Introducci Onac++: Dr. Javier Murillo Universidad de Sonora Hermosillo, Sonora, M Exico. January 15, 2019

Introducción a C++
Dr. Javier Murillo
Universidad de Sonora
Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
January 15, 2019
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Overview
1 Introduction to C++
2 Outlook

Introduction to C++
Introduction to C++
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Introduction to C++ Books
C++ Bookshelf

I The C++ programing language → Fourth Edition, Bjarne Stroustrup

I Practical C++ programing → Second Edition, Steve Oualline

C++ resources

Software development stream

Introduction to C++ Applications
I Some of todays most visible and widely used systems have their critical parts
written in C++; examples are:
- Amadeus (airline ticketing)

- Amazon (web commerce)
- Bloomberg (finantial information)
- Google (web search)
- Facebook (social media)
I Other programing languages and technologies depend critically on C++’s

performance and reliability in their implementation; examples include:
- Java Virtual Machines (e.g., Oracle’s HotSpot)

- JavaScript interpreters (e.g., Google’s V8)
- Browsers (e.g., Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, Mozilla’s Firefox, Apple’s Safari
and Google’s Chrome)
- Application frameworks (e.g., Microsoft‘s .NET Web services framework)

Introduction to C++ What is C++?
What is C++?
I C++ is a general purpose object oriented programming language widely used in

software industry and beyond. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979
as an enhacement to the C language (‘C with classes’)
→ Though comprised of fairly basic syntax and conventions, it is incredibly

powerful, especially with the addition of the ‘standard libraries’. Anything you
can think of to do on a computer can be (but not necessarily should be) done
in C++
→ C++ has been adopted as the standard for most coding tasks in Modern
Particle Physics and so it’s well worth getting to know

What is C++?
I “C++ is a general-purpose programing language emphasizing the design and use

of type and rich lightweight abstractions” - Stroustrup
I Direct map to hardware of instructions and fundamental data types

- initially from C
I Classes with contructors and destructors, inheritance and generic programming

techniques - initially from Simula
I Derived from C, Simula, Fortran, and Cobol and allows the creation of Java and
C# languages

Writing and Compiling Code
I C++ code can be written using any text editor, but to create the actual
programs requires a compiler that creates the machine-readable code

I Create a directory to put your code in

I Copy the code here into a text editor
I Save the file as ’ex1.cpp’
I Run the g++ compiler
I Execute the program

I The Hello World Program

Basic Syntax of a C++ Program
I # → Preprocessor directive. In this case, including other code
I int main() → A function definiton (see later)
I {} → The braces indicate blocks of code in this case a function
I // or /* */ → It is a good practice to add comments to your code - these

are ignored by the compiler but help you explain what you’re trying to do, both
to other people and yourself (a few months on)
I ; → Every statement in C/C++ must be ended with a semi-colon. This is a

frequent cause of compile errors

Introduction to C++ C++ Data Types
Introducing Variables
I Variables can be considered as labels to objects or areas in memory
→ They are declared by specifying the object type which can be one of the
built-in basic types, e.g.:
- A boolean (true/false) - ‘bool’

- Integer number - ‘int’
- Floating point number - ‘float’
- Double precision number - ‘double’
- Single character/0-255 number - ‘char’
I Or alternatively, a user-defined type (like classes)

Variables and Memory locations
I To show how variables work we’ll now go over a basic program that simply
multiplies two numbers together
→ It may seem a little basic at the present, but will help a lot when we analyze
other more advanced topics

I To show how variables work we’ll now go over a basic program that simply
multiplies two numbers together
→ It may seem a little basic at the present, but will help a lot when we analyze
other more advanced topics
I First, the three variables are declared
→ All this does is assign memory locations, not actual values

→ Other allocations of memory will not overwrite these as long as they are
allocated

I We then assign values to the 3 variables so they are initialised
→ The value of ‘c’ is then printed to the screen using the Standard Library
‘std::cout’
I Zero is returned from the function and the variables are removed
→ Note that, though the memory is now available for re-allocation, the values
are not reset

