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GPA
Glossary
Definition of Words and Terms
Used in the
Gas Processing Industry
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GPA
GIossa ry
Used in the
Preface
The GAS PROCESSING INDUSTRY employs various words and phrases to
describe and define its activities. These transactions are concerned with gas
from the time it is separated from the effluent of an oil or gas well, a petroleum
refining process, or a synthetic gas plant until the salable gaseous residue is
delivered to a pipeline system. These activities include the movement of the gas
and the separation of liquid and gaseous components from each other. The
separated components may be useful products or contaminants that must be
removed to make the residue gas salable. Sulfur can be made if the produced gas
contains hydrogen sulfide.
The GASPRDCESSING INDUSTRY is a segment of the 1s)rgerEnergy Industry.
While many words and phrases are in common use throughout the industry,
shades of meaning may differ in various sections of the Petroleum Industry. The
definitions herein represent common usage in the GASPROCESSING INDUSTRY
and were developed principally by Technical Committee, Section C. In a lesser
number of cases, a source of definitions was the “Glossary of Terms Used in
Petroleum Refining’’ published by the API. It is hoped that the definitions will
be a source of information for those seeking knowledge of the terminology of the
GASPROCESSING INDUSTRY.
The definitions as presented herein cannot take precedence over definitions
in contracts or other legal documents. While the GPA is publishing the
Glossary, the GPA can take no responsibility for its use. The user of these
definitions is responsible for the results of such use.
The maximum standard cubic feet per day of natural gas that adsorbent
can be processed through an absorber at specified absorption
oil rate, temperature, and pressure without exceeding pres- A solid substance used to remove components from natural
sure drop or other operating limitations. gas being processed.
absorption adsorption
The transfer of constituents from natural gas to absorption Removal of certain components from a gas stream-including,
oil. but not limited to, one or more of the following: acid gases,
water vapor, or heavier hydrocarbon vapors. These com-
absorption factor ponents are adsorbed on a bed of granular solids due to their
molecular attraction to the adsorbent surface.
A factor used in engineering calculations which expresses the
propensity for a constituent in natural gas to be absorbed in
absorption oil. This factor is generally found in the literature adsorption plant
as A=WKV where L and V are the mols of liquid and.vapor
respectively from a tray, or an average value for the section or A plant that processes natural gas witfi an adsorbent.
total absorber. K is similarly the vapor-liquid equilibrium
ratio for the particular component. AGA (American Gas Association)
A national trade association of the petroleum industry whose
absorption oil members are U.S. and Canadian distributors of natural,
manufactured, and mixed gases. AGA provides information on
A hydrocarbon liquid used to absorb and recover components
sales, finances, utilization, and all phases of gas transmission
from the natural gas being processed.
and distribution.
absorption plant
air-cooled exchanger (air-fin unit or aerial cooler)
A plant that processes natural gas with absorption oil. An atmospheric fin tube exchanger which utilizes air for
cooling. Ambient air contacts the external fins by fan-forced
absorption-refrigeration cycle or natural draft.
A mechanical refrigeration system in which the refrigerant is
absorbed by a suitable liquid or solid. The most common allowable
system uses ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the
absorbing medium. Refer to definition of “compression The maximum rate of production from an oil or gas well or
refrigeration cycle.” group of wells that is allowed by a particular state or
governing body. The rate is set by rules which vary among the
various states or governing bodies.
absorption tower
Refer to definition of absorber. amine
Any of several compounds such as, but not limited to,
accumulator
monoethanolamine, HOC2H4NH2, (MEA), employed in treat-
A vessel used to facilitate the control of the flow of liquid or ing natural gas. The amines are generally used in water
the separation of liquid from accompanying gas or vapor as solutions to remove hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from
the liquid flows through the plant for further processing. gas and liquid streams.
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API (American Petroleum Institute) sure. Chemicals may be packaged in barrels or drums having
capacities of 55 U.S. liquid gallons.
