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Reverse Osmosis-RO
Demineralization DM Plant.
Presentation
By
V.K.SARAVANAN
Cell No - +91 9629863074
saravananvk1974@gmail.com
SUGAR Lab in charge , MFG Chemist
& (WTP) In charge
Incineration Boiler & Power Plant
&Distillery ENA Plant
Tamil Nadu INDIA
WATER
v
The purest available from is from water vapour in
atmosphere , as rain , snow or produced by melting of
ice.
q
This water on reaching the ground absorbs different
type of gases atmosphere like Nitrogen, Oxygen and to
a lesser extent carbon dioxide.
Ø
Other gasses like ammonia , oxides of nitrogen and
sulphur etc. Al so dissolves during rain depending
upon the pollution level of the atmosphere.
ü
A part from this , the surface water travels to various
places and catches organic matter , suspended solids
etc.
Water Quality – Assessment: Potable&
Industrial use
Parameter
Inorganic Nutrient
Toxic &Demand Radioactive
Physical Or Bacteria Biology
Metal Organic elements
Chemical
Copper
Chromium BOD
Alpha emitter
Temperature pH Cadmium COD
Beta emitter
Colour Conductivity Zinc Phenols
Odour Lead Oil &
Total Dissolved Solids Mercury Grease
Taste Iron Pesticides
Turbidity Manganese Nitrate
SOURCES WATER
1. Rivers , lakes and reservoirs
(surface drinking water).
2. Underground water
( shallow well deep well ,springs)
3. Rain water,
4. Sea Water,
5. snow water.
Main Impurities water
1.Suspended (micro size ) sand , dirt , silt.
This contributes turbidity to the raw water.
2.Colloidal – micro size particles (1-100nm)
3. Dissolved from – Alkaline salts and neutral
salt , organic matter.
§
Alkaline salts are mainly bicarbonates
rarely carbonates and hydrates of
calcium , magnesium , and sodium.
§
Neutral salt are sulphates , chloride ,
nitrates of calcium , magnesium , and
sodium .
Water Resource Management
Large water
Supply scheme Sea Water
Rain water
Distillation
Harvesting
Integrated
Water
Resource
Management Water
Brackish
Water Recycle
Distillation & Reuse
Water
Purification
Types of water In Distillery plant
•
DM Water (Boiler use ED
Dilution use) ,
•
Process Water
(Fermentation use )
•
Soft water
Cooling tower ,seal cooling
•
Condensate water.
Water Consumption
Process Soft DM
water Water Water
Fermentation Cooling
Boiler use
use tower
v
Filtration is the last unit process in pre-treatment of
water.
v
Filtration involves the remove of suspended and colloidal
particles from the water by passing it through a layer or bed of a
porous granular material , such as sand.
v
Suspended solids and flocs formed previously by
Coagulation and flocculation are retained on the filter surface
v
One the pressure drop exceeds the set limit. The filter
bed is cleaned by back washing the media by reversal of flow of
water.
v
The filter is now ready for use.
Filtration
Feed water Quality & Treated water Quality
v
Filter are normally preceded by a clarifier produced water with.
Turbidity 10 – 15 NTU
Ø
In the absence of clarifier, feed water to a filter should have
Turbidity 50 NTU
Ø
feed water should not contain oil & grease and excessive amount of algae.
Note:
The entire quantity of backwash water may be returned to the clarifier inlet conserve water.
month
Bell Manhole cover
water 6 mm gasket
Inlet
Air
Release
Raw water
water Raw
inlet ..................................................................................................................
Wash water ..................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................000....
inlet ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
outlet ......................00000000000000000...........................................................
Filtered Water
..................................................................................................................
.....................
water Outlet Filtered 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000....
era
Drain sump
FILTRATION
Multigrade sand filter
Internal Arrangement of Multigrade sand filter
Diameter 3600 mm
Height on straight 2500 mm
Maximum treatment flow 145 m3/h
Minimum Treatment flow 145 M3 /h
Filter media MM /HT
Quantity(Kg)
1. Mixed sand 915 15800
2. Fine Silex ⅟4 “ - ⅟16” 100 1700
3.Coarse Silex ⅟2 “ - ⅟4 “ 100 1700
4.Pebbles ¾ “ - ½” 100 1700
5.Pebbles 1” - ¾” 100 1700
6.MnO2 250 3050
Rate of Filtration
Q = AV
A= Area in M2 3600 mm , V = ?
