems,
hybrid systems- Economics and technical feasibility
Environmental impact of energy conversion – ozone layer depletion, global
VI warming, greenhouse effect, loss of biodiversity, eutrophication, acid rain, air 7
and water pollution, land degradation, thermal pollution, Sustainable energy,
promising technologies, development pathways.
TOTAL HOURS 42
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION

T1 Jefferson W Tester et.al., Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options, PHI, 2006
T2 P K Nag, Power Plant Engineering, TMH, 2002
T3 Tiwari G N, Ghosal M K, Fundamentals of renewable energy sources, Alpha Science

International Ltd., 2007
R1 David Merick, Richard Marshall, Energy, Present and Future Options, Vol.I& II, John Wiley &
Sons, 2001

R2 Godfrey Boyle, Renewable Energy : Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University Press, 2012
R3 Roland Wengenmayr, Thomas Buhrke, ‘Renewable Energy: Sustainable energy concepts for
the future, Wiley – VCH, 2012
R4 Twidell J W and Weir A D, Renewable Energy Resources, UK, E&F.N. Spon Ltd., 2006
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES: NIL
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To give an idea about global energy scenario and conventional energy sources
2 To understand solar, wind and biomass energy
3 To know concepts of other renewable energy sources
To create awareness on the impacts of energy conversion and importance of sustainable
4
energy
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Sl. NO. DESCRIPTION LEVEL

Understand
CME403.1 Tounderstandglobal and Indian energy scenario &comparedifferent
conventional power plants. Level 2
knowledge
Togain knowledge about solar thermal energy systems,understandmethods Understand
CME403.2 of its harvesting, estimate economic aspects involved and its sustainability
analyze
attributes.
Level 1, 2, 4
knowledge
To gain knowledge about basics of wind energy;understand& analyzewind Understand
CME403.3 energy conversion systems; understandsolar-wind hybrid systemsand wind
analyze
power economics.
Level 1, 2, 4
knowledge
To gain knowledge about biomass energy and understandvarious Understand
CME403.4 biomassconversion processes, and estimateeconomic aspects involved and
analyze
future prospects.
Level 1, 2, 4
Tounderstand the Geothermal, Tidal , Wave, MHD power generation,small Understand
CME403.5 scale hydro power plants, fuel cells, Hydrogen energy conversion systems, analyze
hybrid systems; estimate economic aspects involved and technical feasibility Level 2, 4
Understand
CME403.6 Tounderstand Environmental impacts of energy conversion
Level 2
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME403.1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 1 - -

CME403.2 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 2 -
CME403.3 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 2 -
CME403.4 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 1 -
CME403.5 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 - -
CME403.6 1 - - - - 3 3 - - - - - 1 - -

MAPPING LOW/MEDIUM/HI JUSTIFICATION
GH
CME 403.1- L As they could understand Global and Indian energy scenario &
PO1 compare different conventional energy sources
CME 403.1- L Students will be able to understand how the conventional energy
PO6 sources produce threat to health and safety
CME 403.1- L Students can identify different environmental impacts of
PO7 conventional energy sources
CME 403..2- M Students will be able to understand passive and active solar
PO1 thermal energy and methods of harvesting solar energy
CME 403..2- L The knowledge about solar energy can motivate our society to
PO6 change to a better energy culture
CME 403..2- L Knowledge in solar energy harvesting methods will help to
PO7 reduce the environmental impacts
CME 403.3- M Students have the knowledge about the Principle of wind energy
PO1 conversion system, wind data and energy estimation
CME 403.3- L The knowledge about wind energy can motivate society to change
PO6 to a better energy culture
CME 403.3- L Adequate knowledge in the wind energy conversion system will
PO7 help to identify feasible geometrical area for this type non-
polluting energy sources
CME 403.4- M Students can understand the thermo-chemical, bio-chemical and
PO1 agro-chemical conversion of biomass
CME 403.4- L The knowledge about biomass energy can motivate our society to
PO6 change to a better energy culture
CME 403.4- L Knowledge in the thermo-chemical, bio-chemical and agro-
PO7 chemical conversion of biomass will help to reduce
environmental impacts during energy conversions of biomass
CME 403.5- M Students will able to understand the Geothermal, Tidal , Wave,
PO1 MHD power generation & Fuel Cells
CME 403.5- L The knowledge about non-conventional energy can motivate our
PO6 society to change to a better energy culture
CME 403.5 - L Adequate knowledge in different non-conventional energy
PO7 sources will help to identify environmentally sustainable energy
harvesting

CME 403.6- L Students will able to understandimpacts of energy conversion

PO1
CME 403.6- H The knowledge about environmental impacts can motivate our
PO6 society to change to a better energy culture
CME 403.6- H Students can identify different environmental impacts of different
PO7 energy sources
JUSTIFICATIONS FOR CO-PSO MAPPING

MAPPING LOW/MEDIUM/HI JUSTIFICATION
GH
CME 403.1- L The knowledge in the working of different power plants will
PSO1 make the student understand the applications of engineering
mechanics, thermal & fluid science
CME 403.2- M Knowledge about solar thermal energy systems& methods of its
PSO1 harvesting will help the student understand the applications of
thermal science
CME 403.2- M The knowledge about solar thermal energy systems&estimation
PSO2 of economic aspects will help the student to apply principles of
design, analysis and implementation of mechanical systems and
processes
CME 403..3- M The knowledge about basics of wind energy &wind energy
PSO1 conversion systems will make the student understand the
applications of engineering mechanics & fluid science
CME 403..3- M The knowledge about basics of wind energy & wind energy
PSO2 conversion systems will help the student to apply principles of
design, analysis and implementation of mechanical systems and
processes
CME 403..4- M The knowledge about biomass energy and various biomass
PSO1 conversion processes will make the student understand the
applications of thermal & fluid science
CME 403..4- L The knowledge about biomass energy and various biomass
PSO2 conversion processes will help the student to apply principles of
design and implementation of mechanical systems and processes
CME 403..5- M The knowledge about Geothermal, Tidal , Wave, MHD power
PSO1 generation, small scale hydro power plants, fuel cells, Hydrogen
energy conversion systems& hybrid systems will make the
student understand the applications of engineering mechanics,
thermal & fluid science
CME 403.6- L The knowledge about Environmental impacts of energy
PSO1 conversion will make the student understand the consequences of
applications of engineering mechanics, thermal & fluid science
1 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108108078/

2 https://prezi.com/hmb8qqoxguxf/introduction-non-conventional-energy-resources/
✔ CHALK & TALK ✔ STUD. ASSIGNMENT ✔ WEB RESOURCES

✔ LCD/SMART BOARDS ✔ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
✔ ASSIGNMENTS ✔STUD. SEMINARS ✔ TESTS/MODEL ✔ UNIV.

EXAMS EXAMINATION
☐ STUD. LAB ☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR ☐ CERTIFICATIONS
PRACTICES PROJECTS
☐ ADD-ON ☐ OTHERS
COURSES
✔ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY ✔ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY

☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS ☐ OTHERS
BY EXT. EXPERTS
5.2 COURSE PLAN
DAY MODULE TOPIC PLANNED

1 I Introduction to the course.
2 I Global and Indian energy resources.
3 I Energy Demand and supply.
4 I Components, layout and working principles of steam power plants
5 I Components, layout and working principles of hydro power plants
6 I Components, layout and working principles of nuclear power plants
Components, layout and working principles of gas turbine and diesel power
7 I
plants
Solar Energy- Introduction
8 II
9 II passive and active solar thermal energy
10 II solar collectors
11 II solar thermal electric systems
12 II solar photovoltaic systems
13 II Economics of solar power

14 II Sustainability attributes
15 III Wind Energy- Introduction
16 III Principle of wind energy conversion system
17 III wind data and energy estimation
18 III wind turbines
19 III aerodynamics of wind turbines
20 III wind power economics
21 III Introduction to solar-wind hybrid energy systems
22 IV Biomass Energy – Introduction

Biomass as a fuel, thermo-chemical, bio-chemical and agro-chemical conversion
23 IV of biomass
24 IV pyrolysis, gasification,
25 IV combustion and fermentation, trans esterification,
26 IV Economics of biomass power generation, future prospects.
27 V Other Renewable Energy sources
28 V Geothermalpower generation
29 V Tidalpower generation
30 V Wavepower generation
31 V MHD power generation
32 V Small, mini and micro hydro power plants
33 V Fuel cells – general description, types, applications.
34 V Hydrogen energy conversion systems, hybrid systems-
35 V Economics and technical feasibility
36 VI Environmental impact of energy conversion
37 VI ozone layer depletion, global warming
38 VI greenhouse effect, loss of biodiversity
39 VI Eutrophication, acid rain, air and water pollution
40 VI land degradation, thermal pollution
41 VI Sustainable energy, promising technologies
42 VI Development pathways.

5.3 MODULE-WISE QUESTION BANK
Module 1
1. Explain with a neat diagram -Components, layout and working principles of steam power
plants?
2. What are the trends and prospects of energy supply and demand?
3. Explain the working principles of hydro power plants?
4. How hydro power plants are classified?
5. Explain Components, layout and working principles of nuclear power plants?
6. Explain layout and working principles of gas turbine power plant?
7. Give an example for diesel power plant? Explain how does it work?
Module 2
1. Why sun is said to be the source of all types of energy? Explain?

2. What you mean by passive and active solar thermal energy?
3. Explain different types of solar collectors?
4. Explain solar thermal electric systems?
5. Compare advantages and disadvantages of solar electric systems?
6. Draw and explain the working of a solar water heater?
Module 3
1. In a wind energy power plant, how the wind energy estimation is done?
2. Explain different types of wind turbines?
3. Explain aerodynamics of wind turbines?
4. What you mean by solar-wind hybrid energy systems?
5. What are the disadvantages of wind power?
6. What is on grid and off grid wind power?
Module 4
1. How biomass is used as a fuel?

2. Explain thermo-chemical, bio-chemical and agro-chemical conversion of biomass?
3. What you mean by pyrolysis?
4. Explain gasification?
5. Explain the process of trans esterification?
6. How does the production of biomass and ethanol affect the environment?
Module 5
1. Explain geothermalpower generation?

2. How energy from tides can be utilised?
3. Explain Wave power generation with layout?
4. What you mean by MHD power generation?
5. Explain small, mini and micro hydro power plants?
6. Classify Fuel cells?
7. How does fuel cells work?
8. Explain Hydrogen energy conversion systems?
Module 6
1. What are the main reasons for ozone layer depletion?

2. Explain global warming?
3. What you mean by greenhouse effect? Give examples for GHG?

4. What is Eutrophication? Explain the reasons?
5. What are the main reasons for acid rain?
6. How does thermal pollution affect water life?
7. Explain Water Act and Air act?
8. Explain the aftereffects of land filling?
Mr.John Paul C D Dr.Thankachan T Pullan
(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 405 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning S7 ME
6. ME 405 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

PROGRAMME: ME DEGREE: BTECH
COURSE:REFRIGERATION AND AIR
SEMESTER: VII CREDITS: 3
CONDITIONING
COURSE CODE: ME 405REGULATION:
COURSE TYPE: CORE
2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: THERMAL CONTACT HOURS: 2+1 (Tutorial)
&FLUID SCIENCE hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE (IF LAB COURSE NAME: MECHANICAL
ANY):ME 431 ENGINEERING LAB
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
Introduction – Brief history and applications of refrigeration.
Thermodynamics of refrigeration - reversed Carnot cycle - heat pump and
I refrigeration machines, Limitations of reversed Carnot cycle. Unit of 6
refrigeration.
Air refrigeration systems - Reversed Joule cycle, Air craft refrigeration
systems, simple bootstrap - Regenerative and reduced ambient system.
Vortex tube refrigeration-Very low temperature refrigeration systems
(concept only). Adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic salts. Vapour
compression systems-simple cycle - representation on T-S and P-H
II 8
Diagrams. COP- Effect of operating parameters on COP – methods of
improving COP of simple cycle- super heating, under cooling, Liquid suction
heat exchanger, actual cycle.
Multi pressure systems - multi compression and multi evaporator systems.
Inter cooling - flash inter cooling and flash gas removal. Different
combinations of evaporator and compressor for different applications,
Cascade system.
III Refrigerants and their properties-Eco-friendly Refrigerants, mixed 7
refrigerants, selection of refrigerants for different applications
Vapour absorption systems - Ammonia – water system - simple system-
drawbacks-Lithium Bromide water system- Electrolux- comparison with
vapour compression system- steam jet refrigeration.
Application of refrigeration - domestic refrigerators - water coolers - ice
plants. Cold storages - food preservation methods - plate freezing, quick -
freezing.
IV Refrigeration system components - Compressors, condensers, expansion 6
devices, evaporators. Cooling towers - Different types and their application
fields. Refrigerant leakage and detection – charging of refrigerant – system
controls.
Air conditioning - meaning and utility, comfort and industrial air
V conditioning. Psychrometric properties - saturated and unsaturated air, dry, 8
wet and dew point temperature – humidity, specific humidity, absolute
humidity, relative humidity and degree of saturation- thermodynamic

equations- enthalpy of moisture- adiabatic saturation process -
Psychrometers. Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature, Psychrometric chart-
Psychometric processes- adiabatic mixing - sensible heating and cooling -
humidifying and dehumidifying, Air washer - bypass factor - sensible heat
factor - RSHF and GSHF line - Design condition - Apparent dew point
temperature. Choice of supply condition, state and mass rate of dehumidified
air quantity - Fresh air supplied - air refrigeration. Comfort air conditioning -
factors affecting human comfort. Effective temperature - comfort chart.
Summer air conditioning - factors affecting - cooling load estimation.
Air conditioning systems - room air conditioner - split system - packaged
system - all air system - chilled water system. Winter air conditioning -
factors affecting heating system, humidifiers. Year round air conditioning.
VI AC system controls - thermostat and humidistat. 7
Air distribution systems - duct system and design - Air conditioning of
restaurants, hospitals, retail outlets, computer center, cinema theatre, and
other place of amusement. Industrial applications of air conditioning.
TOTAL HOURS 42
T1 Arora C. P, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, McGraw-Hill, 2008
T2 Arora S. C. and Domkundwar, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, DhanpatRai, 2010
T3 Ballaney P. L, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2014
T4 Manohar Prasad, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, New Age International, 2011
Stoecker W. F, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,
R1
2009
R2 Dossat. R. J, Principles of Refrigeration, Pearson Education India, 2002
R3 ASHRAE Handbook
R4 Robert H. Enerick, Basic Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, Prentice Hall.
Data Book:
Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Data Book: Domkundwar&Domkundwar, DhanpatRai&
Co.
ME 205 Thermodynamics To develop basic idea about Thermodynamics 3
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To introduce various Refrigeration and Air Conditioning systems.

2 To impart knowledge on refrigeration cycles and methods to improve performance.
3 To familiarize the components of refrigeration systems.
4 To know the applications of refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
COURSE OUTCOMES:

Bloom’s
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION Taxonomy
Level
To identify and compare different type of refrigerating machines Understand
CME405.1
used in industries and in other establishments. (level 2)
To analyzethe influence of all operating parameters of R&AC
Analysis
CME405.2 machines & can selectthe right refrigerating equipment for a
(level 4)
particular application.
To select the right refrigerant for a particular practical
situation.Apply their knowledge in unconventional refrigeration Apply
CME405.3
methods and working principles of refrigerating and air conditioning (level 3)
equipment to attain sustainable refrigeration methods.
To select the right type of components for a particular refrigerating / Apply
CME405.4
air conditioning system used in practice. (level 3)
Using the principles of air conditioning, they will be able to
Create
CME405.5 designdifferent type of air conditioning systems and duct systems
(level 6)
for industrial applications.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME
2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
405.1
CME
2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 -
405.2
CME
3 1 2 - - 2 3 1 - - - - 3 2 -
405.3
CME
3 2 - - - - 2 - - - - - 3 2 -
405.4
CME
3 - 3 - - 1 1 - - - - - 2 3 -
405.5

LOW/MEDIUM
MAPPING / JUSTIFICATION
HIGH
CME405.1- As they could use their acquired knowledge to solve
M
PO1 engineering problems in Refrigeration.
Knowledge in principles of Refrigeration helps the students
CME405.1-
M to identify many problems related to refrigeration and air
PO2
conditioning.

CME405.2- Knowledge in principles of Refrigeration helps the students

M
PO1 to select the right refrigeration equipment.
Students will be able to identify the influence of all
CME405.2-
M operating parameters of different Refrigeration systems and
PO2
can reach conclusions regarding the efficient operation.
Students will able to identify the thermal condition of
CME405.3-
H components like condenser or evaporator while modeling in
PO1
analysis software.
CME405.3- Become aware of the different types of energy and can
L
PO2 identify the types of refrigeration system to be used.
Will be aware of advantages and disadvantages of different
CME405.3-
M refrigerants and can identify favorable conditions for
PO3
different refrigerants.
CME405.3- Can identify where an absorption system can be included to
M
PO6 utilize the low grade energy for refrigeration purpose.
Aware of problems of different refrigerants like CFC’s and
CME405.3-
H able to convince others about the bad effects on
PO7
environment.
CME405.3- Should be able to study the requirements and be able to
L
PO8 design optimum systems with least environmental impacts.
CME405.4- Ability to understand the working of each refrigeration
H
PO1 components.
CME405.4- Apply the knowledge about each component to review
M
PO2 research literature and identify different systems in practice.
CME405.4- Able to identify the best material/component which is
M
PO7 environment friendly.
Knowledge in principles of air conditioning helps the
CME405.5-
H students todesigndifferent type of air conditioning systems
PO1
and duct systems.
CME405.5- Ability to identify the requirements for comfort in different
H
PO3 weather conditions and design the system accordingly.
CME405.5- Can identify the comfort conditions and various parameters
L
PO6 for human comfort in different situations/ activities.
CME405.5- Apply the knowledge about air conditioning to design
L
PO7 sustainable air conditioning systems.