I The example you’ve just seen using the basic numeric type ‘int’ is an example
of ‘variable declaration’ and the associated creation of an integer object
→ In C++/C, before using any variable or method it must be declared so the

compiler knows how to deal with it
→ In the basic cases previously, if you removed the ‘int x’ lines, you would get
a compiler error as it wouldn’t know what type the variables were when it
found them later
→ The declaration of a variable follows the syntax:
<object type> <variable name> (<initialization parameters>)
→ This will also create an object of the requested type (i.e. assign the
appropriate memory)

Variable types
I Variables → Are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values
Example
int this integer;
bool Boolean
char Character
int Integer
float Floating point
double Double floating point
void Valueless
wchar t Wide character (handle a larger character set)

Modifiers
I Modifiers → Used to alter the meaning of the base type so that it more precisely fits
the needs of various situations
→ Mostly for char, int and double data types
signed
unsigned
short
long
Example
unsigned long int my int

I One can simply use the word unsigned, short, or long without the variable
type word for integers

Modifiers
→ long and short modify the maximum and minimum values that a
data type will hold
size hierarchy: short int < int < long int

size hierarchy: float < double < long double
→ There are no long float or short floating point numbers
→ signed types includes both positive and negative numbers

and is the default type
→ unsigned types are always without any sign, that is always

positive

Typedef Declarations and Eumerated Types
I Typedef Declaration
→ typedef type newname
Example
typedef int feet;
feet distance;
I Enumerated Type Declaration

→ enum enum-name {list of names} var list;
Example
enum color{ red, green, blue } c;
c = blue; → by default blue has the value 2
I Names of variables must begin either with a letter or an underscore

Typedef Declarations and Eumerated Types

Variable definition and initialization in C++
I Definition
→ Where and how much to create the storage for the variable
→ type variable list (one or more identifier names separated by
comas)
I Initializing → type variable name = value;
I Though you can declare a variable multiple times in your C++ program,
but it can be defined only once in a file, a file or a block of code

Variable Scope in C++
I Local variables → Inside a function or a block
I Formal parameters → In the definition of function parameters
I Global variables → Outside all functions
I A program can have the same name for local and global variables but
value of local variables inside a function will take preference
I It is a good programing practice to initialize variables properly, otherwise

sometimes program would produce unexpected results

C++ Qualifiers
I Qualifiers add an extra quality such as specifying the volatility or constness

of a variable (usually found in code that manipulates hardware directly)
- const → Objects cannot be changed by your program during execution

(it produces a compiler error if the value is attempted to be changed)
- volatile → Tells the compiler that a variable’s value may be changed in

ways not explicitly specified by the program. Indicates that an object may be
changed by something external to the program at any time and so must be
re-read from memory every time it is accessed

C++ constants / literals
I Constants/literals → Fixed values that the program may not alter

(literals)
Defining contants:
# define
or use:
const

Introduction to C++ Operators
Operators
I In addition to variable declaration, you have also now met the idea of operators
→ C++ is based heavily on the idea of operators acting on objects. A few

examples are here:
- Multiplication: a*b
- Addition: a + b
- Increment: a++
- Bitwise shift/stream: a << b
- Modulus: %
- Array: []
→ The syntax for this depends on the operator, but a few examples are:
<object1><operator><object2> (e.g. *, +, -)
<object1><operator> (e.g. [], ++)

Introduction to C++ Operators
I Operator → A symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific

mathematical or logical manipulations
Types of operators
+, −, ∗, /, % (modulus operator),
Arithmetic Operators
++ (increment operator), −− (decrement operator)
Relational Operators ==, ! =, >, <, >=, <=
Logical Operators &&, ||, !
Bitwise Operators &, |, ˆ, %, ˜, <<, >>
=, + =, −+, ∗ =, / =, % =,
Assignment Operators
<<=, >>=, & =, ˆ=, | =
sizeof(), condition ? x:y,
Misc Operators
. / →, cast, &, *

