TRAINING REPORT

OF
SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING, UNDERTAKEN AT

ON
Transmitter of (3D-CAR) ROHINI/ REVATHI
RADAR
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By:- Under the Guidance of:

Name- Utkarsh Tyagi Name- Sanjay Kumar
UPT No- 514 Designation- Deputy Engineer
Enroll.no- 9915102156 Department- H.R.D

Submitted to:-
Name- Mr. Abhishek Kashyap
Designation- Assistant Professor
Department- ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA (U.P.)
 CERTIFICATE

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

I certify that Mr. UTKARSH TYAGI student of B.tech (Electronics & Communication Engineering), JAYPEE

INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA, has joined BEL, Ghaziabad for six weeks industrial

training and he has been constantly working under my acknowledgement on the project assigned to him. He has worked

on project RADAR TRANSMITTER. His contribution was in Study & Testing of Transmitter.

This report accounts his experience and knowledge of the field he worked in. I have verified the report and sanction it.

Signature of Supervisor:

Name of the Supervisor: Mr. ABHISHEK KASHYAP

ECE Department,

JIIT, Sec-128,

Noida-201304

Dated:

(i)
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that written submission represents our own ideas in our own words and where other’s ideas or words

have been included, have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered

to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified

any idea/data/fact/source in our submission.

Place:

Date:

Name: Utkarsh Tyagi

Enrolment: 9915102156

(ii)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards Training and placement officer of my college

for forwarding my training letter to Bharat Electronics, Ghaziabad and also to Ms. Abha Mathur (Mgr.) HRD, Bharat

Electronics, Ghaziabad for accepting my letter and allowing me to complete my training in Bharat Electronics Limited.

I am extremely grateful to Mr. Jagdish Chand, (AGM, RADAR SBU), Mr. Dhyan Singh, (Sr.DGM,

RADAR SBU), Bharat Electronics, for permitting me to join CAR- RADAR SBU.Further I would like to thank Ms.

Laxmi Chauhan, Mr. Ankur kumar for their time to time guidance and help extended during each stage our project.

I am grateful to Mr. R.N. Tyagi, HRD to guide and help me throughout my project. It is not without his help

I could have been able to complete my training here. I would like to express my deep satisfaction and gratitude for

their support for their kind help extended during the entire period of training.

Finally, I would like to thanks each and every member of BEL family for making me feel comfortable and helping

me in every possible manner.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

Utkarsh Tyagi

(9915102156)

(iii)
 PREFACE

The six month training is a part of our B.Tech, Electronics and Communication. Practical Industrial

Training mainly aims at making one aware of industrial environment; which means that one gets to know the

limitation, constraint and freedom under which an engineer works. One also gets an opportunity to watch from close

quarter that indicates manager relation. This training mainly involves industrial and complete knowledge about

designing, assembling and manufacturing process of various equipment’s manufactured by an industry.

During this six month period, as a student, there is a great opportunity of understanding Industrial practices.

Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during our course is useful only if it can be applied to

production and services in the industry. The learnt is applied, tested, verified and rectified. Apart from this the student

gets an opportunity to learn latest technology and is upgraded of the new trends immersing in the industry of interest.

I had the opportunity to utilize my six month summer internship in BHARAT ELECTRONICS

LIMITED, GHAZIABAD [U.P.]. I was a part of the company’s new venture CAR, which provided me a great deal

of learning. My sphere of knowledge was expanded both at technical and personal level. I not only got chance to

work on Live Project but also witnessed the related industrial processes and got acquainted to many of the prevalent

technologies.

