PHYSICS NOTES

Chapter 2
Exercise Questions
Question # 2.2: Explain translatory motion and give examples of various types of translatory
motion.
Ans: Marked in book

Question # 2.3: Differentiate between the following:

(i) Rest and Motion
Rest Motion
Definition: A body is said to be at rest, if it does Definition: A body is said to be in motion, if it
not change its position with respect to its changes its position with respect to its
surroundings. surroundings
Example: Example:
 Trees around the bank of the road are in  A moving bus on the road is in a state of
rest position. motion.
 A book lying on a table.  A flying bird

(ii) Circular Motion and Rotatory Motion

Circular Motion Rotatory Motion
Definition: The motion of a an object in a Definition: The spinning motion of a body about
circular path is known as circular motion. its axis is called rotatory motion.
Example: Example:
 Motion of the earth around the sun.  The spinning motion of the Earth about
 A train moving on a circular track its geographic axis is rotatory motion.
 A bicycle or a car moving along a  Motion of bicycle wheel about its axis is
circular track possesses circular motion also rotatory motion.
 Motion of car steering.
(iii) Distance and Displacement
Distance Displacement
Definition: Length of a path between two points Definition: The shortest distance between two
is called the distance. points is called displacement which has
magnitude and direction. It is directed from
initial to final point.
Representation: Representation:
 It is represented by S.  It is represented by d or 𝑑̅.
Quantity: It is a scalar quantity because it can be Quantity: It is a vector quantity because it can
completely described with the help of magnitude be completely described with the help of
only. magnitude and direction.
Formula and unit: Formula and unit:
 The value of distance can be found by  The value of displacement can be found
multiplying speed with the time of by multiplying velocity with the time of
travelling travelling
S=v×t 𝑑⃗ = 𝑣⃗ × 𝑡
 The SI Unit of distance is meter (m)  The SI Unit of distance is meter (m)
(iv) Speed and Velocity
Speed Velocity
Definition: The distance covered by an object in Definition: The rate of displacement of a body is
unit time is called speed. called its velocity.
Representation: Representation:
 It is represented by 𝑣.  It is represented by 𝒗 or 𝑣̅ .
Quantity: It is a scalar quantity because it can be Quantity: It is a vector quantity because it can
completely described with the help of magnitude be completely described with the help of
only. magnitude and direction.
Formula and unit: Formula and unit:
 The value of speed can be found by  The value of velocity can be found by
dividing distance with the time of dividing displacement with the time of
travelling travelling
S 𝑑⃗
v= 𝑣⃗ =
t 𝑡
 The SI Unit of speed is meter per second 
The SI Unit of velocity is meter per
(𝑚𝑠 −1) second (𝑚𝑠 −1)
Example: Example:
 A man covers 20𝑚 distance in 5𝑠. Its  A man covers 20𝑚 distance in 5𝑠
speed is 4𝑚𝑠-1. towards North. Its velocity is 4𝑚𝑠-1
towards north.

(v) Linear Motion and Random Motion

Linear Motion Random Motion
Definition: Straight line motion of a body is Definition: The disordered or irregular motion if
known as linear motion. an object is called random motion.
Example: Example:
 Airplanes flying straight in air.  Motion of dust particles.
 Object falling vertically downward.  Motion of insects and birds.
 Motion of a car on a straight and level  Brownian motion of gas or liquid
road. molecules along zig-zag path.

(vi) Scalars and Vectors quantity

Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Definition: A scalar is described completely by Definition: A scalar is described completely by
its magnitude only. its magnitude and direction.
Example: Example:
 distance, speed, power, mass, volume  displacement, velocity, acceleration,
and work are some examples of scalars. force, momentum and torque are some
examples of vectors.
 Scalar quantities explain one-  multi-dimensional quantities are
dimensional quantities explained by vector quantity
Question # 2.4: Define the terms speed, velocity and acceleration.
Ans: Marked on book
Question # 2.5: Can a body moving at constant speed have acceleration.
Ans: A body is moving with constant speed may or may not have acceleration.