A national trade association of the petroleum industry which
is a standardizing organization for the drilling, producing,
refining, transportation, and marketing segments of the bath
industry. Liquid placed in a container that is held at a controlled
temperature to regulate the temperature of any system placed
ash in it or passing through it.
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Non-combustible residue from the gasification or burning of
coal or a heavy hydrocarbon. bcf (billion cubic feet)
An abbreviation of “billion cubic feet.” In the United States, a
associated g a s billion is a thousand million, or 109.
Natural gas, commonly known as gas-cap gas, which overlies
and is in contact with crude oil in the reservoir. Where blanket g a s
reservoir conditions are such that the production of as- A gas phase in a vessel above a liquid phase. The purpose may
sociated gas does not substantially affect the recovery of be for protecting the liquid from air contamination, for
crude oil in the reservoir, such gas-may be reclassified as non-
reducing the hazard of detonation, or for pressuring the
associated gas by a regulatory agency. liquid. The source of the gas is external to the vessel.
barrel
bottom hole pressure
A unit of liquid volume measurement which in the petroleum
industry equals 42 U.S. liquid gallons for petroleum or natural The pressure measured in a well at a depth which is a t the mid-
gas products measured at 60°F and equilibrium vapor pres- point of the thickness of the producing zone.
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and sale of casinghead gas and includes such modifications as the individual components are sorbed in separate zones on the
are necessary and agreed to between the buyer and seller. sorbent column. The components are subsequently released to
be measured and identified.
casinghead gasoline
Claus Process
Obsolete term for natural gasoline.
A process to convert hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur by
catalyst selective oxidation.
A test standardized by the American Gas Association and the The act of decreasing the volume and increasing the pressure
Gas Processors Association for determining the natural of gas by mechanical means.
gasoline content of a given natural gas. The gasoline is
adsorbed from the gas on activated charcoal and then compression ratio
recovered by distillation. The test is described in Testing Code
10143,a joint AGA and GPA publication. The ratio of the absolute discharge pressure from a compres-
sor to the absolute intake pressure.
Charles’ Law compression-refrigerationcycle
A part of ideal gas laws which states that a t constant pressure The refrigeration cycle in which refrigeration is supplied by
the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas changes directly 1/73 the evaporation of a liquid refrigerant such as propane,
of its volume at- OOCelsius for each degree change in ammonia, etc. Refer to absorption-refrigeration cycle.
temperature.
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the end of a compression stroke to the volume displaced by one of fixed composition a t which the vapor-liquid equilibria
stroke of the piston. This ratio is usually expressed in percent. values of the various components in the system become or
tend to become unity. The convergence pressure is used to
compressor,jet adjust vapor-liquid equilibria values to the particular system
under consideration.
A device employing a Venturi nozzle such that a high pressure
stream flowing through the nozzle creates a lower pressure or cooler
a vacuum into which the gas to be compressed flows. The gas is A heat exchanger which reduces the temperature of a fluid by
discharged from the nozzle with the expanded high pressure transferring the heat to a non-process medium.
medium.
cooling tower
compressor, reciprocating
A structure to cool, by contact with air, a stream of circu-
A compressor consisting of one or more single acting or lating water. The air flow can be induced by natural draft or by
double acting cylinders. Each cylinder contains a piston fans.
which travels in a reciprocating motion, taking gas through
intake valves and delivering the gas through discharge copper strip test
valves.
A test using a small strip of pure copper to determine
compressor station qualitatively the corrosivity of a product. Refer to GPA LP-
gas corrosion test (see copper strip method)-ASTM D-1838-
A facility consisting of one or more compressors with the 64 test procedure.
necessary auxiliaries for delivering compressed gas. corrosion coupon
condensate A metal strip inserted into a system to monitor corrosion rate
and to indicate corrosion-inhibitor effectiveness.
The liquid formed by the condensation of a vapor or gas;
specifically, the hydrocarbon liquid separated from natural corrosion test
gas because of changes in temperature and pressure when the One of a number of tests to determine qualitatively or
gas from the reservoir was delivered to the surface separators. quantitatively the corrosion inducing compounds in a
Such condensate remains liquid a t atmospheric temperature product.
and pressure. It may also be water condensed and returned to
boilers in a steam system. corrosive product
A hydrocarbon product which contains corrosion inducing
condensate gas reservoir compounds in excess of the specification -limits for a sweet
A hydrocarbon reservoir with natural gas which will yield product.
condensate.