LOW/MEDIUM/
HIGH
CME405.1- Students will be thorough about the application of
L
PSO1 thermodynamics in the areas of refrigeration.
CME 405.2- Will get a clear idea of thermodynamics about sensible
M
PSO1 heat and latent heat.
By analyzing the operating parameters students can
CME405.2-
M select the right refrigerating equipment for a particular
PSO2
application.
CME405.3- Will get a clear idea of thermodynamic and other
H
PSO1 properties of variousrefrigerants.
CME405.3- Students can apply their knowledge to select the right
M
PSO2 refrigerant for a particular application.
CME405.4- Will get a clear idea about the performance of various
H
PSO1 components used in R & A/C applications.
CME405.4- Can design a refrigeration system for different
M
PSO2 temperatures, loads etc.
Gets a clear idea about the temperature, humidity,
CME405.5-
M cleanliness and air flow rate for different comfort
PSO1
conditions. Also gets idea about duct design.
CME405.5- Students candesigndifferent type of air conditioning
H
PSO2 systems and duct systems for particular applications.
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSIONAL

REQUIREMENTS: Nil
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN: Nil

1 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112105128/2
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4.2 COURSE PLAN

1 1 Introduction – Brief history and applications of refrigeration.
2 1 Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration
3 1 Carnot, reversed carrot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machines
4 Limitations of reversed Carnot cycle, coefficient of performance -unit of
1
refrigeration- simple problems
5 1 Air refrigeration system -Bell Coleman cycle -C.O.P –capacity
6 1 Work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell Coleman cycle.
7 1 Air craft refrigeration systems, Simple and Boot strap refrigeration systems
8 1 Regenerative and reduced ambient system.
9 2 Vapor compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle
10 2 COP- effect of operating parameters on COP- wet, dry compression
11 2 Methods of improving COP of simple cycle- super heating, under cooling.
12 Liquid suction heat exchanger, actual cycle representation on TS and PH
2
diagrams
13 2 Simple problems
14 2 Vortex tube refrigeration
15 Very low temperature refrigeration systems- magnetic (Cryogenics)
2
refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration
16 2 Adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic salts.
17 2 Numerical problems.
18 Advanced vapor compression systems – multistage vapor compression
3
systems
19 3 Flash chamber- multiple compression and evaporation systems

20 3 Inter cooling - flash inter cooling and flash gas removal

21 3 cascading
22 3 simple problems
23 Refrigerants and their properties-Eco-friendly Refrigerants, mixed
3
refrigerants
24 3 Nomenclature, suitability of refrigerants for various applications
25 Vapor absorption systems: Ammonia water system-simple cycles-actual
3
cycle
26 Lithium bromide water system. comparison with vapour compression
3
system
27 3 Electrolux system and steam jet refrigeration.
28 Application of refrigeration : domestic refrigerators- water coolers- ice
4
plant
29 4 Cold storages - food preservation methods - plate freezing, quick - freezing.
30 Refrigeration system components : water and air cooled condensers-
4
evaporative condensers
31 expansion devises -capillary tube -constant pressure expansion valve-
4
thermostatic expansion valve- float valve and solenoid valve
32 Evaporators: natural convection coils -flooded evaporators -direct
4
expansion coils.
33 Reciprocating compressors: single stage and multistage compressors- work
4
done - effect of clearance.
34 effect of intercooling- optimum pressure ratio - volumetric efficiency -
4
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency
Rotodynamiccompresors: Screw and vane type compressors- principle of
35 4 operation- hermetic, semi hermetic and open type refrigeration
compressors
36 Cooling towers - Different types and their application fields. Refrigerant
4
leakage and detection – charging of refrigerant
37 Air conditioning - meaning and utility, comfort and industrial air
5
conditioning.
38 5 Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometric properties.
39 Thermodynamic equations- enthalpy of moisture- adiabatic saturation
5
process - Psychrometers. Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature
40 Psychrometric chart- Psychometric processes- adiabatic mixing - sensible
5
heating and cooling - humidifying and dehumidifying
41 Air washer - bypass factor - sensible heat factor - RSHF and GSHF line -
5
Design condition - Apparent dew point temperature.
42 Choice of supply condition, state and mass rate of dehumidified air quantity
5
- Fresh air supplied - air refrigeration.
43 Comfort air conditioning - factors affecting human comfort. Effective
5
temperature - comfort chart.
44 5 Summer air conditioning - factors affecting - cooling load estimation.
45 5 Numerical problems
46 5 Summer air conditioning- cooling load calculations
47 Air conditioning systems - room air conditioner, split system, packaged
6
system.
48 6 Air conditioning systems - all air system - chilled water system.
49 6 Winter air conditioning - factors affecting heating system, humidifiers.

50 Year round air conditioning - unitary and central systems. AC system
6
controls - thermostat and humidistat.
51 6 Air distribution systems - duct systems
52 6 Design of air duct systems
53 Air conditioning of restaurants, hospitals, retail outlets, computer center,
6
cinema theatre, and other place of amusement
54 6 Industrial applications of air conditioning.
4.3 MODULE WISE SAMPLE QUESTIONS
MODULE 1
1. Represent heat engine, heat pump and refrigerator on a common platform and compare.
2. Compare a refrigerator with a Heat Pump and Heat Engine.
3. What is meant by dense air refrigeration system with respect to air cycle refrigeration?
4. Define: COP of Refrigerator and Tonne of Refrigeration.
5. Explain the working principle of Bell Coleman Cycle.
6. Compare the various air cooling systems used for aircraft.
7. A cold storage is to be maintained at -5°C while the surroundings are at 35°C. The heat
leakage from the surroundings into the cold storage is estimated to be 29 kW. The actual
COP of the refrigeration plant is 1/3 of an ideal plant working between same
temperatures. Find the power required to drive the plant.
8. A machine works on Carnot cycle between temperature limits of -10°C and 27°C. Find
its COP when working as (a) a refrigerating machine; (b) a heat pump; and (c) a heat
engine.
9. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures 700°C and 50°
C. The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at 50°C
and -250C. The heat transfer to the engine is 2500 kJ and the network output of the
combined system is 400 kJ. (a) Determine the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 50°C;
(b) Reconsider (a) if the efficiency of the heat engine and COP of the refrigerator are
each 45% of their maximum possible values.
10. A dense air based Bell-Coleman system working between 4 bar and 16 bar extracts
125 MJ/hr. The air enters the compressor at 5°C and enters the expander 23°C. The
compressor is double acting and its stroke is 30 cm, γair is 1.4, mechanical efficiencies of
compressor and expander are 0.85 and 0.87 respectively Cpair is 1.005 kJ/kg K, Rair is
287 J/kg-K. Assuming the unit runs at 300 r.p.m., find
a) Power required to run the unit.
b) Bore of the compressor.
c) Refrigerating capacity in tonne. Assume isentropic compression and expansion.
11. An Aircraft moving with a speed of 1000 kmph uses simple gas refrigeration cycle for
air conditioning. The ambient pressure and temperature are 0.35 bar and -10˚C
respectively.The pressure ratio of compressor is 4.5. The heat exchanger effectiveness is
0.95. The isentropic efficiencies of compressor and Expander are 0.8 each. The cabin
pressure and temperature are 1.06 bar and 25° C. Determine temperature and pressures at
all points of cycle. Also find the volume flow rate through the compressor inlet and
Expander outlet for 100 Ton of Refrigeration.Assume Cp = 1005 J/kg K, R = 287 J/kg K,
γ = 1.4 for air and 1 TR = 3.5 kW.
12. The capacity of a refrigerator is 70 kW when working between -6°C and 25°C.
Determine the mass of ice produced per day from water at 25°C. Also find the power
required to drive the unit. Assume that the cycle operates on reversed Carnot cycle and
the latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg.
13. A dense air refrigeration cycle operates between pressures of 4 bar and 16 bar. The air
temperature after heat rejection to the surroundings as 37°C and air temperature at exit of
refrigerator is 7°C. The Isentropic Efficiencies of compressor and turbine are 80%.
Calculate the COP and power per TR.
14. An air refrigeration system works between the pressure limits of 1 bar and 5 bar. The
temperatures of the air entering the compressor and expander cylinder are 10°C and 25°C
respectively.The Expander and compressor follow the law pV1.3 = C for expansion and
compression. Find the following: (a) Theoretical COP of Refrigeration Cycle. (b) If the
load on the refrigeration machine is 10 TR, find the amount of air circulated per minute
through the system assuming that actual COP is 50% of the theoretical COP. (c) The
stroke length and piston diameter of single acting compressor if the compressor runs at
300 r.p.m. and the Volumetric Efficiency is 85%. Assume L/d = 1.5, Cp = 1005 J/kg K
and CV = 0.71 kJ/kg K.
MODULE 2
1. Discuss dry and wet compression with the help of T-S diagram.
2. Discuss the effect of pressure drop in condenser and evaporator of a vapour compression
system.
3. Sketch the T-S and P-h diagrams for vapour compression refrigeration cycles when
vapour after compression is (a) Superheated and (b) Dry saturated.
4. What is sub cooling and superheating? Explain with help of diagrams.
5. Discuss the arrangement used for producing low temperature by adiabatic
demagnetization of a paramagnetic salt?
6. Explain the working of Magnetic Refrigeration system.
7. The following data refers to a single stage vapour compression system. Refrigerant used
R 134a, condensing temperature is 35°C and evaporator temperature is 10°C. For
compressor, rpm = 2800, clearance factor = 0.03, swept volume = 269.4 cm3, expansion
index is 1.12, compression efficiency is 0.8, condensate sub cooling by 5°C. Calculate
(a) Capacity; (b) Power; (c) COP; (d) heat rejection to condenser and (e) relative COP of
the system.
8. A vapour compression cycle uses R 12 as refrigerant and the liquid evaporates in the
evaporator at -15°C the temperature of this refrigerant at the delivery from the
compressor is 15°C when the vapour is condensed at 100C. Find the COP, if (a) there is
no undercooling; and (b) the liquid is cooled by 5°C before expansion by throttling.
Assume Cpv = 0.64 kJ/k (for superheated vapour) and that of liquid Cpl = 0.94 kJ/kg K.
9. A simple NH3 vapour compression system has compressor with piston displacement of 2
m3/min, condenser pressure of 12 bar and Evaporator pressure of 2.5 bar. The liquid is
sub-cooled to 20°C by soldering the liquid line to suction line. The temperature of
vapour leaving the compressor is 100°C, heat rejected to condenser cooling water is
5000 kJ/hr, and volumetric efficiency of compressor is 0.8. Compute capacity, Indicated
power and COP of the system.

MODULE 3
1. State the advantages of Multi-stage vapour compression Refrigeration with Intercoolers?
2. What is the function of a flash intercooler provided in a Multistage Vapour Compression
refrigeration system?
3. Explain the complete multistage vapour compression system with flash meter cooling,
flash gas removal and vapour inter cooler with the help of a neat sketch and p-h diagram.
4. The Refrigeration system using R12 as refrigerant consists of 3 Evaporators of capacities
20 TR, 30 TR and 10 TR with individual expansion valves and individual compressors.
The temperature in the three evaporators is to be maintained at -100C, 50C and 10°C
respectively. The vapour leaving the evaporator is dry and saturated. The condenser
temperature is 400C and the liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser is sub-cooled to
30°C. Assuming isentropic compression is each compressor, find (a) the mass of
refrigerant flowing through each evaporator; (b) power required to drive the system;
and (c) COP of system.
5. A single compressor using R12 as refrigerant has 3 Evaporators of capacity 10 TR, 20
TR and 30 TR. All the Evaporators operate at -100C and the vapors leaving the
Evaporators are dry and saturated. The condensing temperature is 40°C. The liquid
refrigerant leaving the condenser is sub cooled to 300C. Assuming Isentropic
Compression, find: (a) The mass of refrigerant flowing through each evaporator (b)
Power required to drive the compressor. (c) COP of the system.
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of steam jet refrigeration system over other
types of refrigeration systems?
7. Discuss in detail, the secondary refrigerants.
8. What is the function of Analyzer and Rectifier in an absorption system?
9. Explain the desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant.
10. Draw a neat diagram of Lithium-Bromide system and explain its working. List the major
field of applications of this system.
11. State the advantages and disadvantages of Li-Br compared to vapour compression
Refrigeration system.
12. Write the factors considered for selection of refrigerant for a system.
13. Explain the working of steam Jet Refrigeration system with a neat sketch.
14. Draw a neat diagram of three fluid system of Refrigeration (Electrolux Refrigerator) and
Explain its working.
15. Differentiate between physical and thermodynamic properties of a refrigerant.
MODULE 4
1. Explain volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor?
2. Briefly explain the factors which affect the heat transfer capacity of an evaporator?
3. Explain the working principle of hermetically sealed compressor.
4. Explain the working of an Evaporative Condenser.
5. Discuss the operation of a capillary tube in a refrigeration system.
6. Explain the working of high-side and low-side float valves with the help of neat sketches.
7. A single cylinder, single acting reciprocating compressor using R-12 as refrigerant has a
bore 80 mm and stroke 60 mm. The compressor runs at 1450 r.p.m. If the condensing
temperature is 40°C, find the mass of refrigerant circulated per minute and the
refrigerating capacity of the compressor when the evaporator is at (a) 10°C and (b)-

10°C. Assume simple cycle and no clearance. Also determine the change in the results
when the clearance factor is 5 % and the index of isentropic compression is 1.13.
8. Compare the performance of Reciprocating and centrifugal compressors.
9. Explain the working of a thermostatic expansion valve.
10. Compare an Air-cooled condenser with water-cooled condenser.
11. Explain the working of flooded evaporators.
12. Explain the working of float valve.
13. Compare the working of a float valve with solenoid valve.
14. Explain the working of Dry Expansion Evaporators and Natural Convection Evaporators.
MODULE 5
1. Define thermodynamic wet bulb temperature.
2. What is the significance of sensible heat factor in air conditioning?
3. Write a short note on: (a) By pass factor for cooling coils and (b) Dehumidification.
4. Discuss, briefly the factors affecting the optimum effective temperature for comfort.
5. Explain the concept of “Effective Temperature” with reference to comfort air-
conditioning.
6. Write short note on the factors affecting comfort Air conditioning.
7. A mixture of dry air and water vapour is at a temperature of 22°C under a total pressure
of 730 mm of Hg. The dew point temperature is 15°C. Find (a) partial pressure of water
vapour; (b) relative humidity; (c) specific humidity; (d) enthalpy of air per kg of dry air;
(e) specific volume of air per kg of dry air. Use only equation to solve the problem.
8. 120 m3 of air per minute at 35°C DBT and 50 % RH is cooled to 20°C DBT by passing
through a cooling coil. Determine the following: (a) RH of out coming air and its WBT;
(b) capacity of cooling coil; (c) Amount of water vapour removed per hour. Use only
equations to solve the problem.
9. 250 m3 of air is supplied per minute from outdoor conditions of 38° C DBT and 25° C
WBT to an air conditioned room. The air is dehumidified by a cooling coil having a by-
pass factor 0.35 and dew point temperature 13° C and then by a chemical dehumidifier.
Air leaves the chemical dehumidifier at 32° C DBT. Air then passed over a cooling coil,
where surface temperature is 13°C and by-pass factor is 0.25. Calculate the capacities of
the two cooling coils and the humidifier.
10. The humidity ratio of atmospheric air at 28° C DBT and 760 mm of Hg is 0.016 kg/kg of
dry air. Determine:(i) Partial pressure of water vapour;(ii) Relative humidity;(iii) Dew
point temperature;(iv) Specific Enthalpy; and (v) Vapour Density.
MODULE 6
1. Describe Unitary and Central Air conditioning systems.
2. What is the function of Humidistat in an A/C
3. Explain in detail summer air conditioning system.
4. Describe the different methods of air conditioning duct design.
5. Explain the working of Winter Air Conditioning System.
6. Explain the Equal pressure drop method used for duct design.
7. What are the essential components of an air conditioning system?
8. What are the factors for consideration to select a correct air-conditioning system for a
given space/building?
9. Write a short note on Industrial applications of air conditioning.
10. An Air conditioned auditorium is to be maintained at 27˚C DBT and 60% RH. The
ambient condition is 40°C DBT and 30°C WBT. The total sensible heat load is 100
MJ/hr and the total latent heat load is 40 MJ/hr. 60% of the return air is recirculated and
mixed with 40% of makeup air after the cooling coil. The condition of air leaving the

cooling coil is at 18°C. Determine: (a) RSHF. (b) Condition of air entering the
auditorium. (c) Amount of makeup air. (d) Apparatus Dew Point temperature. (e) By
pass factor of cooling coil and (f) Plot the process in Psychrometric Chart type of
representation.
Mr. James Mathew Dr. Thankachan T Pullan
(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 407 Mechatronics S7 ME
7. ME 407 MECHATRONICS

COURSE: MECHATRONICS SEMESTER: 7 CREDITS: 3
COURSE CODE: ME 407 COURSE TYPE: CORE
REGULATION: 2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: CONTACT HOURS: 3Hours/Week.
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS,DESIGN
AND ANALYSIS
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE LAB COURSE NAME: NA
(IF ANY): NIL
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
I Introduction to Mechatronics: Structure of Mechatronics system. Sensors - 08
Characteristics -Temperature, flow, pressure sensors. Displacement, position
and proximity sensing by magnetic, optical, ultrasonic, inductive, capacitive
and eddy current methods. Encoders: incremental and absolute, gray coded
encoder. Resolvers and synchros. Piezoelectric sensors. Acoustic Emission
sensors. Principle and types of vibration sensors
II Actuators: Hydraulic and Pneumatic actuators - Directional control valves, 07
pressure control valves, process control valves. Rotary actuators.
Development of simple hydraulic and pneumatic circuits using standard
Symbols.
III Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS): Fabrication: Deposition, 06
Lithography, Micromachining methods for MEMS, Deep Reactive Ion
Etching (DRIE) and LIGA processes. Principle, fabrication and working of
MEMS based pressure sensor, accelerometer and gyroscope.
IV Mechatronics in Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines: Design of 08
modern CNC machines - Mechatronics elements - Machine structure: guide
ways, drives. Bearings: anti-friction bearings, hydrostatic bearing and
hydrodynamic bearing. Re-circulating ball screws, pre-loading methods. Re-
circulating roller screws. Typical elements of open and closed loop control
systems. Adaptive controllers for machine tools. Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC) –Basic structure, input/ output processing. Programming:
Timers, Internal Relays, Counters and Shift registers. Development of simple
ladder programs for specific purposes.
V System modeling - Mathematical models and basic building blocks of general 06
mechanical, electrical, fluid and thermal systems.
Mechatronics in Robotics-Electrical drives: DC, AC, brushless, servo and
stepper motors. Harmonic drive. Force and tactile sensors. Range finders:
ultrasonic and light based range finders
VI Robotic vision system - Image acquisition: Vidicon, charge coupled device 07
(CCD) and charge injection device (CID) cameras. Image processing
techniques: histogram processing: sliding, stretching, equalization and

thresholding.
Case studies of Mechatronics systems: Automatic camera, bar code reader,
pick and place robot, automatic car park barrier system, automobile engine
management system.
TOTAL HOURS 42
T1 Bolton W., Mechatronics: Electronic Control Systems in Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering, Person Education Limited, New Delhi, 2007
T2 Ramachandran K. P., G. K. Vijayaraghavan, M. S. Balasundaram, Mechatronics:
Integrated Mechanical Electronic Systems, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2008.
T3 Saeed B. Niku, Introduction to Robotics: Analysis, Systems, Applications, Person
Education, Inc., New Delhi, 2006.Mechanics of Flight- Kermode A. C
R1 David G. Aldatore, Michael B. Histand, Introduction to Mechatronics and
Measurement Systems, McGraw-Hill Inc., USA, 2003.
R2 Gordon M. Mair, Industrial Robotics, Prentice Hall International, UK, 1998.
R3 HMT, Mechatronics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.
R4 Vijay K. Varadan, K. J. Vinoy, S. Gopalakrishnan, Smart Material Systems and
MEMS: Design and Development Methodologies, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England,
2006.
Basic knowledge on CAD/CAM,
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN Basics of geometric and solid
ME 308 3
AND ANALYSIS modelling, Introduction to finite
element analysis,
Deep knowledge on machine
tools and their operations. Basic
MACHINE TOOLS AND DIGITAL understanding on fundamentals
ME 303 5
MANUFACTURING of digital manufacturingand
super finishing in metal cutting
process.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To introduce the features of various sensors used in CNC machines and robots.
2 To study the fabrication and functioning of MEMS pressure and inertial sensors
3 To enable development of hydraulic/pneumatic circuit and PLC programs for simple
applications
COURSE OUTCOMES:
SNO DESCRIPTION Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Level
Students will understand the basic structure of Understand
CME 407.1 Mechatronics system, sensors and encoders. (Level 2)
Students will gain knowledge on the various types of
hydraulic and pneumatic actuators used. They will Apply
CME 407.2 synergize this with their knowledge in developing
(Level 3)
simple hydraulic and pneumatic circuit’s using
standard symbols.
Students will develop and idea about Micro Electro Analyze
CME 407.3 Mechanical System, Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE)
(Level 4)
and LIGA Process.
Students will be able to select various mechatronics Evaluate
CME 407.4 elements in the Design of modern CNC machines (Level 5)
Students will gain fundamental knowledge in system Knowledge
CME 407.5 modelling and Mechatronics in Robotics. (Level 1)
Students will be able to assess case studies of Evaluate
CME 407.6 mechatronic systems. (Level 6)
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 12 1 2 3
0 1
CME 407.1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 3 - -
CME 407.2 - - 3 3 - - - - - - - - 3 2 -
CME 407.3 2 - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 -
CME 407.4 - - 3 - - - - - - - - 1 2 3 -
CME 407.5 2 - 3 - - - - - - - - - 1 - -
CME 407 .6 3 - - 3 - - - - - - 2 2 - - 2
CME 407 1. 2.2
2 2 3 3 2 - 2 2.3 2
5 5