(iv)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(i)

DECLARATION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(ii)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iii)

PREFACE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iv)

TABLE OF CONTENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(v)

LIST OF FIGURES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(vi)

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1)

CHAPTER-2: INTRODUCTION TO BEL-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(2)

2.1: COMPANY PROFILE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(2)

2.2: MANUFACTURING UNITS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(4)

2.3: FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(5)

2.4: PRODUCT RANGE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(5)

CHAPTER-3: INTRODUCTION TO CAR----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(7)

3.1: CAR RADAR-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(7)

3.2: SUNSTATIONS OD RADAR-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(8)

CHAPTER-4: PROJECT-“TRANSMITTER OF 3D-RADAR—ROHANI/REVATHI”--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(9)

4.1: SCOPE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(9)

4.2: SAILENT FEATURE OF REVATHI/ROHANI------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(9)

4.3: REQUIREMENTS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(9)

4.4 TRAMSMITTER MODES OF CONTROLES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(10)

4.5: GENERAL COOLING REQUIREMENTS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(11)

4.6: FUNCTIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(12)

CHAPTER-5: GENERAL MECHANICAL DESIGN---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(13)

5.1: GENERAL DESIGN----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(13)

5..2: TRANSMITTER RACS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(13)

5.3: FDM------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(14)

5.3.1: CONSTRUCTION OF FDM--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(14)

5.3.2: FUNCTION OF FDM-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(14)

5.3.3: SPECIFICATION OF FDM---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(15)

5.3.3.1: VOLTAGE GENERATION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(15)

5.3.3.2: SWITCH SPECIFICATION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(15)

5.3.4: DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS CARDS USED IN FDM---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(16)

5.4: COLLECTOR ASSEMBLY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(16)

5.5: COLLECTOR EHT METER CARD-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(16)

5.6: CATHOD ASSEMBLY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(16)

5.7: HEATER UNIT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(17)

5.8: POWER UNIT-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(17)

5.9: MICROWAVE RACK-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(17)

5.10: TWT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(17)

5.11: CONTROL RACK----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(18)

5.12: FERRITE CIRCLUTATION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(18)

5.13: DUAL DIRECTIONAL COUPLER-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(18)

5.14: HIGH POWER DUMMY LOAD-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(18)

CHAPTER-6: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(19)

CHAPTER-7: CONCLUSION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(20)

CHAPTER-8: BIBLIOGRAPHY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(21)

(v)
 List of figures

FIG 1 Manufacturing-unit………………………………………………………4

FIG 2 Radar block diagram ……………………………………………………8

FIG 3 3-D Radar…………………………………………………………………8

FIG 4 General blocks schematic of the transmitter for the radar………………..10

FIG 5 High voltage rack…………………………………………………………13

FIG 6 Block diagram of high rack………………………………………………14

FIG 7 Switch..……………………………………………………………………15

FIG 8 TWT……………………………………………………………………….17

(vi)
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

With the ongoing revolution in the field of electronics & communications where innovations are taking

place at the blink of an eye, it is impossible to keep the pace with the emerging trends. Excellence is an attitude

that whole of human race is born with. It is the environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude

is visible or otherwise. A well planned, properly executed and evaluated industrial training helps a lot in including

a professional attitude. It provides a linkage between the student and industry to develop an awareness of industrial

approach to problem solving, based on broad understanding of process and mode of operation of organization.

During this period, the student gets the real experience for working in the actual industry environment.

Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. Apart

from this the student gets an opportunity to learn the latest technology, which is immensely helps in them in

building their carrier. I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures, which increased my sphere

of knowledge to great extent. I got a chance to learn many new technologies and was also interfaced to many

Instruments.

The word quality holds out different meaning for different people, but for an industry it is most important

and can be defined as ―The totality of features and characteristics of a product / services that bear on its ability to

satisfy given needs.

And all the credit goes to organization Bharat Electronics Ltd.

1
 CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION TO BEL
(BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
2.1 Company Profile

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is a state-owned electronics company with about nine factories,

and few regional offices in India. It is owned by the Indian Government & primarily manufactures advanced

electronic products for the Indian Armed Forces.BEL is one of the eight PSUs under Ministry of Defence,

Government Of India. It has even earned the government's Navratna status.

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was set up at Bangalore, India, by the Government of India under the

Ministry of Defence in 1954 to meet the specialized electronic needs of the Indian defence services. Over the

years, it has grown into a multi-product, multi-technology, multi-unit company serving the needs of customers in

diverse fields in India and abroad. BEL is among an elite group of public sector undertakings which have been

conferred the Navratna status by the Government of India.