Flow Rate
Velocity = ----------------
Aria
Aria = ¶ d2
145 M3 / Hr
10.1736
Rate of Filtration
Rate of filtration (Loading rate ) is the flow rate of
water applied per unit area of the filter .it is the velocity of
the water approaching face of the filter:,
Q
Va = ------
As
Where Va= face velocity ,m/d = Loading rate
m3/d
Q = flow rate onto filter surface , m3/d
As= surface are of the filter , m2
Mechanism of Filtration
The theory of filtration basically involves, Transport mechanism , and attachment
mechanism
v
The transport mechanism bring small particles from the bulk solution to the
surface of the media.
a) Gravitational settling ,
b) Diffusion,
c) Interception
d) Hydrodynamics
e) Electrostatic interaction,
OCl - + H+ HOCl-
Terminology:
Free chlorine( Free residual chlorite) The amount of
Hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion
Combined chlorine( residual chlorine) chlorine combined with
ammonia to from mono and dichloramines.
Chlorine demand-The amount of chlorine that is consumed by the
oxidizable constituents in the water equal to the amount of chlorine
added minus the free and combined chlorine remaining after a specified
period of the time.
Break point of chlorination. Addition of chlorine until the chlorine demand
has been satisfied and any addition of chlorine results in the free or
combined residual.
Continued...
HOCl + NH3 NH2Cl + H2O
monochloramine Dichloramin
Dichloramin Trichloramine
Dechlorination chemical:
Sodium sulfite.
Chlorine removal
HOCl + C CO + HCl
OCl- + C CO + Cl-
Note:
Inspect the filter media once a year. Open the top cover and observe the carbon
bet.
Reverse Osmosis Membrane Description
O
Free Amine
O
Carboxylate OH
You will need to collect the following data from an RO system to perform a
Mass Balance calculation:
Continued...
Feed Pre + Reject Pre – Permeate Pre
TMP= --------------------------------------------------
2
Permeated TDS
Salt Passage =----------------------- , salt Rejection = ( 1- Salt passage) * 100
Feed TDS
Reject TDS 1
Concentration Factor = --------------- Reject TDS= Feed TDS * ------
Feed TDS 1- R
RO SYSTEM DESIGN
Lime,
Al2(SO4)3
Cationic
Or
polymer
Fe2(SO4)3
Cl2
Raw Activated
Multi Grade
water Clarifier Carbon
Sand Filter
Filter
High RO
Antiscalntan pH
Pressure
Pump HCL SMBS
SDI
Cartridge
Filter
0.05mic
Cartridge RO
Filter Chemical
RO Cleaning tank
RO 0.05mic
Permeate
Reject
SDI- Silt Density Index
•
RO feed water corresponds to a SDI value of the about < 4 and cane be considered as
sufficiently low to control colloidal and particulate fouling.
T1 100
Tf T
Filter holder
RO Scale inhibitor & Scale Calculations
For the determination of the calcium sulphate scaling potential .a complete feed water
analysis is required.
Calculation ;
calculate the ionic strength of the concentrate stream (Ic) following the procedure
1-Y
Calculate the ion product (IPc) for CaSO4 in the concentrate stream.
Calculation :
1-Y
Continued....
2. calculate the TDS in the concentrate stream , TDS C in mg /l
1-Y
1-Y
4. Calculate pH at which the concentrate Stream is saturated with CaCO3 (pH s) as follows.
LSI C >1 Possible with polymeric organic scale inhibitors . For the maximum and required
dosages, please refer to the scale inhibitor mfg
Continued....
Silica Scale prevention :
supersaturated silicic acid can further polymerize to from insoluble colloidal silica or
silica gel , which can cause membrane scaling .
The scaling potential of soluble silica in the absence of trivalent metal cations can be
calculate.
1. SiO2 Concentration,
2.Temperature
3.pH
4.Total Alkalinity
1- Y
Where
2
Continued....
Pf = Feed pressure ,
∆P / 2 = One haft device pressure drop,
Pp = Produce Pressure,
∏ fc = Osmotic pressure of the feed, concentrate
mixture.
Tc F = Temperature ,
Q = Product flow,
Subscript S = Standard condition,
Subscript O = Operating condition,
The temperature correction factor follows the formula.
TDS
Evaluation of residual concentration of solids
rejectFeed silica = 45 ppm , Recovery = 70%, Reject Silica =?
Calculate concentration factor and than reject silica .
