Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Qian Liao
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee
Spring 2019
“Open-Channel”
• Pressure head
p
d
y d
• Elevation head (gravitational
head): z’
z1 z z’
z2
• Hydraulic head (similar to the
Datum piezometric head in groundwater)
L
z1 z 2 p
• Bottom slope S0 z d z y z = water surface
L elevation
Nomenclature (cont.)
• Velocity distributions
Vertical distribution of mean flow velocity in a
laboratory rectangle open-channel on different
spanwise (along y- direction) sections
y
z
x
0.5
1
0.4 2
3
4
0.3 5
z (ft)
6
0.2 7
8
9
0.1
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
V (ft/s)
X-sectional Average
• Cross-sectional average (mean) velocity (V)
v y, z dydz
z
V A
A
y
• Cross-sectional average flux of momentum
( v)vdydz dydz
2
v
A
A
A A
2
A 2 dydz
3
v vdydz v
2
A
A A
Momentum and Kinetic Energy Correction
Factors: a and b
2
• Does
A
A
, or V 2 ?
• Define “momentum correction factor”
dydz
2
v
b A
So the momentum flux: v 2 dydz b AV 2 b QV
AV 2 A
What is
• the wetted perimeter P?
𝑯=𝟏𝒎
• the hydraulic radius R?
• the discharge Q in (m3/s)?
• the x-sectional averaged velocity V?
• the momentum correction factor, b?
• the kinetic energy correction factor, a?
• the hydraulic head?
• the kinetic energy head (velocity head)?
Control Volume Analysis : Energy Equation (Steady state)
Total energy per unit volume:
a1V12
Energy influx Q gz1 gy1 eu1
2
x 1 2 g f
F F F F F b V
2 2
2
A2 b 2
1 1 A1
V
If b1 = b2 = 1 F1 F2 Fg F f QV2 V1
Steady Uniform Flow
• Invariants (parameters do not change along the flow) in a uniform flow
– Mean velocity (momentum, kinetic energy) and velocity distribution (a, b)
– Water depth
– Geometry and area of the cross-section Prismatic channel
• Headloss slope (headloss per unit length) = bottom slope
v12 v 22
y1 z1 a1 y 2 z2 a 2 hL
2g 2g
hL z1 z 2
Head loss slope S f S0
L L
L
Steady Uniform Flow : Force Balance
F1
Ff Fg
F2
L
A
gALS 0 0 PL QV2 V1 0 0 g S 0 gRS 0
P
Shear Stress
• From fluid mechanics analysis, relation between shear
stress and the mean free stream velocity (drag law)
V 2
0 C f
2
V 2
gRS0 C f
2
2g
and V RS0
Cf
Chezy Equation
• Introduced by the French engineer Antoine Chezy in 1768
while designing a canal for the water-supply system of
Paris
2g
V C RS 0 compared with V RS0
Cf
• Chezy’s coefficient, C
2g
C
Cf
Natural Channels
D = 450 mm
d = 300 mm
Normal Depth
• Normal depth (yn)
– Depth of water when flow is uniform and steady, given the flow
rate, channel slope, roughness and geometry
1
Uniform and Steady: Q AR 2 / 3 S1/0 2 Both R and A depend on y
n
Normal Depth for a Wide Rectangle
Open-Chennal
• Wide means B>>y Hydraulic radius
A By By
R y
P B 2y B
B
So we have
3/ 5 3/ 5
nQ nQ
yn or yn
B S 1.49 B S
0 0
Newton-Raphson Method
• An iterative method to determine the root of a function f(x)=0
– Assume that we know both f(x) and f’(x)
y f(x)
f(xi)
Slope= f ’(xi)
f xi
f(xi+1) xi 1 xi
f ' xi
x
xi+2 xi+1 xi
Find the Normal Depth (yn) (not very wide channel)
• Apply Newton-Raphson Method to solve f(yn) =0
1
f y n A y n [ R y n ] S 0 Q 0
2 / 3 1/ 2
S 01/ 2 2 / 3 dA 2 dR
f y R AR 1/ 3
n dy 3 dy
S 01/ 2 2 / 3 1 dA 2 1 dR
AR
n A dy 3 R dy
1 dA 2 1 dR
Q See table 5.1.2
A dy 3 R dy
Solve the normal depth:
given Q, S0 and channel geometry yn
Procedures:
1
Qi A yi [R yi ] S 01/ 2
2/3
1) Guess normal depth = yi, calculate
n
2 1 dR 1 dA
3) Calculate f yi Qi
3 R dy A dy y yi
f ( yi )
4) Calculate yi 1 yi
f ( yi )