Introduction to C++ Tab and ofstream
A More Interactive Program - Tab Space

Introduction to C++ Tab and ofstream
A More Interactive Program - ofstream

Introduction to C++ Variables
A More Interactive Program
I To give a taste of variables in action, you’ll now create a program that asks for
two numbers and outputs the product of them
→ To do this you will need to use the ‘std::cin’ variable as well as the
‘std::cout’
→ ‘std::cout’ you have already met in the Hello World program. ‘std::cin’
works in a similar way but for input
double b;
std::cin >> b; // Fill the variable ‘b’ with the user input
I Don’t worry about either of these at the present, just know that:
- std::cin takes input from the user and parses in to variables
- std::cout takes variables and outputs them to the screen

A More Interactive Program - use of cin
I Basic use of cin ...

I Checking for the user input ...

I Checking for the user input ...

Introduction to C++ Standardisation and Libraries
Libraries
I ISO standard → Interational Organization for Standarization
I Standard library containers (built-in types)

→ Current ISO standard is C++11
→ Rich set of functions manipulating files, strings, etc
I The Standard Template Library (STL)

→ Rich set of methods, manipulating data structures, etc.

Introduction to C++ More Features
More Features
I C++ is
- Statically typed (type checking is performed during compile time
as opposed to run time)
- Compiled
- General purpose
- Case sensitive
I C++ supports procedural, object oriented and generic programing
I C++ is a middle-level language

→ Combination of both high level and low level language features
I Most frecuently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C++

compiler

Introduction to C++ C++ program structure
Program Flow
I #include headers → contain information that is either necessary or useful to the

program
I Makefile → File containing the compilation settings
I Semicolons → Statement terminator
I Blocks → Set of logically connected statements that are surrounded by opening and
closing braces
I C++ identifiers → Name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or

any other user-defined items
→ some charaters are nor allowed such as @, $, %
I C++ keywords → There reseved words may not be used as constant, variable or any
other identifier names
→ asm, else, new, this, throw, bool, explicit, etc

Program Flow
I Trigraphs → Is a three character sequence that represents a single character and the
sequence always starts with a two question marks
→ Anywhere they appear: string literals, character literals, comments, processor

directives, etc
I White space in C++ → Separates one part of a statement from another and enables
compiler to identify elements within a statement
- Blank line → A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment
→ C++ compiler totally ignores it
I Comments → Explanatory statements that help anyone reading its source code. C++
supports single-line and multi-line comments

Program Flow - Trigraphs

I Trigraphs → Is a three character sequence that represents a single character and the
sequence always starts with a two question marks

Program Flow - Scope
I It would be difficult to do much with the language if a program was just

executed from top to bottom and you couldn’t control what parts of the code
were executed
→ There are a number of ways provided to gain this control over the program:
- Conditional
- Loops
- Functions
I Before we go into the main ways of controlling program flow, it’s important to
understand the idea of scope
→ This refers to ‘blocks of code’ that are separated from each other by braces
→ you have already encountered one such code block in the ‘main’ function

Program Flow - Scope
I Variables declared in one code block will not be visible in an ‘outer’ block
but will be present in an ‘inner’ block
I When the end of a code block is reached, any local variables declared and
objects created in that block are destroyed - this is termed going ‘out of
scope’

Program Flow - Conditionals
I Conditionals allow different code blocks to be executed based on the outcome

of a simple test
I It uses a number of additional operators, including:

- Comparison: ==
- Greater/Less than: ><
- Greater/Less than or equal to: <=
- Not equal to: !=
→ The general syntax for this is shown here:

if (a == b)
{
Do something ...
}
else{
Do something else instead ...
}
Adding More Functionality
I We can now control the flow of the program depending on a comparison
→ Problem 1 / list 2 / 19

Program Flow - Loops
I Loops are very useful for re-using code - a very important practice in all code
development, not just C++. Loops allow you to repeat a code block a set
number of times or until a condition is met
I The first type of loop we will look at is the ‘for’ loop which has the syntax:
for(<initialisation>; <condition>; <loop process>){
<code block>
}
→ A typical example:
for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){

