Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan St., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2Department of Civil Engineering, Mientrung University of Civil Engineering, 24 Nguyen Du St., Tuy Hoa City, Vietnam
© 2018 The Authors. Published by IASE. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1
Phuoc T. Nguyen, Trung D. Pham /International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6(x) 2019, Pages: x-x
2. Formulation and control algorithm where 𝜏 = 𝑀𝑐 /𝜌𝐴𝐿 denotes the ratio of the container
mass to liquid mass, 2 = √𝑘2 /(𝜌𝐴𝐿 + 𝑀𝑐 ) and 2 =
2.1. Modeling of the SDOF-iTLCD system
𝑐2 /22 (𝜌𝐴𝐿 + 𝑀𝑐 ) denote the natural frequency and
damping ratio of the damper system, respectively.
Considering the model of the structure–sTLCD
The normalized equation of motion for the
system due to earthquake excitation is shown in Fig.
primary structure is given by
1. The iTLCD is composed of a tube-like container of
arbitrary configuration with an orifice(s) installed in {𝑥̈ + 𝑧̈(𝑡)} + 21 1 𝑥̇ (𝑡) + 12 𝑥(𝑡) = {22 2 𝑦̇ (𝑡) +
it. The tube has a cross-sectional area A, horizontal 22 𝑦(𝑡)} (4)
dimension B, the total length of the liquid column in
the tube L and density of the liquid the 𝜌. The
where = (𝜌𝐴𝐿 + 𝑀𝑐 )/𝑚 is the ratio of the total
coefficient of head loss, controlled by the opening
mass of damper to the mass of the primary structure
ratio of the orifice(s), is denoted by . The time- system, 1 and 1 denote the damping ratio and
varying damping and stiffness coefficients of the
natural frequency of the primary structure,
spring connecting the iTLCD to the primary system
respectively.
are denoted by c2 and k2, respectively. The total mass
Continuously, the governing equation of motion
of the damper system including the mass of the
of the whole SDOF-iTLCD system at the time (t) due
container of iTLCD denoted by Mc and the mass of
to earthquake excitation can be rewritten in matrix
column liquid may be expressed as (ρAL + Mc)
form as follows (Sonmez et al., 2016)
(Ghosh and Basu, 2004; Sonmez et al., 2016). The
ground acceleration at the time (t) is denoted 𝑚 0 0 𝒙̈
by 𝑧̈ (𝑡). The mass, damping, and stiffness parameters [𝜌𝐴𝐿 + 𝑀𝑐 𝜌𝐴𝐿 + 𝑀𝑐 𝜌𝐴𝐵] {𝑦̈ } +
of the primary structure system as single degrees of 𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝜌𝐴𝐵 𝜌𝐴𝐿 𝑢̈
freedom (SDOF) are denoted by m, c, and k, 𝑐 −𝑐2 0 𝑥̇ 𝑘 −𝑘2 0 𝑥
respectively. Based on the formulation of the iTLCD [0 𝑐2 0 ] {𝑦̇ } + [0 𝑘2 0 ] {𝑦 } =
given in detail by Ghosh and Basu (2004), the 0 0 2𝜌𝐴𝐶𝑝 𝑢̇ 0 0 2𝜌𝐴𝑔 𝑢
equivalent linear equation of motion of the iTLCD −𝑚
{−(𝜌𝐴𝐿 + 𝑀𝑐 )} 𝑧̈(𝑡) (5)
can be written as:
−𝐴𝐿
𝐶𝑝
𝑢̈ (𝑡) + 2 𝑢̇ (𝑡) + 2𝐿 𝑢(𝑡) = −{𝑦̈ + 𝑥̈ + 𝑧̈(𝑡)} (1)
𝐿 It can be seen that the selection of parameters
such as the frequency of the whole damper system
where 𝐿 = √2𝑔/𝐿 denotes the natural frequency of
𝜔2 , the frequency of the iTLCD 𝐿 , and the coefficient
the iTLCD, = 𝐵/𝐿 is the ratio of the horizontal
of orifice damping of the iTLCD (in the Eq .2) have
length to the total length, and 𝐶𝑝 represents the
an important role for choosing design parameters of
equivalent linearized damping coefficient, given the iTLCD which effect significantly on the
below performance of the iTLCD. Therefore, the optimum
𝑢̇
𝐶𝑝 = (2) tuning ratio 𝛾𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 1/(1 + ) and the optimum value
√2𝜋
Phuoc T. Nguyen, Trung D. Pham /International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6(x) 2019, Pages: x-x
of /L proposed by Ghosh and Basu (2004) based on where 0 and 1 are the column vectors of N (number
the minimization of the displacement of an story of the primary structure corresponding with
undamped structure are used in this study. In case of number degree of freedom) zeros or ones.