 No, if a is body moving at a constant speed does not have acceleration if it is moving in a
straight line motion.
 Reason: As we know that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and velocity is a vector quantity
which changes on change of magnitude or direction or both. So if body is moving with constant speed
in straight line its magnitude and direction is not changed and hence no acceleration is produced.

 Yes, if a is body moving at a constant speed have acceleration if it changes its direction or
moving in a circular path.
Reason: If body is moving with constant speed in circular path its direction is changed at every instant
and hence acceleration is produced.
Question # 2.6: How do riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not circular
motion.
Ans: Riders moving in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion because their motion is in circle
without motion. Also, direction of motion of person on chairs of Ferris wheel relative to the earth, his feet always
point downward.

Question # 2.7: Sketch a distance-time graph for a body starting from rest. How will you
determine the speed of a body from this graph?
Ans: Marked on book
Question # 2.8: What would be the shape of speed-time graph of a body moving with variable
speed.
Ans: Marked on book
Question # 2.9: Which of the following can be obtained from speed-time graph of a body?
i) Initial velocity ii) Final speed iii) Distance covered in time t iv) Acceleration of motion
Ans: All the given factors can be obtained from speed-time graph of a moving body.
Question # 2.10: How can vector quantities be represented graphically?
Ans: Marked on book
Question # 2.11 Why vector quantities cannot be added or subtracted like scalar quantities?
Ans: Vector quantities cannot be added or subtracted like scalar quantities because vector quantities are
directional quantities & scalar are non-directional quantities. Directional quantities can be added or
subtracted by head to tail rule.
Question # 2.12 How are vector quantities important to us in our daily life?
Ans: Vector quantities are important to us in our daily life. For example, distance of a place from reference
point is insufficient to locate that place. The direction of that place from reference point is also necessary
to locate it.
Question # 2.13: Derive equations of motion for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion.
Ans: Marked on book
Question # 2.14: Sketch a velocity-time graph for the motion of the body. Frim the graph explaining
each step, calculate total distance covered by the body.
Ans: Marked on book
Short Questions:
1) Define the term Kinematics?
Ans: Kinematics is the study of motion of an object without discussing the cause of motion.
2) “The state of rest or motion of a body is relative” explain this statement
OR Give an example of a body that is at rest and in motion at the same time. OR How you
can say that rest and motion are relative states?
Ans: The state of rest or motion of a body is relative. For example, a passenger sitting in a moving
train is at rest because he/she is not changing his/her position with respect to other passengers or
objects in the train. But to an observer outside the train, the passengers and the objects inside the
train are in motion.
3) What is Brownian motion?
Ans: Random motion of gas molecules is called Brownian motion.
4) Define the term axis.
Ans: An axis is a line around which a body rotates.
OR
An axis is a real or imaginary line on which something rotates, or a straight line around which
things are evenly arranged.
5)
MINI Exercise page # 32
1. When a body is said to at rest?
Ans: A body is said to be at rest, if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.
2. Give an example of a body that is at rest and in motion at the same time
Ans: See answer of question # 02
3. Mention the type of motion in each of the following:
i. A ball moving vertically upward.
Ans: Linear Motion (Translatory Motion)
ii. A child moving down a slide.
Ans: Linear Motion (Translatory Motion)
