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In God we trust
PTE Self Study
Summarize spoken text
Re-tell lecture
#sst #rl
v1.0

Summary of changes:

 All previous materials are compiled into this handout.

 The attached audio guide is a must to hear!

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Summarize Spoken Text & Re-tell Lecture Devices

 Start with the topic  X = Words & Phrases

 The lecture was about X (TOPIC)
 The speaking was discussing X (TOPIC)
 Go into details (1)  X = Words & Phrases
 S/He/She/lecturer was speaking of X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer mentioned X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer talked about X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer discussed X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer described X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer delineated X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer explained (the) X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer emphasized the importance of X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer shared information regarding X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer presented information about X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer provided information on X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer gave details of X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer remarked on X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer continued discussion with X (and X as well as X)
 S/He/She/lecturer reported doing X
 Go into details (2)  X = A complete sentence
 S/He/She/lecturer suggested that X
 S/He/She/lecturer added that X
 S/He/She/lecturer noted that X
 S/He/She/lecturer commented that X
 S/He/She/lecturer acknowledged that X
 S/He/She/lecturer indicated that X
 S/He/She/lecturer explained that X
 Gap fillers & Cohesive devices  Use among the above moves
 Another point which he
 Overall, it can be noticed that
 In addition to this information, he also
 On the other hand it's quite clear that
 Lastly, it's very surprising to notice that
 To conclude it's quite clear that
 Firstly, secondly, finally, then, hence, thus, indeed, etc.
 In conclusion, eventually, etc.
 Suggested structures
 Complex: although, while, despite the fact that, in spite the fact that, etc.
 Compound: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
 Passive
 Participle clauses
 Reduced adverb clauses

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Template & Sample Answer (1) – By Faraz

 The lecture was about noun phrase, which means noun phrase as well as noun
phrase. Firstly, the spokesman/spokeswoman talked about noun phrase and
noun phrase, which emphasized the significance of noun phrase. He/she also
provided some information about noun phrase, and noun phrase was/were
noticed. Although noun phrase was claimed by him/her, noun phrase
indicates/indicate noun phrase. Finally, noun phrase was mentioned, and the
importance of noun phrase was considered.

 The lecture was about coffee industry, which means Vietnam as well as
staggering. Firstly, the spokesman talked about a million people and tons,
which emphasized the significance of realizing valuable commodity. He also
provided some information about total export, and tropical products were
noticed. Although the communist party was claimed by him, growing massive
exports indicate emerging. Finally, 30% growth was mentioned, and the
importance of 1990 was considered. (70 words)

Template & Sample Answer (2) – By Taher

 The speaker was discussing noun phrase, which was demonstrated conclusively
by putting more emphasis on noun phrase. Whereas distinctive aspects of noun
phrase, noun phrase, noun phrase as well as noun phrase were delineated, he
asserted that the significance of noun phrase could not be overestimated. He,
however, reinforced the fundamental preconceived notion of noun phrase
and drew a definitive conclusion that noun phrase should not be neglected.

 The speaker was discussing coffee industry in Vietnam, which was

demonstrated conclusively by putting more emphasis on staggering. Whereas
distinctive aspects of tons, valuable commodities as well as total export were
delineated, he asserted that the significance of tropical products could not be
overestimated. He, however, reinforced the fundamental preconceived
notion of the communist party and drew a definitive conclusion that 30%
growth in 1990 should not be neglected. (70 words)

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SST Real Exam Questions

1. Biology 

 The lecture was about biology, which studies life and living
organisms. Although all the creatures such as humans,
butterfly and dolphin look different, they are closely
interconnected. They all rely on DNA and RNA, which are
used to pass and store energy. In the end, the speaker
stressed that cells are foundation of building organs, and they
react similar to use and convert energy.

2. Talent shortage

 The lecture was about the main reasons of talent shortage.

The speaker explained about an increase in retirement of
baby-boomers, which has led to a significant decrease in the
number of skilled people. In addition, the collapse of loyalty
has deteriorated the situation because people would
change their job because of higher income. In the end, there
was a conflict between what education produces and what
business needs.

3. Typhoid Fever - Mary Mallon 

 The lecture was about Mary Mallon, who moved to New York
in 1893. Mary was an excellent cook and she lived with her
friends. Although Mary was diagnosed by Typhoid fever,
which could transit through water and food, she always
denied her sickness. In the end, the speaker concluded that
Mary had infected 21 people, and one of them died.

