New Debates in Urban Planning:

Planning the Capitalist City the Impact of Marxist Theory within

(Richard E. Foglesong) the United States
(Norman I. Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein)

Presented by :
Muhammad Taufiq
NIM. 35417002
 The Author

Richard Erick Foglesong (1948)

An expert on Florida and U.S. Politics, new urbanism and the politics of urban
development.
Now days as a Professor of Politics at Rollins College, Florida, US
and a Professor of Urban Planning at Hongkong Univ.
Origin : Enid, Oklahoma, US
B.A. (Majoring in history and political science) from Drury University, Springfield,
Missouri, US
M.A. (Urban Affairs) from University of Chicago, US
Ph.D. (Political Science) from University of Chicago, US Planning the Capitalist City
(Richard E. Foglesong)
 The Authors
Norman I. Fainstein (1943-est)
An internationally recognized scholar in urban
studies
Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Urban
Studies at Connecticut College, US
B.S. ( physics and majored in political science)
from Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
US - 1966
Ph.D. (Political Science) from Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, US - 1971
Susan S. Fainstein (1938)
An Urban planning professor, a political theorist and
scholar of urban planning and a member of the urban
planning faculties of Columbia University and Rutgers
University
Now days as a research scholar at the Harvard Graduate
School of Design.
B.A. from Harvard University, US
M.A. from Boston University, US
Ph.D. (Political Science) Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, US
New Debates in Urban Planning: the Impact of Marxist Theory within the United States
(Norman I. Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein)
 ECONOMIC
MARKET
SYSTEMS

HOW TO GET MONEY

STATE PRIVAT

SOCIALISM CAPITALISM
INTRODUCTION
 SOCIALISM CAPITALISM

INTRODUCTION
 SOCIALISM CAPITALISM

INTRODUCTION
 SOCIALISM CAPITALISM

INTRODUCTION
 Planning the Capitalist City
(Richard E. Foglesong)

SYSTEMS BASED URBAN

ON THE TEXT POLICY

1. Production management
2. Use of built environment
(roads, sewerage networks,
parks, railroads and privat
housing)
URBAN
STATE SOCIAL
PLANNER

SOCIETY/
PRIVAT/ LABOR ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC
BOURGEOIS POWER
CAPITALISM AND
URBAN PLANNING

1. URBAN CONFLICT AS A CONFLICT OVER THE "PRODUCTION,

MANAGEMENT AND USE OF THE URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT.“
2. BUILT ENVIRONMENT IS THE PHYSICAL ENTITIES, SUCH AS ROAD,
SEWERAGE NETWORKS, PARKS, RAILROADS AND PRIVAT HOUSING.
3. ISSUE IS HOW AND WHO THESE FACILITIES ARE PRODUCE. EITHER BY
THE MARKET OR BY THE STATE.

Planning the Capitalist City

(Richard E. Foglesong)
 THE PROBLEM
OF PLANNING

1. MARKET SYSTEM IS UNABLE TO MEET THE CONSUMPTION NEEDS OF

THE WORKING CLASS (HARVEY)
2. MARKET UNABLE TO PROVIDE THE MAINTENANCE AND
REPRODUCTION OF THE IMMOBILIZED FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
3. SPHERE OF CIRCULATION: THE NEED TO PRODUCE A SPATIAL
ORGANIZATION WHICH FACILITIES THE CIRCULATION OF CAPITAL,
COMMODITIES, INFORMATION etc.
4. CONSTRAINTS ON URBAN PLANNING: CAPITAL URBANIZATION-THE
CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THE SOCIAL CHARACTER OF LAND AND
URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Planning the Capitalist City
(Richard E. Foglesong)
THE PROPERTY
CONTRADICTION

1. THE EFFORT TO SOCIALIZE THE CONTROL OF URBAN LAND IS

POTENTIALLY A THREAT TO THE CONCEPT OF PROPERTY RIGHTS
2. IT IS ONLY AN IMMEDIATE THREAT TO A PARTICULAR GROUP OF
CAPITALIST "THE PROPERTY CAPITAL"

Planning the Capitalist City

(Richard E. Foglesong)
THE CAPITALIST-DEMOCRACY
CONTRADICTION

1. THE CAPITALIST-DEMOCRACY CONTRADICTION

2. THE NEED TO SOCIALIZE THE CONTROL OF URBAN SPACE TO CREATE
CONDITIONS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF CAPITALISM
3. THE DANGER TO CAPITAL TO TRULY SOCIALIZING IS DEMOCRATIZING
THE CONTROL OF URBAN LAND