CRC (Coordinating Research Council, Inc.)
condensate plant A non-profit organization supported jointly by the American
An obsolete term for a gas processing plant designed for the Petroleum Institute and the Society of Automotive Engineers,
recovery of condensate and other products from the gas Inc. It administers work of the CFR and other committees that
produced from a gas condensate reservoir. correlate test work and other studies on fuels, lubricants,
engines, and engine equipment.
condensate well critical density
A gas well producing from a condensate gas reservoir. The density of a substance a t the critical temperature and
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pressure.
condenser
critical pressure
A heat exchanger for cooling and condensing vapors.
The pressure necessary to condense a vapor a t its critical
connate water temperature.
Water which settled with the deposition of solid sediments and critical temperature
which has not existed as surface water at atmospheric The highest temperature a t which a fluid can exist as a liquid'.
pressure. Also, water in a particular formation which fills a Above this temperature, the fluid is a gas and cannot be
portion of the pore space. liquefied regardless of the pressure applied.
control valve crude line
A valve designed to regulate the flow or pressure of a fluid. A pipeline designed to transport crude oil.
deethanized product
cuts
A product from which essentially all ethane and lighter
Portions or fractions of hydrocarbons that have been sepa- compounds have been removed.
rated according to boiling point or gravity.
deethanizer
cycle condensate A unit of equipment for separating the ethane, with or without
lighter components, as deethanizer overhead, from a mixture
Condensate produced from cycle gas. of’hydrocarbons and leaving a bottoms product which is
essentially ethane free.
cycle gas . degradation product
Gas which is compressed and returned to the gas reservoir to
minimize the decline of reservoir pressure. An undesirable substance which is produced because of some
reaction such as cracking, dehydrogenation, or polymeri-
zation. The term implies the formation of a contaminant or
cycling low value product.
The process whereby effluent gas from a gas reservoir is
degree-day
passed through a gas processing plant or separation system
and the remaining residue gas returned to the reservoir. The A unit of temperature and time showing .the difference
word “recycling” has also been used for this function, but it is between a 65’F (18.3OC)base and a daily mean temperature
not the preferred term. when the latter is less than 65OF.This temperature difference
is the number of degree-days for a particular day.
cycling plant dehydration
A plant cycling residue gas back into the reservoir. The act or process of removing water from gases or liquids.
deisobutanizer
A valve, or plate, used to regulate the flow of air or other
gases. A unit of equipment for separating the isobutane component
and lighter from the normal butane and heavier components.
day’s storage See definition of “splitter”.
A volume of product storage capacity which is equal to the delivery point
plant production for one 24-hour day.
The contract location of delivery where ownership passes
from the seller to the buyer.
DEA (diethanolamine)
Refer to the definition of “amine.” demethanized product
A product from which essentially all methane and lighter
DEA unit materials have been removed.
A treating system using DEA for reduction of hydrogen demethanizer
sulfide, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, and other acid gases
from sour process streams. A unit of equipment for separating methane and more volatile
components, as demethanizer overhead, from a mixture of
hydrocarbons and leaving a bottoms product which is
deaerator essentially methane free.
An item of equipment used for removing air or other non- depropanizer
condensible gases from a process stream or steam condensate
and boiler feed water. A unit of equipment for separating propane, with or without
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lighter components, as depropanizer overhead, from a mixture gas or other products are distributed to customers, to lease
of hydrocarbons and leaving a bottoms product which is operations, or other points of consumption.
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The difference between any two pressures. Two examples are: drip
(1) difference in pressure between the upstream and down-
stream taps of an orifice plate from which the fluid volume The equipment which is installed a t a low point in a gas
passing through the orifice is computed; (2) the pressure drop transmission line to collect and remove liquids that may form;
across the trays of a distillation column. also the liquid which condenses from natural gas and
accumulates in a pipeline during transmission. Refer to
definition of “blow case.”
dissolved g a s
Gas dissolved in liquid because of the pressure and tempera- drip gasoline
ture under which the resulting liquid phase is held.
