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P 1
 Motors used In MachIne tools
 Main spindle:
 Manual/Non CNC Machines: AC Motor.
 Machines with Variable speed: AC motor with VFD
drive.
 Machines with feed back and wide speed range:
Servo Spindle Motor with Tacho generator

 Axis drives:
 Manual/Non CNC Machines: No Motor/AC Motor
with stroke setting.
 Machines with feed back: Servo Motor with Encoder

Hydraulic powerpack, Coolant pump: AC motor

Chip conveyor: AC motor with reduction gear box.

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 ac Motors
 AC motors:
1. Synchronous: The Rotational speed of
rotor(output) is same as Stator Speed
(Rotating Magnetic field).
 Speed(n)  frequency(f)
EX: AC servo motors
2. Asynchronous: Rotor speed is less than
Stator speed.
 Rotor Speed(n) < Synchronous speed.
 EX: All Induction motors .
Single phase or three phase.
N=120f/P
f= Frequency,50Hz or 60 Hz
P=No.of poles.2,4,6,8 etc

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 InductIon Motor- BasIcs
3 Phase Induction Motor :
 Most widely used motor in Industry.
 Called as Squirrel cage motor- Rotor bars
and rings looks like Squirrel cage
 Asynchronous motor- Output Speed is lower
than Input speed.
 Slip(s)= Stator(synchronous) speed –
Rotor(Rated) speed.
 Average slip: 2 – 7%
 Lower the power higher the slip i.e Rated
speed is Low
 Rated speed= Synchronous speed - slip.
 Poles(P): South and North Pole.
 Poles should be in Multiple of two.
 Lower No.of poles – Higher the speed.
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 Faraday’ law oF InductIon
 Faradays first law:
 Whenever a conductor placed/
rotated inside a Magnetic field,
emf is induced in the conductor.
 If the conductors circuit is
closed, emf induces current into
the conductor.

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 InductIon Motor -workIng prIncIple
 Works on principle of Faraday’s law.
 Three Phase Ac supply is given to stator winding, it
establishes a rotating magnetic field.
 The stator magnetic field rotates at the synchronous
speed.
 It induces emf in the rotor conductors
 Due to this induced emf, since Rotor is short
circuited, current flows through it. Hence called as
Induction motor.
 This induced Current in Rotor will in turn generates
torque.
 Rotor never reaches synchronous speed. If it
reaches, current won’t induce ,hence torque won’t
generate.
 Hence to generate current and torque the difference
between the stator (synchronous speed) and rotor
speeds has to be maintained.

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 characterIstIc graph

A. Starting /Locked rotor torque(Ts) : Torque developed by the motor at standstill.

B. Acceleration/Pull up Torque (Ta): Min. torque developed by the motor as it
accelerates from standstill to the speed at which breakdown torque occurs.
C. Break Down/Pull out Torque (BDT): Maximum torque that the motor is capable of
developing.
D. Full load torque(Tr): Torque developed when it is fully loaded and at rated speed.
 Ts/Tr @ 1.5 to 3; Tmax/Tr: 2 to 3
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 InductIon Motor

 Advantages:
 Power to weight ratio is low.
 Simple and rugged in construction.
 Robust and can operate in any
environmental condition.
 Cheap – Very few Rotating parts.
 Low maintenance cost- No brushes,
commutators, and slip rings
 3Phase is Self starting Motor- No
additional items needed.
.
 Disadvantages:
 Low starting torque(150%).
 High in rush currents- sudden
Voltage dip during starting.
 Mainly single speed.
 Speed control Need special
drive mechanism.
 Variable speed drives
Reduces capacity of motor

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 synchronous
Motors

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 synchronous Motors
 Synchronous motors run at constant speed irrespective of
the load acting on them.
 Stator: Similar to AC induction motor- 3 phase AC supply.
 Rotor: Self excited rotor(DC supply) or excited Permanent
magnet rotor.
 The motor is Not self starting. Additional
 After attaining synchronous speed, the prime mover is
disconnected to the motor.
 Then DC supply is provided to the rotor, which develops
north and south pole at their ends.
 These north and south poles of the rotor and the stator
interlock each other. And the motor continues to run at the
synchronous speed.
 The speed of the motor can only be changed by changing
the frequency of the stator supply.

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 synchronous Motors

 Features:
 Initial cost is high.
 Need DC supply for Rotor.
 Smaller size for given power.
 Constant speed-torque characteristics.
 Have got higher efficiency (90 – 92%).
 Speed is independent of the load over the
operating range of the motor.

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No. Parameter Induction Motor Synchronous Motor
1 Speed Asynchronous speed Synchronous speed .
Yes. Increases with load torque. No slip. Speed won’t change with
2 Slip
Hence speed Reduces load
Rotor excitation
3 Not required DC excitation/Power source
/power supply
Die cast rotor/Induction bars Winding required or permanent
4 Rotor winding
shorted at the end magnet
Slip rings and Need slip rings and brushes for
5 No slip rings
brushes rotor excitation
Not self starting. Need additional
6 Starting Self starting.
winding or VFD drive
7 Efficiency Low High
8 Size/power High Low (2 to 3)
8 Cost Low Expensive
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 servo Motors

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 specIal Motors
Used for precision control of Motion.
 Positional control.
 Repeatability.

 Servo Motors:
 Used for Open loop and Closed loop
application.
 Types:
 AC Servo Motors.
 DC Servo Motors.
 High-speed,High power and high precision
applications.

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 servo Motors
 Any Motor which can push or rotate an object with
great precision.
 AC or DC motors Suitable for use in a closed loop
control system.
 Requires a servo drive/mechanism to complete the
system.
 The drive uses the feedback sensor to precisely
control the rotary position of the motor in terms of
angular position, acceleration and velocity.
 Motors used in motion control applications which
need high accuracy positioning, quick reversing and
exceptional performance.
 Generally used as a high-performance alternative to
the stepper motor.
 EX: Machine tools, Automation, Robotics etc.

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 Closed Loop Vs Open Loop

 System less complex.  System is complex.

 More stable.  Less stable.
 Cannot be optimised.  Feed back system needed.
 Less expensive  Can be optimised.
 More expensive.

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 ac servo Motor
 Three phase AC Servo Motor:
 Used for High power applications.
 Rotors are designed with small diameter and
long length to reduce inertia.
 Speed is regulated by Vector Control or Field
Oriented Control.
 The current is controlled in such a way that the
torque and flux are decoupled.
 The decoupling results in high speed and high
torque response.
 Asynchronous Motors and Synchronous Motors
are used.
 Asynchronous motors: Mainly for power
applications.
 Synchronous Motors: linear Motion – torque
applications.

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 thank you

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