Planning the Capitalist City

(Richard E. Foglesong)
MARXIST CONCLUSION:
1. BUILDERS, MORTGAGE LENDERS AND New Debates in Urban Planning: the Impact of Marxist Theory within the United States
LAND SPECULATORS HAVE BEEN THE (Norman I. Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein)
PRIMARY ACTIVE AGENTS IN
PRODUCING URBANISM.
2. THE INDUSTRIAL BOURGEOISIE HAS
BECOME DECREASINGLY INTERESTED IN
THE SHAPE OF SPECIFIC URBAN
SYSTEMS BASED
ENVIRONMENTS
3. THE STATE HAS ALWAYS BEEN A DIRECT
ACTIVE AGENT IN CREATING URBAN ON THE TEXT
FORM AND SOCIALIZING MANY OF THE
EXPENSES OF PRODUCTION.

1. PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE, TRY NOT TO SERVE BOURGEOIS INTEREST
2. LAND AGGREGATION URBAN
AND DEVELOPMENT, TRY TO SERVES SOCIETY/
3. CONTAINMENT, OF
NATIVE
PLANNER LABOR INTEREST AND ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL
EXTERNALITIES
4. MAINTENANCE OF
LAND VALUE

THE THREE OPTION:

1. TO MAKE ITS CHARACTER MORE
HUMANE,
2. WORKING OUTSIDE THE STATE TO
AFFECT GOVERNMENTAL POLICY TRY TO
AND DEVELOPING AUTONOMOUS
CENTRES OF PRODUCTION AND STATE CONTROL
URBAN POLICY
BOURGEOIS
3. DISTRIBUTION ARE NOT MUTUALLY
EXCLUSIVE
1. PLANNING AS ACTIVITY New Debates in Urban Planning: the Impact of Marxist Theory within the United States
(Norman I. Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein)

1. URBAN PLANNING CAN BE CONNECTED WITH SOCIAL PROGRESS IN US

2. TRADITIONAL PLANNING SERVES BOURGEOIS INTEREST
3. THE STATE IS NOTHING MORE THAN THE FORM OF ORGANIZATION THE BOURGEOIS NECESSARILY
ADOPT BOTH FOR INTERNAL AND INTERNAL PURPOSES
4. URBAN PLANNERS ASSIST ACCUMULATION INCLUDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE, LAND AGGREGATION AND DEVELOPMENT, CONTAINMENT, OF NATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES AND MAINTENANCE OF LAND VALUE
5. URBAN PLANNERS ARE PREDOMINANTLY AGENTS OF THE STATE. EX: ADVOCATE PLANNERS
REPRESENTING CITIZENS’ GROUPS USUALLY RESPOND TO STATE INITIATIVE SUCH AS URBAN
RENEWAL OR HIGHWAY BUILDING
6. URBAN PLANNERS SPECIALIZE IN MANAGING THE CONTRADICTIONS OF CAPITALISM MANIFESTED
IN URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT. THESE INCLUDE THE INABILITY OF THE PRIVATE
ECONOMY TO PRODUCE SUFFICIENT LOW-COST HOUSING FOR THE LOW-INCOME POPULATION
7. THE INCREASING SPACE CONSUMED BY STRUCTURES AND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES RESULTING
IN ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
8. THE OBSOLESCENCE OF CENTRAL CITIES ARISING FROM EXPANSION ON THE PERYPHERY
9. THE ACTIVITY OF THE PLANNER, CONSIST IN APLIYING CONSCIOUS WILL TO OVERCOMING THE
CONTRADICTIONS OF CAPITALISM AND IN LEGITMIZING STATE INTERVENTION AS THE PRODUCT OF
A SCIENTIFICALLY DETERMINED PUBLIC INTEREST
2. URBAN DEVELOPMENT New Debates in Urban Planning: the Impact of Marxist Theory within the United States
(Norman I. Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein)