MAPPING LOW/MEDIUM/ JUSTIFICATION

HIGH
CME 407.1- Students will be able to appreciate and to apply suitable
PO1 L sensors and encoders and other mechatronic elements based
on acquired knowledge.
CME 407.1- Problem analysisreaching towards sustainable conclusions
M
PO2 based on principles and characteristics of sensors.
CME 407.2- Design/development of solutionsusing actuators both
PO3 hydraulic and pneumatic to analyse the various levels and
H
need of automation and finally development of hydraulic
and pneumatic circuit.
CME 407.2- Conductinvestigations on complex hydraulic and
PO4 H pneumatic circuits to validate/concluderight selection of
actuators and valves.
By gaining a broad overview but only at the level of
CME 407.3-
M basic/fundamental knowledge in MEMS and its principles
PO 1
will lead to knowledge on sensor fabrication.
Modern tool usage using DRIE and LIGA process to micro
CME 407.3-
M machine sensors and other related components ,students will
PO5
strongly recognize the need and developmentof MEMS
Design and development of modern cnc machines and
CME 407.4- solution to growing needs of machine tool industry by
H
PO 3 studying various mechatronic element selection and
controllers for machine tools.
CME 407.5- Enhance knowledge in electrical drives and motors to apply
M
PO 1 robotic applications in mechatronics.
Design solutions for mechatronics using the knowledge
CME 407.5-
H gained through studying about servo and stepper motors and
PO 3
system modelling.
CME 407.6- Apply the knowledge to robotic vision system.
H
PO 1
CME 407.6- Conduct design of experiments, analysis using robotics for
H
PO 4 vivid mechatronic solutions.
Evaluating mechatronic case studies the student can apply
CME 407.6-
M these in practical work as well as manage projects in multi-
PO 11
disciplinary environments.
CME 407.6- Case studies of mechatronic system recognises the need for
M
PO 12 Lifelong learning for future technologies

HIGH
Students will be able to solve complex engineering
CME 407.1-
H simulations related to automations, based on acquired
PSO1
knowledge.
Students will gain knowledge on the various
CME 407.2-
H fundamentals of hydraulics and pneumatics for utilizing
PSO1
advanced technology.
CME 407.2- Successfully apply principles of design of hydraulic and

M
PSO2 pneumatic circuits using standard symbols systems.
Apply the principles of design in Micro Electro
CME 407.3-
M Mechanical Systems and analysis suitable micromaching
PSO 2
technique
CME 407.4- Apply the acquired knowledge on designing mechatronic
H
PSO 2 machines in domains of design and analysis
Use CAD/CAM tools for best design development and
CME 407.4- manufacturing of CNC machines based on the
H
PSO 3 knowledge acquired through mechatronic elements, PLC
and ladder diagram for specific purpose.
Apply the knowledge to use advanced technology
CME 407.5-
L mechatronics using robotics and to model mechanical,
PSO 1
electrical and fluid systems.
Develop and introduce new ideas on product design for
CME 407.6-
M mechatronic case studies using modern automation
PSO3
solutions

REQUIREMENTS:
SNO DESCRIPTION RELEVENC PROPOSED
E TO ACTIONS
PO\PSO
Robotic application on Design of Special PSO 2,PSO3 Industrial visit and Video
1
Purpose Machinery presentation,
PROPOSED ACTIONS: TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ASSIGNMENT/INDUSTRY VISIT/GUEST LECTURER/NPTEL ETC

RELEVENCE
SINO: TOPIC
TO PO\PSO
1 Design of CNC machine tool structure using CAD software’s like PSO3
solid works, catia etc.

1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HM7ZMPpbeDA
2 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112103174/
3 www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwQjsjpjZCk
4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-atC2L2PwVA
5 https://me.engin.umich.edu/index.php/research/areas/mechatronics-robotics
☐✔CHALK & ☐✔ STUD. ☐ WEB ☐✔LCD/SMART
TALK ASSIGNMENT RESOURCES BOARDS

☐✔STUD. ☐ ADD-ON COURSES

SEMINARS
☐✔ ☐ STUD. ☐ TESTS/MODEL ☐✔UNIV.
ASSIGNMENTS SEMINARS EXAMS EXAMINATION
☐ STUD. LAB ☐✔STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR ☐
COURSES
☐✔ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES ☐✔ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE) FACULTY (TWICE)
7.2 COURSE PLAN

1 I Introduction to Mechatronics:
2 I Structure of Mechatronics system.
3 I Sensors - Characteristics –Temperature and flow sensors
4 I Pressure sensors.
Displacement, position and proximity sensing by magnetic, optical,
5 I
ultrasonic, inductive, capacitive and eddy current methods.
6 I Encoders: incremental and absolute, gray coded encoder
Resolvers and synchros. Piezoelectric sensors. Acoustic Emission
7 I
sensors.
8 I Principle and types of vibration sensors.
9 II Actuators: Hydraulic and Pneumatic actuators -
10 II Directional control valves,
11 II pressure control valves,
12 II Process control valves.
13 II Rotary actuators
14 II
Symbols.
15 II
Symbols.
16 III Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

17 III Fabrication: Deposition, Lithography

18 III Micromachining methods for MEMS,
19 III Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE)
20 III LIGA processes.
Principle, fabrication and working of MEMS based pressure sensor,
21 III
accelerometer and gyroscope
22 IV Mechatronics in Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines.
23 IV Design of modern CNC machines
24 IV Design of modern CNC machines - Mechatronics elements
Machine structure: guide ways, drives. Bearings: anti-friction bearings,
25 IV
hydrostatic bearing and hydrodynamic bearing.
Re-circulating ball screws, pre-loading methods. Re-circulating roller
26 IV
screws.
Typical elements of open and closed loop control systems. Adaptive
27 IV
controllers for machine tools
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) –Basic structure, input/ output
28 IV processing. Programming: Timers, Internal Relays, Counters and Shift
registers.
29 IV Development of simple ladder programs for specific purposes.
30 V System modeling - Mathematical models and basic building blocks.
31 V Basic building blocks of general mechanical, electrical, fluid and thermal

systems.
32 V Basic building blocks of general mechanical, electrical, fluid and thermal
systems.
33 V Mechatronics in Robotics
Electrical drives: DC, AC, brushless, servo and stepper motors.
34 V
Harmonic drive.
Force and tactile sensors. Range finders: ultrasonic and light based range
35 V
finders
36 VI Robotic vision system - Image acquisition: Vidicon.
37 VI Charge coupled device (CCD)
38 VI Charge injection device (CID) cameras.
Image processing techniques: histogram processing: sliding, stretching,
39 VI
equalization and thresholding.
Case studies of Mechatronics systems: Automatic camera, bar code
40 VI reader, pick and place robot, automatic car park barrier system,
automobile engine management system


MODULE I
1. Define mechatronics?
2. What is meant by system in mechatronics?
3. Elaborate where you could find the main applications of mechatronics?
4. Mention the relevance of a sensor and its resolution?
5. Explain the function of a capacitive sensor in a robot end effectors?
6. Which static characteristic of a sensor must be considered for selection?
7. Explain the working principle of light sensor
MODULE II
1. Mention various components of hydraulic system?

2. What is called pneumatic system?
3. What are the various components used in a pneumatic system?
4. What are the factors to be considered for selecting actuators?
5. List different control valves, How are DCV’s classified?
6. Define actuator what is meant by cylinder sequencing?
MODULE III
1. Distinguish between DRIE and LIGA

2. What are the different methods of micro machining to fabricate sensors?
3. How to fabricate MEMS based pressure sensor?
4. Enumerate recent advances in MEMS in automotive?
MODULE IV
1. What are the stages in designing a mechatronic system?

2. Distinguish between traditional design approach and Mechatronics approach.
3. What are the advantages of PLC system?
4. What is the function of encoder?
5. Mention the configurations in operating stepper motor?

6. Sketch the basic architecture of a PLC and explain the function of each element.
MODULE V
1. State the purpose of control system.
2. What are the types of control systems?
3. Obtain the basic function of control system?
4. Give example for closed loop system and open loop system?
MODULE VI
1. How could you develop a mechatronic system for automation in your hostel dining area?
2. Mention the impact of robotics in a mechatronic system from industrial point of
application.
3. Give some examples of robotic vision and use of CCD and CID
4. Can you develop a system to automate car parking in city railway station?
Mr Jithin K Francis Dr.Thankachan T Pullan
(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 409 Compressible Fluid Flow S7 ME
8. ME 409 COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

ENGINEERING
COURSE:COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW SEMESTER: VIICREDITS: 3
COURSE CODE:ME 409REGULATION: COURSE TYPE: CORE
2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN:FLUID CONTACT HOURS:2(LECTURE) + 1(TUTORIAL)
&THERMAL SCIENCE HOUR/WEEK
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE LAB COURSE NAME:NIL
(IF ANY):NIL
SYLLABUS:
Introduction to Compressible Flow- Concept of continuum-system and

control volume approach- conservation of mass, momentum and
energy- stagnation state- compressibility-Entropy relations.
Wave propagation- Acoustic velocity-Mach number-effect of Mach
I number on compressibility- Pressure coefficient-physical difference 8
between incompressible, subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows- Mach
cone-Sonic boom-Reference velocities- Impulse function-adiabatic
energy equation-representation of various flow regimes on steady flow
adiabatic ellipse.
One dimensional steady isentropic flow- Adiabatic and isentropic flow
of a perfect gas- basic equations- Area-Velocity relation using 1D
approximation-nozzle and diffuser-mass flow rate-chocking in
II isentropic flow-flow coefficients and efficiency of nozzle and diffuser- 7
working tables-charts and tables for isentropic flow-operation of
nozzle under varying pressure ratios –over expansion and under
expansion in nozzles.
Irreversible discontinuity in supersonic flow- one dimensional shock
wave- stationary normal shock- governing equations- Prandtl- Meyer
relations- Shock strength- Rankine- Hugoniot Relation- Normal Shock
III 7
on T-S diagram- working formula- curves and tables-Oblique shock
waves - supersonic flow over compression and expansion corners
(basic idea only).
Flow in a constant area duct with friction (Fanno Flow) – Governing
Equations- Fanno line on h-s and P-v diagram- Fanno relation for a
IV 6
perfect gas- Chocking due to friction- working tables for Fanno flow-
Isothermal flow(elementary treatment only)
Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow)-
V 6
Governing equations- Rayleigh line on h-s and P-v diagram- Rayleigh

relation for perfect gas- maximum possible heat addition-location of

maximum enthalpy point- thermal chocking- working tables for
Rayleigh flow.
Compressible flow field visualization and measurement-
Shadowgraph-Schlieren technique- interferometer- subsonic
compressible flow field -measurement (Pressure, Velocity and
VI Temperature) – compressibility - correction factor- hot wire 8
anemometer- supersonic flow measurement- Shock tube-Rayleigh
Pitot tube- wedge probe- stagnation temperature probe- temperature
recovery factor –Kiel probe - Wind tunnels – closed and open type.
T/R/D BOOK TITLE/AUTHOR/PUBLICATION
T1 Balachandran P., Fundamentals of Compressible Fluid Dynamics, PHI Learning. 2006
T2 Rathakrishnan E., Gas Dynamics, PHI Learning, 2014
T3 Yahya S. M., Fundamentals of Compressible Flow with Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion, New Age
International Publishers, 2003
R1 Anderson, Modern compressible flow, 3e McGraw Hill Education, 2012
R2 Shapiro, Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Flow – Vol 1., John Wiley & Sons,1953
D1 Yahya S. M., Gas Tables, New Age International, 2011
D2 Balachandran P., Gas Tables, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Limited, 2011
Detailed knowledge of control volume

ME 205 Thermodynamics approach, continuum concept, Steady flow Third
energy equation, Entropy
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To familiarize with behaviour of compressible gas flow.
2 To understand the difference between subsonic and supersonic flow
3 To familiarize with high speed test facilities
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Blooms’
Level
CME409 Analyze
To analyze and solve compressible flow related engineering problems. Level-4
.1
Evaluate
CME409 Toevaluate the sonic speed for ideal gases and obtain the Mach numbers.
Also to classify subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic flow Level-4
.2
regimes.

CME409 to apply the knowledge gained in performing preliminary design of Application

supersonic inlets, diffusers, wind tunnels and other compressible flow Level-3
.3
devices by using one- dimensional compressible flow theory.
Analyze
CME409 To combine conservation of mass, momentum and energy principles with Level-4
gas equations of state and second law of thermodynamics to analyze
.4
normal shock.
Analyze
CME409 To combine conservation of mass, momentum and energy principles with
gas equations of state and second law of thermodynamics to Level-4
.5
analyzeFanno flow & Rayleigh flow.
ME409. To describe various compressible flow field visualization and Understand
measurement methods. Level-2
6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME409.1 2 2 2
CME409.2 3 3 2
CME409.3 3 3 2
CME409.4 1 3 2
CME409.5 1 3 2
CME409.6 2 3 2

Students will be able to differentiate compressible flow problems and
CME409.1-PO1 M
use their knowledge to solve them
With given inputs students can analyse and solve compressible fluid
CME409.1-PO2 M
flow problems
Students will be able to calculate the Mach number using which they are
CME409.2-PO1 H in a position to analyse and distinguish the type of compressible flow
when dealing with engineering flow problems
With the given input values, Mach number of flow can be evaluated,
CME409.2-PO2 H using which the flow parameters at any point can be obtained. Based on
this they can distinguish the type of compressible flow.
Students will be able to do preliminary design and analyse of diffusers
CME409.3-PO1 H and nozzles using his engineering knowledge to fulfil engineering
requirement. (determine throat area, exit area for given Mach number)
Students can evaluate A/A* value for nozzles and diffusers and using
CME409.3-PO2 H
the value draw conclusions whether flow will be subsonic or supersonic.
From the knowledge gained, students can understand the flow variations
CME409.4-PO1 L and associated losses in engineering designs due to shock. ( shocks in
flow over blades in compressors/turbines)
Students will be able to identify the presences of discontinuity like
CME409.4-PO2 H
shock in a fluid flow and analyse the flow accordingly. ( flow past a

blunt body, wedge, or adverse flow conditions)

From the knowledge gained, students can solve to find parameters
CME409.5-PO1 L affecting Fannoflow & Rayleigh Flow. (Determine friction factor in
Fanno flow, maximum possible heat addition in Rayleigh flow)
Students can formulate and analyse fluid flows affected by friction and
CME409.5-PO2 H heat transfer. (understand how subsonic and supersonic flow changes
from one type to another due to heat and friction)
Students will be aware of different flow visualisation and measurement
CME409.6-PO4 M techniques which they can implement to develop experiment setup to
study compressible flow.