Hydrocarbon liquid that separates in a pipeline transporting
gas from the well casing, lease separation, or other facilities
distillate and drains into equipment from which the liquid can be
The overhead product of distillation obtained by condensing removed. Refer to definition of “drip.”
the vapors.
dry bed
distillation The solid adsorption materials such as molecular sieves, char-
coal, or other materials used for purifying or for recovering
The process of separating a multiple component feed of liquid from a gas. Refer to definition for “adsorption.”
differing boiling points into two or more products. In
.L
absorption plants, the term is used to describe the separation
of product components from absorption oil. d r y gas
(i)Gas whose water content has been reduced by a dehy-
distillation test dration process. (2) Gas containing little or no hydrocarbons
commercially recoverable as liquid product. Gas in this
Refer to definition of “ASTM distillation.” second definition preferably should be called lean gas.
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engine jacket water, wherein the water is permitted to boil dominately of ethane.
and the evolved vapors are condensed in air-fin coolers.
ethylene
emulsion
The chemical compound of the olefin series having the
The dispersion of fine particles of an immiscible liquid and/or formula CzH4. Official nomenclature is “ethene.’)
solids with another liquid in which the particles are
suspended. evaporation loss
engine oil A vessel used to convert a liquid into its vapor phase.
entrained liquid The process of separating one material from another by means
of a solvent, This term can be applied to absorption, liquid-
Liquid particles that may be carried out of the top of a liquid extraction, or any other process using a solvent.
distillation or absorber column with the vapors or residue gas.
fast cycle unit (quick or short cycle unit)
entrainment
An adsorption plant which has adsorption cycles of relatively
Refer to definition of “entrained liquid.” short duration.
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during an ASTM distillation test. scribe separation of hydrocarbon components into individual
products.
final boiling point (FBP)
fractionationfacilities
Refer to definition of “end point.”
The equipment required for accomplishing the fractionation
fin-tube process.
A furnace in which natural gas or other fuel is burned to heat freeze valve
the gas or liquid passing through the furnace tubes.
A specially constructed and calibrated valve designed and
used solely for determining the water content in the propane
flammable product. See ASTM D-2713.
Capable of being easily ignited.
freezing point
flare gas
The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid.
Gas that is burned in a flare or pit.
full well stream
flash point
The total flow stream or effluent from a producing well
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The lowest temperature a t which vapors from an oil fraction containing all the constituents of the reservoir fluids.
will ignite.
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the total volume and the total pressure divided by the absolute When produced, the surface equipment may or may not
temperature for one mole of any ideal gas or mixture of ideal contain condensed liquid, depending on the temperature,
gases at any temperature. _PV - -R. pressure, and composition of the single reservoir phase.
T
gas turbine
gas drive An engine in which gas, under pressure or formed by
A manner of producing crude oil or other liquids from the combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades. The
reservoir wherein the required energy is provided by gas energy in the expanding gas is converted into rotary motion.
pressure.
gas well
gas hydrate A well which produces a t surface conditions the contents of a
Refer to definition of “hydrate.” gas reservoir. Legal definitions vary among the states.
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For liquids heavier than water, the formula is: holding time
OBe=145- 145 It is the nominal time during which the liquid remains in a
vessel and is equivalent to the volume of fluid in the vessel
Sp. Gr. divided by the rate a t which that fluid enters the vessel.
The portion of a hydrocarbon fluid mixture or the last Elements or compounds not acted upon chemically by the sur-
component of a hydrocarbon analysis which contains the rounding environment. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are ex-
hexanes (or heptanes) and all hydrocarbons heavier than the amples of inert constituents of natural gases; they dilute the
hexanes (or heptanes). gas and do not burn and thus add no heating value.
