TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux,
which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the
same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without a metallic
connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described the
induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Transformer are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and current levels
or their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount of electrical power being
transferred from one winding to another via magnetic current.
A single phase voltage transformer basically consists of two electrical coils of wire, one
called the “Primary Winding” and another called the “Secondary Winding”. For this tutorial we
will define the “primary” side of the transformer as the side that usually takes power, and the
“secondary” as the side that usually delivers power. In a single-phase voltage transformer the
primary is usually the side with the higher voltage.
These two coils are not in electrical contact with each other but are instead wrapped
together around a common closed magnetic iron circuit called the “core”. This soft iron core is
not solid but made up of individual laminations connected together to help reduce the core’s
losses.
The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are magnetically
linked through the common core allowing electrical power to be transferred from one coil to the
other. When an electric current passed through the primary winding, a magnetic field is
developed which induces a voltage into the secondary winding as shown.

Single Phase Voltage Transformer

In other words, for a transformer there is no direct electrical connection between the two
coil windings, thereby giving it the name also of an Isolation Transformer. Generally, the
primary winding of a transformer is connected to the input voltage supply and converts or
transforms the electrical power into a magnetic field. While the job of the secondary winding is
 to convert this alternating magnetic field into electrical power producing the required output
voltage as shown.

Transformer Construction (single-phase)

 Where:
 VP - is the Primary Voltage
 VS - is the Secondary Voltage
 NP - is the Number of Primary Windings
 NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings
 Φ (phi) - is the Flux Linkage

Notice that the two coil windings are not electrically connected but are only linked magnetically.
A single-phase transformer can operate to either increase or decrease the voltage applied to the
primary winding. When a transformer is used to “increase” the voltage on its secondary winding
with respect to the primary, it is called a Step-up transformer. When it is used to “decrease” the
voltage on the secondary winding with respect to the primary it is called a Step-down
transformer.
However, a third condition exists in which a transformer produces the same voltage on its
secondary as is applied to its primary winding. In other words, its output is identical with respect
to voltage, current and power transferred. This type of transformer is called an “Impedance
Transformer” and is mainly used for impedance matching or the isolation of adjoining electrical
circuits.
The difference in voltage between the primary and the secondary windings is achieved by
changing the number of coil turns in the primary winding ( NP ) compared to the number of coil
turns on the secondary winding ( NS ).
Glosary

Exercise 1
Write T if the statements below are true and F if they are false.
1. Transformer consists of a pair of winding, secondary and primary.
2. We can see transformer in school.
3. In step up transformers the output voltage is less than the input voltage.
4. A transformer can directly change a high voltage to a low voltage, as long as the voltage is
alternating.
5. If we want to learn about relationship between the induced voltage and the flux we have to
learn Faraday’s law.
6. Transformer are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and current levels or
their supply, with modifying its frequency.

Exercise 2
Answer the questions.
1. What do you know about transformer?
2. How many parts on the transformer?mention!
3. What current flows in the transformer?
4. What happens if the load is connected to a secondary winding?
5. How to restore balance between primary applied voltage and back-e.m.f.?
6. How to find coil values in the transformer?
7. What sound’s of faraday law and lenz law?

Exercise 3
Look back to the text, find what the word italicized refer to.
1. It would oppose...... (p.2 line 8)
2. It is part.... (p.2 line 14)
3. It’s magnitude.... (p.2 line 25)
4. It’s polarity...... (p.2 line 27)
5. This is normally expressed... (p.2 line 27)

Exercise 4
Find the synonyms of these words in the text
1. Consist
2. Destroying
3. Increased
4. Provide
5. Balance
LANGUAGE WORK : Simple Present Tense with Verb other than be
Sg. I drink a lot of water.
You drink a lot of water.
Hanif drinks a lot of water.
She drinks a lot of water.
Its drinks a lot of water.
Pl. We drink a lot of water.
They drink a lot of water.
You drinks a lot of water.
1. Verbs other than be have two forms tablein the simple present tense: a simple form and -s
form.
2. The –s form is used with third person singular subjects (he, she, it, John, the table, stc.).
otherwise, the simple form is used.
Examples:
1. A power transformer consists of a pair of windings, primary and secondary, linked by a
magnetic circuit or core.
2. Current moves from a point of high potential energy to one of flow potential.

Exercise 5
Substitute the words provided into the sentence.
Make you make electric tool from light sensor every month.
Galih Galih makes electric tool from light sensor every month.

1. Crowded
2. Obey
3. Transformator
4. Herry
5. Every night
6. Assemble
7. Synchronous Generator
8. Helpful

Exercise 6
Give the current for of the simple present tense for the verb in the brakets.
1. She (miss) her friends in Indonesia.
2. John (eats) three healthy meals every day.
3. Michael and Sam (go) out for dinner together on Friday nights.
4. She also (study) at a business school because she (want to) start a business in Indonesia
someday.
5. Sam has trouble sleeping at night. He (take) sleeping pills to help him sleep.
6. Lia’s mother cooks (cook) breakfast for her.
7. An alcoholic (drink) a lot of wine, beer, or liquor every day.
8. She (checks) her emails as soon as she arrives at work.

LET’S TALK : Role Play

Do this activity in groups 4 persons. Name each group with: customer, Sales, Engineers
and Manager. Each group discusses about the best Electronic products according to the role. Be
sure that they always speak English. After presentation, discuss their opinion in a whole class
discussion.