CME409.1- Students will be solving compressible flow problems using the
M
PSO1 knowledge gained from this course.
CME409.2- Students will be analysing compressible flow using their knowledge
M
PSO1 from thermal and fluid science
CME409.3- Students will be able to design nozzles and diffusers using their
M
PSO1 knowledge
CME409.4- Students will be able to solve engineering problems which
M
PSO1 encounters shock
CME409.5- Students will be able to solve engineering problems in which flow
M
PSO1 parameters varies due to friction and heat transfer
CME409.6- Students using the knowledge of operating various measurement
PSO1 H devices, along with their thermal and fluid science knowledge can
solve engineering problems through experiments
CME409.6- Students will be able to develop solutions through experiments by
PSO2 M clubbing their knowledge of various devices with the knowledge of
design and analysis of mechanical systems
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN: NIL
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS: NIL

1 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112103021/ ( NPTEL Class on Gas Dynamics)
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ycxMTUnruw&t=2s ( CD nozzle animation)
3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWGLAAYdbbc&t=59s( supersonic flights)
4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JO4_VHM69oI( Sonic boom)
5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiV3cPADCgg( compressible flow through nozzles)
6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng4XMEWUCLI( shock wave)

☑ CHALK & TALK ☑ STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☑ WEB RESOURCES

☑ LCD/SMART BOARDS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
☑ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS

☑ TESTS/MODEL
☑ UNIV. EXAMINATION
EXAMS
☐STUD. LAB PRACTICES ☐ STUD. VIVA ☐MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS ☐ CERTIFICATIONS
☐ ADD-ON COURSES ☐ OTHERS
☑ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY FEEDBACK, ☑ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY (ONCE)
ONCE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS ☐ OTHERS
8.2 COURSE PLAN
Day Module Topic
1 Introduction to Compressible Flow- Concept of continuum-system and

I
control volume approach.
2
I Conservation of mass, momentum and energy
3 I Stagnation state- compressibility-Entropy relations
4 Wave propagation- Acoustic velocity-Mach number-effect of Mach
I
number on compressibility- Pressure coefficient.
5 Physical difference between incompressible, subsonic, sonic and
I
supersonic flows
6
I Supersonic flows- Mach cone-Sonic boom
7 I Reference velocities- Impulse function
8 Adiabatic energy equation-representation of various flow regimes on

I
steady flow adiabatic ellipse.
9 One dimensional steady isentropic flow- Adiabatic and isentropic flow
II
of a perfect gas.
10 II Basic equations- Area-Velocity relation using 1D approximation.
11 Nozzle and diffuser-mass flow rate-chocking in isentropic flow. flow
II
coefficients and efficiency of nozzle and diffuser
12 II Operation of nozzle under varying pressure ratios
13 II Over expansion and under expansion in nozzles
14
II Numerical

15 II Numerical
16 Irreversible discontinuity in supersonic flow- one dimensional shock
III
wave- stationary normal shock.
17
III Governing equations- Prandtl- Meyer relations
18 Shock strength- Rankine- Hugoniot Relation- Normal Shock on T-S
III
diagram.
19
III Oblique shock waves.
20 Supersonic flow over compression and expansion corners (basic idea
III
only).
21
III Numerical
22 III Numerical
23 Flow in a constant area duct with friction (Fanno Flow) – Governing
IV
Equations
24 IV Fanno line on h-s and P-v diagram- Fanno relation for a perfect gas
25 IV Chocking due to friction
26
IV Isothermal flow(elementary treatment only)
27 IV Numerical
28 IV Numerical
29 Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow)-
V
Governing equations.
30 V Rayleigh line on h-s and P-v diagram.
31
V Rayleigh relation for perfect gas- maximum possible heat addition.
32 V Location of maximum enthalpy point- thermal chocking.
33 V Numerical
34 V Numerical
35 Compressible flow field visualization and measurement- Shadowgraph-
VI
Schlieren technique- interferometer.
36 Subsonic compressible flow field -measurement (Pressure, Velocity
VI
and Temperature)
37 Subsonic compressible flow field -measurement (Pressure, Velocity
VI
and Temperature)
38
VI Compressibility - correction factor- hot wire anemometer.
39 VI Supersonic flow measurement- Shock tube.
40
VI Rayleigh Pitot tube- wedge probe.

41 Stagnation temperature probe- temperature recovery factor –Kiel

VI
probe.
42 VI Wind tunnels – closed and open type.
8.3 MODULE-WISE QUESTIONS
Module 1
1. State the Von Karmann’s rules for supersonic flow
2. Explain the meaning of stagnation state with example.
3. Obtain continuity equation from law of conservation of mass for control volume and there
dp dA dc dT
by deduce + + − =0
p A c T
4. What is impact temperature? Determine the velocity of air corresponding to a velocity

temperature of 1°C.
5. Explain the merits of dimensionless numbers defined using reference velocities over Mach
number.
6. Speed of a supersonic aircraft flying at an altitude of 1100 m corresponds to a Mach number

of 2.5. Estimate the time elapsed between the instant the air craft was directly overhead of an
observer and the instant the observer feels the disturbance due to the aircraft. The observer is
stationary.
7.Derive the relation for F/F* in terms of Mach number.

8. Derive the stagnation enthalpy equation.
9. What is meant by mass velocity?

γ+1
𝐴 1 2 γ−1 2 2(γ−1)
10. Derive 𝐴∗ = M [γ+1 + γ+1 M ]
11. Derive a relation for velocity of sound in terms of properties of the medium
12. Explain the flow regime for a supersonic flow.
13. Determine the Mach number of an aircraft at which the velocity temperature of air at the
entry of the engine equals the static temperature.
14. Prove that sonic velocity in an ideal gas depends on temperature and nature of the gas.

15. Air is discharged from a reservoir at Po = 6.91 and To = 325°C through a nozzle to an exit
pressure of 0.98 bar. If the flow rate is 3000 kg/hr.. Determine for isentropic flow (a) Throat
area and velocity. (b) Exit area and Mach number.
16. Obtain continuity equation from law of conservation of mass for a control volume.
Module 2
1. Explain under expanded and over expanded nozzle.
2. Write a note onperformance of real nozzle.
3. Explain the variation of pressure in a convergent duct when back pressure is varied.
4. Derive an expression for the mass flow rate through a nozzle. For air flow through a nozzle
show that the maximum flow parameter assumes a value of 0.0404.
5. A supersonic wind tunnel is to be designed to give a Mach number of 2.0 with air at the test
section and having an area of 0.1𝑚2 for the test section. Air pressure and temperature at inlet
𝑁
to the nozzle, where the velocity is negligible are5 × 105 𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 150° 𝐶. Find nozzle
throat area, pressure and temperature at the test section and mass flow rate.
Module 3
1. Can shock waves occur in a subsonic flow? Explain.
2. What are the governing equations used to study normal shock problems.
3. Represent occuranceof normal shock in a Fanno flow & Rayleigh flow in h-s diagram.
4. What are the assumptions used to study normal shock in a compressible flow
5. Derive relation connecting static pressure ratio and static density ratio across a normal shock.
6. Starting from Energy equation derive Prandtl-Meyer relation

7. What is an oblique shock?
8. Can rarefaction waves result in formation of shock.
Module 4
1. What is Fanno line?
2. What are the assumptions used to study Fanno flow?
3. What are the governing equations used in the study of Fanno flow?

4. Derive the condition for maximum entropy in a Fanno flow.
5. Define critical length in a Fanno flow. A gas (γ=1.3, R=0.287kJ/kg K) at p1= 1bar, T1=400K
enters a 30 cm diameter duct at M = 2.0. A normal shock occurs at M = 1.5. At the exit of
the duct the Mach number is unity. The mean value of friction factor is 0.003. Determine:
1.Length of duct upstream and downstream of the shock.

2.Mass flow rate of gas.
3.Entropy change across the shock.
Module 5
1. What are the governing equations used to study Rayleigh flow?
2. What is Rayleigh line?
3. For a Rayleigh flow derive the condition of maximum enthalpy.
4. For a Rayleigh flow derive the condition for maximum entropy.
5. Explain what happens to a subsonic Rayleigh flow and supersonic Rayleigh flow during
heating and cooling
Module 6
1. Explain the method used for measuring flow velocity in a supersonic flow.
2. With the help of T-s diagram and neat sketch explain the components of a rocket engine.
3. Explain the working principle of a) Shadowgraph, b) Schlieren technique, c)interferometer
4. Explain the working of a shock tube.
5. Write short notes on a) temperature recovery factor, b) Kiel probe
6. Explain the method used for measuring flow velocity in a supersonic flow.
Mr Rathish T R Dr.Thankachan T Pullan
(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 461 Aerospace Engineering S7 ME
9. ME461 AEROSPACE ENGINEERING

COURSE: AEROSPACE ENGINEERING SEMESTER: 7 CREDITS: 3
COURSE CODE: ME461 COURSE TYPE: ELECTIVE
REGULATION: 2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: THERMAL & CONTACT HOURS: 3 (Tutorial)
FLUID SCIENCE Hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE LAB COURSE NAME: NA

(IF ANY): NIL
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
I The atmosphere: characteristics of troposphere , stratosphere , thermosphere, 8
and ionosphere- pressure, temperature and density variations in the
atmosphere. Application of dimensional analysis – aerodynamic force –
model study and similitude. 2D aero foils-Nomenclature and classification-
pressure distribution in inviscid and real flows- momentum and circulation
theory of aerofoil- characteristics.
II 3D or Finite aero foils – effect of releasing the wingtips- wing tip vortices- 7
replacement of finite wing by horse shoe vortex system, lifting line theory-
wing load distribution – aspect ratio, induced drag calculation of induced drag
from momentum considerations. Skin friction and from drag- changes in
finite wing plan shape.
III Propellers – momentum and blade element theories –propeller coefficients 6
and charts. Aircraft performance-straight and level flight –power required and
power available graphs for propeller and jet aircraft.
IV Gliding and climbing –rate of climb-service and absolute ceilings-gliding 7
angle and speed of flattest glide takeoff and landing performance – length of
runway required- aircraft ground run- circling flight – radius of tightest turn-
jet and rocket assisted take –off high lift devices-range and endurance of
airplanes. Charts for piston and jet engine aircrafts.
V Flight Instruments-airspeed indicator, calculation of true air speed-altimeter, 7
gyrohorizon -direction indicator-vertical speed indicator –turn and back
indicator-air temperature indicator. Brief description and qualitative ideas
only). Ideas on stabilitystatic and dynamic stability- longitudinal, lateral and
directional stability- controls of an aero plane- aerodynamic balancing of
control surfaces- mass balancing (Qualitative ideas only).
VI Principles of wind tunnel testing –open and closed type wind tunnels-wind 7
tunnel balances supersonic wind tunnels. Study of subsonic, Transonic, and
supersonic aircraft engines (Description with figures Only).Elementary ideas
on space travel-calculation of earth orbiting and escape velocities ignoring air
resistance and assuming circular orbit.
TOTAL HOURS 42
T1 A.C. Kermode, Mechanics of flight, Prentice Hall, 2007
T2 Anderson J.D. Jr., (2010), Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Tata McGraw-Hill

T3 EHJ Pallett, Aircraft Instruments and Integrated systems, Longman,1992
R1 Houghton and Brock, Aerodynamics for Engineering Student, Hodder &
Stoughton,1977
Should posses basic knowledge in
mathematics: Scalar and vector
CALCULUS, DIFFERENTIAL
MA101,102 fields, mathematical operators, 1,2
EQUATIONS
integral and differential calculus
etc
Should have the basic concepts of
fluid mechanics applied to real
world engineering examples.
ME010 303 FLUID MECHANICS Should posses a developed 3
understanding about basic laws
and equations used for static and
dynamic analysis of fluids.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To impart introductory concepts in aerospace engineering, building upon the basics of fluid
1
mechanics.
2 To develop fundamental understanding on the basic laws and equations used in flight
mechanics.
3 To familiarize the practical usefulness of dimensional analysis in framing equations for
aerodynamics/fluid mechanics.
4 To impart theoretical knowledge about wind tunnels and experimental fluid mechanics.
5 To introduce the basic operational theories and mechanisms behind various flight
instruments used in aircrafts.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
Taxonomy
Level
Students will understand the characteristics of atmospheric
layers: temperature and density variations therein, and the Understand
CME461.1 conditions of possible flight in each layer. They will be able to
(Level 2)
solve problems to compare flight conditions prevailing at each
layer of atmosphere, based on the knowledge acquired.
Students will gain knowledge on the various aerofoil
characteristics (2D), wing tip vortices (3D) and their importance Apply
CME461.2 in flight. They will synergize this with their knowledge in
(Level 3)
fundamental Fluid Mechanics in solving complex mathematical
problems pertaining to basic aerodynamics of flight.
Students will gain a deeper insight into the significance of
dimensional analysis and will be able to deduce/evaluate Analyze
CME461.3
significant parameters for wind tunnel tests in aerospace (Level 4)
engineering.
Students will be able to debate onthe pros and cons of various
theories behind propulsive devices for flight (viz., propeller and Evaluate
jet engines). They can recommend appropriate flight conditions
CME461.4 (Level 5)
for maximizing range and endurance of aircrafts using either
type of propulsive systems.
Students will gain fundamental knowledge in flight mechanics
CME461.5 and flight stability, recognize various aircraft instruments and Knowledge
will read basic information on the high speed wind tunnels, (Level 1)
rocket motors and propellants for space flight.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME461.1 1 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - 3 - -
CME461.2 3 3 3 3 - - - - - - - 1 3 2 2
CME461.3 2 - - 3 - - - - - - - - - 2 -
CME461.4 3 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 2 3 -
CME461.5 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 1 - 1

HIGH
CME461.1- Students will be able to appreciate and to a considerable
PO1 extent solve complex engineering problems related to
L
atmosphere and flight conditions, based on acquired
knowledge.
CME461.1- Problem analysis based on first principles of mathematics

PO2 and research based relevant data is essential to identify the
M
possible gains/lapses in flight conditions at various layers of
atmosphere.
CME0461.1- While conducting investigations of complex problems to
PO4 validate/conclude whether a particular flight is permissible
M at a specific atmospheric layer, the student has to use
research based knowledge (provided) and interpret relevant
data at his/her disposal.
CME461.2- Students will be able to solve complex engineering problems
PO1 H related to aerofoils/lifting surfaces, based on acquired
knowledge.
CME461.2- Problem analysis based on first principles of mathematics
PO2 and research based relevant data is essential to analyze the
H
various 2D aerofoil characteristics and 3D wing vortex
systems.
CME461.2- In the design/development of solutions for complex
PO3 aerospace engineering problems and to design flight system
H components that ensures passenger/civilian safety on and off
ground, the knowledge of aerofoil characteristics and vortex
systems is a definite prerequisite.
CME461.2- While conducting investigations of complex problems to
PO4 validate/conclude on analysis whether a lifting surface will
H sustain or stall in flight, the student has to use research
based knowledge (exhaustive data is available) and interpret
relevant data at his/her disposal.
CME461.2- The student is considered to have recognized the need for
PO12 life-long learning in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics for
flightand be prepared and developed the ability to engage in
L
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
of technological change in the field of aerospace
engineering.
CME461.3- Deeper knowledge gained into the significance of
PO1 dimensional analysis will help to solve complex engineering
M
problems related to wind tunnel experiments in aerospace
engineering.
CME461.3- To conduct investigations of complex problems on
PO4 experimental analysis of lifting surfaces/aerodynamic
H bodies in wind tunnels and to generate relevant
experimental data, the fundamental background on
dimensional analysis is essential.
Students will gain advanced knowledge on the various
fundamental theories behind propulsive devices for aircrafts
CME461.4- (viz., Momentum theory, blade element theory, jet engine
H
PO1 theory), based on which they can solvecomplex engineering
problems related to calculating thrust, power and efficiency
of such devices.
Problem analysis based on first principles of mathematics
CME461.4-
M and research based relevant data (propeller charts, V-n
PO2
diagram, characteristic curves, etc.) is essential to analyze,

evaluate,debateand recommend appropriate flight

conditions for maximizing range and endurance of aircrafts
using either type of propulsive systems.
The student is considered to have recognized the need for
life-long learning in propulsive systems for flightand be
CME461.4-
L prepared and developed the inclination to engage in
PO12
independent and life-long learning in the field of aerospace
engineering.
By gaining a broad overview but only at the level of
basic/fundamental knowledge in (engineering) flight
mechanics, wind tunnel types, and rocket motors, his/her
knowledge will be limited to recognizing various aircraft
CME461.5-
L instruments, its principles and reading basic information on
PO1
the high speed wind tunnels, rocket motors and propellants
for space flight. However this itself is fundamental in the
solution to acomplex problem at an undergraduate
engineering level.
Students will strongly recognize the need and develop the
CME461.5- aptitude for life-long learning on flight mechanics, various
H
PO12 aircraft instruments, high speed wind tunnels, rocket motors
and propellants for space flight.

HIGH
Students will acquire basic knowledge on atmospheric
CME461.1- layers and will be able to apply this knowledge in the
L
PSO1 domain of thermal and fluid sciences to solve aerospace
engineering problems.
Application of knowledge gained in the domain of
engineering mechanics, thermal and fluid sciences to
CME461.2-
M solve engineering problems pertaining to analysis of
PSO1
lifting surfaces, utilizing industry relevant advanced
technology is required in aircraft manufacturing.
Design, analysis and implementation of mechanical
systems (design of lifting surfaces, wings)/processes (lift
CME461.2-
M and drag calculations) will be based on the successful
PSO2
application of the principles learned as a part of the
curriculum.
Students will gain capability to develop and implement
new ideas on aircraft wing design and development of
CME461.2- aircraft components with the help of modern CAD/CAM
M
PSO3 tools, once he/she synergizes the knowledge gained from
this course with his/her skills in an advanced CAD/CAM
tools like CATIA or UG.
In the design and analysis of experimental systems for
CME461.3-
M aircrafts (for design of lifting surfaces, wings) the
PSO2
processes (experimental methods, wind & water tunnels)

will be based on the successful application of the

principles learned on dimensional analysis.
With the knowledge in the domain of aerospace
engineering, flight mechanics (Power conditions,
CME461.4- Performance Curves), thermal and fluid sciences (fluid
M
PSO1 mechanics), the students will be successful in solving
fundamental engineering problems utilizing advanced
technology in an aircraft industry.
Principles of design, analysis and implementation of
aircraft mechanical systems/ manufacturing processes are
CME461.4-
H based on the flight mechanics and power/performance
PSO2
conditions which have been learned as a part of the
curriculum.
Students gain only a peripheral knowledge in the domain
of aircraft instruments (aerospace engineering), rockets
and high speed wind tunnels (thermal and fluid sciences).
CME461.5-
L Though elaborate for an undergraduate course, to be
PSO1
successful in solving high level aircraft manufacturing
engineering problems involving flight instruments/rocket
propulsion, further specific courses are required.
CAD/CAM tools are utilized in an industry to model,
design, manufacture and implement via structural
CME461.5- integration, the aircraft instruments. A student with
L
PSO3 fundamental knowledge in aircraft instruments, and CAD
based tools can further develop industry based skills
easily on receiving further specific training.

REQUIREMENTS:
SNO DESCRIPTION RELEVENCE PROPOSED

TO PO\PSO ACTIONS
Introduction to numerical programming PO4, PSO1 CFD based
techniques/software based CFD absent in curriculum. exercises as
1 Students can use CFD tools ANSYS Fluent and assignment
ICEM CFD to solve simple problems of lift and drag
calculations to apperciate the subject.