1. THE RICH GROUP CAN ALWAYS ENFORCE IS PREFERENCES OVER A POOR GROUP BECAUSE IT HAS
MORE RESOURCES TO APPLY EITHER TO TRANSPORT COSTS OR OBTAINING LAND IN WHATEVWR
LOVATION IT CHOOSES
2. POOR GROUPS MUST, OF NECESSITY , LIVE WHERE THEY CAN LEAST AFFORD TO LIVE
3. THE PROCEEDS FROM INVESTMENT ARE EXPORTED FROM THOSE PLACE PROVIDING THE LOWEST
PRODUCTION COST AND RETURNED TO CENTRES OF FINANCE CAPITAL
4. THE SPATIAL ISOLATION OF INCOME AND RACIAL GROUPS SIMULTANEOUSLY INSULATES THE
BOURGEOUISIE FROM REBELLION AND SHARPENS AND MOBILIZEDS CLASS RACIAL CONFLICT
5. URBAN PLANNERS IN THIS SITUATION FIND THEMSELVES MEDIATING AMONG SPATIALLY DEFINIDED
COLLECTIVITIES WITHOUT BEING ABLE TO AFFECT THE SOCIAL BASIS WHICH GIVES RISE TO THE
UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS
6. FOR AMERICAN PLANNERS DRAWN TO THEIR PROFESSION BY VALUES WHICH GIVE PRIORITY TO
ALLEVIATING HUMAN MISERY
7. THE PRINSIPAL SOURCE OF TENSION DERIVES FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PLANNER
AND THE STATE AND THE WAY IN WHICH STATE INTENTIONS ARE DETERMINED
8. PLANNING PERFORCE SERVES THE BOURGEOISIE REGARDLESS OF THE INTENTIONS OF PLANNERS
2. URBAN DEVELOPMENT New Debates in Urban Planning: the Impact of Marxist Theory within the United States
(Norman I. Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein)

9. IN CLEVELLAND , EXPERIENCE INDICATES THAT PLANNERS CAN HAVE CONSIDERABLE IMPACT ON

PUBLIC IF THEY WILL DO TWO THINGS. FIRST, THEY MUST BECOME ACTIVISTS PREPARED FOR
PROTRACTED PARTICIPATION AND FOCAL INTERVENTION IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS.
SECOND, THEY MUST OFFER SOMETHING THAT DECISION MAKERS WANT AND CAN RELATED TO
10. COMMUNITY FORCES LIKEWISE SHIFTED PLANNING EMPHASIS FROM URBAN RENEWAL TO
NEIGHBOURHOOD PRESERVATION AND MINIMAL RESIDENTIAL DISPLACEMENT IN THE NEW YORK
CITY COOPER SQUARE PROJEST WHEN THEY LINKED UP WITH ALLIES IN THE CITY PLANNING
COMMISSION
11. PLANNERS CONTINUE TO ASSIST URBAN POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN THEIR EFFORTS TO BLOCK
NEIGHBOURHOOD DESTRUCTION ON BEHALF OF ACCUMULATION
12. THE THREE OPTION FOR PLANNERS WITHIN CAPITALISM, OF OPERATING WITHIN THE STATE TO
MAKE ITS CHARACTER MORE HUMANE, WORKING OUTSIDE THE STATE TO AFFECT GOVERNMENTAL
POLICY AND DEVELOPING AUTONOMOUS CENTRES OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION ARE NOT
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
13. THE URBAN PLANNER’S TASK IS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL REPRODUCTION
14. THE DILEMMA FOR AMERICAN RADICAL PLANNERS IS WHETHER PLANNING WHICH SEEKS TO
OVERCOME THIS CONTRADICTION CAN ALSO SERVE INTERESTS OUTSIDE THE BOURGEOISE
CASE IN EUROPE New Debates in Urban Planning: the Impact of Marxist Theory within the United States
(Norman I. Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein)

