Lab Activity V

EXTRA EMBRYONIC MEMBRANE

Day : Thursday
Date : October 11th, 2018

Name : Pratiwi Kusuma K

Student ID : B1B017007
Group : VII
Subgroup :2
Assistant : Monica Widianti

LABORATORY OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
PURWOKERTO

2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Aims

The aims of this practical class are:

1. To know the morphology of extra embryonic membrane in vertebrata,

2. To explain the function of each part extra embryonic membrane in vertebrata.

B. Benefits

The benefits of this practical class is this practicum gives us the advantage of
making us more focused and having a sense of cooperation between groups.

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 II. MATERIALS AND WORK PROCEDURES

A. Materials

The tools that used in this practical class are scissor, watch glass, and pencil.
The materials that used in this practical class are chicken embryo 15-18 days old,
mice fetus 11-16 days maternity old, and lizard embryo.

B. Work Procedures

The work procedures that used in this practical class are :

1. All tools and materials that will be used are prepared,
2. Extra embryonic membrane of chicken mice and lizard that has been provided is
observed morphology.
3. The extra embryonic membrane was photographed and drawn and the parts and
functions were identified.

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 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Figure Details :
4. 1. Allantois.
3. 2. Amnion.
3. Albumin.
4. Yolk sac.

2.

1.

Figure 1. Chicken Embryo

Figure Details :
1. Amnion.
2. Yolk sac.

2.

1.

Figure 2. Lizard Embryo

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 Figure Details :
1. Placenta.

1.

Figure 3. Mice Fetus

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A. Discussion

Extra embryonic membranes are cellular membranes formed together with

embryo formation. The membrane is formed from embryonic tissue but does not
become part of the embryo. Extra embryonic membranes are formed to fulfil the needs
of nutrients, a means of removing metabolic waste and protection from physical,
chemical and biological factors in the micro and macro environment so that,
developing embryos can develop and grow properly (Schmidt & Chun, 2016).
In general, the amniote egg has extra embryonic membrane parts namely
amnion, chorion, allantois, and saccus vitellinus. The extra embryonal membrane
development process begins when epithelial sheets on the outer side of the embryo
develop into extra embryonic cell / membrane sheets. Vitellinus sac is the extra
membrane of the embryo which forms the earliest from the splanchopleura with the
endoderm on the inside and the splanchnic mesoderm outside. In chicken, after
gastrulation process is formed coelom cavity. Coelom cavity are separate into two
major of extra embryonic membrane tissue layers, there are splanchopleura and
somatopleura. Splanchopleura is formed by ectoderm and endoderm. Splanchnopleura
develops into a complex system of blood vessels, the yolk sac, responsible for
supplying yolk and egg white materials to the embryo (nourishment) somatopleura is
formed by endoderm and mesoderm (Bernardo, et al., 2014).
Parts of extra embryonic membrane has each function, there are amnion.
Amnion is formed as a result of the somatopleura folding of the head region in
dorsokaudal direction, the tail region dorsocranial, and the lateral wall area to the
dorsomedial direction. This amnionic fluid acts as a medium for floating, protecting
and allowing movement of the body and limbs of the embryo (Blac, et al., 2014);
Chorion has fuction to allow gas exchange with the external environment (Bernardo,
et al., 2014); Allantois arises from an evagination of the posterior embryonic intestine,
and mammalian embryos, its blood vessels transport blood between the embryo and
placenta. Allantois has function as storage of metabolic waste and with chorion will
allow gas exchange (Machando, et al., 2015); Saccus vitellinus or yolk sac is the
earliest extraembryonic membrane formed. Yolk sac is develops well in aves but is
relatively undeveloped in mammals. Yolk sac has function as a source of blood cells.
As the embryo grows, the saccus vitellinus will shrink because the nutrients inside it
have been absorbed by the embryo; A placenta is an organ for maternal fetal exchange