The company has a unique position in India of having dealt with all the generations of electronic

component and equipment. Having started with a HF receiver in collaboration with T-CSF of France, the

company's equipment designs have had a long voyage through the hybrid, solid state discrete component to the

state of art integrated circuit technology. In the component arena also, the company established its own

electron valve manufacturing facility. It moved on to semiconductors with the manufacture of germanium and

silicon devices and then to the manufacture of Integrated circuits. To keep in pace with the component and

equipment technology, its manufacturing and product assurance facilities have also undergone sea change. The

design groups have CADDs facility, the manufacturing has CNC machines and a Mass Manufacture Facility, and

2
Quality Control (QC) checks are performed with multi-dimensional profile measurement machines, Automatic

testing machines, environmental labs to check extreme weather and other operational conditions. All these facilities

have been established to meet the stringent requirements of MIL grade systems. Today BEL's infrastructure is

spread over nine locations with 29 production divisions having ISO-9001/9002 accreditation. Product mix of the

company is spread over the entire Electro-magnetic (EM) spectrum ranging from tiny audio frequency

semiconductor to huge radar systems and X-ray tubes on the upper edge of the spectrum. Its manufacturing units

have special focus towards the product ranges like Defence Communication, Radar's, Optical & Opto-electronics,

Telecommunications, Sound and Vision Broadcasting, Electronic Components, etc.

Besides manufacturing and supply of a wide variety of products, BEL offers a variety of services like

Telecom and Radar Systems Consultancy, Contract Manufacturing, Calibration of Test & Measuring Instruments,

etc. BEL was among the first Indian companies to manufacture computer parts and peripherals under

arrangement with International Computers India Limited (ICIL) in 1970s.

BEL has won a number of national and international awards for Import Substitution, Productivity, Quality,

Safety Standardization etc. BEL was ranked no.1 in the field of Electronics and 46th overall among the top 1000

private and public sector undertakings in India by the Business Standard in its special supplement "The BS 1000

(1997-98)". BEL was listed 3rd among the Mini Ratanas (category II) by the Government of India, 49th among Asia's

top 100 Electronic Companies by the Electronic Business Asia and within the top 100 worldwide Defence

Companies by the Defence News, USA.

3
2.2 MANUFACTURING UNITS

BEL has a total of nine manufacturing complexes spread throughout the nation with Bangalore being the

biggest of them. The details about the different manufacturing units of BEL along with their product specialties are

as follows:-

Sr. No. Complex State

1. Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh

2. Panchkula Haryana

3. Navi Mumabi Maharashtra

4. Kotdwara Uttaranchal

5. Pune Maharashtra

6. Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh

7. Banglore Karnataka

8. Machlipatnam Andhra Pradesh

9. Chennai Tamil Nadu

FIG 1: Manufacturing-unit

4
2.3 Financial Performance

BEL has a unique history of profit making Public Sector Enterprise right from its inception. There have been

events of decrease in turnover and profit after Tax due to reasons beyond reasonable control of the company. But the

company's strength lies in its capability to combat the threats, for example US Embargo on exports to BEL.

BEL hopes to generate 25 per cent increase in turnover with a 15 per cent rise in net profit in the current

fiscal year over the previous. Corrective measures against western sanctions have been undertaken, which are likely

to translate into higher turnover and profitability. The company is putting all efforts to minimize the effect of the

restrictions by early establishments of alternative arrangements. The Defence Research Laboratories and Academic

Institutions are also being persuaded with for indigenization of certain special category of devices and components.

The company is also opening an office in Singapore to procure components from Asian markets. Thus in the long

run the restrictions will prove as blessings resulting in self-dependence and better profit margins.

Also several R&D projects with long gestation periods will go into commercial production during the current fiscal.

2.4 Product Range

The product ranges today of the company are:

Radar Systems:

3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force.

Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force.

Tactical Control Radar Systems for the Army

Battlefield Surveillance Radar for the Army

IFF Mk-X Radar systems for the Defence and Export

ASR/MSSR systems for Civil Aviation.

Radar & allied systems Data Processing Systems.