RELEVENCE
SINO: TOPIC
TO PO\PSO
1 CFD analysis to calculate lift and drag of simple aerofoil geometries PO4, PSO1
using software tools: ANSYS Fluent and ICEM CFD.
2 Design of a remote controlled aircraft for level flight. PO4, PSO1


1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HM7ZMPpbeDA
2 http://freevideolectures.com/Course/89/Fluid-Mechanics
3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEyUNvtZkH0
4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKCK4lJLQHU
5 https://www.av8n.com/how/htm/airfoils.html
6 http://faculty.dwc.edu/sadraey/Chapter%205.%20Wing%20Design.pdf
☑ CHALK & TALK ☑ STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☑ WEB ☑LCD/SMART
RESOURCES BOARDS
☐ STUD. ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
SEMINARS
☑ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD. ☑ TESTS/MODEL ☑ UNIV.
☐ STUD. LAB ☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR ☐
COURSES
☑ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES ☑ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE) FACULTY (ONCE)
9.2 COURSE PLAN

The atmosphere: characteristics of troposphere , stratosphere ,
1 I
thermosphere, and ionosphere
2 I Pressure, Temperature and Density variations in the Atmosphere
Application of dimensional analysis – aerodynamic force – model study
3
and similitude.
4 I 2D aero foils-Nomenclature and classification
5 pressure distribution in inviscid and real flows
6 I momentum and circulation
7 I theory of aerofoil- characteristics.

8 I theory of aerofoil- characteristics.

9 II 3D or Finite aero foils – effect of releasing the wingtips- wing tip vortices-
10 II replacement of finite wing by horse shoe vortex system
11 II lifting line theory-wing load distribution – aspect ratio
12 II induced drag calculation of induced drag from momentum considerations.
13 II induced drag calculation of induced drag from momentum considerations.
14 II Skin friction and from drag- changes in finite wing plan shape.
15 II Skin friction and from drag- changes in finite wing plan shape.
16 III Propellers – momentum and blade element theories.
17 III propeller coefficients and charts.
18 III Aircraft performance-straight and level flight
19 III Aircraft performance-straight and level flight
20 III power required and power available graphs for propeller and jet aircraft
21 III power required and power available graphs for propeller and jet aircraft
22 IV Gliding and climbing –rate of climb-service and absolute ceilings
23 IV gliding angle and speed of flattest glide
takeoff and landing performance – length of runway required- aircraft
24 IV
ground run
25 IV circling flight – radius of tightest turn
26 IV jet and rocket assisted take –off high lift devices
27 IV Range and endurance of airplanes
28 IV charts for piston and jet engine aircrafts.
29 V Flight Instruments-airspeed indicator, calculation of true air speed-altimeter
gyrohorizon -direction indicator-vertical speed indicator- turn and back
30 V indicator-air temperature indicator (Brief description and qualitative ideas
only)
31 V Ideas on stability: static and dynamic stability-
32 V longitudinal, lateral and directional stability
33 V controls of an aero plane
34 V aerodynamic balancing of control surfaces
35 V mass balancing (Qualitative ideas only).
36 VI Principles of wind tunnel testing –open and closed type wind tunnels
37 VI open and closed type wind tunnels
38 VI wind tunnel balances
39 VI supersonic wind tunnels.
Study of subsonic, Transonic, and supersonic aircraft engines (Description
40 VI
with figures Only).

Study of subsonic, Transonic, and supersonic aircraft engines (Description

41 VI
with figures Only).
Elementary ideas on space travel-Calculation of Earth Orbiting Velocitiy
42 VI
ignoring air resistance and assuming circular orbit.
MODULE: 1
1. Derive expressions for the pressure and temperature variation in troposphere.

2. Calculate pressure and density at (i) 10,000 m and (ii) 20,000 m in ISA. The pressure at
mean sea level is 1.01325x105 N/m2. Assume appropriate values for sea level
temperature and the temperature lapse rate in troposphere.
3. Prove that neglecting compressibility effects for a flight at Mach number 0.7 can result in
13% error in the calculation of stagnation pressure coefficient.
4. Define and explain the significance of (a) Center of pressure and (b) Aerodynamic
center for an airfoil
𝑓𝐷
5. Applying the concept of dimensional analysis, prove that a compound variable 𝑆𝑡 = 𝑉
is significant in the study of vortex shedding from bodies of obstruction, where f is the
frequency of vortex shedding, D a characteristic dimension and V is the free stream flow
velocity.
MODULE: 2
1. Explain the concept of horse shoe vortex system with neat sketch
2. Explain how wing tip vortices modify the lift-to-drag charactristics of a finite wing.
MODULE: 3
1. Explain the working of a turbojet engine. How thrust augmentation is realized in such
engines?
2. What is propeller thrust coefficient? What is its significance in a propeller chart?
3. A turbopropeller flies at 304 knots at 20,000 ft. Each of four 14 ft diameter propeller is
driven by an engine delivering 1920 shp. The propeller speed is 1050 rpm. Assuming the
propellers are 4-bladed with an activity factor of 135, using propeller chart, find:
a. Propulsive efficiency
b. Thrust per propeller
c. Ideal efficiency from simple momentum theory
MODULE: 4
1. Write a short note on the various components of aerodynamic drag and their variation
with flight conditions.
2. Obtain the maximum and minimum speeds in steady level flight for an aeroplane at sea
level. Given: W = 100kN, CL,max = 1.5, CD = 0.016 + 0.45 CL2, Thrust available = 25kN
3. Write short notes on Service and Absolute ceilings for an aircraft.
MODULE: 5
1. An airplane flies at ambient conditions of 30 kN/m2 and -44oC. The TAS is 270 m/s.
Calculate IAS and compare with that obtained by neglecting compressibility.
2. Explain the principle and working of an altimeter. Why does it have an adjustment so
that it can be set before each flight?
MODULE: 6
1. Airplane weighing 65kN is in level flight at 1500 m (given, relative density of air is
0.862 and ambient temperature is 5.1oC) at an equivalent air speed of 35 m/s. In flight, it
experiences a L/D ratio of 17. Determine:
a. Scale of the model
b. Drag offered by the model,
if the model is tested in a CAT (Compressed Air Tunnel) working at 30 m/s and 22
atmospheres at 15oC. Hint: Assume Rayleigh’s formula for variation in viscosity.
2. (i) What is ‘dynamic similarity’ and why it is important in wind tunnel tests ?
(ii) An aircraft flies at Mach number 0.85 at 18300m where the pressure is 7160 N/m2
and the temperature is -56.5oC. A model of 1/10th scale is to be tested in a high-speed

wind tunnel. Calculate the total pressure of the tunnel stream necessary to give dynamic
similarity, if the total temperature is 50oC.
(Hint: Ensure Mach number and Reynolds similarity in test section. For atmospheric air,
for all practical purpose: 𝜇 = 𝜇(𝑇). Use stagnation relations for temperature and pressure
wherever applicable. For a static pressure 𝑝 and temperature T in the test section of the
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔
tunnel, a relation with stagnation properties at reservoir would be, = [1 +
𝑝
𝛾
𝛾−1 ( ) 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔 𝛾−1
2 𝛾−1
𝑀 ] and = [1 + 𝑀2 ]
2 𝑇 2
Dr.Ajith Kumar A Dr.Thankachan T Pullan
(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 463 Automobile Engineering S7 ME
10. ME 463 AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

DEGREE: BTECH
PROGRAMME: MECHANICAL
UNIVERSITY:APJ Abdul Kalam
ENGINEERING
Technological University
COURSE: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING SEMESTER: VII CREDITS: 3
COURSE CODE: ME 463
COURSE TYPE: ELECTIVE
REGULATION: 2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN:
CONTACT HOURS: 3 (Lecture)
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, DESIGN AND
hours/week.
ANALYSIS
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE
LAB COURSE NAME: NA
(IF ANY): NA
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
Piston: - material for piston, clearances, piston rings, types, need for two
compression rings, oil control ring, piston pin. Piston for IC engine, piston
rings, piston pin, connecting rod, crank shaft, crank pin, cam shaft, valves,
fly wheel, fluctuation of energy and size of fly wheel, hub and arms, stress in
a fly wheel rim, simple problems. Petrol fuel injection systems: - comparison
I petrol injection and carburetted fuel supply systems- comparison multiport 7
fuel injection (MPFI) and common rail direct injection(CRDI) systems.
Super charging systems: fundamentals, naturally aspirated engines and
supercharged engines Turbo charger, turbo lag. Hybrid cars, safety overview
-Formula-I engine technology: overview, electrical technology, brakes,
transmission technology.
Friction clutch:- fundamentals, driven plate inertia, driven plate transmitted
torque, driven plate wear angular driven plate cushioning and torsional
damping, clutch friction materials, when clutch is worn out. Pull type
diaphragm clutch, multiple diaphragm clutch, multi-plate hydraulically
operated automatic transmission clutch, semi centrifugal clutch, fully
II automatic centrifugal clutch, and integral single plate diaphragm clutch. 7
Need of gear box, resistance to vehicle motion, power to weight ratio, speed
operating range-five speed and reverse sliding mesh, constant mesh, and
synchromesh gear boxes:-gear synchronization and engagement. Over drives
hydrodynamic fluid couplings: - efficiency and torque capacity fluid friction
coupling- torque converters.
Steering:-basic principle of a steering system:- swinging beam system
Ackermann over steer and under steer slip angle, camber, caster etc. Swivel
axis inclination: centre point steering, camber, king pin inclination, negative
III offset, caster, toe-in and toe-out Steering gear box: - fundamentals screw and 7
nut steering gear mechanism-worm and roller type steering gear box Re-
circulating ball nut and rocker lever, re-circulating ball rack and sector
steering gear box need of power assisted steering. External direct coupled

and rack and pinion and integrated steering power cylinder, power assisted
steering lock limitations
Suspension: - suspension geometry, terminology- Macpherson strut friction
and spring offset - suspension roll centers:-roll centers, roll axis, roll centre
height, short swing and long arm suspension, transverse double wishbone,
parallel trailing double arm and vertical pill strut suspension, Macpherson
strut suspension, semi-trailing arm rear suspension, telescopic suspension.
High load beam axle leaf spring, sprung body roll stability. Rear axle beam
suspension- body roll stability analysis:- body roll couple, body roll stiffness,
body over turning couple Body weight transfer, body direct weight transfer
couple, body roll couple distribution, body roll weight transfer, lateral force
IV distribution. Anti roll bars and roll stiffness:- anti roll bar function, operating 8
principle, anti roll bar action caused by the body rolling, single wheel lift -
rubber spring bumper:-bump stop function and characteristics, axis
inclination. Rear suspension: - live rigid axle suspension, non drive rear
suspension- swing arm rear wheel drive independent suspension. Low pivot
split axle coil spring wheel drive independent suspension, trailing and semi
trailing arm rear wheel drive independent suspension. Transverse double link
arm rear wheel drive independent suspension, De Dion axle rear wheel
suspension – Hydrogen suspension, hydro-pneumatic automatic height
correction suspension.
Brakes:- mechanical and hydraulic brakes (review only) properties of
friction lining and pad materials, efficiency, stopping distance, theory of
internal shoe brake, equations effect of expanding mechanism of shoes on
total braking torque, equations. Braking vehicles:- brakes applied on rear,
front and all four wheels, equations calculation of mean lining pressure and
heat generation during braking operation, equations. - braking of vehicle
V moving on curved path, simple problems. Anti Lock Braking system (ABS):- 7
need and advantages of ABS hydro-mechanical ABS - hydro-electric ABS -
air-electric ABS. Brake servos: - operating principle, vacuum servo – direct
acting suspended vacuum assisted brake servo unit operation - hydraulic
servo assisted brake systems. Pneumatic operated disc brakes air operated
brake systems: - air over hydraulic brake system - Three line brake system-
electronic-pneumatic brakes.
Aerodynamic drag: pressure drag, air resistance, opposing motion of a
vehicle, equations, after flow wake, drag coefficients, various body shapes,
base drag, vortices, trailing vortex drag, attached transverse vortices.
Aerodynamic lift:-lift coefficients, vehicle lift, underbody floor height versus
aerodynamic lift and drag, aerofoil lift and drag, front end nose shape. Car
VI
body drag reduction:-profile edge chamfering, bonnet slope and wind screen 7
rake, roof and side panel chamfering, rear side panel taper, underbody rear
end upward taper, rear end tail extension, underbody roughness.
Aerodynamic lift control:- underbody dams, exposed wheel air flow pattern,
partial enclosed wheel air flow pattern, rear end spoiler, negative lift aerofoil
wings. After body drag: - square back drag, fast back drag, hatch back drag,
notch back drag.
TOTAL HOURS 43

T1 Heinz Heisler, advanced vehicle technology, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc,2002
T2 Heinz Heisler, advanced engine technology, Butterworth-Heinemann,1995
T3 Gupta R.B. Auto design , Satya Prakash, New Delhi, 2015
Hillier and Peter Coobes, Fundamentals of motor vehicle technology, Nelson Thornes,
T4
2004
Tom Denton, Automobile mechanical and electrical systems, Butterworth-
T5
Heinemann,2011
Automobile Engineering (Vol. 1 & 2) - Dr.Kirpal Singh – Standard Publishers
T6
Distributors
Hillier’s Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology- V.A.W Hillier & Peter Coombes-
T7
New Age International.
R1 Automobile Engineering (Vol. 1 & 2) - K.M.Guptha
R2 Automotive Mechanics - Joseph Heitner
R3 Automobile Engineering - Harbans Singh Reyd
R4 Automotive Mechanic - William H. Course
Should have a basic knowledge on
IC engines, their working cycle,
ME204 THERMAL ENGINEERING types of fuels used and their IV
properties, performance testing of
IC engines etc.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 The anatomy of the automobile in general
2 To understand the working of different automotive systems and subsystems
3 To update the latest developments in automobiles
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Bloom’s
SL NO DESCRIPTION Taxonomy
Level
Remember
Students will be able to practically identify and explain (level 1)
CME463.1
different automotive systems and subsystems. Understand
(level 2)
Students will be able to understand the principles of Understand
CME463.2 transmission, suspension, steering and braking systems of an
(level 2)
automobile
Students will be able to investigate the future developments Analyse
CME463.3
in the automobile industry (level 4)
CME463.4 Students will be able to interpret the various terminologies Apply
used in the automotive industry. (level 3)

Students will be able to analyse the effectiveness of energy Analyse
CME463.5
storing and dissipating systems in a vehicle. (level 4)
Evaluate
Students will be able to evaluate the aerodynamic design (level 5)
CME463.6
parameters of the vehicle and can validate the same. Create
(level 6)
SL NO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME463.1 2 - - - - - - - - 3 - 2 - - -
CME463.2 2 - - - - 2 - - - 3 - 2 - - -
CME463.3 - - - - - 3 2 - - 3 - 2 - - -
CME463.4 - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - -
CME463.5 2 2 - - - 2 - 3 - - - - - - -
CME463.6 2 2 3 3 - - 2 - - - - 2 - 2 -
CME463 2.
2 2 3 3 - 2 3 - 3 - 2 - 2 -
33
LOW/MEDIU
MAPPING M/ JUSTIFICATION
HIGH
CME463.1- Identifying and explaining automobile system requires the
M
PO1 application level knowledge in engineering fundamentals
CME463.1- With the fundamental knowledge they gained they could
H
PO10 communicate effectively with the engineering community.
CME463.1- With the knowledge gained they can decide their area of
M
PO12 interest for higher studies.
Application level knowledge in mechanical engineering is
CME463.2-
M essential in understanding the principles of transmission,
PO1
suspension, steering and braking systems of an automobile
CME463.2-
H Students will be able to assess the health and safety issues.
PO6
CME463.2- With the fundamental knowledge they gained they could
H
PO10 communicate effectively with the engineering community.
M
CME463.3- Students will be able to assess the societal, safety and legal
M
PO6 issues.
CME463.3- M Students will be able to access the impact of the modern

PO7 engineering solutions in societal and environmental

contexts.
With the fundamental knowledge they gained they could
CME463.3-
H communicate effectively with the engineering community &
PO10
can effectively prepare reports & documents.
M
With the fundamental knowledge they gained they could
CME463.4-
H communicate effectively with the engineering community &
PO10
can effectively prepare reports & documents.
CME463.5- While learning energy systems(brake and flywheel) they
M
PO1 could apply their knowledge to solve engineering problems
CME463.5- They will be able to identify problems related to braking
M
PO2 system and flywheel, analyze it and arrive at conclusions.
CME463.5- With the knowledge gained they can assess the level of
M
PO6 safety of passengers.
CME463.5- Knowing the principles of braking, he/she never rides a
H
PO8 vehicle in unsafe condition.
CME463.6- While learning aerodynamic drag, lift etc. they could apply
M
PO1 their knowledge to solve engineering problems.
With the knowledge gained they could identify, and analyse
CME463.6-
M complex engineering problems and arrive at substantiated
PO2
conclusions.
CME463.6- They could design solutions for aerodynamic related
H
PO3 problems in automobiles.
CME463.6- From the experimental data they will be able to interpret the
H
PO4 data and can provide valid conclusions.
CME463.6- By improvising the design they can improve the effective
M
PO7 use of energy.
CME463.6- They have a life-long learning in the broadest context of
M
PO12 technological change.
LOW/MEDIUM/
HIGH
CME463.6- Students will be able to apply the principles of design
M
PSO2 and analysis in the aerodynamic design of automobiles.

REQUIREMENTS:
SL RELEVENCE PROPOSED
DESCRIPTION
NO TO PO\PSO ACTIONS
PO9, PO7, Seminar/
1 Technologies related to electric vehicles
PO10, PO12 Assignment

SL RELEVENCE
TOPIC
NO TO PO\PSO
PO3, PO6,
1 Latest technologies adopted in various systems in automobile
PO10, PO12

1 http://nptel.ac.in/syllabus/125106002/
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auto_parts
3 http://web.iitd.ac.in/~achawla/public_html/736/15-
Suspension_systems_and_components_v2.pdf
4 http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-suspension.htm
5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system
6 http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/ResearchInsight/automobile-suspension-systems.asp
7 http://www.tezu.ernet.in/sae/Download/transmission.pdf
8 http://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/48333701.pdf
9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle
☑ WEB ☑LCD/SMART
☑CHALK & TALK ☑STUD. ASSIGNMENT
RESOURCES BOARDS
☑ STUD.
☐ ADD-ON COURSES
SEMINARS
☑ STUD. ☑ TESTS/MODEL ☑ UNIV.
☑ ASSIGNMENTS
☐ STUD. LAB ☐ MINI/MAJOR ☐
☐ STUD. VIVA
☐ ADD-ON
☐ OTHERS
COURSES
☑ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES ☑ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE) FACULTY (TWICE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR
☐ OTHERS
10.2 COURSE PLAN

1 I Piston: - material for piston, clearances, piston rings, types, need for two

compression rings, oil control ring, piston pin.