iii. Movement of a player in a football ground.
Ans: Random Motion
iv. The flight of a butterfly.
Ans: Random Motion
v. An athlete running in a circular track.
Ans: Circular Motion (Translatory Motion)
vi. The motion of a wheel.
Ans: Rotatory Motion
vii. The motion of a cradle.
Ans: Vibratory Motion (To and Fro)
6) What is the basic difference between circular and rotatory motion?
Ans: Circular motion is the motion of a body around a fixed point where the point lies
outside the body. In rotational motion the point lies inside the rotating body. Circular motion
is the cause of centripetal force while rotational motion is due to torque acting on the body.
For example, the motion of earth around the sun is circular motion while spinning motion of earth
about its geographical axis is called rotatory motion.
7) Give one example of body a showing circular as well as rotatory motion.
Ans: The motion of earth around the sun is circular motion while spinning motion of earth
about its geographical axis is called rotatory motion.
8) What type of motion is shown by a swing?
Ans: As swing moves back and forth about its mean position as it swings from one extreme to
other extreme position. This type of motion is known as vibratory motion.
9) Describe the type of motion of a ball vertically upward and a child moving down a slide.
Ans: Both these examples are of liner motion because in both examples ball vertically moves
upward and a children moving down a slide, bodies move along as same line of action and also
they do not change the direction of motion.
10) Movement of a player in a football ground and the flight of a butterfly show what type of
motion?
Ans: Movement of a player in a football ground and the flight of a butterfly both show the
random motion as they are moving irregularly from one place to other place.
11) Define the term Scalar OR What is meant by scalar quantities, give some examples.
Ans: A physical quantity which can be completely described by its magnitude is called a scalar
quantity. Examples of scalar quantities are mass, time, speed, volume, work and energy.
12) What is meant by magnitude of a scalar quantity?
Ans: The magnitude of a scalar quantity means its numerical value with an appropriate unit.
For example, 2.5 kg, 40 sec, 1.8m, here 2.5, 40, 1.8 are numerical values while kg, sec, m are the
units of the physical quantities.
13) Define the term Vector OR What is meant by vector quantities, give some examples.
Ans: A physical quantity which can be completely described by its magnitude along with its
direction is called a vectors quantity. Examples of vector quantities are displacement, Velocity,
acceleration, Force, Weight, momentum, torque etc.
14) How are vector quantities important to us in our daily life?
OR How it would be meaningless to describe vectors without direction?
Ans: It would be meaningless to describe vectors without direction. For example,
a) to describe a force, it is mandatory to describe direction of a force because without
mentioning the direction we cannot predict the outcome of force.
b) the football player was running 10 kmh-1 towards the end zone. This is a vector because it
represents a magnitude (10 kmh-1) and a direction (towards the end zone). This vector represents
the velocity of the football player.
c) Distance of a place from reference point is not sufficient to locate that place. The direction of that
place from reference point is also necessary to locate.
15) Consider a table on which two forces F1 and F2 are acting. Does it make any difference if
the two forces act in opposite direction?
 Ans: Certainly the two situations differ from each other. The difference due to the direction of
the forces acting on the table. Thus the description of a force would be incomplete if direction is
not given. Here we can see that if 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are in same direction then table is start moving,
however, if 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are acting in opposite direction and have same magnitude then table does
not move.