5
Communications:

Digital Static Tropo scatter Communication Systems for the Air Force.

Digital Mobile Tropo scatter Communication System for the Air Force and Army.

VHF, UHF & Microwave Communication Equipment.

Bulk Encryption Equipment.

Turnkey Communication Systems Projects for defence & civil users.

Static and Mobile Satellite Communication Systems for Defence

Telemetry/Tele-control Systems.

Antennae:

Antennae for Radar, Terrestrial & Satellite Communication Systems.

Antennae for TV Satellite Receive and Broadcast applications.

Antennae for Line-of-sight Microwave Communication Systems.

Microwave Component:

Active Microwave components like LNAs, Synthesizer, and Receivers etc.

Passive Microwave components like Double Balanced Mixers, etc

Most of these products and systems are the result of a harmonious combination of technology absorbed

under ToT from abroad, Defence R&D Laboratories and BEL's own design and development efforts.

6
 CHAPTER-3
INTRODUCTION TO Central Acquisition
Radar (3D-CAR)–ROHINI / REVATHI
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1 CAR RADAR

CAR would be a stand-alone all weather 3D surveillance radar. This CAR is known as ROHINI in

AIRFORCE and REVATHI in navy. The radar operates in S-band (2 – 4 GHz) and is capable of Track-While-Scan

[TWS] of airborne targets up to 130 Kms, subject to line-of-sight clearance and radar horizon. The radar employs

Multibeam coverage in the receive mode to provide for necessary discrimination in elevation data. It employs 8

beams to achieve elevation coverage of 30 and a height ceiling of 15 Kms. The antenna is mechanically rotated in

azimuth to provide a 360 coverage. To get an optimum detection performance against various classes of targets,

different Antenna Rotation Rate [ARR] of 7.5 & 15 RPM modes are planned to be implemented and these are selected

by the operator.

The unique feature of the radar is, its operation is fully automated and controlled from a Radar Console

with sufficient menus, keys and hot keys. Rohini is designed to play the role of medium range surveillance radar

mounted on a mobile platform. The radar carries out detection, tracking and interception of targets with an RCS of

2m2 upto 130 Kms in range. The antenna is rotated mechanically in azimuth to provide for coverage of 3600. To

achieve a higher range, the radar is capable of being operated at a lower ARR of 7.5 RPM against the normal ARR

of 15 RPM.

Rohini is provided with all terrain mobility and various modes of transportation. To achieve this goal a

versatile mobile platform is developed. This product is fitted on a TATRA class of vehicle.

7
3.2 Substations of CAR
CAR has the following subsystems

a) Multi-beam Antenna system

b) Transmitter

c) Receiver

d) Signal Processor

e) Radar Data Extractor

f) Radar Data Processor

g) Radar Controller

h) Radar Console

i) Electronic Equipment Cabin

j) Data centre

k) Mobile Power Source

l) IFF System

FIG 2: Radar Block Diagram

FIG 3: 3-D CAR

8
 CHAPTER-4
PROJECT – “TRANSMITTER OF 3D-CAR
– REVATHI/ ROHINI”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1 Scope

The transmitter of CAR is capable of delivering RF peak power of greater than 140 KW and RF

average peak power greater than 4 KW. The transmitter uses fully indigenous technology established by LRDE for

3D CAR programme. The transmitter is planned to be realized as production version M/S BEL Bangalore based on

transfer of technology (TOT) from LRDE.

4.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE REVATHI / ROHINI RADAR

 MANUAL / REMOTE OPERATION

 SECTOR BLANKING FACILITY FOR FULL 360 DEG AZIMUTHS

 USE OF 1.5KW SSPA FOR FAIL SAFE MODE OF OPERATION

 MODULAR DESIGN APPROCH FOR EASE OF MAINTAINABILITY

 HVPS : IGBT BASED FULL BRIDGE RESONANT CONVERTER USING PHASE

MODULATION TECHNIQUE

 FDM : SOLID STATE SWITCHING

 CPC : MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROTECTION

4.3 REQUIREMENTS

The requirement is to amplify the pulsed RF signal from 1W to 140 KW while maintaining the phase noise

(additive noise) to – 60 Dbc/Hz at 100 Hz away as demanded by the system. In addition, a failsafe mode of

delivering 2 KW of peak power to antennae, in case of liquid coolant as redundant measure.