 The spokesperson explained about Mary Mallon's life the first

American who identified with typhoid fever with minor
symptoms. Between 1900 and 1907. She was working as a
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cooker for wealthy families, but she infected her employee's

family members to typhoid fever, and some of them died
with more severe symptoms. She arrested and hospitalized
by public health authorities twice. Hence, she died after
nearly thirty years living in the isolation.

4. Prescription medicine

 The lecture was about the advertisement on prescription

medicine. The speaker stressed about a significant increase
in the number of medicine advertisements, and people will
buy a product if they have seen its advertisement. Although
these advertisements might be technically accurate, they are
misleading in the tones. In the end, the speaker concluded
that buying medicine is not like buying a soap and TV is a
mass marketing.

5. Sound receptor 

 The lecturer explained about the Sound receptor, which is a

little spiky device to translate an ear vibrational energy into
fluid and physical motion. Meanwhile it can hurt an eardrum.
He delineated that it is very impressive that the physical
motions of sound can be translated to electric signals in the
ear. Hence, the speaker invited MIT students to learn more
about this remarkable device and genetic neuron.

6. Cocoa beans

 During the Aztec and Maya era, Cocoa bean were used for
various aims. Cocoa was consumed as a hot and cold
beverage with different flavors and additional ingredient.
Moreover, Cocoa bean were also counted as a currency and
for tax payment, and it was used for religious and medical
purposes such a propitiating God or for skin care.
Furthermore, it was a popular drink in wedding ceremonies
and it was a sign of wisdom.
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7. Seed & pesticide in India 

 The spokeswoman highlighted that increasing the price of

seed and pesticides led to the dramatic increment in Indian
peasants’ debts over the past year in five large area in India.
They cannot payback their liabilities, as they have no capital,
which force them to purchase expensive seed. On the
contrary, those companies that lend money to peasants are
the same companies that sell expensive pesticides.
Therefore, large companies are creditors.

 The lecture was discussing the problem associated with

Indian peasants. The speaker mentioned that Indian peasants
are too poor to buy seeds and pesticides. She also explained
that they have to get loan from companies which are the
main sellers of chemicals and seed, while the debt is so huge.
In the end, she concluded that these peasants become
poorer and this cycle will continue, while it is one effect of
globalization.

8. Mr. Green - Amory Lovins 

 The lecturer talked about Amory Lovins, an American

consultant experimental physicist, and he has been active at
the nexus of energy, resources, economy, environment,
development and security in more than 50 countries for over
40 years. In addition, he pays attention to energy saving and
how to use energy in a more efficient and sustainable way.
Hence, the speaker concluded that he built a house with
plenty of energy-saving concepts.

9. Government information disclosure

 Citizens should be well informed or Government trick,

policymaking-rule book throw by govt.: The lecturer
explained about the government information disclosure. He
mentioned that citizens should be well-informed by their
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governments, and however, some western democratic

countries took it for granted. The speaker also argued that
they use tricks in the book to cover up the things that already
happened. Finally, the speaker concluded that the
government's misleading policies are to hide information to
keep their citizens.

 The western countries are democratic countries, but the

government policies are often interpreted in a wrong way and
misleading people, but in some society people are
deliberately hidden from the truth. Governments do all trick in
the book to cover their mistakes.

 The lecture is about the government information disclosure.

Although it is supposed that citizens in democratic countries
are well informed about their rights, the government uses tricks
to deliberately hide the information and mislead the people in
the wrong direction. In the end, the speaker concluded that
politicians use tricks in the book to cover up their mistakes.

10. Harry Bergson

 The lecture was about an unusual person called Harry

Bergson. The speaker also delineated that Harry was not from
the academic world. Moreover, He run a consulting
company and was regarded as a genius. Hence, He was
dedicated to save energy and solve problems by using
existing technology.

11. Language distinguish or Small Language extinction 

 Language accelerates to distinct. Now languages distinguish

with an ever-fast rate. Globalization contributes to it, as more
people are go to urban to live and work. Urbanization makes
small language hard to survive.