1 1 1
Reject silica
Feed silica
Reject silica
3.33 = ---------------
10 * Solution concentration %
Demineralization DM Plant
NaOC
Raw l
Water MGF ACF
tank
pH Process
Dosing Water
tank
DM Soft SOF
Water Water
tank tank
SBA
MB
Degassing SAC
Tower
Introduction of Resin
•
INTRODUCTION OF RESIN ;
Synthetic resin exchange material based on coal
and phenolic resins were first introduced for industrial use during
the 1930”s a five years later resin consisting of polystyrene with
sulphonate group of from cations exchangers or amine group of
from anion exchangers were developed .These two kinds of resin
are still the most commonly used resin today.
A Strong acidic sulphonated
Polystyrene Cations exchange resin
CH=CH
SO3 H+
DVP-Divinyl Benzene SAC
SO3 H
CH - CH2 – CH - CH2 – CH - CH2 -
CH
SO3 H SO3
H - CH2 - CH
CH - CH2 – CH - CH2 – CH
SO3 H SO3 H
SO3 H
Continued...
Cations Chemical Reaction :
R C6 H5 – SO3- Na + + HCl R C6H5 – SO3- H + + NaCl
Positive
S.NO ion
Positive ion Formula MW
1 Aluminum Al 3+ 27
2 Ammonium NH4+ 18
3 Calcium Ca 2+ 40.1
4 Copper Cu2+ 63.5
5 Hydrogen H+ 1
6 Ferric Ion Fe 2+ 55.8
7 Ferrous Ion Fe 2+ 55.8
8 Magnesium Mg 2+ 24.3
9 Manganese Mn 2+ 54.9
10 Potassium K+ 39.1
11 Sodium Na+ 23
Comparison between conventional and demineralizers Plant
Resin
Continued...
Total Load ( TDS ) * OBR ( Output between Regeneration )
270 * 600
55
55 * 2946
270
40
| | / /
| | \ \
688
@ = ------- = 1.141 kg
600
Hydro Chloric Acid unit Rate @ 4.50 Rs = 1.141 * 4.50 = 5.1Acid consumption = 688 *
4.50 =3096 .00 Rs
3096.000
3096.00
3096.00
123000
Degassing Tower
v
The bottom tray distributes the draft of low pressure air from the blower entering the bottom
of the tower going upwards.
v
the backing breaks up the water flowing down presenting a greater surface area for the
updraft of air.
v
the carbon dioxide in water thus “ scrubbed” from the water and leaves along with the
air from the top of the tower to the atmosphere.
N2
CO2 O2 CO2 O2 O2
CO2 N2 N2 O2
N2 N2
CO2 N2 N2 N2
CO CO
CO2 2 CO2 2 O2
O2 CO2 CO2 N2
O2
N2 CO2 O2 O2 N2
N2
N2 N2
H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
Initially Later Later
R R
+ NaO + NaHSiO
H 3
CH2 CH3
CH2 CH3
N+ HSiO N+ HO-
3
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3
Continued...
Chemical When used in a two stage de ionising
S.NO ANAION formula
plant , upstream of mixed bed unit ,
1 Chromate CrO4 -2
INDIAN FFIP will protect the strong
2 Sulfate SO4 -2
base anion exchanger in the latter unit
3 Phosphate HPO4 -2
4 against organic fouling . At same time
Thiocyanate CNS -
5 Nitrate NO3- NO3 - it will assist in the production of final
OH- ≈ F- < HCO3- < Cl- < Br- < NO3- < HSO4- < PO43- < CrO42- < SO42-
Suppose a resin has greater affinity for ion B than for ion A. If the resin contains ion A and
ion B is dissolved in the water passing through it, then the following exchange takes place,
the reaction proceeding to the right (R represents the resin):
AR + Bn± ! BR + An±
•
When the resin exchange capacity nears exhaustion, it will mostly be in the BR
form . A mass action relationship applies where the bracketed entities represent
concentrations:
[AR][B]
--------- = Q
[BR][A]
•
Q is the equilibrium quotient, and is a constant specific for the pair of ions and
type of resin. This expression indicates that if a concentrated solution containing ion A is
now passed through the exhausted bed, the resin will regenerate into the AR form ready
for re-use, whilst ion B will be eluted into the water. All large scale applications for ion
exchange resins involved such exhaustion and regeneration cycles.
Continued...
SBA Regeneration chemical calculation:
61500
15621.04
123000
Calculating Ca
A step-by-step method is used for determining the approximate amount of resin needed to remove heavy metal ions from
aqueous systems.1. Determine total volume of solution to be treated to remove heavy metals.