F1 F1

F2
F2
16) How we can differentiate a representation of vector from a scalar quantity?
Ans: To differentiate a vector from a scalar quantity, we generally used bold letters to represent vector
̅ , ̅𝒂, ̅𝒅 or ⃗𝑭⃗, 𝒂
quantities such as F, a, d or a bar or arrow over their symbol such as 𝑭 ⃗⃗, ⃗𝒅⃗.

17) How graphically a vector can be represented?

Ans: Marked in book
18) What do you mean by position? OR What is position.
Ans: The term position describes the location of a place or a point with respect to some reference point.
This reference point is called origin.
19) Give one example to explain the term position.
Ans: Position can be explained by following example. We want to describe the position of our school from
home. Let the school be represented by S and home by H. The position of the school from our home will
be the distance represented by a straight line HS in the direction from H to S as shown in the given figure.

20) What is meant by distance?

21) What do you mean by displacement?

22) What do you know about speed?
Ans: The distance covered by an object in unit time is known as its speed.
Mathematical Form
If a body covers distance ‘S’ in time ‘t’ then its speed ‘v’ can be mathematically written as,
Distance covered
Speed = Total Time
𝑆
𝑣= 𝑡

Distance = speed × time

S=v×t
Quantity
It is a scalar quantity
Unit
SI unit of speed is meter per second (ms-1)
23) How you will define the uniform speed? OR what do you know about uniform speed?
Ans: A body has a uniform speed if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time
Explanation

In S = v × t, v is the average speed of a body during time 𝑡. it is because the speed of the body
may be changing during the time interval (t). However, in many cases speed of a body does not vary. That
is the speed of a body during any interval of time has the same value. In such cases the body possesses
uniform speed.
24) What do you know about velocity? Write down its mathematical form of velocity.
25) What do you know about uniform velocity?
Ans: Definition: “If body has uniform velocity if it covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time
however short the interval may be”
If magnitude of speed and direction of a body does not change then body has uniform velocity. In this
case, during any time interval body has same magnitude and direction.
Example
Motion of the car with uniform speed in the straight line. In this example car has uniform speed
also direction of body is also not changing.
26) A Body is moving with uniform speed. Will its velocity be uniform?

because its direction is not changing.

27) Does speedometer of a car measure its velocity?

Ans: The speedometer of a car measures only magnitude of velocity not the direction. Therefore, we can
say that speedometer of the car does not measure it velocity.
28) Why a body moving along a circle with uniform speed has variable velocity?

29) What do you know about a motorway speed camera?

Ans: A LIDAR gun is light detection and ranging speed gun. It uses the time taken by laser pulse to
make a series of measurement of a vehicle’s distance from the gun. The data is then used to calculate
the vehicle’s speed.
30) When a paratrooper attains its uniform velocity, what does it called?
Ans: A paratrooper attains a uniform velocity called terminal velocity with which it comes to ground.
Terminal velocity is the highest velocity attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid (air is the most
common example).
31) When does a body possess acceleration?
Ans: In many cases the velocity of a body varies. In such cases the body possesses acceleration. Velocity
of a body has magnitude and direction. The velocity of a body changes due to change either in its
magnitude or direction or both. The acceleration would be there.
32) What is meant by acceleration? Write down its mathematical form of acceleration.

33) What is meant by uniform acceleration?

Ans: Definition: “If a body has equal changes in velocity in equal intervals of time, however small the
intervals may be, then the acceleration of the body is said to be uniform”
Let the time is divided into many small intervals of time. If the change in velocity during these entire
interval remains constant, then acceleration will also be constant this is called uniform acceleration.
34) What is meant by positive acceleration?
Ans: If the velocity of the body is increasing then acceleration will be positive. The direction of positive
acceleration is the same to the direction in which the body is moving without change in its direction.
Example: If a car is moving in straight line and the driver presses the accelerator the velocity of the car
starts to increase. So the acceleration of the body will be positive.
35) What is meant by negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration?
Ans: If the velocity of the body is decreasing then acceleration will be negative. The direction of negative
acceleration is the opposite to the direction in which the body is moving. Negative acceleration is also
called retardation or deceleration.
Example: If the driver applies brake, the velocity will start to decrease. So acceleration of the body will
be negative and direction of acceleration is opposite to the direction velocity.
 36) Can a body moving with certain velocity in the direction of east can have acceleration in the
direction of west?
Ans: Yes, a body moving with certain velocity in the direction of east can have acceleration in the
direction of west. It is the case when the velocity of the body decrease. When velocity decreases,
acceleration is produced in opposite direction to the direction of motion.
37) Describe some uses of graph in our daily life.
Ans: A graph is used in everyday life to show year wise growth/ decline of export, month-wise rainfall
during a year at certain place, a patient’s temperature record or score of a ream in cricket match and so
on.
38) What do you know about graph?

39) What do you know about distance time graph?