 The lecture was about small language extinction. Little

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languages are disappearing at a rate that has never been

before in history. The main reason for the disappearing is
urbanization where people are moving to cities and being
influenced by mainstream language. The ideal place for little
languages to survive is in isolated areas.

 The lecture was about the extinction of small languages. It

first stated that small languages are disappearing at an
accelerated rate due to urbanization. It then followed by
addressing the fact that people are increasingly moving to
the big cities in order to find more opportunities, which has
detrimental impact on small languages. In the end, the
speaker concluded that small languages could survive in
isolated areas.

12. International environmental legislation and law

 The lecture was about new environmental law, which is

launched by the British government to control the humans'
impact on the environment. The law enforcement was an
aggressive regulation innovation aiming to improve the
environment both locally and globally. Companies applied
the Adam Smith theory to increase their profitability. However,
managers were unsatisfied, as they would pay more money
to meet law requirements making them less competitive.

 The lecture is about environmental law. British government

launched such law to control the humans' impact on the
environment. The enforcement of environmental law was an
aggressive regulation innovation, which aimed to improve
environment locally and globally. Companies applied the
Adam Smith theory to increase their profitability. Managers
were unsatisfied about environmental law because
companies would pay more money to ensure the health of
their employees under the environmental law, which made
companies less competitive in the market.

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13. Modification of governments or democracy 

 One aspect is devolution, transfer power from federal

government to state government. Democratic parties, big
government and titled. Republicans, people state, one
hidden part is private power.

 Reducing government/modifying government, there is an

issue of moving power to people, moving away power from
state. The power system is private power.

 The lecturer explained about the modification of

governments. He/she stated that there is a need to modify
government powers, and this can be achieved by
devolution. He also highlighted the different opinions holding
by both Democratic and Republican Parties. While the
Democratic Parties claim that the big power and entitlements
should be held by the government, the republicans believe
that government should share its powers with the states and
people.

 The lecture was about different views in regard to

government power. The spokesman stressed that although
there seems to be a vital need to modify the government
power, there are various opinions holding by the democratic
and republican parties. In the end, the speaker concluded
that while democrats believe government should hold the
big power and entitlements, the republicans claim that the
power should be shared between states and people.

14. Computer and artificial intelligence

 Human brain is a simple/symbol processor. Computer reply

on analyzing messages into work, similar to human brain.
Computer has potential to bring computer intelligence.

 People have been talking about symbolic representation of

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computers long before they were invented. If we can know

more about how human manipulate and work with symbols.
Just like computers works with bits and bytes. Computer has
a high potential to develop intelligence.

 This lecture is about artificial intelligence. Before computer

invention, people have been talking about symbolic
representation of them as human brain that is similar to
computer processor, which acts as brain for computer. In
term of operation, both human brain and computers are
similar, since human works with symbols and computer
manipulates bit and byte. Finally, from speed and accuracy
aspect, computer has high potential to develop intelligence.

 The lecture was about the way human brain and computers
operate. It first stated that people have been talking about
symbolic representation, long before the advent of
computers. It then followed by addressing human’s brain
mechanism, which operates (works) based on symbols,
whereas the computer in a similar way analyzes
(manipulates) the messages into bits and bytes. In the end,
speaker stressed that computers have a high potential to
develop artificial intelligence.

15. Famous novelist 

 The lecture was about a famous novelist who started writing

in 1951. She wrote non-fiction novels until she was inspired
and encouraged by a renowned novelist from Mississippi.
Although she took detours along the way, she never gave up
because she truly believed in what she was doing. In the end,
in 1992, the first chapter of her novel named the secret Life of
Bees was finished.

 The women was be a Nonfiction writer, and she has detours

10-12 years, and then turn into a novelist. She was guided by
a great novelists, (which will be say very slowly in the radio,

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but cannot remember…) Finally, she published her first

chapter in 1992 , which is called “secret life of bees”

16. Globalization 

 The lecture was about main definitions of globalization. First

of all, it would mean international communication and
trading between countries, which consequently leads to a
significant growth in travelling and the relationship of
international companies. Secondly, the speaker stressed
about the importance of having an integrated economy
strategy, which increases the interdependence between the
economies of different countries. Finally, he explained about
transaction, consuming and producing goods.