Example: 10 liters
£ MW 1. Cu+2 = 63.55
n 3. Cr+3 = 52.0
Example:
10 ppm or 10 mg / liter
4. Convert the weight determined in step 3 to equivalence. Equivalence = weight in grams/equivalent weight,
where equivalent weight molecular
weight/average valence.
100
76 g/ Mol
---------------
2 eq / mol
5. The wet capacity of resin is 0.40 meq /ml . Knowing this, the volume of resin needed can be calculated.
2.63 meq
45 Kg/cm2 To 87 Kg / cm2
Critical needs :
Steam cycle:
HP and LP Similarities
Low pressure :-
N2H4 + O2 N2 + 2H2O
History of Coordinated Phosphate pH Control
v
Shore side high pressure systems experienced failures from localized caustic
concentrations in 1930’s and 1940’s
New boiler water treatment was developed using the alkalinity derived from
phosphate alone, eliminating sodium hydroxide
at times
High Pressure Boiler Phosphate Treatment
Pre-Boiler
Boiler
-
First stage heater
- Propulsion boiler with
-
Deaerator
Superheaters and desuperheaters
-
Feed Pump - Steam drum purification
-
Feed water Heater
-
Economizer
-
Evaporators
After Boiler
-Turbines
-Main condenser
-Condensate pump
-Air ejector condenser
-Steam line
-pressure reducing stations
-Heat exchangers
-Condenser return lines
Deaerator
Function :-
– Thermally removes dissolved gases in feed water
** Dissolved gases are extracted by steam heating and raising the
temperature to a level where they come out of solution
** Spray nozzles atomize distillate and condensate into a steam space
raising its temperature which liberates dissolved gases
• Problems :-
– Spray nozzle malfunction and dissolved gases will not be effectively
removed
• Detect by steam space/water space - pressure/temperature
conditions
– Vent malfunction - valve in vent line should be open far enough to allow
full removal of gases without permitting excessive quantities of steam or slugs
of water to escape
* Gases must be vented to the atmosphere
•
Deaerator Removes Dissolved Oxygen
v
Spray type deaerator is a
component of the pre-boiler
system
v
Steam heats and removes
oxygen from droplets that are in
a spray pattern
v
Dissolved oxygen is removed
to less than 0.007 ppm or 7 ppb
v
Steam space temperature
and water space temperature
difference should not be more
than 1°C or 2°F
Dissolved Gases
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are the two most aggressive gases in
distilled seawater
– Combination of both is more damaging than the two
gases acting independently
– Enters the boiler through the makeup feed system
v
Water at 10°C or 50°F at atmospheric pressure usually
contains between 8-10 ppm of dissolved oxygen
v
As water is heated its ability to hold dissolved
gases in solution decreases
v
Oxygen is re-absorbed after cooling and standing in an open
storage tank
v
Dissolved oxygen is very harmful
Solubility of Oxygen in
Water
Oxygen
Content
Ml per lit
ammonia
Economizer
v
Function
not chemical
Continued..
v
Problems on the fire side
– Tube temperatures are very high and are prone to
slag type deposits
– Slag deposits will alter the gas paths and may lead
to exceptionally high localized temperatures in the
superheater
Steam Turbine
v
Function
– Leaks can cause scale and alkalinity reduction in the boiler water from
hydrolysis of magnesium chloride and other seawater contaminants
Leaks start slowly
– As contamination increases it is essential to locate and repair the leak
Condensed steam
Warm process fluid (Condensate)
Continued..
v
Detection by salinity meter
– Set to alarm at a predetermined conductivity level
v
Visual and audible alarm
– First indication of leakage
v
Salinity meters installed at or near potential
problem areas
– Main condenser
– Auxiliary condenser
– Evaporator
– Evaporator condenser
– Distilled water tank
– First stage heater
– Drain cooler
Ammonia in the Steam Condenser
v
Hydrazine is used as an oxygen scavenger in the preboiler
system
v
Hydrazine volatilizes out of the boiler with the steam and
breaks down in passing through the superheater
– Above 204°C (400°F) decomposes forming nitrogen and
ammonia
– 3N2H4 → 4NH3 + N2
v
When steam condenses in the condenser, gaseous
ammonia dissolves in the condensate
v
Ammonia when combined with oxygen and carbon
dioxide becomes aggressive to copper alloy materials
– Ammonia by itself is not harmful
Continued..