9
RTS -400 is the TWT based transmitter capable of delivering 140 KW of peak and 4 KW of average.

Dehydrator
1 ph I/P

3 Ch LiqIn
LIQUID Wave-guide
COOLING 3 Ch LiqOut
Switch
UNIT RTS-4000
Liq Cool OK RF OUT

3 ph I/P RF IN

Solid State
Powe
Power
Amplifi
Amplifier

Fig 2.1 General Block Schematic of the Transmitter for the Radar
‘REVATHI’
FIG 4: General Block Schematic of the Transmitter for the Radar
4.4 Transmitter modes of control

The transmitter is designed to operate in the following modes defined as adequate controlled states.

OFF All subsystems switched OFF

COLD STABD BY Only LVPSU’s, TWT heater and Grid biases are switched ON. No High Voltage
applied.

HOT STAND BY High Voltages applied, No RF and No grid Pulsing.

TRANSMISSION RF power delivered to Antenna / Matched load.

10
 Full Power mode Full RF Power delivered to the Antenna

Reduced Power mode The transmitter is operated at 1/10th of its full power
of its selection by the user.

Fail safe mode A low power at required duty delivered to antenna through
Solid State Power Amplifier when liquid cooling fails.

Modes are selected by the operator.

Local To control through control panel on the transmitter.

Remote control To control from the operator console through control

interface RS422.

4.5 General Cooling Requirement

The system is a forced liquid-to-air type, used for cooling systems of the S-Band Transmitter. The

primary coolant used for circulation through this transmitter heat loads is Demineralised water / Glycol to catch for

operation from -20C to 55C. The transmitter employs liquid cooling for TWT, high power circulator RF dummy

load and high voltage power supplies and forced air-cooling for all other sub-assemblies. Independent of air-

cooling, a dry air with low dew point and dust particles should be applied for wave-guide pressurizing and for

TWT.

11
4.6 Functions

 The Transmitter amplifies the pulsed RF signal from 1W to 120 kW while maintaining the phase noise

(additive noise) to -60 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz away as demanded by the system.

 It employs a Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) of M/s CPI, USA as final power amplifier.

 The RF Driver stage uses a Pin attenuator transistor followed by power amplifiers to amplify RF signal from

0 dBm to 37 dBm. This is followed by an isolator.

 The RF Driver output (approx. 3 to 4 W) is given to the input of TWT, which amplifies the pulsed RF signal

from 3 Watts to a level of 120 to 185 kW at the TWT output. High power RF plumbing components are

connected at the output of TWT.

 The TWT output is given to an arc detector followed by a ferrite circulator. The Ferrite circulator is used to

protect the microwave tube against failure /damage due to reflected power in case of excessive VSWR at

Antenna input port. The output of Ferrite Circulator is given to High Power Dual Directional Coupler

(DDC), which is used for measuring the transmitted and reflected power.

 Control and Protection Circuit ensures the sequential switching ON of the transmitter, continuous monitoring

and interlocking of various parameters, detection and indication of errors.

 The Inverter unit converts the incoming ac supply to DC and then converts the DC to high frequency AC

(Pulse width controlled square wave) operating at 20 kHz.

 High Voltage Power Supply unit (HVPSU) is used to supply high voltage to collector and cathode of the

TWT.

 The Dry Air unit ensures that the wave guide is at all times pressurized and dry.

12
 CHAPTER-5
General Mechanical Design
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.1 General Design

The transmitter consists of three metal racks containing respectively three functional units: Microwave

Unit (MU), Power Supply Unit (PSU), and Control Unit (CU). All racks have front doors properly gasket for

protection against EMI.

At the upper part of each unit, above the door, slip panels containing RF input, Transmitter pulse input, control and

measurement connectors, control lamps, hour meters, CBs and high voltage meters are placed. The Transmitter is

housed in 3 separate racks.

