SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
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General Instructions
1. The principles of valuation provide general guidelines to reduce subjectivity in the
marking. The answers given in the principles of valuation are suggested answers.
The content is thus indicative. If a student has given any other answer which is
different from the one given in the principles of valuation, but conveys the
meaning, such answers should be given full weightage.
2. Every examiner should read the question paper and the principles of valuation
thoroughly.
3. Social Studies being a content subject, language mistakes need not be
penalized.
4. Wrong answer should be struck off and zero marks should be awarded.
5. In the case of open ended questions (mainly AS2 questions- “Do you think…” or
“Do you agree…” type of questions), a student might have answered for, against
or in a neutral way for the situation given. All such answers should be valued and
assessed.
6. In section-III, where internal choices are given, if a student has answered both the
questions (both A and B), then both answers should be valued. The answer
securing highest marks should be taken into account and the other should be
marked as “Excess”.

PART –A
SECTION - I

1. Increase in gases like carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere prevents radiation of
heat from the earth. This causes increase in global temperatures and leads to global
warming.

Note: Any other relevant and correct answer written in students own words may
be considered. Award 2 marks for the correct answer.

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
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2. The following are the advantages of Internet banking.

- customers can transfer funds from one account to another without visiting a bank.

- customers can pay utility bills without visiting a bank.

- customers can buy/sell goods sitting at home

- customers can book travel tickets/movie tickets sitting at home

- customers can view bank statements without visiting a bank

[Any two of the above or similar advantages of Internet banking may be

considered. 1 mark for each advantage – Total 2 marks]

3. Examples of how BPL scheme is used to remove inequity.

- BPL card holders get food grains from ration shops at a fair price.
- BPL families get health insurance through government schemes
- Free electricity connections are provided to BPL households.
- Providing cash subsidy to BPL families on fuel and fertilizers.

( Any two examples of using the BPL scheme to help the poor – 1 mark for
each example – Total 2 marks)

4. Measures the government should take to remove malnutrition.

- Ensure that the mid-day meal provided in schools is high in nutrition
- Open fair priced food outlets (canteens) throughout the state
- Ensure that all the poor are being benefitted through ration shops.
- Supply more items like pulses, millets, vegetables, etc., through PDS
- Enforce laws to prevent child marriages
- Improve healthcare facilities for the poor
- Educate adults and children on nutrition
- Provide income support for the poor.

( Any two measures which can help reduce malnutrition – 1 mark for each – Total
2 marks)

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
__________________________________________________

SECTION - II

5. In disaster management, mitigation means measures taken before a disaster happens,

to reduce the impact of the disaster.

( Any other definition in student’s own words but bringing out a similar meaning
should be considered. Correct definition of mitigation - 2 marks )

The following measures can be taken to mitigate the impact of cyclones.

- Relocate people living in the area where cyclone is expected to hit

- Make plan for relocating and identify routes.
- Promote mangrove plantation in areas which are regularly affected by cyclones
- Promote cyclone resistant constructions techniques

( Any two measures to mitigate cyclones – 1 mark for each measure – Total 2
marks )

6. Renewable resources are resources which can be regenerated or regained once used.
Whereas non-renewable resources cannot be regenerated or regained once used.

Or

Renewable resources can be used again and again, whereas non-renewable resources
have a limited supply.

(Any one correct differentiation between renewable and non-renewable resources

- 2 marks)

Examples (2 marks)

Renewable resources – Sunlight, water, wind, forest, wood (Any one example – 1
mark)

Non-renewable resources – coal, petroleum, natural gas, minerals (Any one example –
1 mark)

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 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
__________________________________________________

7. Two reasons why child marriages are still happening in India. (2 marks)
- Poverty – parents believe that early marriage will reduce family expenses.
- Gender inequality – in some families girls are not valued as much as boys. They
consider investing in their son’s education as more useful.
- Tradition – in some communities’ child marriage is a traditional practice.

(1 mark for each reason identified – Total 2 marks. Any other relevant reason may
be considered.)

Two measures to prevent child marriages. (2 marks)

- Provide financial support to girls and their families from poor

- Provide free education to girls
- Bring laws to prevent child marriages
- Create awareness among families about the dangers of child marriage

(1 mark for each measure suggested – Total 2 marks. Any other relevant answer
may be considered.)

8. i) Place B has a moderate temperature throughout the year or the temperature in Place
B does not change much throughout the year. ( 2 marks for identifying the
temperature pattern in Place B. )

ii) Place A could be a hill station.