v
Ammonia can concentrate
– In the air removal sections of the condenser
– In the condenser drains of the steam jet air ejector
system where copper tube materials are dissolved
v
Air ejector drains should be discharged
overboard rather than being reused
– Eliminates the chance of transporting copper or copper
oxides to the boiler where they can precipitate and cause
severe localized corrosion
Controlling Ammonia
v
Do not reuse air ejector drains
condensate system
v
Detected by simple field test
r e
su
es e m ts
r
P ys os t i
h - S p
ig e
H eam d D
S t a n
al e
S c
Feed water quality
v
Use good quality Demineralization makeup water (DM)
ü
– pH 8.5 to 9.2 @ 25ºC
ü
– Conductivity <10 μS/cm
ü
– Reserve feed water < 10 μS/cm conductivity
ü
– Condensate and drain returns < 3 μS/cm
ü
– Residual Silica 0.001 T0 0.02
ü
– Total iron <0.010 ppm or < 0.1 ppb*
ü
– Total copper <0.005 ppm or <5 ppb*
ü
– Total hardness < Nil *
ü
– Dissolved oxygen from deaerator <0.001ppm or 7 ppb*
Deposits
v
Deposits are an accumulation of
suspended solids that can come from
many different sources
v
Scale from calcium and magnesium
v
Oxides generated within the boiler
– Iron and copper corrosion products
v
Scale and oxides originating outside the
boiler but transported into the boiler from the
feed water
v
Copper is a major component of condensate
system heat exchangers
v
Metal
– Improper acid cleaning
– Overfeed of strong reducing agent
– Erosion in condensate or pre-boiler
v
Oxide
– Corrosion product from alloys in the system
v
Low pH and/or ammonia leaches copper out of
heat exchangers and it is transported to the boiler
– Copper deposits coat the boiler tubes causing
Anodic reaction
“ H2O caustic gouging“ of
Fe Fe2+- +
2 OH
-
base of metal OH
+ 2 e- Fe(OH)2 OH-
+
H+
+
Cathodic reaction 2 e - + 2H H2
2e
With dissolved oxygen :
4 e- + O2 + 2 H2O 4 OH-
Hydrogen Damage Corrosion
Most commonly associated with excessive deposition on tube surfaces coupled with a low pH
boiler water excursion where the water chemistry is upset
No header tank
– Affected principally by the design of the baffles and drum internals in the steam drum which are
able to remove about 99.9% of the boiler water from the steam
– The remaining 0.1% boiler water in the steam is not sufficient to lead
to problems
foaming
• Oil
– Vaporized silica carried over with the steam from a boiler drum
Causes
CausesofofCarryover
Carryover
Ø
High total dissolved solids or suspended solids
Ø
Design of baffles and drum internals that separate
droplets of water from steam
Ø
Boiler liquid levels too high
Ø
Sudden changes in boiler load
Ø
Operational problems
Carryover
• Massive carryover is relatively rare in high
pressure boilers
• Leads to deposits on the steam side of the
superheater and insulates the metal from being
properly cooled
– Overheating failures
• Leads to deposits on turbines
Detecting and Combating Carryover
ü
Drop in superheat temperature is a direct indication of carryover
ü
Inspection tank will have visual oil floating on top of the water
ü
Stop the source of contamination
ü
Minimize the firing rate of the boiler
ü
Blow down surface and bottom
BLOW DOWN
ü
Excessive solids concentrations in the boiler can cause carryover, foaming
and priming
ü
Limiting dissolved solids in the boiler water is set mainly for minimizing
carryover
ü
Controlled by periodic checks of total dissolved solids by conductivity
ü
Conductivity is the best indication of the concentrations of all ionized
dissolved materials
pH Booster - Morpholine
O The pH of Morpholine solution is as follows
H2C CH2
Mg / l 87 8.7 0.87
H2C CH2
pH 9.7 9.2 8.7
NH
6 P-Alkalinity PPM - 20 - -
7 M-Alkalinity PPM - 25 - -
Boiler Lay up Procedures
Type of Procedure
shutdown
SHORT OUTAGES Maintain the same Hydrazine and Ammonia
4 Days Or less . Unit not concentration as present during normal operation
drained Establish 0.3 to 0.6Kg/ cm2 Nitrogen cap on the
steam drum
SHORT OUTAGES Drain and open only those section require repair
4 Days or less. Unit is Isolate remainder of the unit under 0.3 to 0.6 bar
Drained Nitrogen pressure where possible. Maintain the
same nitrogen and Ammonia concentration for water
remaining in the cycle.