the optimum values are obtained, the characteristic However, the foregoing equation can be also
parameters of iTLCD can be determined. rewritten in the general form of the governing
equation of motion of the dynamic problem at the
2.2. Governing equation time (t), given by
3. Numerical results
Considering three various earthquake excitations acceleration are presented in Fig. 3, having the peak
including El-Centro, Superstition, and Northridge of dominant frequencies from 1.8Hz to 2.6Hz, 0.48Hz
earthquake which the time history of ground to 2Hz, and 0.47 to 2.4Hz, respectively.
4
El-Centro earthquake 1.5 10
3 Superstition earthquake Northridge earthquake
8
1
Acceleration (m/s2)
2 6
Acceleration (m/s2)
Acceleration (m/s2)
0.5
1 4
0 0 2
0
-1 -0.5
-2
-2
-1
-4
-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 -1.5 -6
Time (s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s) Time (s)
a b c
Fig. 3: Ground acceleration: a) El-Centro earthquake, b) Superstition earthquake, c) Northridge earthquake
Max. displacement(cm)
80
structure due to the above various earthquake
79
excitations has been studied. The results are
presented from Figs. 4-6. It can be seen that with an 78
increase of the ratio /𝐿 decreases the dynamic 77
resposne of the structure, though the rate of
decrease is very gradual. However, for each case, the 76
influence of the ratio /𝐿 on the displacement 75
response of the structure is different; it depends on
74
the dynamic characteristic of earthquake excitaion. 0 200 400 600 800 1000
But, it can be also seen that with the change in the
ratio /𝐿 demonstrates the influence of the relative Fig. 6: The influence of the ratio /𝐿 on the maximum
displacement of the structure due to Northridge
motion of the liquid column and the orifice damping
earthquake
on the performance of it.
8.8 Additionally, the curve results are also useful for
El-Centro earthquake
8.7 practical design. The response reduction of the
structure due to the incorporation of the damper can
Max. displacement(cm)
8.6
be completely estimated for a given ratio of the
8.5 ratio /𝐿, which may have been fixed from other
practical considerations. Another way, the
8.4
investigated results also indicated that the whole
8.3 damper system has been kept tuned to the ratio
8.2
frequency as TMD, and then the whole damper was
more increasing the dynamic response of the the
8.1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 sturcture than without the damper in the structure
/L (1/m) due to earthquake excitations.
Fig. 4: The influence of the ratio /𝐿 on the maximum
displacement of the structure due to El-Centro earthquake 3.4. Effect of the mass ratio 𝛍
10
Superstition earthquake Continuously, the ratio of the total mass of
9.5 damper to the structure 𝜇 as one of the important
Max. displacement(cm)
9
parameters for characteristic performance of the
iTLCD which effects directly and strongly on the
8.5 dynamic response of the structure will be also
studied in this section. The results are presented
8 from Figs. 7-9. It can be seen that the mass ratio 𝜇 is
7.5
very sensitive to the effectiveness of the iTLCD. The
influence of the mass ratio 𝜇 on dynamic response
7 reduction of the structure is not according to a
0 200 400 600 800 1000
similar law. In the El-Centro earthquake case, with
Fig. 5: The influence of the ratio /𝐿 on the maximum an increase of the mass ratio 𝜇 will decrease strongly
displacement of the structure due to Superstition the dynamic response of the structure, shown in Fig.
earthquake
Phuoc T. Nguyen, Trung D. Pham /International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6(x) 2019, Pages: x-x
7. However, also with those will cause significantly from 0.015 to 0.025, and then the effectiveness of the
increase the general mass of the whole structure, iTLCD is clearest for both the dynamic response
and then it will also increase the complication of the reduction and an increase of the general mass of the
structural foundation. whole structure, presented from Figs. 7-9. In detail,
Please insert as follows: the optimal mass ratio 𝜇 is 0.02 in the El-Centro,
9.5 0.015 in the Superstition and 0.025 in the
x /L=10
Northridge, respectively.
