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Abstract: - The performance of the excitation system can have a great influence on the stability of a power system.
However, it depends mainly on parameter setting of the excitation system. Proper parameter setting of the
excitation system can improve the stability and increase the damping of the power system. On the contrary,
improper parameter setting of the excitation system can deteriorate the operation of the power system. In many
countries, there are clear criteria for the dynamic performance (including large signal performance and small signal
performance) of the excitation systems. In simulating a power system, there exist several problems about the
parameter setting of the excitation systems: In stages of planning and designing of a power system, models and
parameters of the excitation systems for the new generators may not be known, therefore, it is necessary to
determine the models and the parameters of the excitation systems. The present paper is the result of a critical
analysis, which will guide us to a good dynamic representation of the excitation systems in generating units,
necessary for a realistic simulation of transients phenomena of electromecanics nature that define the power system
stability. Verify the precision of the models used, beginning with a program of field tests of the excitation systems,
in order to adjust them to reality.
Key – Words:- Simulation and test, excitation systems, dynamic representation realistic.
Comparison of step response qualities such as rise function, where the blocks diagram of the system has
time, overshoot, and settling time, as well as the a feedback loop that goes from the exciter unit output
frequency response plots, defines the level of (EFD) to the second adder, and allows damping the
agreement between the model and reality. If the excitation system behavior.
responses do not agree well, the model parameters
must be adjusted. Control theory techniques such as 2.2. IEEE 1S. Excitation system with controlled
root locus are invaluable to understanding which rectifier.
parameters need adjustment. In this paper only show This kind of excitation system, show in the fig 2, is
comparisons of step time responses between test data the most used at the present time, and represents the
and simulation for the cases considered to be good static systems that contain controlled rectifier (SCR).
matches. The response of this kind of system is fast, but with a
maximum voltage proportional to the generator unit
2 Models used in the dynamic terminal voltage. EFD MAX = KP * VT
simulation of excitation systems.
Many models had been developed for the excitation
systems, that simulate faithfully the differents
excitation systems of the Interconnected System. In
this work, will be only considerated the fallowing
normalized models.
2.1 IEEE 1. Excitation systems of continue action Fig 2. Excitation system with controlled rectifier.
in time. Type IEEE 1S.
In the blocks diagram show en the fig 1,
corresponding to this kind of excitation, the first 2.3 IEEE 2. System with rotary exciting unit and
transfer function use a time constant TR, which rectifier.
represents the associated delay to the voltage In is this system, the damping loop is obtained from
transductor. This constant is small, almost zero (0) in the regulating unit output, and the transfer function
many systems. Next, there exist first adder, which includes another time constant. The others features are
compare the reference voltage with the transductor similar to the ones found in IEEE 1.
output voltage and determines the voltage error
applied to the regulator amplifier. Immediately, it is
found a second adder that combines the voltage error
with the damping signal of the excitation system.
Finally, the regulator transfer function can be seen.
8. Conclusion.
The two waited objectives from the field tests
performed to the excitation systems, were obtained,
noting that they served to detect different defects in
some excitation systems, which were corrected during Fig 11. Simulation of Fig 12. Test of Excitation
the test or after it. In fact, the high time responses excitation systems. System.
founded in any excitation systems, as well as the
complet deficiency of action for operating in manual
form, cuase a negative influence to the voltage
regulation of the Interconnected System, particularly
in post-deficiency dynamic conditions.
Given that in the Interconnected System, the dynamic
behaviour is governed by instability voltage
conditions, it can be appreciated the importance of an
optimal and adequate response of the excitation
systems.
The second objective, as important as the preceding,
consist in obtaining a best knowledge of the different
excitation systems installed in the generating units, Fig 13. Simulation of Fig 14. Test of Excitation
from the modelation viewpoint, as well as from the excitation systems. System.
equipment physical knowledge. It has been traduced
in that the digital representation of them, and by References.
consequence the dynamic response of the [1] IEEE Committee Report, “Excitation Systems models
Interconnected System approach to reality. As a for Power Systems Stability Studies”. IEEE Trans.
consequence of the above, it is considered and it is Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100, N0 2,
recommended that is it essential to perform February, 1981
periodically dynamic tests to the excitation systems, to [2] IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE
verify if they are properly adjusted and if its operation Recomimended Practice for Excitation System Models
is satisfactory. for Power System Stability Studies. IEEE Std 421.
5th. 2005.
[3] Prabha Kundur, John Paserba, Venkat Ajjarapu,
Göran Andersson, Anjan Bose, Claudio Canizares,
Nikos Hatziargyriou, David Hill, Alex Stankovic,
Carson Taylor, Thierry Van Cutsem, and Vijay Vittal.
Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 19, No. 3.
The problem of defining and classifying power system
stability. pp. 212-219 Octubre 2004.
[4] J. C. Agee, Shawn Patterson, Jay Seitz “Excitation
system testing and model validation”, Power Systems,
IEEE Transactions, 0-7803-4403-0/98 1998 IEEE 177.
Fig 9. Simulation of Fig 10. Test of [5] Pacheco P. Jesus R, Study of the Dynamic Stability of
excitation systems. Excitation System. the Venezuelan Western System, Work presented in the
Universidad Simón Bolívar–Venezuela, October 2007.