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Every second 2.5 million RBC's are destroyed. Although this represents only
0.00001% of the total 25 trillion cells, these cells must be replaced if
homeostasis is to be maintained.
1. Hemocytoblasts - Stem cells in the bone marrow from which all blood cells
form.
5. Late erythroblasts - During this stage the nucleus is extruded from the cell.
1. Hemorrhage
4. Exercise
5. Hemolytic disease
Aging of RBC's
A typical mature erythrocyte lives for about 12O days in the circulation. Since
these cells lack a nucleus, they cannot divide or synthesize new cellular
components. As a result, the cells degenerate due to aging or damage.
Breakdown of RBC's
Old damaged RBC's are removed from the circulation in the following ways:
2. 10% of the old cells hemolyze in the circulation. The fragments of these
cells are then engulfed by macrophages.
3. The chemical components of the RBC are broken down within vacuoles of
the macrophages due to the action of lysosomal enzymes. The hemoglobin of
these cells is degraded into:
a. Globin which is further digested down to amino acids. These amino acids
can then be utilized by the phagocytes for protein synthesis or released into
the blood.
2. Obstruction in the biliary system. Blockage of the bile ducts due to the
formation of gall stones.
3. Liver damage. Hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer will all exhibit jaundice