Piston for IC engine, piston rings, piston pin, connecting rod, crank shaft,
2 I
crank pin, cam shaft, valves
Fly wheel, fluctuation of energy and size of fly wheel, hub and arms, stress
3 I
in a fly wheel rim, simple problems.
Petrol fuel injection systems: - comparison petrol injection andcarbureted
4 I
fuel supply systems
Comparison –multiport fuel injection (MPFI) and common rail direct
5 I
injection (CRDI) systems.
Super charging systems: fundamentals, naturally aspirated engines and
6 I
supercharged engines– Turbo charger, turbo lag.
Hybrid cars, safety overview -Formula-I engine technology:overview,
7 I
electrical technology, brakes, transmissiontechnology.
Friction clutch:- fundamentals, driven plate inertia, drivenplate transmitted
8 II torque, driven plate wear –angular drivenplate cushioning and torsional
damping, clutch frictionmaterials, when clutch is worn out.
Pull type diaphragm clutch, multiple diaphragm clutch,multi-plate
9 II
hydraulically operated automatic transmission clutch
semi centrifugal clutch, fully automatic centrifugalclutch, and integral
10 II
single plate diaphragm clutch.
11 II Need of gear box, resistance to vehicle motion, power to weight ratio
speed operating range-five speed and reversesliding mesh, constant mesh,
12 II
and synchromesh gear boxes:-gear synchronization and engagement.
Over drives – hydrodynamic fluid couplings: - efficiencyand torque
13 II
capacity
14 II fluid friction coupling- torqueconverters.
15 III Steering:-basic principle of a steering system:- swingingbeam system
16 III Ackermann –over steer and under steer –slip angle, camber, caster etc.
Swivel axis inclination: centre point steering, camber, kingpin inclination,
17 III
negative offset, caster, toe-in and toe-out
18 III Steering gear box: - fundamentals screw and nut steeringgear mechanism-
worm and roller type steering gear box –Re-circulating ball nut and rocker
19 III
lever
re-circulatingballrack and sector steering gear box– need of power
20 III
assistedsteering.
External direct coupled and rack and pinion and integratedsteering power
21 III
cylinder, power assisted steering locklimitations
Suspension: - suspension geometry, terminology-Macpherson strut friction
22 IV and spring offset - suspension rollcenters:-roll centers, roll axis, roll centre
height, shortswing and long arm suspension,
23 IV transverse doublewishbone, parallel trailing double arm and vertical pill

strutsuspension, Macpherson strut suspension, semi-trailing armrear

suspension, telescopic suspension.
High load beam axle leaf spring, sprung body roll stability.Rear axle beam
24 IV suspension- body roll stability analysis:-body roll couple, body roll
stiffness, body over turningcouple
Body weight transfer, body direct weight transfer couple,body roll couple
25 IV
distribution, body roll weight transfer,lateral force distribution.
Anti roll bars and roll stiffness:- anti roll bar function,operating principle,
26 IV anti roll bar action caused by the bodyrolling, single wheel lift -rubber
spring bumper:-bump stopfunction and characteristics, axis inclination.
Rear suspension: - live rigid axle suspension, non driverearsuspension-
27 IV
swing arm rear wheel drive independentsuspension.
Low pivot split axle coil spring wheel drive independentsuspension,
28 IV
trailing and semi trailing arm rear wheel driveindependent suspension.
Transverse double link arm rear wheel drive independentsuspension, De
29 IV Dion axle rear wheel suspension -Hydrogen suspension, hydro-pneumatic
automatic heightcorrection suspension.
Brakes:- mechanical and hydraulic brakes (review only) –properties of
30 V
friction lining and pad materials, efficiency, stopping distance
theory of internal shoe brake, equations –effect of expanding mechanism of
31 V
shoes on total brakingtorque, equations.
Braking vehicles:- brakes applied on rear, front and all fourwheels,
32 V equations –calculation of mean lining pressure andheat generation during
braking operation
equations –calculation of mean lining pressure and heat generation during
33 V braking operation equations. –braking of vehicle moving on curved path,
simpleproblems.
Anti Lock Braking system (ABS):- need and advantages ofABS – hydro-
34 V
mechanical ABS - hydro-electric ABS -air-electric ABS.
Brake servos: - operating principle, vacuum servo – directacting suspended
35 V vacuum assisted brake servo unitoperation - hydraulic servo assisted brake
systems.
Pneumatic operated disc brakes – air operated brakesystems: - air over
36 V hydraulic brake system - Three linebrake system-– electronic-pneumatic
brakes.
Aerodynamic drag: pressure drag, air resistance, opposingmotion of a
37 VI
vehicle, equations, after flow wake
Dragcoefficients, various body shapes, base drag, vortices,trailing vortex
38 VI
drag, attached transverse vortices.
Aerodynamic lift:-lift coefficients, vehicle lift, underbodyfloor height
39 VI
versus aerodynamic lift and drag
40 VI aerofoilliftand drag, front end nose shape.

Car body drag reduction:-profile edge chamfering, bonnet slope and wind
screen rake, roof and side panel chamfering,rear side panel taper,
41 VI
underbody rear end upward taper, rearend tail extension, underbody
roughness
Aerodynamic lift control:- underbody dams, exposed wheelair flow pattern,
42 VI partial enclosed wheel air flow pattern, rearend spoiler, negative lift
aerofoil wings.
After body drag: - square back drag, fast back drag, hatchback drag, notch
43 VI
back drag.
Module 1
1. Describe the various qualities of an automotive piston.

2. Discuss the various functions piston in an automobile cylinder.
3. What is piston clearance? Why it is necessary?
4. With the help of suitable sketches explain the constructional features of various types of
piston rings.
5. Explain with simple line sketches the working of compression and oil control rings.
6. Describe the functions of I. C. Engine connecting rod.
7. Explain the function and construction of an I.C. Engine crank shaft.
8. Why do some connecting rods have hole drilled from the small end to the big end
bearings?
9. Why poppet valve is so called? Why a poppet valve sometimes called a mushroom
valve?
10. What is the function of camshaft?
11. How does the piston head shape affect engine performance?
12. What are skirt, land, and crown in a piston?
13. What is the function of piston skirt?
14. Name the best known aluminum alloys for automotive pistons.
15. Explain in detail about the various types of materials used for manufacturing piston.
16. What is the advantage of a cast steel piston?
17. What are the functions of piston rings?
18. Which type of ring end gap is most commonly used?
19. State any two materials used for piston rings.
20. What advantage is obtained by having phosphate coating over the piston rings?
21. State the advantages of chrome plating the piston rings.
22. What advantage is obtained by using stainless steel for piston rings?
23. How many rings are usually there on a piston of a automotive engine?
24. Why are a minimum of two compression rings required on a piston?
25. What functions are performed by a compression ring?
26. What advantage is obtained by having a tapered external face for a piston ring?
27. What is the function of a connecting rod?
28. Why should the connecting rod be lighter yet strong?
29. Name any two materials used for connecting rods.

30. Give a comparison between MPFI and CRDI system.

31. Explain fuel injection in SI engines.
32. With the help of a neat sketch explain CRDI.
33. Give a note on supercharged engines and naturally aspirated engines.
34. Explain the construction and operating principle of a turbocharger.
35. What is turbo lag?
36. Write a detail note on hybrid cars.
37. What is supercharging and how is it achieved in automotive IC engines?
38. Explain the braking system in Formula 1.
39. Which engine is more suited to supercharging, Si engine or CI engine?
40. What do you mean by CRDI? How does it improve the efficiency of the engine?
41. Make a sectioned sketch of a petrol engine piston and name its various parts.
42. A 2.2 kW, 960 rpm motor powers the cam driven ram of a press through a gearing of 6:1
ratio. The rated capacity of the press is 20 kN and has a stroke of 200 mm. Assuming
that the cam driven ram is capable of delivering the rated load at a constant velocity
during the last 15% of a constant velocity stroke. Design a suitable flywheel that can
maintain a coefficient of Speed fluctuation of 0.02. Assume that the maximum
diameterof the flywheel is not to exceed 0.6m.
43. A single-cylinder, four- stroke oil engine develops 25 kW at 300 rpm. The work done by
the gases during expansion stroke is 2.3 times the work done on the gases during
compression stroke and the work done during the suction and exhaust strokes is
negligible. If the turning moment diagram during expansion is assumed to be triangular
in shape and the speed is to be maintained within 1% of the meanspeed, find the moment
of inertia of the flywheel.
44. The following data refers to a single-cylinder four cycle diesel engine speed = 2500 rpm,
stroke = 25cm, diameter of cylinder = 21 cm, length of connecting rod = 44 cm, CG of
connecting rod is 18 cm from crank pin center, time for 60 complete swings of the
connecting rod about piston pin = 72 s, mass of connecting rod = 4.5 kg, mass of piston
with rings = 2.5 kg, equivalent mass of crank at crank radius = 2 kg, counterbalance mass
of the crank at crank radius = 2 kg, piston pin, crank pin and main bearing diameters 2, 8
and 8 cm respectively. The indicator card is assumed as an idealised diesel cycle, which
can be described as follows: The compression starts with an initial pressure of 0.1 MPa
and the law of compression curve is given by the exponent 1.4. The compression ratio is
16. The fuel is admitted for 30% of the stroke, at constant pressure and the expansion
law is given by the exponent 1.4, which takes place at the end of the stroke. The exhaust
and suction takes place at constant pressure of 0.1 MPa.Suggest a suitable flywheel for
this engine if the coefficient of fluctuation of speed is 0.03.
Module 2
1. What is the function of an automobile clutch? Name the various types of clutches used in
automobiles.
2. Explain different types of materials used for linings in clutches.
3. Explain the construction and working of Pull type diaphragm clutch..
4. Explain the construction and working of Multiplate diaphragm type clutch.

5. Explain the construction and working of Multiplate hydraulically operated automatic
transmission clutches.
6. Explain the construction and working of Semi Centrifugal Clutch.
7. Explain the construction and working fully automatic centrifugal clutch.
8. Explain the construction and working Composite flywheel and integral single plate
diaphragm clutch.
9. Explain the necessity of gear box in automobiles?
10. What are the various forces that act on a moving vehicle?
11. Explain vehicle drag.
12. Define coefficient of rolling resistance.
13. Explain the term rolling resistance.
14. What are the factors that affect rolling resistance?
15. Explain the term grad ability and draw bar pull.
16. Explain the construction and working of Hydrokinetic fluid couplings.
17. What is a torque converter? Why it is used in some vehicles?
18. What is an overdrive unit? Mention its advantages.
19. Describe the principle of a torque converter. Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
20. Discuss the advantages of a constant mesh gear box over the sliding mesh type.
21. Explain the working of Sliding mesh gear box.
22. Explain the working of Constant mesh gear box.
23. Explain the construction and working of five speed and reverse double stage s
synchromesh gearbox.
24. Explain the construction and workingof five speed and reverse single stage synchromesh
gearbox.
25. Explain Hydrokinetic fluid coupling efficiency and torque capacity.
26. Explain Hydrokinetic three clement torque converter.
Module 3
1. State the requirements of a good steering system.

2. What are the functions of steering system?
3. Define camber, SAI and castor.
4. What is center point steering?
5. What is slip angle?
6. Define understeer and oversteer.
7. Explain with the help of neat and labeled sketches the significance of the following?
Camber
Caster
Kingpin inclination
Toe in
Toe out
8. Explain the principle of Ackerman Steering Mechanism.
9. What does steering axis inclination mean? What is its effect on steering system.
10. Describe with the help of a neat sketch Worm and roller type steering gearbox.

11. Describe with the help of a neat sketch Recirculating ball nut and rocker lever steering
gearbox.
12. Explain Recirculating hall rack and seem steering gear box.
13. Describe with the help of a neat sketch
14. What is the necessity of a power steering? Describe in detail with the help of a sketch the
working of power steering in common use.
15. Explain Power assisted steering lock limiters.
Module 4
1. Briefly explain the suspension geometry.

2. What is Roll center and Roll axis? With the help of a neat sketch determine the roll
center height.
3. Derive the roll center height for short swing arm suspension.
4. With the help of a neat sketch explain Long swing arm suspension.
5. With the help of a neat sketch explainTransverse double wishbone suspension.
6. With the help of a neat sketch explainParallel trailing double arm and vertical pillar strut
suspension.
7. With the help of a neat sketch explainMacPherson strut suspension.
8. With the help of a neat sketch explainSemi-trailing arm rear suspension.
9. With the help of a neat sketch explain telescopic suspension.
10. With the help of a neat sketch explainRigid axle beam suspension.
11. ExplainBody roll stability analysis.
12. With the help of neat sketches explain:
Body roll couple
Body roll stiffness
Body overturning couple
Body roll weight transfer
Body direct weight transfer couple
Body roll couple distribution
Body roll weight transfer
Lateral (side) force distribution
13. Explain anti-roll bars.
14. Explain live rigid axle rear suspension.
15. Explain Swing arm rear wheel drive independent suspension.
16. ExplainLow pivot split axle coil spring rear wheel drive independent suspension.
17. Explain Trailing arm rear wheel drive independent suspension.
18. ExplainSemi-trailing arm rear wheel drive independent suspension.
19. ExplainTransverse double link arm rear wheel drive independent suspension.
20. Explain DeDion axle rear wheel drive suspension.
21. Explain Hydrogen interconnected suspension.
22. Explain Hydropneumatic automatic height correction suspension.

Module 5
1. What is the principle of automotive brakes?

2. What is the basics of defining braking efficiency?
3. What should be the minimum stopping distance for a car running at 80kmh?
4. What is the usual percentage of total braking effort provided at the front wheels and
why?
5. Derive the equation for finding
(a) brakes applied on rear,
(b) brakes applied on front
(c) brakes applied on all four wheels
6. What is a servo brake?
7. What do you understand from the term ‘Servo action’ in brakes? How is it achieved?
8. What is an abs?
9. Derive the equation for finding the mean lining pressure and heat generated during
braking operation.
10. How is the vacuum from the engine intake manifold is utilized to actuate the vehicle
brakes? Explain with neat and labeled line diagrams.
11. Briefly describe the main features of an air brake system.
12. What are the various types of power brakes? Discuss their merits and demerits.
13. Explain
(a) hydro-mechanical ABS
(b) hydro-electric ABS
(c) air-electric ABS.
14. Explain the working of direct acting suspended vacuum assisted brake servo unit.
15. A car weighs 13kN and has a wheel base of 2.5 meters. The center of gravity of the car is
1.2m in front of the rear axle and 800 cm above the ground level. The car is having
brakes on all four wheels. The coefficient of adhesion between the road and the wheels is
0.5. If the car is moving up an incline of angle whose sine is equal to 0.1, calculate: (a)
load distribution between front and rear axles. (b) distance at which it can be stopped
while going at a speed of 50 kmh when only rear wheel brakes are used.
Module 6
1. Explain pressure drag. How can it be reduced?

2. Derive the formula for calculating the opposing resistance of a body passing through air.
3. What is after flow wake?
4. What is drag coefficient? Explain it for different body shapes.
5. With the help of a neat sketch, explain vehicle lift.
6. With the help of neat sketches, explain aerofoil lift and drag.
7. With the help of neat sketches explain the air flow movement over various front end nose
shapes.
8. Discuss the effects of following in car body drag reduction:
(a) profile edge chamfering,
(b) Bonnet slope and wind screen rake
(c) roof and side panel chamfering
(d) rear side panel taper
(e) underbody rear end upward taper
(f) rear end tail extension
(g) Underbody roughness.
9. With the help of neat sketches explain the effects of following in aerodynamic lift
control.
(a) underbody dams
(b) exposed wheel air flow pattern
(c) partial enclosed wheel air flow pattern
(d) rear end spoiler
(e) negative lift aerofoil wings.
10. Explain :square back drag, fast back drag, hatch back drag and notch back drag.
Mr. Jibin Noble Dr.Thankachan T Pullan

(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 467 Cryogenic Engineering S7 ME
11. ME 467 CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING
COURSE:CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING SEMESTER: 7 CREDITS:3
COURSE CODE:ME467 COURSE TYPE:ELECTIVE
REGULATION:2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN:THERMAL & CONTACT HOURS:3(LECTURE)
FLUID SCIENCES
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE LAB COURSE NAME:NA
(IF ANY):NIL
SYLLABUS:
Introduction to Cryogenic Systems, Historical development, Low

Temperature properties of Engineering Materials, Mechanical
properties- Thermal properties- Electric and magnetic properties –
Cryogenic fluids and their properties. 8
I
Applications of Cryogenics: Applications in space, Food Processing,
super conductivity, Electrical Power, Biology, Medicine, Electronics
and Cutting Tool Industry. Low temperature properties of engineering
materials.
Liquefaction systems ideal system, Joule Thomson expansion,
II 7
Adiabatic expansion, Linde Hampson Cycle, Claude & Cascaded
System, Magnetic Cooling, Stirling Cycle Cryo Coolers.
Gas liquefaction systems: Introduction-Production of low
temperatures-General Liquefaction systems- Liquefaction systems for 6
III
Neon. Hydrogen and Helium –Critical components of Liquefaction
systems.
Cryogenic Refrigeration systems: Ideal Refrigeration systems-
IV Refrigeration using liquids and gases as refrigerant- Refrigerators 6
using solids as working media.
Cryogenic fluid storage and transfer systems: Cryogenic Storage
vessels and Transportation, Thermal insulation and their performance 8
V
at cryogenic temperatures, Super Insulations, Vacuum insulation,
Powder insulation, Cryogenic fluid transfer systems.
Cryogenic instrumentation, Pressure flow-level and temperature
VI 7
measurements. Types of heat exchangers used in cryogenic
systems(only description with figure) Cryo pumping Applications.