 Has various definition and meaning and three of them would

be mentioned. International trading between countries /
communications, including growth in travel and more multi-
national (international) companies. More transactions
among countries / Consuming and producing between
people / transportation. Integrated economics strategy /
organization integration, different countries consume or
produce different goods, so countries would depend on the
economy of other countries.

 There are three definitions. Transactions across the world.

More transactions among countries. Growth in travel. More
international companies.

17. Competition faced by LSE

 two factors, English and funding of government. Five main kind

competitions: for students, academic staff, research funding,
research contracts, pound against other currencies.

 The lecture was about competition faced by LSE University.

The speaker mentioned that there are two main factors there.

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The first one is to speak English and the other is funding of

government. He also argued that there are 5 main kinds of
competitions: for students, academic staff, research funding,
research contracts, Pound against other currencies. Finally,
the lecture provided some information about competition
faced by LSE.

 The lecture was discussing the fierce competitions faced by LSE. The
speaker mentioned that there are two main factors there, which
are Speaking English and the governmental funding. In the end, he
concluded that there are five different competitions, which LSE
may encountered: for students, academic staff, research
contracts, research funding and Pound against other currencies.

18. Stanford university conference

 A lecture held by Stanford University stressed the importance

of management and leadership in the business school.
Learning management and leadership was introduced as
the educational purposes by the lecturer. Students should be
responsible and accountable for the management
performance and identify how it could happen
appropriately. In the end, the speaker concluded that
accomplishments should be attained by people themselves
instead of depending on the others.

 The lecture is about the importance of management and

leadership in business school. It is argued that students should
be responsible and accountable for the quality and
performance of management, and learn how it could be
properly achieved. In the end, the speaker concluded that
accomplishments should be attained by people themselves
instead of depending on the others.

19. Student loan 

 The lecture was about a woman faced with massive

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repayment of student loans. Although she believed having a

college degree plays a pivotal role in finding a job, she
claimed this could happen at a high cost. She explained that
her kids would join the class of citizens who cannot rely on
their parents' income. In the end, she concluded that her
debts would pale in comparison to her future career.

 The lecture was discussing about student loan. She explained

that she is 43 years old and has ten thousand of dollar student
debt from her school, which is three times more than she paid
for her car. She also mentioned that her children went to
financial classes to use the governmental support. In
conclusion, she clarified that although 4-year college study
helps to find her current job, it would be better to study in an
affordable college.

20. CEO opinion in companies

 The lecturer explained about a survey to identify the CEO

opinion on company’s operations. The speaker stressed
about the main question of the survey, which was which
area of activity, is the important part of the company. He also
mentioned that 58 percent of CEO agreed on IT, which is the
most time-consuming and complex part of any
organization. Finally, he described other two aspects,
marketing and financial management.

21. Population growth and resource consumption

 The lecture was about population growth and resource

consumption. It first stated that the population has
increased from 1.5 million to 6 million between 1900 and
2000. It then followed by addressing the increase in the
energy consumption, which is about 16 folds. In the end, the
speaker concluded that mega cities have 50 percentage of
population, but they consume 70 percentage of energy
sources, and produce tons of waste.
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22. Marshmallow test 

 The lecture was about a Marshmallow test to measure the

ability of children against temptation. It first stated that the
kids who could resist to not eating the candy for a longer
time are more likely to achieve high competency later in
life. This ability is not necessarily innate, and highly depends
on environment. In the end, the speaker concluded that
previous experiences could delay the gratification longer.

23. Bomb calorimeter 

 The lecture was about bomb calorimeter used to calculate

the amount of calorie. It first stated that the food chamber is
used to measure the heat, whereas the water chamber could
absorb the heat when food is burned. It then argued that
thermometer, air space and insulation are deployed to
calculate the energy as well as preventing the heat loss. In
the end, the speaker concluded that this device could not
measure the exact amount that absorbed.

24. Animal surviving

 The lecture was about animal surviving and reproducing in

general conditions. It was argued that animals are able to
adjust their body temperature under water, and tolerate
different temperatures and seasons. It then explained about
a research that indicates a frog could adjust its body
temperature according to the change of water
temperature. In the end, the speaker concluded that
animal’s habitat, daily activities and behavior.