LONG OUTAGES Fill the boiler with polish water having 200 ppm of
Longer than 4 Days up Hydrazine and 10 ppm of Ammonia to maintain pH-
to15 Days . Unit is 10.00 Establish nitrogen cap of 0.3 to 0.6 Kg/cm2 G
drained over the steam drum .
LONG OUTAGES Dry storage of boiler with nitrogen alone is preferred
More then 15 days –unit procedure . Nitrogen cap of 0.3 to 0.6Kg/cm2G to be
is drained maintained on the steam drum. Installed silica gel
Type of Cooling Tower
Cooling Tower
Ø
Cooling Tower Approach:
The difference between the Cold Water Temperature (Cooling Tower Outlet)
And ambient Wet Bulb Temperature is called as Cooling Tower Approach.
Approach = Cold Water Temperature – Wet Bulb Temperature
Ø
Cooling Tower approach is the better indicator for the performance .
Ø
Cooling Tower Range:
The difference between the Hot Water Temperature (Cooling Tower Inlet)
Temperature and Cold water (Cooling Tower Outlet) temperature is called Cooling Tower
Range.
Range = Hot Water Temperature – Cold Water Temperature .
(Reference: Perry’s Chemical Engineers Hand Book )
Range = Hot Water Temperature – Cold Water
Temperature
Continued..
Cooling water inlet
R
Hot water
A Temperate
N
G
E Cold water
Temperate
Cooling Water Outlet
A
P
P
R Wet Bulb
O Temperate
A
C
H
Cooling Tower Efficiency Calculation:
The calculation of cooling tower efficiency involves the Range
and approach of the cooling Tower. Cooling tower efficiency is limited by
the ambient wet bulb temperature. In ideal case the cold water
temperature will be equal to the wet bulb temperature. This is practically
not possible to achieve. This
requires very large tower and results in huge evaporation and wind age
or drift loss resulting in a practically not viable solution. In practice the
cooling tower efficiency will be in between 70 to 75%.
Cooling Tower Efficiency =
(Hot Water Temperature – Cold water Temperature) x 100/
(Hot Water Temperature – Wet bulb temperature)
Or Simply
Cooling Tower Efficiency = Range/ (Range + Approach) x 100
In summer the ambient air wet bulb temperature raises when compared
to winter thus limiting the cooling tower efficiency.
CONTINUED..
Ø
Other Cooling Tower Calculations:
This includes determination of cycle of concentration, Evaporation loss, Drift or Wind age
Loss, Blow down water requirement Make up water requirement.
Ø
Cycle of Concentration:
v
The cycle of concentration normally varies from 3.0 to 7.0 depending on the
Process Design. It is advisable to keep the Cycle of concentration as high as possible to
reduce the makeup water requirement of the cooling tower. At the same time higher cycle
of concentration increases the dissolved solids concentration in circulating cooling water
which results in scaling and fouling of process heat transfer equipments.
Ø
Draw off or Blow down:
As the cooling water circulates the cooling tower part of water evaporates thereby
increasing the total dissolved solids in the remaining water. To control the Cycle of Concentration blow
down is given. Blow down in the is the function of Cycle of concentration. Blow down can be calculated
from the formula:
Ø
B = E/ (COC-1)
Ø
B = Blow Down (m3/hr)
Ø
E = Evaporation Loss (m3/hr)
Ø
COC = Cycle of Concentration. Varies from 3.0 to 7.0 depending upon Manufactures Guidelines
Ø
Evaporation Loss Calculation:
Ø
Evaporation Loss in cooling tower is calculated by the following empirical equation.
D Heat
Exchanger
M
Air
M=E+D+B
B
C: Circulating Water ,
E: Evaporation loss
B :Blow down ,
M: Make up water
•
Cooling tower mass balance gives an idea about make up water requirement. Cooling
Tower Make up has to substitute the water losses resulting from Evaporation, Windage
and Blow down.
•
M=E+D+B
•
M = Make up water Requirement in m3/hr
•
B = Blow Down in m3/hr
•
E = Evaporation Loss in m3/hr
•
D = Drift Loss in m3/hr
Waste Distillery Plant waste as fuel
What is Spent wash?
All spirits go through at least two
procedures -fermentation and distillation.
Fermentations where all alcohol is created,
distillations where the alcohol is separated
and removed. In order for fermentation to
occur, two things are needed
•
YEAST + SUGAR (molasses) =
ALCOHOL + CO2
•
Spent wash is a brown liquid-waste that is
generated as a by-product during the
distillation of fermented molasses
•
A typical distillery generates 8 to 15 litres
of spent wash per litre of alcohol