( 2 marks for identifying the hill station correctly)

9. i) Federalism (2 marks for identifying the founding principle).

ii) Making laws on education is a joint responsibility of both central and state
governments (2 marks for the correct answer).

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
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SECTION - III

10.

Sovereign – Sovereign means that India is no longer under the control of any other country
and India can take decisions on its own for the welfare of its citizens. (1 mark for explaining
the word “Sovereign”. Similar answers in student’s own word may be considered).
Examples- India defining its own constitution (how India would be ruled and how the laws
that run the country would be made or changed), The government making new laws or
amending existing laws for the welfare of the country, etc. (1 mark for giving any one
example. Similar answers in student’s own word may be considered).

Socialist – Wealth is generated socially by all through their work and it should be shared
equally by all. The country should strive to reduce and end all kinds of inequalities.
(1 mark for explaining the word “Socialist”. Similar answers in student’s own word
may be considered).
Examples – providing income support/free services to the economically weaker sections,
reservations based on caste/gender etc., (1 mark for giving any one example. Similar
answers in student’s own word may be considered).

Secular – Government will not favour any religion. Citizens will have complete freedom to
follow any religion or no religion at all.
(1 mark for explaining the word “Socialist”. Similar answers in student’s own word
may be considered).
Examples- In india, people have the freedom to follow and practice any religion of their
choice, Inter religion marriages are common in India, Religious festivals are celebrated by all
people, People from all religions are given equal opportunity to grow, etc.
(1 mark for giving any one example. Similar answers in student’s own word may be
considered).

Democratic - A form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their
representatives to make laws and run the government and hold the representatives
accountable. (1 mark for explaining the word “Democratic”. Similar answers in
student’s own word may be considered).

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
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Examples- In India the citizens decide which political party will from the government through
elections held periodically, Citizens have the right to question and challenge the functioning
of the government, Provisions like the RTI help the citizens to participate in governance of
the country, etc. (1 mark for giving any one example. Similar answers in student’s own
word may be considered).

OR

Why are elections important in a representative democracy?

- People get opportunity to elect the government.

- Elections provide an opportunity to evaluate the performance of the ruling party.
- Provide opportunity to compare the policies of different political parties and choose
the best one.
- Citizens are free to contest in elections as independents or joining a political party.

(Any two points explaining why elections are important in a representative

democracy. 1 mark for each point. Similar answers in student’s own word may be
considered – total 2 marks).

Process of conducting elections in India

- In India elections are usually conducted once in 5 years

- The election commission of India is the authority which conducts elections in India.
- All citizens who are 18 years or above can vote in the elections.
- Any person who are 25 years or above can contest in elections by filing their
nomination.
- The states and Union Territories in India are divided into Constituencies (seats) from
which members are elected
- The election commission declares the date of conducting elections and announcing
results
- Political parties and candidates can carry their message to the voters through
manifestos, meetings, and advertisements.
- On the polling day, voters cast their vote at a polling booth arranged by the election
commission.

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 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
__________________________________________________
- The election commission announces the results after counting of the votes.
- The candidate who obtains higher number of votes is declared elected.
- The party which gets a majority is invited to form the government.
(At least six points explaining the process of conducting elections in India. 1 mark
for each point. Similar answers in student’s own word may be considered – Total 6
marks).

11. Injustices done to tribal people

- For thousands of years the tribal people have lived in forests, protected them and
earned their livelihood from them. But after the establishment of British rule in our
country, the tribal’s slowly lost their control and rights over the forests.
- large amount of forests were cut down as the demand for wood increased due to
construction of railways, roads, houses, factories, etc.,
- Since wood pulp was the main ingredient for making paper, trees were cut down for
providing wood pulp to paper making industry.
- Large amount of forests were cleared for cultivation of tea, coffee, and rubber.
- Declaring forests as “protected” to prevent loss of forest area caused more problems
for tribal’s because they were not allowed to practice Podu cultivation and graze
cattle’s.
- Forests are home for the tribal’s and many of them lost their home due to forced
evictions.
- Tribal people were forced to work for landlords and borrow money from money
lenders for their living.

(At least four points explaining the injustices done to tribal people. 1 mark for
each point. Similar answers in student’s own word may be considered – Total 4
marks).

How the Forests Right Act 2006 helped the tribal people.