25. Urbanization and agriculture

 The lecture was about the relationship between urbanization

and agriculture. It first stated that a tremendous number of

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people move to city in order to find more opportunities. It

then followed by giving an example about agriculture
(farming), farmers could grow food in countryside, which
could benefit many families in the city. In the end, the
speaker concluded that many people tend to live in city
even if they lose their jobs.

26. Einstein theory and universe

 The lecture was about the motion of universe and Einstein

theory. Although people used to believe that universe is fixed
and unchangeable, Einstein claimed that stars and planets
are continuously expanding and changing over the time. In
the end, the speaker concluded that while some people
know this theory as a discovery of Einstein, Edward Hubble
was the first person who proposed this theory.

27. Humor and laugh

 The lecture was about the importance of laughing on

people’s health. It mentioned that laughing was existed in
Europe a long time ago, and jokes of Berlin wall were used
as an effective therapy method. The lecturer also argued that
laughing is both the simplest and cheapest method to deal
with stress because it could relieve the blood pressure. In the
end, the speaker stressed about the importance
(significance) of self-respect and identity.

28. Sea creatures

 The lecture was discussing sea creatures, which are the latest
devices to generate power from ocean waves. First is Oyster
installed on the ocean floor and generate power from closing
and opening when waves pass over it. The second is
Anaconda, which is look like a snake made by rubber, and
has 200-meter length. The last one is like Anaconda but
made from steel. The speaker concluded that these three
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devices power generators from green sources of energy.

29. Citizenship curriculum

 The lecture was discussing the importance of teaching

citizenship curriculum in schools rather than the past. The
speaker explained that despite the importance of citizenship
education, it is ignored by many schools. He also mentioned
that this course can enable students to face the changing
world, become more self-confidence. In the end, he
conclude that the lack of capacity and expertise are the
main problem of skipping this syllabus.

30. Vitamin D

 The lecture is about the vitamin D concentration in people.

There has been advancements in technologies that could
measure the fat content of Vitamin D, which has shown that
people often suffer from Vitamin D deficiency because of the
their diet or reducing the sun exposure. In the end, the
speaker stressed that we should be aware of fat-soluble
vitamins, which could produce intoxication.

31. Coffee industry

 The lecture is about the changes that have taken place in

coffee industry. The speaker mentioned coffee production
has increased from 6 billion to 30 billion during 10 years and
America has made Vietnam the second biggest producer,
which has greatly affected Columbia’s production. He
discussed the output of Central America is witnessing
significant decrease; however, people’s drinking habits have
been also changed. In conclusion, the lecture was related to
the changes that coffee industry has witnessed.

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RL Real Exam Questions

1. Air pollution

 The lecture was discussing the difference between air pollution

in 1950s and recent years. She explained that in 1950s, factories
were the main source of air pollution releasing visible black
smoke and fog, which caused many diseases and even death;
however, they stopped after imposing clean act regulation. She
also mentioned that these days, the source of air pollution has
been changed and people are still struggling with new invisible
pollution released from cars and Lorries because people are
more vehicle dependent.

2. Thermodynamics 

 The lecture was discussing thermodynamics, which is about

transferring of heat, temperature, and their relation to energy
and work. The speaker mentioned that most of the
thermodynamics laws are firmly constant and unchangeable;
however, there are some exceptions. He mentioned that these
exceptions happen when kinetic energy of molecules takes
into account, which is about the random motions of atoms. In
conclusion, the lecture described some of the thermodynamic
processes.

3. Monkeys and Typewriters theorem 

 The lecture was discussing the monkey and typewriter theorem,

which express people belief that if a monkey hitting random key
of typewriter, a complete work of Shakespeare takes more than
600 million years, while computer can do this within a day. The
speaker conclude that this assumption is just possible in
mathematics not in reality.
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4. Joseph Lister

 The lecture was discussing a non-famous academic person

inventing medicine used to prevent infection during operation
process. The speaker mentioned that Lister successfully found
carbolic acid in order to sterilize surgical instruments and to
clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post-operative
infections and made surgery safer for patients.

5. Frogs

 The lecture was discussing experiments conducted in different

regions which show that frog’s metamorphosis have existed for
many years. The speaker exemplified the case that frogs have
more limbs or less limbs, the number of mutated frogs is
increasing, which has become a global issue. In conclusion,
human beings are worrying about the quality of water, which
may have impact on human's health.