T1 J. H. Boll Jr, Cryogenic Engineering
T2 R. B. Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, Van Nostrand Co., 1959
T3 Randal F.Barron, Cryogenic systems, McGraw Hill, 1986
R1 Klaus D.Timmerhaus and Thomas M.Flynn, Cryogenic Process Engineering, Plenum

Press, New York, 1989.
ME205 Thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics, property relations 3
ME302 Heat and mass transfer Modes of heat transfer 6
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To provide the knowledge of evolution of low temperature science

2 To provide knowledge on the properties of materials at low temperature
3 To familiarize with various gas liquefaction and refrigeration systems and to provide design aspects
of cryogenic storage and transfer lines
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Blooms’
Sl. NO DESCRIPTION
Taxomomy Level
To gain knowledge and to understandthe scope and history of Knowledge

Understand
CME467.1 cryogenics. To understandthe properties of materials at low
Apply
temperatureapplying fundamental knowledge. Level 1, 2&3
Toapply the knowledge of low temperature production methods Knowledge

tounderstand and analysedifferent liquefaction systems. To Understand
CME467.2 gain knowledge about the critical components involved in Apply
Analyse
liquefaction.
Level 1, 2, 3& 4

To apply the knowledge of ideal refrigeration techniques, to Knowledge

understand and analyse common cryogenic refrigeration Understand
CME467.3 systems. To understand some of the novel cryogenic Apply
Analyse
refrigeration methods.
Level 1, 2, 3 & 4
Knowledge
To gain knowledge and tounderstandvarious cryogenic fluid
Understand
CME467.4 storage and transport systems and toevaluate their performance Apply
applyingfundamental concepts Analyze
Level 1, 2, 3& 4
To gain knowledgeabout different cryogenic instrumentation Knowledge

CME467.5 and to understand cryo pumping. Understand
Level 1& 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME467.1 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
CME467.2 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 2 -
CME467.3 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 2 -
CME467.4 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 3 2 -
CME467.5 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - -

Students apply the knowledge of science to understand cryogenic
CME467.1-PO1 L properties, which could help them in solving complex problems related
to low temperature.
CME467.1-PO2
Students will be able to reach substantiated conclusions about low
M
temperature properties from basic principles.
CME467.2-PO1 Students learn to apply fundamental knowledge of thermodynamic
H
principles to solve problems related to liquefaction systems.
CME467.2-PO2 Students learn to analyse problems related to liquefaction to reach useful
M
conclusions.
CME467.2-PO3
L Enables design of liquefaction systems.
CME467.3-PO1 Students learn to apply fundamental knowledge of thermodynamic

H
principles to solve cryogenic refrigeration problems.
CME467.3-PO2 Students learn to analyse problems related to cryogenic refrigeration to
M
reach useful conclusions.
CME467.3-PO3
L Enables design of cryogenic refrigeration systems.
Students learn to apply fundamental knowledge of thermodynamics and
CME467.4-PO1
M heat transfer to understand cryogenic storage and transfer systems,
which could help them in solving low temperature storage problems.

Fundamental knowledge of thermodynamics and heat transfer is applied

CME467.4-PO2
M to reach conclusions about the performance of cryogenic storage
systems.
CME467.4-PO3
L Enables design/development of cryogenic storage systems.
Fundamental knowledge is applied to understand cryogenic
CME467.5-PO1
L instrumentation and cryo pumping, which they could apply in real
Conclusions are made from first principles about cryogenic
CME467.5-PO2 L
measurements.
CME467.5-PO3 L Enables development of cryogenic systems.

CME467.1- Gives knowledge in low temperature properties of materials and
M
PSO1 fluids that could be used to solve cryogenic engineering problems.
Gives knowledge in the fundamentals of low temperature production
CME467.2-
H andcryogenic liquefaction systems that could be used to solve
PSO1
CME467.2-
M Enables design and analysis of cryogenic liquefaction systems.
PSO2
CME467.3- Gives knowledge in cryogenic refrigeration systems that could be
H
PSO1 used to solve engineering problems involving such systems.
CME467.3-
M Enables design and analysis of cryogenic refrigeration systems.
PSO2
Gives knowledge in various cryogenic storage and transport systems
CME467.4-
H that could be used to solve problems pertaining to cryogenic
PSO1
engineering.
CME467.4-
M Enables design and analysis of cryogenic storage systems.
PSO2
CME467.5- Gives knowledge in cryogenic instrumentation that could aid in
M
PSO1 solving engineering problems in cryogenics.
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS: NIL
1 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112101004/1
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gGMBNEzeuc
☑ CHALK & TALK ☑STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☑WEB RESOURCES

☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
☑ LCD/SMART BOARDS

☑ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☑ TESTS/MODEL EXAMS ☑ UNIV. EXAMINATION
☐ ADD-ON COURSES ☐ OTHERS
☑ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY FEEDBACK, ☑ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY (ONCE)

ONCE)
11.2 COURSE PLAN

1 Review of thermodynamic principles
2 Introduction to cryogenic systems, historical development
3 Applications of cryogenics
4 Low Temperature properties of Engineering Materials
I
7 Cryogenic fluids and their properties
8 Cryogenic fluids and their properties
9 Liquefaction systems: ideal system
10 Joule Thomson expansion,Adiabatic expansion
11 Linde Hampson Cycle
12 II Claude & CascadedSystem
13 Magnetic Cooling
14 Stirling Cycle Cryo Coolers
15 Tutorial
16 General Liquefaction systems
17 General Liquefaction systems
18 Liquefaction systems for Neon. Hydrogen and Helium
III
19 Liquefaction systems for Neon. Hydrogen and Helium
20 Critical components of Liquefaction systems
21 Critical components of Liquefaction systems
22 Ideal Refrigeration systems
IV
23 Refrigeration using liquids and gases as refrigerant


26 Refrigerators using solids as working media
27 Refrigerators using solids as working media
28 Cryogenic Storage vessels and Transportation
29 Cryogenic Storage vessels and Transportation
30 Thermal insulation and their performance at cryogenic temperatures
31 Thermal insulation and their performance at cryogenic temperatures
V
32 Super Insulations
33 Vacuum insulation
34 Powder insulation
35 Cryogenic fluid transfer systems
36 Cryogenic instrumentation
39 VI Cryogenic heat exchangers
40 Cryogenic heat exchangers
41 Cryo pumping
42 Tutorial
11.3 MODULE-WISE QUESTIONS
MODULE 1
1. Discuss the mechanical properties of materials at low temperatures

2. Show the variation of ductility of any two materials as a function of temperature on a graph
3. Explain the difference between ortho-hydrogen and para-hydrogen
4. Write short note on application of cryogenics in medicine.
5. What is inversion temperature.
6. Discuss the application of cryogenics in food processing.
7. Explain super conductivity.
8. Explain the thermal properties of materials at cryogenic temperatures.
9. Explain the properties of cryogenic fluids
10. explain the variation of fatigue strength and impact strength of materials in cryogenic
temperature range. Support with suitable graphs.
11. Describe different molecular forms of hydrogen.
12. Discuss application of cryogenics in rocket propulsion and in space technology.
13. Explain cryosurgery and cryopreservation.
14. Explain the role of cryogenics in biology.
15. Explain super fluidity with the help of neat diagram.

16. Discuss the chronology of cryogenic technology.

17. Discuss the properties of He isotopes at cryogenic range.
MODULE 2
1. Define Liquefaction process

2. What do you mean by magnetic refrigeration system?
3. Explain Joule Thomson and isothermal expansion process, efficiency to liquefaction, coefficient
of performance, irreversibility and losses.
4. Explain Claude system of liquefaction with T- S diagram. Derive the expression for liquid yield
and work requirement.
5. What is the influence of regenerator effectiveness in Philips refrigerator
6. What are the limitations of simple Linde-Hampson system?
7. Explain how a cascade system can be used to produce liquid Nitrogen.
MODULE 3
1. Explain about the working of a precooled Linde-Hampson system with suitable diagram for
Neon and Hydrogen.
2. Determine the liquid yield, the amount of Nitrogen boiled away per unit mass of Hydrogen
liquefied and work required per unit mass of Hydrogen liquefied for a pre-cooled Linde-
Hampson system operating from 101.3 kPa and 300 K to 5.066 MPa. The Nitrogen bath is at
temperature of 70 K corresponding to a saturation pressure 38.5 kPa.
3. Explain Collins He liquefaction system.
4. Explain briefly about general liquefaction systems.
5. Explain liquefaction systems for Neon.
MODULE 4
1. Explain adiabatic demagnetisation process with the help of a neat sketch.

2. Explain ideal refrigeration systems.
3. Derive an expression for COP of Carnot Refrigerator.
4. Explain about refrigeration system working on adiabatic demagnetisation method.
5. Describe Gifford-McMahon refrigerator with neat sketches and explain the T-S diagram.
6. Explain thermodynamically ideal isobaric-source systems
7. Explain Vuilleumier refrigerator with a neat schematic sketch. Draw T-S diagram for ideal
Vuilleumier refrigerator and list out its advantages.
8. Explain refrigerators using solids as working media.
9. Show the refrigerators using liquids with neat block diagram.
10. Explain short note on cryocoolers.
MODULE 5
1. Explain types of cryogenic fluid transfer systems

2. Explain cryogenic fluid storage vessels with neat sketches.
3. Briefly explain about the basic design parameters of cryogenic fluid storage vessels.
4. Discriminate the importance of insulation. Mention and explain the different types of Cryogenic
Insulation.
5. Summarize about the Storage systems for Cryogenic Liquids.
6. What is super insulation? Explain.
7. Appraise how a cryogenic liquid can be transferred from the storage place (Transfer Systems)
MODULE 6
1. Write notes on cryo pumping.

2. What are the heat exchanger configurations of liquefaction system?
3. Explain different temperature measurement methods at cryogenic temperatures.
4. Write a note on Electric resistance gauges for liquid-level measurement.
5. Explain Magnetic thermometer.
Akash James Dr. Thankachan T Pullan
(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 471 Optimization Techniques S7 ME
12. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
12.1 Course Information Sheet

ENGINEERING
COURSE: Optimization Techniques SEMESTER: 7CREDITS: 3
COURSE CODE:ME471 COURSE TYPE: ELECTIVE
REGULATION: 2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: CONTACT HOURS:3(LECTURE) HOUR/WEEK
Operations research
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE LAB COURSE NAME:NIL
CODE (IF ANY):NIL
SYLLABUS:
Review of linear programming–revised simplex method – Dual

I simplex method – Sensitivityanalysis – changes affecting feasibility – 7
changesaffecting optimality
Integer programming – importance – applications – Branchand bound

II technique – Gomory’scutting plane method – Solution to travelling 7
salesman problem
Network models – minimal spanning tree problem – PRIM’salgorithm

III – Kruskal’s algorithm – Shortest route problem –applications – 7
Systematic method – Dijkstra’s algorithm – Floyd’s algorithm
Goal programming – goal programming formulation – application –

Simplexmethod for solving goal programming – Dynamic
IV
programming – terminologies – forward and backwardrecursion – 7
applications – Shortestpath problems
Nonlinear programming – convex, quasi-convex, concave andunimodal

V functions – theory of constrained optimization – Lagrangeanmethod – 7
Kuhn – Tuckerconditions
VI Non-traditional optimization – computational complexity – 7

Introduction to metaheuristics – areas of application – Genetic

algorithm (GA) – terminologies – steps and examples – Tabusearch
(TS) – steps and examples – Simulated annealing (SA) – steps and
examples – Antcolony optimization (ACO) – steps and examples –
ParticleSwarm Optimization (PSO) – Steps and examples
Miller, D. M. and Schmidt, J. W., Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, John
T1
Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 1990
T2 Paneerselvam, R., Operations Research, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2008.
T3 Pannerselvam, R., Design and Analysis of Algorithms, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
T4 2007
Taha, H. A., Operations Research, Pearson, 2004
R1 Banks, J., Carson, J. S., Nelson, B. L., and Nicol, D. M., Discrete-Event System
Simulation, Third Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2001
R2 Goel,
. B. S. and Mittal, S. K., Operations Research, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 1999.
R3 Ravindran, Phillips and Solberg, Operations Research Principles and Practice, Willey &
Sons, 1987
R4 Srinivasan, G., Operations Research-Principles and Applications, latest edition, PHI Pvt.
Ltd.
LPP, TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM,

ME372 Operations Research GAME THEORY AND DECISION 6
ANALYSYS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To learn the various optimization techniques for effective decision making
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Blooms’
Level
CME471.1 To understand the idea behind LPP and analyse the sensitivity Analyse
Level 3
Understand
CME471.2 Apply the idea of LPP in travelling salesman problem
Application
CME471.3 To solve network related problems. Application

Level 3
Level 3
Understand
Solve goal programming problem with LPP and understanding
CME471.4
dynamic programming
And
Application
Knowledge
To solve non-linear optimization problems
CME471.5
Level 2 and
Level 3 3
CME471.6 Understanding non-traditional optimization method Understanding
Level 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME471.1 3
3 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
CME471.2 3 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - -
CME471.3 3 2 - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
CME471.4 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
CME471.5 3
- - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
CME471.6 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
CME471 3 2 2 2 - 2 - -
4- Low correlation (Low), 2- Medium correlation (Medium), 3-High correlation (High)
JUSTIFICATIONS FOR CO-PO and CO-PSO MAPPING
PO1 3 Mathematical modelling using LPP
CME471.1 PO2 3 Analysing problem related to linear programming
PO3 2 Applied for any linear optimization problems

PSO1 2 Applied for any linear optimization problems
PO1 3 Mathematical modelling using LPP
PO2 2 Analysing problem related to integer linear programming

CME471.2
PO4 2 TSP is solved using LPP
PSO1 2 Applied for any discrete linear optimization problems
PO1 3 Mathematical modelling of network is needed
CME471.3 PO2 2 Analysing the network and finding conclusion
PSO1 2 Applied for any Network related problems
PO1 3 Mathematical modelling of goal programming

CME471.4
Determine the required resources to achieve a desired set of
PSO1 2
objectives.
PO1 3 Mathematical modelling with non-linear objectives

CME471.5
PSO1 2 Applied wherever the nonlinearity optimization needed
PO1 3 Solving optimization problems using non-traditional methods

CME471.6
Used in various field where optimization needed with NP-hard
PSO1 2
traditional methods
PROPOSED
SI RELEVANCE RELEVANCE
DESCRIPTION
NO WITH POs WITH PSOs
ACTIONS
NIL NIL - -
1
1 www.nptel.ac.in
☑ CHALK& TALK ☑ STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☑ WEB RESOURCES
☑ LCD/SMART BOARDS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES

☑ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☑ TESTS/MODEL EXAMS ☑ UNIV. EXAMINATION
☑ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY FEEDBACK, ☑ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY (TWICE)

ONCE)
12.2 COURSE PLAN

1 Review of linear programming
2 Revised linear programming
3 Dual Simplex method
4 I Dual Simplex method- Problems
5 Sensitivity analysis
6 Changes affecting feasibility
7 Changes affecting optimality
8 Integer programming – importance and applications
9 Branch and bound technique-Theory and problems
10 Branch and bound technique- Problems
11 II Gomory’s cutting plane method- Theory and problems
12 Gomory’s cutting plane method- Problems
13 Travelling salesman problem-Introduction
14 Solution to travelling salesman problem
15 Network models – minimal spanning tree problem
16 PRIM’s algorithm
17 Kruskal’s algorithm
18 III Shortest route problem –applications
19 Systematic method
20 Dijkstra’s algorithm
21 Floyd’s algorithm
22 Goal programming - Applications
23 Formulations
24 Simplex method for solving goal programming
IV
25 Problems
26 Dynamic programming – terminologies
27 Forward and backward recursion –applications

28 Shortest path problems

29 Nonlinear programming
30 Convex, quasi-convex, concave and unimodal functions
31 Theory of constrained optimization
32 V Lagrangean method
33 Problems
34 Kuhn-Tucker conditions
35 Problems
36 Nontraditional optimization – computational complexity
37 Introduction to metaheuristics – areas of application
38 Genetic algorithm (GA) – terminologies – steps and examples
39 VI Tabu search (TS) – steps and examples
40 Simulated annealing (SA) – steps and examples
41 Ant colony optimization (ACO) – steps and examples
42 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-Steps and examples
Module 1
1. Solve the following problem using revised simplex method: max 𝑧 = 3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 ; subject
to −2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 ≤ 9, 𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 ≥ −20, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ≥ 0
2. Solve the following problem using revised simplex method: min 𝑧 = 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 ; subject
to 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 = 3, 3𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 ≥ 6, 2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ≤ 3, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ≥ 0
3. Solve the following problem using dual simplex method: min 𝑧 = 3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ; subject to
3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ≥ 4, 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ≥ 0, 𝑥1 𝑥2 ≥ 0
4. Solve the following problem using dual simplex method: max 𝑧 = −𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3
subject to 𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 ≤ 10, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ≥ 6, 𝑥1 ≥ 2, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ≥ 0
5. In how many ways a sensitivity analysis could be carried out?
6. Explain the changes effecting feasibility.
7. Explain the changes effecting optimality.
Module 2
1. What are the applications of integer programming?
2. Distinguish between integer programming problem and linear programming problem?
3. Solve the following integer LPP optimally: max 𝑧 = 8𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 + 10𝑥3 subject to 8𝑥1 +
4𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 ≤ 155, 3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 + 12𝑥3 ≤ 135, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ≥ 0 and integers.
4. Solve the following integer LPP using branch and bound technique: max 𝑧 = 6𝑥1 + 5𝑥2
subject to 4𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 ≤ 22, 5𝑥1 + 8𝑥2 ≤ 30, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ≥ 0 and integers.
5. Solve the following using Gomory’s cutting plane algorithm: max 𝑧 = 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 ; subject
to 2𝑥2 ≤ 7, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ≥ 7, 2𝑥2 ≥ 11, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ≥ 0 and integers.
6. Write a mathematical model of TSP.
Module 3
1. What is a shortest path problem? Give some of its practical application.
2. Consider the details of a distance network as shown below:
Arc Distance Arc Distance Arc Distance Arc Distance

1-2 8 3-6 6 1-3 5 4-5 8

1-4 7 4-6 12 1-5 16 5-8 7
2-3 15 6-8 9 2-6 3 6-9 15
2-7 4 7-9 12 3-4 5 8-9 6
a) Construct a distance network.
b) Find the shortest path from 1 to Node 9 using the systematic method.
c) Find the shortest path from Node 1 to Node 9 using Dijkshtra’s algorithm.
3. Find the minimum spanning tree of the network given in question 2 using PRIM
algorithm.
4. Consider the distance Network which is given network which is given in question 2 and
find the minimum spanning tree using Krushkal’s algorithm.
5. Apply Floyd’s algorithm and obtain the final matrices, 𝐷5 and 𝑃5 .
Arc Distance Arc Distance Arc Distance Arc Distance
1-2 3 1-3 8 1-4 10 2-3 4
2-4 7 3-4 2 3-5 8 4-5 6
Module 4
1. What is goal programming? Distinguish it from linear programming.
2. List and explain different applications of Goal programming.
3. A company produces two kinds of product, X and Y. Production of either X or Y
requires 2 hours of production capacity in the plant. The plant has maximum production
capacity of 20 hours per week. The overtime hour should not exceed 4 hour/week. The
plant manager has set following goals arranged in the order of importance:
a. To avoid any underutilization of production capacity.
b. To limit the overtime hours to 4 hours
c. To minimize the overtime operation of the plant as much as possible.
Formulate this as a goal programming program and then solve as much as possible.
4. What are deviational variables? How do they differ from decision variables in traditional
LPP?
5. Define the following dynamic programming terms: a) Stage b) State variable c) Decision
variable c) Immediate return e) optimal return f) state transformation function.
6. What is the dynamic recursive relation? Describe the general process of backward
recursion.
7. A distance network consists of 9 nodes which are distributed as shown in Question 2 in
Module 3. Find the shortest path from Node 1 to 9 and the corresponding distance.
Module 5
1. State the Kuhn-Tucker necessary and sufficient condition in non-linear programming.
2. List different types of non-linear programming problems. Also, explain their application
areas.
3. Define the following types of function: a) convex b) quasi-convex c) concave d)
unimodal.
4. Solve the following non-linear programming problem using Lagrangean multiplier
method: min 𝑧 = 4𝑥12 + 2𝑥22 + 𝑥32 − 4𝑥1 𝑥2 subject to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 15, 2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 +
2𝑥3 = 20, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ≥ 0
5. Solve the following nonlinear programming problem using Kuhn-Tucker conditions
max 𝑧 = 8𝑥1 + 10𝑥2 − 𝑥12 − 𝑥22 subject to, 3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 ≤ 6, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ≥ 0
Module 6
1. What do you mean by meta-heuristic? Distinguish it from single pass heuristic.