9
x /L=100
x /L=500
Max. displacement(cm)
9.5 are taken the ratio /𝐿 = 100 and the mass ratio 𝜇 =
x /L=1000
But, in the Superstition earthquake is significant, it goes to 60 percent, as shown in Fig. 14.
10
20 100
None
None None
15 iTLCD
iTLCD iTLCD
5
10 50
Displacement(cm)
Displacement(cm)
Displacement(cm)
5
0
0 0
-5
-5
-10 -50
-15
-10
-20 0 5 10 15 20 25 -100
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time(s)
Time(s) Time(s)
a b c
Fig. 10: The time history of displacement at the top floor due to earthquake: (a) El-Centro, (b) Superstition, (c) Northridge
20 20 20
None None None
iTLCD iTLCD iTLCD
15 15 15
Story
Story
Story
10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Max. displacement(cm) Max. displacement(cm) Max. displacement(cm)
a b c
Fig. 11: The maximum displacement at each floor due to earthquake: (a) El-Centro, (b) Superstition, (c) Northridge
6 6 7
x 10 x 10 x 10
8 4 4
None None None
6 iTLCD iTLCD 3 iTLCD
2
4 2
Shear force (N)
Shear force (N)
2 0 1
0 0
-2 -2 -1
-4 -2
-4
-6 -3
-8 -6 -4
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)
a b c
Fig. 12: The time history of shear force of the first story due to earthquake: (a) El-Centro, (b) Superstition, (c) Northridge
20 20 20
None None None
iTLCD iTLCD iTLCD
15 15 15
Story
Story
Story
10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 3 4
Shear force (N) x 10
6 Shear force (N) x 10
6 Shear force (N) x 10
7
a b c
Fig. 13: The maximum shear force of each story due to earthquake: (a) El-Centro, (b) Superstition, (c) Northridge
10 60 15
50
8
10
40
Reduction(%)
Reduction(%)
Reduction(%)
6
30
5
20
4
10
0
2
0
0 -10 -5
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Story Story Story
a b c
Fig. 14: The shear force reduction of the structure due to earthquake: (a) El-Centro, (b) Superstition, (c) Northridge
Phuoc T. Nguyen, Trung D. Pham /International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6(x) 2019, Pages: x-x
The results indicated that the performance of the This research is funded by Ho Chi Minh City Open
iTLCD is the clearest when the dominant frequencies University under the basic research fund 2018 with
between the earthquake excitations and the grant number E.2018.05.1.
structure are approximate. Hence, the effectiveness
of the iTCLD is the clearest in the Superstition References
earthquake case (ratio frequencies from 0.8 to 3.4)
and the lowest in the El-Centro earthquake case Ab Cassolato MR, Love JS, and Tait MJ (2011). Modelling of a
(ratio frequencies from 3.1 to 4.5), as shown in Fig. tuned liquid damper with inclined damping screens.
Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 18(6): 674-681.
14.
It can be seen that the iTLCD attached to the Felix JL, Balthazar JM, and Brasil RM (2005). On tuned liquid
column dampers mounted on a structural frame under a non-
structure had a significant effect on the dynamic ideal excitation. Journal of Sound Vibration, 282: 1285-1292.
response of the structure due to earthquake
excitations. It decreases the time history of dynamic Fujino Y, Sun L, Pacheco BM, and Chaiseri P (1992). Tuned liquid
damper (TLD) for suppressing horizontal motion of
response of the structure, and then it is more structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 118(10): 2017-
decreasing the dynamic response than without the 2030.
damper. Therefore, the iTLCD decreases the internal Ghosh A and Basu B (2004). Seismic vibration control of short
force in the structure which is extremely useful to period structures using the liquid column damper.
protect or reduce damage or destruction of the Engineering Structures, 26(13): 1905-1913.
structure under dynamic loads. The effectiveness of Guo YQ and Chen WQ (2007). Dynamic analysis of space
the iTLCD depends on both the dynamic character of structures with multiple tuned mass dampers. Engineering
the structure and excitation loads. Moreover, it also Structures, 29(12): 3390-3403.
depends on the characteristic parameters of the Han B and Li C (2006). Seismic response of controlled structures
iTLCD. Hence, in the practical design problem, the with active multiple tuned mass dampers. Earthquake
property parameters of the structure will be fixed, Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 5(2): 205-213.
and then the characteristic parameters of the iTLCD Kim YM, You KP, Ko NH, and Yoon SW (2006). Use of TLD and
will be chosen based on the optimal ratio to bring MTLD for control of wind induced vibration of tall buildings.
the best performance for mitigating the dynamic Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 20(9): 1346-
1354.
response of the structure under dynamic excitations.