OR How we can find speed of the object from distance-time graph?
Ans: Distance-Time graph is useful to represent the motion of objects. It shows how far an object has
travelled in a given time. In a distance-time graph, time is taken along horizontal axis while vertical axis
shows the distance covered by the object.
We can find the speed of the object by finding the slope of distance-time graph. In a distance-time graph:
 A horizontal line means a body is at rest.
 A straight line with a positive slope means a distance increasing with constant speed.
A steeper slope indicates a larger distance moved in a given time. In other words, higher speed.

Calculation of speed from graph:

To calculate speed at 5s from above graph we use the following method
Vertical length
Speed = slope of line AB =
Horizontal length

Vertical length= value of distance from graph at point B

Horizontal length= value of time from graph at point B Hence,
 3.6 𝑚
Speed = = 0.72 𝑚𝑠 −1
5𝑠
40) If distance-time graph is parallel to time axis, then what information we get?
Ans: If distance-time graph is horizontal parallel to time axis, then its mean the distance move by the
object with time is zero. That is the object is at rest. Also, speed of the object is zero.
41) What would be the shape of distance-time graph if object is moving with constant speed?
Ans: The distance-time graph of the object moving with constant speed is straight line inclined to time
axis. This graph shows an object that moves at a steady, constant speed.

42) What is meant by variable speed? What is the shape of distance-time graph of the object
moving with variable speed?
Ans: When an object does not cover equal distance in equal intervals of time then its speed is not
constant or its speed is called variable speed. In this case distance-time graph is not a straight line, it
may be curved. The slope of the curve at any point can be found from slope of the tangent at that point.

43) What information about speed we can get from slope of distance-time graph?
Ans: Speed of an object can be determined by finding slope of distance time graph. A steeper slope
indicates a larger distance moved in a given time and hence higher speed while a less steep slope
indicates a small distance moved in a given time and hence lower speed. The speed is zero at instants
when slope is horizontal because no distance covered with time.
44) What would be the shape of speed-time and distance-time graph if object is moving with
constant speed?
Ans: Constant speed means that speed is not changing with time, its speed-time graph is parallel to time
axis. However, its distance-time graph is straight line inclined to time axis because equal change of
distance in equal interval of time.
 5 40

Distance (m)
4 30

Speed (ms-1)
3 20
2
10
1
0 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
Speed 4 4 4 4 Distance 0 10 20 30
Time t(s) Time t(s)

45) Is velocity-time graphing a straight line? If yes, then what information we get from it?
Ans: Yes, the velocity-time graph is a straight line and it shows that velocity of the body is changing
uniformly and acceleration of the body will be uniform.
46) What is the type of speed-time graph when object is moving with uniformly changing speed?
Ans: Let the speed of an object be changing uniformly. In such a case speed is changing at constant rate.
Thus its speed-time graph would be straight line inclined to time axis. A straight line means that the
object is moving with uniform acceleration. Slope of the line gives magnitude of its acceleration.
47) What do you know about speed time graph?
OR How we can find acceleration of the object from speed-time graph?

Ans: Speed-Time graph is useful to represent the motion of objects. It shows how fast an object has
travelled in a given time. In a speed-time graph, time is taken along horizontal axis while vertical axis shows
the speed of an object. In a speed-time graph:
 A horizontal line means a constant speed
 A straight line with a positive slope means a constant positive acceleration (speeding up)
 A straight line with a negative slope means a constant negative acceleration (slowing down)
The greater the slope of the line (the steeper it is) the greater the acceleration. In the graph, the blue line
represents a greater acceleration than the red line next to it.

48) How we can find acceleration of the object from speed-time graph?
Ans: Acceleration can be found from speed-time graph by finding slope of the curve. Slope can be found
dividing horizontal length by vertical length. Here, horizontal length is amount of time and vertical
length is amount of speed.
 B

Calculation of speed from graph:

To calculate acceleration at 2s from above graph we use the following method
Vertical length
Acceleration = slope of line AB =
Horizontal length

Vertical length= value of speed from graph at point B

Horizontal length= value of time from graph at point B Hence,
4 𝑚𝑠 −1
Speed = = 2 𝑚𝑠 −2
2𝑠
49) What two physical quantities can be found from speed-time graph?
Ans: Acceleration and distance can be calculated from speed-time graph