//Do something 10 times
}

I A typical example:
for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){

}
→ The initialisation step is performed at the start of the loop

→ The loop continues until the condition evaluates ‘false’
→ After every loop cycle, the process code is run
→ Be careful about the position of the semi-colons
→ You can use ‘break’ to terminate a loop and ‘continue’ to skip to the next
iteration

I The other type of loop we will look at is the ‘while’ loop
→ This is somewhat simpler than the for loop as it just loops until a
condition evaluates to ‘false’. The syntax is:
while ( <condition>){
<code block>
}
→ An example that does the same thing as the for loop is shown below:
int i = 0;
while (i < 10){
++i;
}


I About while loops ...
- The evaluation of the condition is done at the beginning of each loop

- The loop will continue until the condition is false, so be careful of infinite
loops
- As before, use ‘break’ to get out of the loop and ‘continue’ to skip the
iteration
I About std::cin ...
- std::cin.clear(); //clear the fail flag

- std::cin.ignore(INT MAX, "\n"); //clear the cin buffer
I For loops are introduced later when some functions are discussed

Program Flow - break

Program Flow - Functions
I It’s good practice to re-use as much code as possible
→ The main way of doing this in C++ is through the use of functions that
can then be called in other code blocks
→ Just like a variable, a function must be declared before it can be used:
<return type> <function name> (<arguments>) { <code block> }
I After declaration, the function is called by just giving the function name and
the required parameters in brackets
→ At this point, the program flow jumps to this function until it hits a
‘return’ statement or the end of it’s scope
→ An important point to remember is that variables are passed ‘by value’

i.e. the object value is cipied to the new variable, the object itself is not sent
to the function

I Implementing functions within the program

I Declare and define a function multiply that multiplies two numbers together
and returns the result
I Declare and define a function print that prints the given number with an
additonal message
I The function main is a special function that is where the program starts, but
it behaves in the same way

Introduction to C++ Coding Basics
Operators Precedence in C++
I The multiplication operator has higher precendence than the addition operator

Interacting with the terminal
I << → Pass multiple values out to the screen
I endl → Inserts a new line character after every line
I sizeof() → Returns the size of various data types

C++ Loop Types
I A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements

multiple times and following in the general form of a loop statement in most
of the programing languages

C++ Loop Types
I while loop → Repeat a statement or group of statements while a given

condition is true
I for loop → Execute a sequence of statements multiple times & abbreviates

the code that manages the loop variable
I do ... while loop → Like a while statement, exccept that it tests the condition
at the end of the loop body
I nested loops → Use one or more loops inside any other while, for, or do ...
while loop

Loop Control Statements
I break statement → terminates the loop or switch statement and transfers the
execution to the statement immediately following the loop or switch
I continue statement → Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and
immediately re-test its condition prior to re-iterating
I goto statement → Transfers control to the labeled statement. Though it is

not advised to use goto statement in a program

More About Loops
I Infinite Loop → The loop condition never becomes false, or the conditional
expression is left empty → for( ; ; )
C++ decision making statements
I if statement → Consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more

statements
I if else statement → Allowing boolean to be false
I switch statement →

Introduction to C++ C++ Functions
What is a function in C++?
I Function → Group of statements that together perform a task. A program

has at least a main() function
I A Function Declaration → Tells the compiler about the function‘s name,

return type and parameters
I A Function Definiton → provides the actual body of the function
I C++ Standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program
can call
strcat() → concatenate two strings
memcpy() → copy one memory location to another location and many more
functions

Introduction to C++ C++ Functions
Defining a Function
return type function name(parameter list){
body of the function ...