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between maternal and fetal vessels (haemotrophic nutrition) or by pinocytosis and
phagocytosis of uterine secretions, cell debris and maternal red cells (histiotrophic
nutrition). As the name suggests, a chorioallantoic placenta is derived from the
chorion, which supplies the trophoblast, and the allantois, which supplies fetal blood
vessels and associated connective tissue (Carter, 2016).
Mammals have four kinds of extra embryonic membranes that start from
implantation. Four extra embryonic membranes are formed during the development of
mammalian embryos, namely Chorion, Amnion, yolk sac, and Allantois. Chorion in
mammals will develop into the placenta. The four membranes are homologous with
extra embryonic membranes of birds and reptiles. Extra embryonic membranes in
pisces and amphibians are only yolk sacs (vitellinus saccus), in reptiles and amphibians
the embryonic process can be said to be very fast when compared to aves and
mammals, so the extra embryonic membrane is very simple (Djuanda, 1991).
The differences between aves (ovipar) and mammals (vivipar) is the
gastrulation process of aves embryos undergoing the same basic processes as
gastrulation of mammalian embryos. The most important difference is that the yolk
aves embryos are so large that even though the bird or chicken embryos are formed,
they are also blastopores. There is a lot of yolk barriers, causing the chicken embryo
blastoporine to only form one incision that extends towards the cranio-caudal. In
ovipar, the vitellinus sac is more than in viviparous animals (Djuhanda, 1991).
According to Soeminto (2004), each class has characteristics different
regarding the number and type of extra embryonic membranes. Pisces and amphibians
only has the saccus vitellinus as an extra embryonic membrane, because of this
embryonic development occurs externally, external fertilization and also this class it
is still primitive in its development. The anti-dehydration function of the amnion is
replaced by the waters where the embryo develops, the chorion function is replaced by
a hard layer which is also called chorion but not real chorion, because the layer is not
develop from somatopleura such as from chorion in other classes. The allantois is not
found in pisces and amphibians because after the fish comes out of the egg yolk sac
newly used to live while waiting for the readiness of the digestive organs, different
from other classes such as mammals, aves and some reptiles. Most animals terrestrial
(land animals) have complete extra embryonic membranes. One of the benefit is to
maintain the embryo in order to survive in the environment which is more extreme
than the aquatic environment. Many factors can influence development of terrestrial

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animal embryos, so a special mechanism is needed for protect the embryo from dying
before it develops into adulthood.
Basically the difference between aquatic animals and terrestrial animals in
animal classes above are pisces and amphibians who actually live in the aquatic
environment only has an extra embryonic membrane in the form of saccus vitellinus
or yolk sac. Pisces embryo do not have amnion because the need for water is very
fulfilled by environment, so there is no need to form amnion to prevent embryos from
dehydration. In addition, pisces also do not have chorion, because of the function of
chorion in fish replaced by a molten zone. The allantois functions as a reservoir for
metabolic remnants which is the result of excretion from the embryo. In pisces
embryos metabolic remnants will can be directly excreted into the aquatic environment
without having to go through the allantois (Storer, 1985).

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 B. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the result and discussion, it can be conclude that :

1. The morphology of extra embryonic membrane are chorion, amnion, yolk sac (
saccus vitellinus), and allantois.
2. Amnion has function to protecting and allowing movement of the body, and
prevent dehydration; chorion has fuction to allow gas exchange; saccus vitellinus
has function to facilitated nutrient transport to embryo body; and allantois has
function as storage of metabolic waste.

B. Suggestion

I suggest that the embryo should be kept carefully so it is not damage or broken
and can be observe correctly.

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 REFERENCES

Bernardo, A., Susana, M., Chuva, S., 2014. The Involvement of the Proamnion in the
Development of the Anterior Amnion Fold in the Chicken. PLOS ONE journal,
9(3), pp. 1-8.

Blanc, S., Ruggiero, F., Birot, A., Acloque, H., & Decimo, D., 2014. Subcellular
Localization of ENS-1/ERNI in Chick Embryonic Stem Cells. PLOS ONE
Journal, 9(3), pp. 6-12.

Carter, A., 2016. IFPA Senior Award Lecture: Mammalian fetal membranes.
Trophoblast Research Journal, 30(1), pp. 21-30.

Djuhanda, T., 1981. Embriologi Perbandingan. Bandung: Armico.

Machado, B., Santos, A., Fratini, P., Will, S., & Assis, N., 2016. Morphological
Analysis of the Extraembryonic Membranes of Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) at 20
Days of Gestation. Journal of Basic and Applied Research International, 10(1),
pp. 14-20.
Schmidt, U., & Chun W., 2016. Morphogenetic functions of extraembryonic
membranes in insects. Insect Science Journal, 13(1), pp. 86-92.

Soeminto., 2004. Embriologi Vertebrata. Purwokerto: UNSOED.

Storer, T., 1985. Element of Zoology. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book Company Inc.