1. Microwave Rack consists of TWT, microwave plumbing components, SSPA and RF driver.

2. High voltage rack consists of all high voltage components and FDM capacitor.

3. Control Rack Consisting of Monitoring and Diagnostics circuits, Control Circuits, Power distribution along with

line filter unit and high voltage inverter unit.

5.2 Transmitters Racks

1. Control Rack
 Monitoring panel
 Control panel
 Synoptic panel
 CPC
 Inverter
2. High Voltage Rack
 FDM (Solid state Switching)
 Cathode Assembly
 Collector Assembly
 Blower Unit
FIG 5: High Voltage Rack
 Heater Unit
13
 3. Microwave Rack
 TWT
 RF Plumbing
 RF Drive Unit
 SSPA
 ION Pump Controller

FIG 6: Block Diagram of High Voltage Rack

5.3 FDM (Floating Desk Modulator)

5.3.1 CONSRUCTION OF FDM

The FDM assembly is on a space of 420 mm square with a depth of 700 mm. the Floating Deck

Modulator assembly houses FDM, carbon resistor block and isolation transformer . The FDM assembly is covered

on all sides by FRP sheets and also floats on FRP mounts machined suitably for the purpose. The FDM sub rack is

at a distance of 390 mm from the front. The carbon resistors are mounted on the front of the FDM rack. The

isolation transformer is also mounted in front of the carbon resistors. The voltmeters, hour meters are fixed on to

the front panel of FDM assembly.

The FDM assembly is being locally cooled by fans housed inside. The cooling of entire sub assembly is

taken care by mounting blowers at the rear end of the compartment.

5.3.2 Function of FDM

1. Generates filament supply for TWT with surge current protection.

2. Generates grid bias and the grid positive supplies.

3. Provides switching function. (Switching of TWT grid as per pulse width and the PRF requirement.)
Install Raspbian with NOOBS

4. Communication to CPC on optical link.

14
5.3.3 Specification of FDM

5.3.3.1 Voltage generation

1. Filament voltage: 8V to 11V (adjustable.)

2. Filament current: 10 A with surge current limited to 15 A.

3. Voltage regulation: 0.01%

4. Grid positive voltage: 800 to 1100(adjustable.)

5. Grid current: 20 mA (adjustable)

6. Voltage regulation: 0.01%

7. Grid negative voltage: - 600 to 1100(adjustable.)

8. Grid current: 10 mA (adjustable)

9. Voltage regulation: 0.1%

5.3.3.2 Switch specification

1. Switch output: - 800 to 1100 pulse.

2. Pulse width: 50, 25, 4 microseconds.

3. PRF: .5, 1, 4 (KHz)

4. Pulse rise time: < 0.5 microsecs. (The time taken by pulse to rise)

5. Pulse fall time : < 0.5 microsecs. (The time taken by pulse to fall.)

6. Pulse jitter: < 10 nsec.

7. Drop on the top of pulse :< 1V for 25 microsecs.

FIG 7: Switch

15
5.3.4 Description of various cards used in FDM

1. V TO F CARD

2. FILAMENT SUPPLY AND TIMER CARD -1

3. FILAMENT SUPPLY AND TIMER CARD – 2

4. LVPSU CARD

5. NEGATIVE GRID SUPPLY CARD

6. POSITIVE GRID SUPPLY CARD

7. SWITCH CARD

5.4 COLLECTOR ASSEMBLY

The collector assembly provides 33 KV dc supply required for TWT amplifier. It consists of a collector

transformer, a high voltage capacitors, a high voltage moulded diode resistor block, a two terminal spark gap, two

high voltage DC probes, and a high voltage AC compensated probe and a collector EHT meter card. Some high

voltage distribution blocks are also used.

5.5 COLLECTOR EHT METER CARD

Collector EHT meter card is used to give the sample input to EHT meter and display the differential

voltage (collector w.r.t cathode) as EHT meter.