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The well through which the injection gas or other fluid flows Amine solution that has been stripped of absorbed acid gases
giving a solution suitable for recirculation to the contactor.
into the underground formation.
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Absorption oil having a molecular weight generally below Refer to definition of “odorant.”
155. Commonly used in refrigerated absorption plants having
dry distillation systems. marketable .gas
I
Gas, which meets the purchaser’s specifications. Synonym,
low temperature fractionation merchantable gas.
The separation of a hydrocarbon fluid mixture into com-
ponents by fractionation wherein the reflux condenser is MCF (thousand cubic feet-28.32m3)
operated a t temperatures requiring refrigeration. Refer to A standard unit for measuring or expressing the volume of a
definition of “Pod” or Podbielniak Analysis. thousand cubic feet of gas. The pressure and temperature
conditions for the standard measurement must be defined.
low temperature processing Refer to definition of “Standard Gas Measurement Law.”
Gas processing conducted below ambient temperatures.
MEA (monoethanolamine)
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) An amine used for treating gas. Refer to definition of “amine.”
Refer to definition of “LP-gas.”
MER
LP-gas (liquefied petroleum gas) Has two general meanings-the first, which is the more
common: (i) “.Maximum efficient rate” is the highest rate at
Predominately propane or butane separately or in mixtures which a well or reservoir may be produced without causing
which are maintained in a liquid state under the pressure physical waste in the reservoir. (2) “Most efficient rate” is the
within the confining vessel. highesi rate at which a reservoir can be produced without
either reservoir or surface physical waste. For example, a
LRG (liquefied refinery gas) reservoir may be produced at the “maximum efficient rate”
but at such a rate, gas production will be in excess of the
Liquid propane or butane produced by a crude oil refinery. It capacity of facilities in the field to handle the gas; so a lower or
may differ from LP-gas in that propylene and butylene may be “most efficient rate” is set up for the reservoir to avoid surface
present. waste of valuable hydrocarbons in the form of flared gas.
mercaptan
LTS ,unit (low temperature separation unit)
A compound sometimes found in gas and gas liquids which
Refer to definition of “U’X unit.” must be reduced by removal or conversion to conform t o
specifications. Any of a series of compounds of the general
formula RSH, analogous to the alcohols and phenols, but
LTX unit (low temperature extraction unit)
containing sulfur in place of oxygen.
A unit which uses the refrigerating effect of the adiabatic
expansion of gas for improved liquid recovery from streams methane
which are produced from high pressure gas-condensate
reservoirs. The first member of the’ aliphatic hydrocarbon series. Its
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chemical formula is CH4. Natural gas is composed pre- NGL (natural gas liquids)
dominately of methane.
Natural gas liquids are those hydrocarbons liquefied a t the
methanol (methyl alcohol) surface in field facilities or in gas processing plants. Natural
gas liquids includes propane, butanes, and natural gasoline.
The lightest alcohol, having the chemical formula CH30H. It
is also referred to as “wood alcohol.”
NLPGA (National LP-Gas Association)
mineral seal oil An association whose members are producers or marketers of
An obsolete term for the absorption oil used for gas processing butane-propane gas and manufacturers of equipment and
plants. appliances. The NLPGA develops standards, provides safety
programs, conducts market research and develops industry
miscible statistics, and provides government liaison on laws and
regulations.
Capable of being mixed; capable of mixing in any ratio
without separation of two phases.
odorant
miscible flood
A highly. odiferous fluid or gas, usually a light mercaptan,
A method of secondary recovery of fluids from a reservoir by added to a gas or LP-gas to impart to it a distinctive odor for
injection of fluids that are miscible with the reservoir fluids. safety precautions and facilitate detection of leaks.
mist extractor
offshore
Vessel internals, such as wire mesh, vanes, etc., which remove
free liquid from gas. That geographic area which lies seaward of the coastline. In
general, the term “coastline” means the line of ordinary low
modular plant water along that portion of the coast which is in direct contact
with the open sea or the line marking the seaward limit of
A gas processing plant built primarily in off-site shops on fabri- inland waters.
cated skids and shipped to the plant site upon completion.