6. Schizophrenia 

 The lecture was discussing schizophrenia epidemiology. The

speaker mentioned that one-half of all hospital bed, one out of
ten thousands of people are diagnosed by schizophrenia. She
explained that millions of people in US are suffering from
Schizophrenia once or twice during their life, while the age is
different for men and women. In the end, he concluded that
although schizophrenia seems to be a mental disorder, its risk
factors are as the same as diabetes.

7. Community service

 The lecture was discussing the importance of providing training

for community service workers in India. The speaker mentioned
the community workers require some advice about some
diseases, particularly HIV. Some large organizations and

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hospitals provide some consultation preventing from spreading

diseases, however seminars are not necessarily and suitable in
some cities.

8. Disempowerment (NGOs)

 In the face of disempowerment, there is surprisingly no decline

in involvement of people in organization sharing wealth and
opportunities. Most of these organizations are struggling with
financial problems. These nonprofit sections worth more than
one trillion dollars and 700000 of them are in Australia which only
37000 of them are recognized by UN which just 3500 of them
received accreditation. He also explained that the best
predictor of governmental success is the strength and density of
these associations.

9. Watching TV

 The lecture was discussing the impacts of TV on children under

3 years old. The speaker mentioned that children under 2 years
old are not recommended to see TV and more than two years
should watch less than 1 hour. He explained that in the first 2
years of life, the brain is tripled in size and its extraordinary
period of brain growth. He also added although children can
learn to speak language fluently, if they are not exposed to
certain sounds early years in life, they will never sound like a
native speaker. He concluded that the more television that
children watch before age 3, the more likely they have
attentional problems at school age and also later in their life.

10. Truck space

 The lecture was discussing a shuttle designing to be a space

truck used as a multi-purpose vehicle. The speaker mentioned
that the main application of this incredible vehicle is launching
satellites, repairing them and bringing them back in orbit or
even the earth to repair. In the end, he concluded that this
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space truck is used internationally to build an international

space station.

11. Development of physics

 The lecture was discussing three major developments of physics

in 19th-century. Firstly, it is energy conservation law, which
means the total energy of isolated system remains constant.
Secondly, the law of Thermodynamics which are related to
temperature, energy and entropy characterizing
thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium. In conclusion
the last one is Kinetic theory means that to accelerate a body
of a given mass energy is needed.

12. Eukaryotes & prokaryotes 

 The lecture was discussing two different types of cells with

different functions, which are eukaryotes, and prokaryotes. The
speaker mentioned that human body cells are eukaryotic, and
bacteria are an example of prokaryotes. He explained that
Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled which
organized different functions during the organelles, while this
structure is not exist in prokaryotes. In the end he conclude that
the biggest difference between two different types of these
cells is that Eukaryotes have nucleus.

13. Similarities between language and cognitive skills 

 The lecture was discussing the similarities between language

and other cognitive skills. The speaker mentioned that it is wrong
to exaggerate the similarities between cognitive skills and
language, because they stand apart in several ways. First of all,
using language is universal, even children can speak at east on
language. Secondly, not everyone can be proficient in
mathematics skill or even painting wall. Since everyone can
speak one language it seems to be simple, however it is one of
the most complex cognitive abilities.
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14. Hallucination 

 The lecture was discussing the different types of hallucination.

The speaker mentioned most of the people who are diagnosed
by schizophrenia experiencing hallucination. The speaker
explained that there are two types of hallucination including
auditory or visual. He exemplified that auditory people may
hear voices and sound around themselves and visible
counterparts see movement in their peripheral. In the end, he
concluded that experiencing both hallucinations is common in
schizophrenia.

15. Creativity

 The lecture was discussing the definition of creativity, which is

the phenomenon of generating new valuable ideas. The
speaker mentioned that there are three Ps representing people,
process and product, which the process is the key. He explained
that existing things are assets as sometimes new idea comes
from the existing things. In the end, he concluded human can
survive due to the creativity.

16. How to do things right

 The lecture was discussing two factors that tell people how to do
things right. Firstly, he mentioned that people do things right if
there are appropriate designed tasks. Secondly, he explained
distraction is the main factor leading to doing mistake. In the
end, he concluded by an example which shows people may
leave original papers when they are doing photocopy if
something distracts their thinking process.