 If motion of body is uniform then, we can find magnitude of acceleration by finding slope of the
curve.
 If the motion is uniform, then the area can be calculated by using appropriate geometrical
formulas.
50) There are how many equations of motion?
Ans: There are three basic equations of motion for bodies moving with uniform acceleration. These
equations relate initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, time and distance covered by a moving
object.
51) What assumptions made to simplify equations of motion?
Ans: To simplify the derivation of equations of motion we assume

 Motion in the straight line so that we consider only magnitudes of displacement, velocities and
acceleration.
 Body is moving with uniform acceleration.
52) Describe the first equation of motion.
Ans: First equation of motion gives the relationship of final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration and
time. Hence it is defined as
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

Where;
𝑣𝑓 is the final velocity, 𝑣𝑖 is the initial velocity 𝑎 is the acceleration and 𝑡 is the time taken
by body. If we know any of these three quantities, we can found fourth quantity.
53) Describe the second equation of motion.
Ans: Second equation of motion gives the relationship of distance, initial velocity, acceleration and time.
Hence it is defined as
1
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
Where;
𝑆 is the distance covered by the body, 𝑣𝑖 is the initial velocity 𝑎 is the acceleration and 𝑡 is
the time taken by body. If we know any of these three quantities, we can found fourth quantity.
54) Describe the third equation of motion.
Ans: Third equation of motion gives the relationship of distance, initial velocity, final velocity and
acceleration. Hence it is defined as

2𝑎𝑆 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2

Where;
𝑆 is the distance covered by the body, 𝑣𝑖 is the initial velocity, 𝑣𝑓 is the final velocity and
𝑎 is the acceleration of the body. If we know any of these three quantities, we can found fourth quantity.

55) How we can convert 𝟏 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 to 𝟏 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 ?

Ans: As we know that,
1 1
1 𝑘𝑚 = 1000𝑚 or 1𝑚 = 1000
𝑜𝑟 0.001 𝑘𝑚 and 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 60 × 60 = 3600𝑠 𝑜𝑟 1𝑠 = 3600 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

1×3600 ℎ−1
So, 1 𝑚𝑠 −1 = 𝑘𝑚 → 0.001 𝑘𝑚 × 3600 ℎ−1 = 3.6 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
1000

So multiply velocity in 𝑚𝑠 −1 by 3.6 to get its value in 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1

For example

20 𝑚𝑠 −1 = 20 × 3.6 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 = 72 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1

56) How we can convert 𝟏 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 to 𝟏 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 ?

Ans: As we know that,
1 𝑘𝑚 = 1000𝑚 and 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 60 × 60 = 3600𝑠
1×1000 10
So, 1 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 = 𝑘𝑚 = 𝑚𝑠 −1
3600 ℎ 36
10
So multiply velocity in 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 by to get its value in 𝑚𝑠 −1
36

For example
10
50 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 = 50 × 𝑚𝑠 −1 = 13.88 𝑚𝑠 −1
36
57) How we can convert 𝟏 𝒎𝒔−𝟐 to 𝟏 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟐 ?
Ans: As we know that,
1 1
1 𝑘𝑚 = 1000𝑚 or 1𝑚 = 1000
𝑜𝑟 0.001 𝑘𝑚 and 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 60 × 60 = 3600𝑠 𝑜𝑟 1𝑠 = 3600 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
 1×3600×3600 ℎ−2
So, 1 𝑚𝑠 −2 = 1000
𝑘𝑚 → 0.001 𝑘𝑚 × 12960000 ℎ−2 = 12960 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1

So multiply acceleration in 𝑚𝑠 −2 by 12960 to get its value in 𝑘𝑚ℎ−2

For example

2 𝑚𝑠 −2 = 2 × 12960 𝑘𝑚ℎ−2 = 25920 𝑘𝑚ℎ−2

58) How we can convert 𝟏 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟐 to 𝟏 𝒎𝒔−𝟐 ?