Also referred to as a skid mounted plant, See definition of
oil-well gas
“packaged unit”.
Gas that is produced from an oil well.
molecular sieves
Synthetic zeolites packaged in bead or pellet form for (i)use in open flow potential
recovering contaminants or impurities from liquid and vapor
product streams by selective adsorption and for (2) use as a The theoretical maximum capacity of a gas well as determined
catalyst. by a test conducted under limiting conditions. The method of
determining this potential will vary from state to state.
naphtha
A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier, with operating agreement
a maximum final boiling point of about 4OOOF. The contract between owners and an agent (who may be an
owner) who operates a plant, a system, or similar installation.
n a t u r a l gas
Gaseous forms of petroleum commonly called “natural gas”;
consists predominately of mixtures of hydrocarbon gases, the operating factor
more common of which is methane. The percentage of the time which a unit is performing its
function; e.g., if a unit runs 800 hours (on stream time), takes
n a t u r a l gasoline 100 hours for reconditioning and inspection, and 100 hours for
A mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly pentanes and heavier, starting up and shutting down, the operating factor would be
extracted from natural gas, which meets vapor pressure, end 80%. Refer to definition of ‘ktream day.”
point, and other specifications for natural gasoline as adopted
by the GPA. optimum rate of flow
n a t u r a l gasoline plant That rate of flow of fluid from a well which will provide
maximum ultimate recovery of fluid from the reservoir.
One of the terms, now obsolete, used to denote a natural gas
processing plant. Refer to definition of “gas processing” and
“gas processing plant.” orifice meter
n a t u r a l gas processing p l a n t
A device for the volumetric measurement of fluid flow,
depending for its principle of operation on the pressure drop
Modern term for gas processing plant, natural gasoline plant, differential across an aperture of less diameter than the main
gasoline plant, etc. supply flow.
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packed column
plant products
A fractionation or absorption column filled with small objects
All hydrocarbons and other products (including sulfur and
that are designed to have a relatively large surface per unit
other than residue gas) recovered in a gas processing plant.
volume (the packing), instead of bubble trays or other devices,
to give the required contact between the rising vapors and the
descending liquid. plate
Another term for the various types of vapor-liquid contacting
paraffin (hydrocarbon type) devices. See definition of “tray.”
Hydrocarbons of the alkane series (methane-ethane-propane,
etc.) with the chemical formula CnH2n +2. In these compounds, “Pod” (Podbielniak) analysis
all carbon atoms are joined in an open chain and are fully
An analytical procedure for hydrocarbon gases and liquids
saturated.
whereby the various components are quantitatively separated
by low temperature distillation for identification and
peak day requirements measurement.
Maximum requirement of ‘gas for a 24-hour period. The
quantity may be considerably greater than the daily average positive displacement meter (PD meter)
flow. A meter for gas or liquids wherein the measured fluid is
broken into segments having a definite size for measurement.
peak shaving
The use of fuels and equipment to generate or manufacture processing agreement
gas to supplement the normal supply of pipeline gas during The contract for processing gas in a plant between the plant
periods of extremely high demand. owners and gas owners who may or may not be plant owners.
pentane-plus propane
A hydrocarbon mixture consisting mostly of normal pentane A normally gaseous paraffinic compound (GI&).The term
(C5Hi2)and heavier components, extracted form natural gas. includes all products covered by GPA specifications for
commercial and HD-5 propane.
perforated t r a y
propane, commercial
A vapor-liquid contacting tray containing small orifices or
perforations through which the vapors flow. A liquefied hydrocarbon product consisting predominately of
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quality control. reservoir.
salable gas
sour
Gas which meets the specifications of the sales contract.
Liquids and gases are said to be %our” if they contain
satellite system hydrogen sulfide and/or mercaptans over a specified level.
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Copyright Gas Processors Association
Provided by IHS under license with GPA Licensee=Gail india Ltd/5975012001, User=GAIL, VIJAIPUR PIPELINE DEPARTM
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 02/10/2010 05:39:36 MST