17. DNA 

 The lecture was discussing the genes development. The speaker

mentioned that DNA has two lines and genes provides proteins.

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He also explained that each cell has two million proteins,

however we cannot conclude which cell perform what types of
function. He clarified although cognitive skills development is
the main differences between present and our ancestors, only
a small number of genes are different between present and our
ancestors from 5000 years ago. He also concluded people piss
exactly in the same way of our ancestors.

18. Learning more than one language

 The lecture was discussing the importance of learning

language. The speaker mentioned that there is a controversial
debate among people that learning second language is
beneficial in some ways. He mentioned that firstly it would
enhance communication skills. Secondly, it is advantageous in
terms of employment because it is one of the valuable skills that
employers looking for. In conclusion, second language is one of
the most valuable skills in the fact-changing world.

19. Sea trouble

 The lecture was discussing about the article that clarified what
happen in the ocean and seas during the last decades. She also
explained that we managed to consume almost 90 percent of
big fish like swordfish and sharks during the last decade. She also
mentioned that human changes the nature of the ocean and
now they try to back the atmosphere to the oceans. In
conclusion she emphasized that the ocean is in trouble and it is
not a minus problem.

20. Nutrition guideline

 The lecture was discussing the best simple nutrition guideline,

which is offered by American Cancer Society. She explained
that first guideline is eating more plant sources food, second is
limiting animal and high fat source of food, third is keeping the
normal weight by increasing physical activity level and the
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fourth is limiting the alcohol and beverage consumption. She

also added some information about a five a day
recommendation, which means five serving of various fruit and
vegetables, should be consumed per day. In conclusion, she
told these guidelines could reduce the risks of cancer.

21. Wind power 

 The lecture was discussing the wind turbine device, which can
convert wind into mechanical energy as a main source of
power to generators and pumps. He explained that the amount
of generated power is based on wind speed, number of sails
and the angle of the sails. He discussed that if the blade was flat;
they just bent, while if they had an appropriate angle, wind can
turn them. In the end, he concluded that he wants to build a
small windmill to generate electricity.

22. Grand project in Paris 

 The lecture was discussing about a grand project in Paris in 1890,

which was commissioned by Napoleon and directed by
Husman. The speaker mentioned that Nap instructed the
Husman to bring air and light to the center of city and also plant
more trees, build boulevard and drain sewages to make the city
more clean and beautiful. The reason for doing this was that
Paris had many problems such as overcrowding, diseases, and
crimes. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the
constructions that napoleon had done.

23. Welsh Language 

 The lecture was discussing about welsh language in the year

2005. The speaker talked about a recent survey which indicated
that many people were able to read, write and speak this
language, however, there is a number of people who were able
to understand this language but cannot write and read. He
explained that welsh speaking percentage improved from 2%
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to 30% from 1987 to 2005. In conclusion, the lecture was related

to a current survey, which showed that there has been a
significant increase in the number of people who could speak
welsh language.

24. Boys and Girls performance

 The lecture is about how boys and girls score marks in English
and Math. He mentioned that girls perform better than boys in
English around 10 percent higher, however, there is no clear
difference for math exam. He discussed their performance
highly depends on their cognitive, physical and social factors.
He explained that they develop the cognitive knowledge
during pre-schools. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the
performance of girls and boys in math and English exam.

25. Expenditure in UK

 This lecture is about the education expenditure of UK, compared

with other European countries. The speaker mentioned that UK
has only spent 1% of its total GDP on the tertiary education,
which was insufficient as compared with other European
countries such as Finland and Denmark. He discussed the
expenditure of Spain is close to UK however, Denmark and
Finland spent much more than the other European countries. In
conclusion, the lecture was related to the education
expenditure of UK in compare to the other countries.

26. Darkness between galaxies 

 The lecture is about darkness between galaxies. The speaker

mentioned that the gaps between galaxies are not dark. He
explained the reason why we cannot see is that our eyes are not
able to detect the infrared light. He discussed that the darkness
between galaxies still remain mysterious to us. In conclusion, the
lecture was related to the reason behind the darkness between
galaxies.
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27. Brain Development 

 The lecture is about brain development. The speaker mentioned

that different brain regions with different functionalities appear
to develop on different times. He discussed that low
development such as sense and touch begins at the embryo
phase and stop around 1 year, and last for longer. He explained
that high development such as cognitive would take longer
time and low development will have impact on the future high
development. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the steps
that will take place in the process of brain development.