5.6 CATHODE ASSEMBLY

The cathode assembly provides - 45 KV DC supply required for the TWT amplifier. It consists of a

cathode transformer, a high wattage capacitor, a high voltage diode block, resistor plate assembly, a three terminal

spark gap, two high voltage DC probes; a high voltage AC compensated probe, a crowbar trigger unit and a droop

circuit.

16
5.7 HEATER UNIT

The heater unit contains four heaters, each of 250 rating. The heater unit gets 230 V AC supply as soon as the

transmitter is switched on and this supply is cut off automatically after ten minute. With the help of this unit,

moisture is removed before high voltage is applied.

5.8 BLOWER UNIT

The blower unit contains twelve blowers, each operating at 230 volts AC. The unit is used for cooling of the

transmitter.

5.9 MICROWAVE RACK:

It consists of low power Low Power Driver for TWT, traveling Wave Tube(TWT), Ferrite Isolator, Dual

Directional Coupler and Wave guide Channel. Low Power amplifier stage (Rf Driver) amplifies pulsed RF signal

from 1mW (0dBm) to 3-4 W, necessary to drive the TWT amplifier. Twt is the main power amplifier used in

transmitter.

5.10 Traveling Wave Tube (TWT)

TWT is the main power amplifier used in the transmitter. A coupled cavity TWT type VTS – 5754 D2 is

selected for this transmitter.

FIG 8: TWT (Traveling wave tube)

17
5.11 Control Rack

FIG 9: Control Rack

5.12 Ferrite circulator

Ferrite circulator is used to protect the microwave tube against failure / damage due to reflected power in case of

excess VSWR at Antenna input port. The Four port Ferrite circulator type SC3-19 is used as an isolator.

5.13 Dual Directional Coupler

High Power Dual Directional Coupler (DDC) is used for measuring the Transmit Power and reflected power. If

reflected power exceeds the specified limit of 2:1 VSWR, video signal is generated to cut-off the RF drive through

control and protection unit.

5.14 High power dummy load

High power dummy load is used to test the transmitter with out connecting the antenna during standalone testing.

18
 CHAPTER-6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The industrial training at B.E.L. has given me an exposure of the activities of a defense unit. This being a large

organization deals with wide spectrum of technologies. During my training in B.E.L, I came to know about

different range of products, ranging from communication equipment’s to hardware to software equipment’s and

it goes in every strata of society like it is now usually used in military training academies.

APPLICATIONS OF PRODUCTS:-

 STARS- V- These radios are used in Manpack as well as vehicular applications for

Providing voice and data communications in VHF frequency range of 30-88 MHZ.

 CNR – This radio works in Anti – jam frequency hopping and fixed frequency modes

with built –in high grade digital secrecy.

 SECTEL- Here the encrypted speech is transmitted over the telephone line using a

FULL Duplex QASK modem. At the receiver end, the encrypted data stream is demodulated decrypted

and the original speech is synthesized. The user can switch between clear and secure mode during the s

s small call.

 SECURE UHF HANDHELD RADIO – this radio set is provided with helical and magnetic mount

antennas. The radio set has in –built mic and speaker. VOX headgear is also available as optional

accessory for hands free operation.

 DBC- It is to charge the two batteries at the same time which is used in VPS set. It can work with AC as

well as dc input also .It is also shockproof.

19
 CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
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The six weeks of summer training at BEL, PKL unit generated a lot more interest in my subject.

It made me more aware of the scope of Electronics & Communication Engineering. It has also made me

appreciative of an industrial work environment.

Undergoing training on the indoor substation has helped me integrate conceptual knowledge with real life

application. I was fortunate to have personal guidance from experienced professionals who took been interest in

explaining the working details of various equipment’s.

I feel that without this opportunity, my own understanding of this subject and also the motivation to acquire more

knowledge would have remained incomplete. Well, regarding future scope I think my training has given me

enough motivation and an exposure that I will try to join defence services or get linked up with the defence of the

country.

“To know the technical know-how, industrial training is the best way to move forward.”

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 CHAPTER-8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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[1] THE MAIN RESOURCES OF THE WORK WERE THE FACULTY OF HRD DEPARTMENT.

[2] WEBSITE: http://www.bel-india.com/

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