- The forests right act 2006 recognised that it was impossible to preserve the forests
without restoring the rights of the tribes.
- The act said that conservation and protection of forests should also consider
livelihood and food security of the forest dwellers

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
__________________________________________________
- Since the tribal people were living in the forests for many generations, the act laid
down steps to recognise the ancestral rights such tribal people should be given over
the forest land.
- The act addressed the long standing insecurity of land rights and access rights of
forest dwellers including those who were forced to relocate their dwelling due to State
development interventions (like dams or tiger reserves).
- The Act confers on forest dwellers and other traditional users of forests, their
traditional rights over the forests and also title to lands they use.
- right to hold and live in the forest land by a member or members of a forest dwelling
Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers
- right of ownership, access to collect, use and dispose of minor forest produce which
has been traditionally collected within or outside village boundaries
- Traditional rights for firewood, grazing, etc.
- community rights of uses or entitlements such as fish and other products of water
bodies

(At least four points explaining the Forests Right Act 2006 helped the tribal people.
1 mark for each point. Similar answers in student’s own word may be considered –
Total 4 marks).

OR
How sport and games are useful to an individual.
- Playing games is fun
- Playing games helps to make friends
- Playing games and sports is challenging
- Sports and games helps to keep the body healthy
- Sports and games are also considered as a profession/career option
- Sports and games helps to develop moral values like honesty, integrity, discipline,
etc.
- Sports and games helps to develop leadership skills and sportsman spirit.

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
__________________________________________________
(At least five points explaining how sports and games are useful to an individual. 1
mark for each point. Similar answers in student’s own word may be considered –
Total 5 marks).

How sport and games help in promoting nationalism.

- Watching and encouraging the national sports and games team promotes unity
among people which is a salient feature of nation building
- Representing the country in International sports and games develop a nationalistic
feeling among the participants
- Winning medals in international sports events like the Olympics develop a sense of
pride among the citizens.
(At least three points explaining how sports and games promote nationalism. 1
mark for each point. Similar answers in student’s own word may be considered –
Total 3 marks).

12. I think that technology will lead to unemployment because of the following reasons.

i) For example the introduction of CH in agriculture, though increased the agriculture

production, has resulted in loss of jobs for agricultural labourers.
ii) Computerisation has already replaced many of the clerical jobs.
iii) With facilities like internet banking, ATMs, and mobile banking, banks may not need
so many employees.
iv) Newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence and Robotics are expected to replace
skilled workers also in the near future.
v) For example, automated vehicles will make drivers redundant.
vi) The way the use of animal power in agriculture declined after the introduction of
tractors, the role of humans as the most important factor of production is expected
to reduce due to technology.
vii) In the three important employment sectors- agriculture, manufacturing, and
services, machines are quickly replacing human workers.

Any four points given above or similar to the ones given above may be awarded two
marks each - total 8 marks.

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
__________________________________________________

On the other hand, marks may be awarded in the following situations too.
- if any student has expressed his idea that technology will not lead to unemployment
because: Technology will improve productivity and so more number of people can get
employment. For example, introduction of power looms in textile industry have created
lakhs of employment opportunities. Another example is the Industrial revolution, which
created more jobs than it eliminated. Similarly introducing new technology will improve
the lifestyle of people and hence consumerism will increase and will result in more
employment. Due to technology, the demand for technically skilled workers will increase,
etc.

OR

In think that in India, the Right to Information Act has not achieved its objectives because of
the following reasons.

i) Illiteracy - Literacy rate in India is still around 74%. So many people do not know
about the RTI and how to use it.
ii) Poverty – A large number of people are poor and don’t get enough time to think
about their rights and fight for it. They are busy with their day-to-day work struggling
to have a decent life.
iii) Corruption – The fact that in India, corruption is still widespread shows that people
are not using the RTI effectively.
iv) Fear – Though may are aware RTI, they don’t use it due to fear of questioning the
government.

Any four points given above or similar to the ones given above may be awarded two
marks each - total 8 marks.
On the other hand, marks may be awarded in the following situation too.
In think that in India; the Right to Information Act has achieved its objectives because of the
following reasons:
- in India the literacy rate has been improving over a period of time and so many more
people are understanding their rights and responsibilities, new facilities like internet and

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 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
__________________________________________________
smart phones are playing an important role in creating awareness among people, many
NGOs are working with the poor to help them understand their rights and responsibilities,
more people are using the RTI facility to understand the functioning of government
department and check corruption, etc.

13.

Tropic of
Cancer
Equator

Antarctic Circle

South Pole

OR
North Pole

Arctic Circle
Prime Meridian

Tropic of Capricorn

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SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS-VIII

PRINCIPLES OF VALUATION
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PART-B

(1 mark each for the correct answer)

Qn.No Key Qn.No Key Qn.No Key

14 A 21 C 28 A

15 B 22 A 29 C

16 A 23 C 30 A

17 A 24 A 31 D

18 D 25 B 32 D

19 C 26 D 33 C

20 C 27 B

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