1. IN EUROPE THE PUBLIC ROLE IN PLANNING AND SUPPLYING HOUSING FOR THE BOTTOM HALF OF
THE POPULATION IS EXTENSIVE AS COMPARED TO THE AMERICAN SYSTEM
2. EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS SUBSIDIZE ALMOST EVERYONE’S HOUSING COST.
3. THE ANALYTIC PROBLEM IS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SUCH LARGE-SCALE SUBSIDY CONSTITUTES A
SOCIAL WAGE WON BY THE WORKING CLASS THROUGH POLITICAL ACTION
4. US PRESENTS AN EXTREMELY SEGMENTED STATE AND FRAGMENTED URBAN PLANNING FUNCTION
5. LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL UNITS ARE THE PRIMARY AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR URBAN PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT, WHILE THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT PROVIDES MOST OF THE REVENUE FOR
PLANNING ACTIVITIES (E.G. HOUSING, PUBLIC FACILITIES) WHICH BENEFIT THE LOWER CLASS
6. PLANNERS MUST ANALYSE THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF THEIR ROLE AND
THE DIALECTIC BETWEEN THE TWO
7. WHILE AGREEEING THET URBAN FORM IS THE OUTCOME OF ECONOMIC FORCES, MARXIST
URBANISTS DISAGREE OVER WHICH CAPITALISTS ARE DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
8. URBANISM IS SHAPED BY THE CAPITALIST MODE OF PRODUCTION
 MARXIST SUGGEST SEVERAL TENTATIVES CONCLUSIONS
CONCERNING THE DETERMINANTS OF URBAN FORM IN US

1. FIRST, IN THIS CENTURY, BUILDERS, MORTGAGE LENDERS AND LAND SPECULATORS HAVE BEEN THE PRIMARY
ACTIVE AGENTS IN PRODUCING URBANISM.
2. SECOND, THE INDUSTRIAL BOURGEOISIE HAS BECOME DECREASINGLY INTERESTED IN THE SHAPE OF SPECIFIC
URBAN ENVIRONMENTS AS IT HAS BEEN ABLE TO FREE ITSELF FROM THE NEED FOR DENSE AGGREGATIONS OF
LABOUR POWER, AND AS CAPITAL MARKETS HAVE EXTENDED TO REGIONAL, NATIONAL, AND FINALLY,
INTERNATIONAL SCALES.
3. THIRD, THE STATE HAS ALWAYS BEEN A DIRECT ACTIVE AGENT IN CREATING URBAN FORM AND SOCIALIZING
MANY OF THE EXPENSES OF PRODUCTION.
4. CITIES ARE COMPOSED BY DENSE WORKING CLASS DISTRICTS AND HOUSING PATTERNS NO LONGER REQUIRED
BY MONOPOLY CAPITAL; THE LOCATION OF OLD URBAN CORES ALONG NATURAL TRANSPORTATION ROUTES IS A
GIVEN
5. IF THE STATE DOES NOT EITHER FORCE CAPITALISTS TO RECOMPENSE THOSE HURT BY THEIR DEPARTURE OR
REGULATE THE MOVEMENT OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
6. IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH IS PARTICULARLY FRAGMENTED STATE STRUCTURE, CLASS RELATIONS ARE
STRONGLY EXPRESSED IN A SPATIAL FORM
7. ONLY BY RECOGNIZING NATIONALLY SPECIFIC INSTITUTIONAL FACTS CAN MARXIST THEORY SUCCESSFULLY
EXPLAIN DIVERGENT PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION WITHOUT GIVING WAY TO A TOTALLY VOLUNTARISTIC
APPROACH
 THEORY AND PRACTICE

1. MARXISM CANNOT PROVIDE A COMPLETELY SATISFACTORY GUIDE FOR WHAT

PLANNERS SHOULD DO AND STILL REMAIN PLANNERS, AND IN PART BECAUSE
SEEMINGLY RADICAL PLANNING ACTIVITIES HAVE THEMSELVES BEEN DEMYSTIFIED
BY MARXISM
2. MARXIST THEORY SEEMS TO HAVE UNDERMINED THE MAIN POWER RESOURCE
MONOPOLIZED BY PLANNERS AS THEY CONFRONT OTHER OFFICIALS AND
CAPITALISTS, THAT IS, THEIR PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE
3. PLANNERS MAY BE PART OF AN EMERGING CLASS OF TECHNICAL EXPERTS WHOSE
FUNCTIONS ARE NEEDED BY CAPITALISTS, BUT WHOSE WORKING CONDITIONS
ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY PROLETARIANIZED
4. PLANNERS CAN CREATE ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS WHICH ADDRESS SYSTEMIC
PROBLEMS, BUT DO SO WITH MINIMAL HARM TO THE LOWER CLASSES
New Debates in Urban Planning: the Impact of Marxist Theory within the United States
(Norman I. Fainstein and Susan S. Fainstein)