2. Discuss the underlying principle of simulated annealing.

3. What do you mean by perturbation scheme in simulated annealing? List and explain
different perturbation schemes.
4. Explain the following terminologies: chromosome, gene, population, allele, generation,
offspring, schema, crossover, mutation and selection.
5. Give the steps of the Genetic algorithm.
6. Give the steps of the tabu search.
7. Discuss the underlying principle of the ant colony optimization algorithm.
8. Give steps of the ACO algorithm.
9. Give steps of the ACO algorithm.
10. Define the terms: P, NP, NPC and NPH
Shyam Sunder Iyer Dr. Thankachan T Pullan
(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 431 Mechanical Engineering Lab S7 ME
13. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAB
13.1 COURSE INFORMATIONSHEET
PROGRAMME: MECHANICAL DEGREE: BTECH

ENGINEERING
COURSE: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SEMESTER:8 CREDITS: 2
LAB
COURSE CODE: ME 431 UNIVERSTY:KTU UNIVERSITY
REGULATION:2015
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: COURSE TYPE:CORE
APPLIED
MECHANICS,THERMAL
SYSTEMS
CORRESPONDING THEORYCOURSE CONTACT HOURS:6Lab Hours/Week.
CODE: HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER&
MECHANICSOFMACHINERY
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAIL HOURS
S
List of experiments:
Hear transfer
1. Determination of LMTD and effectiveness of parallel flow, Counter flow
and cross flow heat
exchangers( double pipe heat exchanger)
2. Determination of heat transfer coefficients in free convection(free
convection apparatus)
3. Determination of heat transfer coefficients in forced convection (forced
convection apparatus)
4. Determination of thermal conductivity of solids(composite wall)
5. Determination of thermal conductivity of powder
6. Determination of emissivity of a specimen (emissivity apparatus)
7. Determination of Stefan Boltzman constant (Stefan Boltzmann
apparatus)
8. Study and performance test on refrigeration (Refrigeration Test rig)
9. Study and performance test air conditioning equipment(air conditioning
test rig)
10. Performance study on heat pipe(Heat pipe)
11. Calibration of Thermocouples
12. Calibration of Pressure gauge
Dynamics
13. Gyroscope
14. Universal governor apparatus
15. Free vibration analysis

T/R BOOKTITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
R1 TheoryofMachines- P.L.Ballaney
R2 Mechanical Vibrations,Vedition- G.K.Groover
R3 TheoryofVibrationswith applications,IIIEdn- W.T. Thomson
R4 Mechanical Vibrations-S.Graham Kelly,Schaum’s outlines
R5 Heat Transfer- P.K.Nag,1st ed.,Tata McGraw-Hill
R6 Thermal Engineering- P.L.Ballaney,Khannapublishers
BE 100 ENGINEERINGMECHANIC To have basic knowledge in 1
S statics,
MA 202 PROBABILITY dynamics,forceanalysis.
Fouriertransforms 4
DISTRIBUTION,
TRANSFORMS,AND
ME 304 NUMERICAL METHODS
DYNAMICSOFMACHINER Basic knowledge in 6
Y mechanical
ME 301 MECHANICSOFMACHINE vibrations
Basicknowledgeintheorybehindthe 5
RY workingofgovernorsandgyroscopes
ME 322 HEATANDMASSTRANSFE Basicknowledgeaboutmodesofheat 6
R transfer
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To understand the method of staticforce analysisand dynamicforceanalysisof
Mechanism
2 To understand the principles of governors.
3 To understand the different modes of heat transfer
4 To understand the theoryof gyroscopeand its application.
5 To understand the method of vibration analysis of different mechanical systems
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Taxonom
y Level
CME431. Abilitytoapplytheprincipleofheattransferforquantitativemeasurementa Apply
1 nd tocomparetheresultswiththeoreticalvalues (Level 3)
CME431. Ability to compute natural frequency of simple vibrating systems Apply
2 (Level 3)
CME431. Understandtheworkingofdifferentgovernors,andcanpredictthestabilityo Evaluate
3 f mechanicalgovernors. (Level 5)

CME431. Understandthetheorybehindgyroscopiceffectandtopredicttheeffectof Evaluate

gyroscopic couple in different mechanisms.
4 (Level 5)
CME431. Apply
5 To practice calibration of thermometer and pressure gauges (Level 3)
CO-POANDCO-PSOMAPPING
P PO PO P PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
O 2 3 O 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 4
CME431. 3 - 2 2 - - - - - 2 - - 3 - -
1
CME431. 3 - 3 2 - - - - - 2 - - 3 - -
2
CME431. 3 - 2 3 - - - - - 2 - - - 3 -
3
CME431. - - 2 3 - - - - - 2 - - - 3 -
4
CME431. 3 - 3 - - - - - - 2 - - 3 - -
5
2- Lowcorrelation(Low), 2-Mediumcorrelation(Medium), 3-High correlation(High)
LOW/
MAPPING MEDIUM/ JUSTIFICATION
HIGH
Knowledgeinheattransferandrespectiveapparatusto
CME431.1-PO1 3
solveengineeringproblems
Conducting experiments and analysing provide
CME431.1-PO3 2 professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skill, team
work
Experimentsand interpretationofdata usingheat transfer
CME431.1-PO4 2 knowledgeandworkingofrespectiveapparatustofind
solutionstosimilarengineeringproblems
Experiments enable students to comprehend and write effective
CME431.1- 2 reports and design documentation
PO10
Knowledgeofbasicsofvibrationcancomplementthe
CME431.2-PO1 3
studyof engineeringproblems


CME 431.2. PO3 3 professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skill, team
work
Conductingexperimentsandinterpretationofdatausing
CME431.2-PO4 2 knowledge in vibration to solve similar engineering problems

CME431.2- 2 reports and design documentation
PO10
CME431.3-PO1 3 Knowledgeofgovernors,itsstabilityetc..canaidinthe
studyof engineeringproblems
Study of governors can be useful to design system

CME431.3-PO3 2 componentswhichmeetstherequirementsforthepublic safety
Conductingexperimentsandinterpretationofdatausing
CME431.3-PO4 2 knowledge about governors helpsto solve similar engineering
problems

CME431.3-PO10 2 reports and design documentation
CME431.4-PO3 2 Study of gyroscope can be useful to design system

componentsforthepublic.
Knowledge on calibration, helps proper maintenance of

CME431.5-PO1 3 measuring instruments

CME431.5-PO3 2 professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skill, team
work

CME431.5-PO10 2 reports and design documentation
JUSTIFICATIONSFORCO-PSOMAPPING
LOW/
HIGH

Experimentsinheattransferapparatuswillhelptoutilize
CME431.1- 3
PSO1 knowledgeinthermalsciencetosolveengineeringproblems
Experimentsinvibrationwillhelptoutilisetheirknowledge
CME431.2- 3
PSO1 in mechanicstosolveengineeringproblems
Experimentwillhelpstudentsinimplementingmechanical
CME431.3- 3
PSO2 systemswhichusesgovernorsto workeffectively
Experimentwillhelpstudentsinusinggyroscopestoguide
CME431.4- 3
PSO2 andmonitornewlydesignedorexistingmechanicalsystems.
Experimentoncalibrationwillaidstudentinconducting
CME431.5- 3
PSO2 experiments
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS -TO MEETINDUSTRY/PROFESSION

REQUIREMENTS:
SL.NO DESCRIPTION PROPOSE RELEVANC RELEVANC
D E E
ACTION WITH POs WITH PSOs
S
1 Experiments in pneumatic and Online PO4 PSO2
hydraulic drives andactuators. Videos
Provided

1 Dynamicforce analysisof mechanism-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEdz91oWrts
2 Gyroscope- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cquvA_IpEsA
☐CHALK&TALK ☐STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☐WEB RESOURCES ☐LCD/SMART
BOARDS
☐STUD. ☐ADD-ONCOURSES
SEMINARS
☐ASSIGNMENTS ☐STUD. ☐TESTS/MODEL ☐UNIV.
☐STUD.LAB ☐STUD. VIVA ☐MINI/MAJOR ☐CERTIFICATIONS
PRACTICES PROJECTS
☐ADD-ON ☐OTHERS
COURSES

☐ASSESSMENT OFCOURSE OUTCOMES (BY ☐STUDENT FEEDBACK ONFACULTY
FEEDBACK, ONCE) (TWICE) 
☐ASSESSMENT OFMINI/MAJOR PROJECTS ☐OTHERS
BY EXT. EXPERTS
13. 2 SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is COP in refrigeration?
2. Write the expression for fourier law of heat conduction. Explain the terms.
3. Explain Stefan Boltzman law of radiation?
4. An aeroplane taking left turn and the rotor rotating clockwise when viewed from back.
Explain the gyroscopic effect on the plane.
5. Name one spring controlled governor
6. Dittus–Boelter correlation for fully developed turbulent flow in pipes
7. Draw thep-h diagram ofavapour compression refrigeration system.
8. Name thetwo majortypes of refrigeration system.
9. Nusselt Number is the ratio of

10. Reynolds Number is the ratio of
11. Explain hunting in governors
12. What does specific humidity means?
13. Name the equipment used for measuring WBT and DBT.
14. Torsional stiffness of shaft, Ks =
15. Prandl Number is the ratio of =
16. Name two practical methods used to achieve nearly isothermal compression
17. What do you mean by dew point temperature
18. Ifrelative humidityis 100% then what happens to DBT and WBT?
19. Which refrigerant is used in ourtest rig of refrigeration anda/c.?
20. Draw thepsychrometricchart and show the following process on it
a) sensible cooling b)sensibleheating c) humidification d)dehumidification e) cooling

and dehumidification f)heating and humidification g) cooling and humidification
h)heating and dehumidification

21 Grashof Number is the ratio of

22 Write one dimensional radial heat flow conduction equation through a hollow cylinder,
under steady state conditions:
23 Axis of precession means:
24 What are the limitations of Watt governor? Explain how it is solved in Porter governor?
25 The radial heat conduction equation for single hollow sphere transferring heat from
inside to outside without heat generation is given by:
26 Draw a diagram representing summer air conditioning system.
27 Explain Newton’s law of cooling.
28 Name thetwo majortypes of refrigeration system.
29 What does an isochronous governor means? Draw the controlling force vs radius of
rotation graph for an isochronous governor.
30 Nusselt Number is the ratio of
Mr.Senjo Manuel Dr.ThankachanT Pullan

(Faculty) (HOD)

ME 451 Seminar and Project Preliminary S7ME
14. SEMINAR AND PROJECT PRELIMINARY

ENGINEERING
COURSE:SEMINAR/PROJECT SEMESTER: 7CREDITS: 2
COURSE CODE:ME451REGULATION: COURSE TYPE: PRACTICAL
2016
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: PROJECT IN CONTACT HOURS:2 PRACTICAL + 1(TUTORIAL)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING HOUR/WEEK
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE LAB COURSE NAME:NIL
(IF ANY):NIL
SYLLABUS:
COURSE CONTENT
Course Plan
Seminar: Each student shall identify a topic of current relevance in his/her
branch of engineering, get approval of faculty concerned, collect sufficient
literature on the topic, study it thoroughly, prepare own report and present in
the class.
Project preliminary: Identify suitable project relevant to the branch of study.
Form project team ( not exceeding four students). The students can do the
project individually also. Identify a project supervisor. Present the project
proposal before the assessment board (excluding the external expert) and get it
approved by the board. The preliminary work to be completed: (1) Literature
survey (2) Formulation of objectives (3) Formulation of
hypothesis/design/methodology (4) Formulation of work plan (5) Seeking funds
(6) Preparation of preliminary report Note: The same project should be
continued in the eighth semester by the same project team.
L1
Minimum 7 SCI Indexed journals

BASIC AND ADVANCED UNDER GRADUATE

CURRENT KNOWLEDGE
ENGINEERING LEVEL
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To develop skills in doing literature survey, technical presentation and report preparation
To enable project identification and execution of preliminary works on final semester
2
project
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Blooms’
Level
The students will be able to explore the recent technological

Understand
CME451.01 advancements correlating the fundamentals of mechanical
Level 2
engineering.
The students will be able to identify, define and formulate Apply

CME451.02
engineering problems through detailed literature survey. Level 3
The students will develop presentation skills with the ability

Create
CME451.03 tocommunicate to audience and also ethical writing skills as a part of
Level 6
report submission.
The students will be in a position to hypothesize future advancements Create

CME451.04
in their present work. Level 6


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CME451.01 3 1 2 3 2
CME451.02 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
CME451.03 3 3 3
CME451.04 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2
CME451 3 2.34 2.5 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2.67 2
JUSTIFATIONS FOR CO-PO MAPPING

LOW/
HIGH
PO1-(CME451.01- Apply their fundamental knowledge in order to understand
3
.02,.04) the studies carried out in literatures.
Literature survey gives an insight to the domain of study
PO2-(CME451.01) 1
that needs to be investigated.
Formulation of the problem is carried out through detailed
PO2-(CME451.02,
3 literature survey which also helps in identifying the areas of
.04)
future advancements.
Domain of study is obtained through in depth knowledge
PO3-(CME451.02) 3
gained through literature survey.
PO3-(CME451.04) 2 Literature survey can lead to identification of future scope.
PO4-(CME451.02, Knowledge gained through results and discussion in
2
.04) literatures can suggest future advancements.
PO6-(CME451.01- The topic identified, formulated and analysed should benefit
2
.02, .04) engineering society.
PO7-(CME451.02, The domain studied must benefit the society in
2
.04) environmental context.
PO8-(CME451.03- Existing results and discussion communicated and future
3
.04) scopes identified should abide ethical principles.
PO9-(CME451.01- Individual contributions for seminar and effective team
3
.02) work for project is mandatory.
PO10- Knowledge gained need to communicated through
3
(CME451.01-.03) presentations and reports.
PO11- Scheduling and budget estimation is done in the initial phase
3
(CME451.02) through literature survey.

PO12- Lifelong learning is achieved in various stages like literature

3
(CME451.02, .04) survey, methodology and future scope.

LOW/
HIGH
PSO1- Engineering knowledge improves by applying mechanical
2
(CME451.01) engineering fundamentals
Proper literature survey and suggestion of future scope can
PSO1-
3 only be achieved by successfully applying their knowledge
(CME451.02, .04)
in the domain of mechanical engineering sciences.
PSO2- Future scope can be identified through analysing and
2
(CME451.04) exploration of the solutions in literatures.

DESCRIPTION
NIL

1 http://www.sciencedirect.com
2 https://www.springer.com/in
3 https://www.asme.org/
☐ CHALK & TALK ☐ STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☑ WEB RESOURCES
☑LCD/SMART BOARDS ☑ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
☐ ASSIGNMENTS ☑ STUD. ☐ TESTS/MODEL ☐UNIV.
☐ STUD. LAB ☐ STUD. VIVA ☑ MINI/MAJOR ☐ CERTIFICATIONS
PRACTICES PROJECTS
COURSES

☑ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY ☑ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTIES
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS ☐ OTHERS
BY EXT. EXPERTS
14.2 COURSE PLAN
DAY TOPICS PLANNED

1 Introduction to Project
2 Abstract Presentation
3 First Evaluation of Seminar
4 Discussions
5 Final PPT and report preparations of Seminar
6 Abstract Presentation of Project
7 Final Evaluation
Dr. Nivish George &Mr. Vishnu Sankar Dr.Thankachan T Pullan

(Faculty) (HOD)

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

To evolve into a premier technological and research institution,

To impart state-of-the-art knowledge to individuals in various

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 2

To evolve into a centre of excellence by imparting professional

• To have state-of-the-art infrastructure facilities.

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 3

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO 1: Demonstrated the ability to analyze, formulate and solve/design

PEO 3: Exhibited professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skill, team

a) Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science,

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 4

d) Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research based knowledge

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 5

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Mechanical Engineering Programme Students will be able to:

a) Apply their knowledge in the domain of engineering mechanics, thermal

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 6

INDEX PAGE NO:

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 8

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 9

ME401 Design of Machine Elements I 3 1 0 4 A

ME403 Advanced Energy Engineering 3 0 0 3 B

Refrigeration and Air

ME409 Compressible Fluid Flow 2 1 0 3 E

ME431 Mechanical Engineering Lab 0 0 3 1 T

ME451 Seminar & Project Preliminary 0 1 4 2 S

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 10

4. ME 401 DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS I

4.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET

MODULE CONTENTS HOURS

Introduction to Design- Definition, steps in design process,

I Materials and their properties- Elastic and plastic behavior of 9

Theories of Failure- Guest’s Theory, Rankine’s Theory, St. Venant’s

Threaded Joints- Terminology, thread standards, types of threads,

Design of riveted joints- Material for rivets, modes of failure,

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 11

Design of welded joints- welding symbols, stresses in fillet and butt

Springs- classification, spring materials, stresses and deflection of

Leaf springs- Flat springs, semi elliptical laminated leaf springs,

Shafting- material, design considerations, causes of failure in shafts,

T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHOR/PUBLICATION

T2 PSG Design Data, DPV Printers, Coimbatore.

T4 V.B. Bhandari, Design of Machine Elements, McGraw Hill Book Company

T5 R. L. Norton, Machine Design – An Integrated Approach, Pearson Education, 2001

T6 Jalaludeen , Machine Design, Anuradha Publications, Chennai,2014

R1 J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw Hill,2003

R2 Juvinall R.C &Marshek K.M., Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, John

R3 M. F. Spotts, T. E. Shoup, Design of Machine Elements, Pearson Education, 2006

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 12

To understand the stresses and strains in

2 To introduce fundamental approaches to failure prevention of components.

To provide knowledge in the design of common machine elements such as fasteners,

Students will able tounderstand and identifythedifferent

Students will understand different failure theories and basic Understand

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 13

Students will understand the basics and applications of riveted, Apply

Students will be able to classify different type of springs. They Apply

COURSE HANDOUT: S7 Page 14

CO-PO AND CO-PSO MAPPING

1- Low correlation (Low), 2- Medium correlation(Medium) , 3-High correlation(High)

JUSTIFICATIONS FOR CO-PO MAPPING