Introduction to C++ Calling a Function
Calling a function in C++
I Call a function → Pass required parameters along with function name, and if
function returns a value then the returned value can be stored
→ Call or inkove the function
→ When its function ending closing brace is reached, it returns program
control back to the main program
Function arguments
I Call by value → Copies the actual value of an argument into the formal
parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside
the function have no effect on the argument
I Call by pointer → This method copies the address of the argument into the
formal parameter. Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual
argument used in the call. This means that changes made to the parameter
affect the argument

Introduction to C++ Calling a Function
Calling a function in C++
I Call by reference → This method copies the reference of an argument into the
formal parameter. Inside the function, the reference is used to access the
actual argument used in the call. This means that changes made to the
parameter affect the argument
I By default C++ uses call by value to pass arguments

Introduction to C++ Numbers, Operations and Arrays
Numbers in C++
I Numbers in C++ → short / int / long / float / double

Introduction to C++ Operations
Math Operations in C++
I Available functions in standard C and C++ libraries → Built-in functions,

these are functions that can be included in your program to be used
- cos(double)
- sin(double)
- tan(double)
- log(double)
- pow(double, double)
- hypot(double, double)
- sqrt(double)
- abs(int)
- fabs(double)
- floor(double) → rounding down

Introduction to C++ Operations
Random Numbers in C++
I rand() function (alone generates a pseudo-random number)

→ fixed by adding the srand() function
I time()
→ To get the number in seconds on your system time

Introduction to C++ Arrays
Arrays in C++
I Array → Stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type,

store a collection of data
I All arrays consist of continuous memory locations → the lowest address

corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element
I Declaring Arrays → type array name[array size] → Single-dimension

array
I Multidimensional Arrays → Supported by C++. A pointer to the first

element of an array can be generated by simply specifying the array name
without any index
I Passing Arrays to Functions → one can pass to a function a pointer to an

array by specifying the array‘s name without any index
I Return array from functions → C++ allows a function to return an array

Outlook
Outlook
See additional slides with more plots & complementary information

Backup
Backup
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Backup
C++ constants / literals
I Storage class → Defines the scope (visibility) and lifetime of variables and/or
functions within a C++ program
auto Default storage class

register The variable has a maximum size
Instructs the compiler to keep a local variable in existence during the lifetime of the program
static instead of creating and destroying it each time it comes into and goes out of scope
extern g++ main.cpp support.cpp -o write

mutable A mutable member can be modified by a const memeber function

Introducci Onac++: Dr. Javier Murillo Universidad de Sonora Hermosillo, Sonora, M Exico. January 15, 2019

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Introducción a C++

Dr. Javier Murillo

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I The C++ programing language → Fourth Edition, Bjarne Stroustrup

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Software development stream

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- Amadeus (airline ticketing)

I Other programing languages and technologies depend critically on C++’s

- Java Virtual Machines (e.g., Oracle’s HotSpot)

jamkoons@gmail.com Fı́sica de Partı́culas 7 / 69

I C++ is a general purpose object oriented programming language widely used in

→ Though comprised of fairly basic syntax and conventions, it is incredibly

jamkoons@gmail.com Fı́sica de Partı́culas 8 / 69

I “C++ is a general-purpose programing language emphasizing the design and use

I Direct map to hardware of instructions and fundamental data types

I Classes with contructors and destructors, inheritance and generic programming

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Writing and Compiling Code

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Writing and Compiling Code

I Create a directory to put your code in

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Writing and Compiling Code

I The Hello World Program

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Basic Syntax of a C++ Program

I # → Preprocessor directive. In this case, including other code

I int main() → A function definiton (see later)

I {} → The braces indicate blocks of code in this case a function

I // or /* */ → It is a good practice to add comments to your code - these

I ; → Every statement in C/C++ must be ended with a semi-colon. This is a

jamkoons@gmail.com Fı́sica de Partı́culas 13 / 69

I Variables can be considered as labels to objects or areas in memory

- A boolean (true/false) - ‘bool’

I Or alternatively, a user-defined type (like classes)

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Variables and Memory locations

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Variables and Memory locations

I First, the three variables are declared

→ All this does is assign memory locations, not actual values

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Variables and Memory locations

I We then assign values to the 3 variables so they are initialised

Variables and Memory locations

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Variables and Memory locations

→ In C++/C, before using any variable or method it must be declared so the

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I Variables → Are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values

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unsigned long int my int

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size hierarchy: short int < int < long int

→ There are no long float or short floating point numbers

→ signed types includes both positive and negative numbers

→ unsigned types are always without any sign, that is always