28. Remote technology

 The lecture is about the development of remote technology. The

speaker mentioned that remote technology plays a pivotal role
in observing fish reactions without being physically there. He
discussed that these detectors could be installed underwater to
monitor fish reaction to feeding. He concluded that this
technology also helps to identify the water quality as well as
change the feeding strategy when fish do not react to the
feeding.

29. Rat Experiment 

 The lecture is about rat experiments with low and high LG. The
speaker mentioned that some mother rats spend a lot of time
for licking, grooming and nurturing their off springs, while others
seem to ignore them. He discussed that highly nurtured off
springs tend to grow up to be calm adult, while some others who
received little nurturing has proven to be anxious. He finally
concluded that the offspring of high LG rats have better ability
to deal with stress and alcohol, but low LG did not.

30. Economic Development

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 The lecture was discussing about the economic development in

Latin America. The speaker mentioned that in the past 20 years,
there is significant increase in the economic development at
about 80 percent, however, after globalization and reform,
there is a considerable decrease from 80 percent to 10, which
made the economic unsustainable. He explained that there are
plenty of others who begin to ask the question whether the
reform is positive or negative. In conclusion, the lecture was
related to the development of economic in Latin America.

31. Opening borders 

 The lecture is about border opening. The speaker mentioned

that developed countries should open borders for other
countries, therefore people from developing countries could
visit the developed countries, which would consequently lead
to an improvement in the economy of less developed countries.
He explained that that this would also result in promoting peace
and freedom in developing countries. In conclusion, the lecture
was related to how border opening can benefit the countries.

32. Multi dimension

 The lecture is about multi dimension, which are required to

describe a position. He talked about four major dimensions,
which are Longitude, Latitude, Altitude and Time. Longitude is
required for describing a position on equator. If describe a
position on the earth, latitude and longitude is required.
Longitudes, latitude, and altitudes denote for a position over the
earth. She explained that when describing a position in the
space, time will be taken into account. In conclusion, the lecture
was related to how different dimensions describe a position.

33. Childbirth rate in Europe 

 The lecture is about childbirth rate in Europe. The speaker

mentioned that in the recent years, European females have no
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interest to give birth to the babies. This particularly is the case for
people under age of 30. He explained that these phenomena
have had serious detrimental effects on development of males.
He finally concluded that low birth rate causes some family
issue and unemployment.

34. Australia’s changing role

 The lecture is about Australia’s changing role. The speaker

mentioned that Australia has changed its role in trading with the
world. He discussed that in the past Australia was isolated from
UK and USA, but it has now become a famous destination due
to rise of Asian countries especially china. He explained that
Japan is ranked in the first position and China will become the
number one in the future. In conclusion, the lecture was related
to the role of Australia in trading with world.

35. Universe civilization

 The lecture was discussing universe civilization. The speaker

mentioned that the universe produces 100 of planets annually,
however, only an average of seven planets are suitable for high
civilization. He discussed that most of planets are not suitable for
living since they are either so cold or hot. He explained that only
20 percent of planets can support human to survive. In
conclusion, the lecture was related to the possibility of living in
the other planets.

36. Immigration effects

 The lecture was discussing the immigration effects. The speaker

mentioned that these days, the immigrants who work in
industrialized countries, are able to save and send money to
their home country about 200000 dollars. However, they money
that they receive from their government is about 100000 million
dollars.

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37. Earth's last climate shift

 This lecture talks about the earth's last climate shift. The speaker
first mentioned that climate is defined as consistent pattern of
weather over the significant periods of time and changes when
energy balance of the earth is disturbed. Then he said the
system is complex and it would involve several different
mechanisms operating at the same time. Finally, one example
is mentioned that when volcanos erupt, they disperse particles
into upper atmosphere and cools the earth's surface.

38. The business essence

 The lecture was discussing the essence of business entity, which

is exchange. He explained that you exchange your goods to
other goods. He also mentioned that the goal of marketing is
transfer products from supplier to consumers to meet the
demands of customers. In the end, he concluded that Capital
gain is very important because only if by marketing profits,
company would reinvest and produce more.

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