Lewandowski R and Grzymisławska J (2009). Dynamic analysis of
structures with multiple tuned mass dampers. Journal of Civil
4. Conclusion
Engineering and Management, 15(1): 77-86.
Based on the formulations and numerical Li HN, Jia Y, and Wang SY (2004). Theoretical and experimental
studies on reduction for multi-modal seismic responses of
investigation results for the effectiveness of the high-rise structures by tuned liquid dampers. Modal Analysis,
iTLCD on the reduction of the dynamic response of 10(7): 1041-1056.
the structure due to earthquake excitations, the
Love JS and Tait MJ (2015). Multiple tuned liquid dampers for
following conclusions can be drawn as follows: efficient and robust structural control. Journal of Structural
Engineering, 141(12): 04015045.
The property parameters of the iTLCD affect Maravani M and Hamed MS (2011). Numerical modeling of
significantly on the dynamic response of the sloshing motion in a tuned liquid damper outfitted with a
structure. It changes the dynamic character of the submerged slat screen. International Journal for Numerical
whole structure based on tuning the frequency Methods in Fluids, 65(7): 834-855.
ratio. Therefore, the iTLCD is more decreasing the Nguyen TP, Pham DT, and Ngo KT (2018). Effectiveness of multi
dynamic response of the structure than without tuned liquid dampers with slat screens for reducing dynamic
responses of structures. In the IOP Conference Series: Earth
the damper. and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 143: 012023.
The effectiveness of the iTLCD depends on both
the dynamic character of the structure and the Shum KM and Xu YL (2002). Multiple‐tuned liquid column
dampers for torsional vibration control of structures:
excitation load. Additionally, it also depends on the experimental investigation. Earthquake Engineering and
property parameters of the iTLCD. Hence, the Structural Dynamics, 31(4): 977-991.
property parameters of the structure will be fixed, Sonmez E, Nagarajaiah S, Sun C, and Basu B (2016). A study on
and then the characteristic parameters of the semi-active Tuned Liquid Column Dampers (sTLCDs) for
iTLCD will be obtained based on the optimal ratios structural response reduction under random excitations.
to give the best performance of the iTLCD for Journal of Sound and Vibration, 362: 1-15.
reducing the dynamic response of the structure. Sun C, Nagarajaiah S, and Dick AJ (2014). Family of smart tuned
It can be seen that the iTLCD attached to the mass dampers with variable frequency under harmonic
structure had a significant effect on the reduction excitations and ground motions: closed-form evaluation.
Smart Structures and Systems, 13(2): 319-341.
of the dynamic response of the structure due to
earthquake excitations. Hence, this study has Varadarajan N and Nagarajaiah S (2004). Wind response control
of building with variable stiffness tuned mass damper using
meaning practice in the problem of vibration empirical mode decomposition/Hilbert transform. Journal of
control of the structure due to earthquake Engineering Mechanics, 130(4): 451-458.
excitations.
Wu JC, Shih MH, Lin YY, and Shen YC (2005). Design guidelines for
tuned liquid column damper for structures responding to
Acknowledgments wind. Engineering Structures, 27(13): 1893-1905.
Phuoc T. Nguyen, Trung D. Pham /International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6(x) 2019, Pages: x-x
Wu JC, Wang YP, Lee CL, Liao PH, and Chen YH (2008). Wind- Xue SD, Ko JM, and Xu YL (2000). Tuned liquid column damper for
induced interaction of a non-uniform tuned liquid column suppressing pitching motion of structures. Engineering
damper and a structure in pitching motion. Engineering Structures, 22(11): 1538-1551.
Structures, 30(12): 3555-3565.
Yalla SK, Kareem A, and Kantor JC (2001). Semi-active tuned liquid
column dampers for vibration control of structures.
Engineering Structures, 23(11): 1469-1479.