Ans: As we know that,
1 𝑘𝑚 = 1000𝑚 and 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 60 × 60 = 3600𝑠
1×1000 1
So, 1 𝑘𝑚ℎ−2 = 𝑘𝑚 = 12690 𝑚𝑠 −1
3600×3600 ℎ

So dividing acceleration in 𝑘𝑚ℎ−2 by 12960 to get its value in 𝑚𝑠 −2

For example
1
50 𝑘𝑚ℎ−2 = 50 × 𝑚𝑠 −2 = 0.00385 𝑚𝑠 −2
12690

59) What is Galileo’s observation about free falling objects?

Ans: Galileo was the first scientist to notice that all freely falling objects have same acceleration
independent of their masses. He dropped various objects of different masses from the leaning tower of
Pisa. He found that all of them reach the found at the same time.
60) What do you know about gravitational acceleration?
Ans: The acceleration of freely falling bodies is called gravitational acceleration. It is denoted by 𝑔. In
the surface of the Earth the value is 9.8 𝑚𝑠−2 for sake of simplicity we take 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠−2 .

61) When the value of gravitational acceleration is positive and negative?

Ans: For bodes falling down freely (𝑔) is positive and for bodies moving up opposite to the Earth,
gravitational acceleration would be negative.
62) Write the equation of motion for the bodies moving under gravity.
Ans: When equations of motion are written for freely falling bodies we replace acceleration ′𝑎′ with
gravitational acceleration ′𝑔′ and distance ′𝑆′ with height ′ℎ′. So equation becomes:

𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
1
ℎ = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
2𝑔ℎ = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2

63) What are the points kept in mind when bodies are moving freely under gravity?
Ans: When bodies are moving in downward direction:

 Initial velocity of the freely falling body will be zero

 Gravitational acceleration will be positive.
When bodies are moving in upward direction:
  Final velocity of the body will be zero
 Gravitational acceleration will be negative.
64) When a body is thrown vertically upward, its velocity at the highest point is zero. Why?
Ans: When a body is thrown vertically upward, it moves under gravity against the force of attraction of
the earth. So after every second the velocity of the body decreases by 10 𝑚𝑠−2 and ultimately
becomes zero at the highest point. That is why the velocity of a body becomes zero at the highest
point.
65) A stone of mass 2kg is thrown in the downward direction from the roof of a building. It reaches
the surface of Earth in 2 seconds. How long a 4kg stone will take to reach the Earth?
Ans: The acceleration due to gravity is same for lighter and heavier bodies because it is independent of
mass. So if initial velocities are same the both of the bodies will take same time to reach the earth.
 Numerical Problems

2.1: A train moves with a uniform velocity of 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 for 𝟏𝟎 𝒔. Find the distance travelled by
it.

Data: Uniform velocity = v = 36 kmh−1

36×1000
= 3600
= 10 𝑚𝑠 −1

Time = t = 10 s
To Find: Distance = S = ?

Formula: 𝑆 = 𝑣×𝑡
Solution: By putting values, we get

𝑆 = 10 × 10
S = 100 m
2.2: A train starts from rest. I moves through 𝟏 𝒌𝒎 in 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬 with uniform acceleration. What will be
its speed at the end of 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐬.

Data: Initial velocity = v𝑖 = 0 ms −1

Distance covered = S = 1 km = 1 × 1000 m = 1000m

Time = t = 100 s
To Find: Final velocity = v𝑓 = ?

Formula: 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
1
𝑆 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
2

Solution: To find final speed, first we find acceleration by using 2nd equation

So, by putting values, we get

1
1000 = 0 × 𝑡 + 𝑎(100)2
2
1
1000 = 0 + 𝑎 × 10000
2
1000 = 𝑎 × 5000
1000
= 𝑎
5000
a = 0.2 m𝑠 −2
Now,