AIMIL HYDRUALIC FLOW DEMONSTRATOR FM 71 New

Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator FM-71
INSTRUCTION cum EXPERIMENTS

MANUAL
FOR
HYDRAULIC FLOW
DEMONSTRATOR FM-71
1
WARRANTY CERTIFICATE
Supply of Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator FM-71
The above instrument is warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and material and if it
proves so defective within 15 (Fifteen months) calendar months from the date of shipment to the
original purchaser, named above it shall be repaired or replaced free of. charge provided
The Purchaser sends promptly to M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West), Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. , notice of defect and
satisfactory proof thereof as abolishing that the instrument has been properly maintained and operated
within the limits of rated capacity and normal usages, and
 Assumes the obligation of all expenses of returning the defective instrument, properly packed
to the Factory at the address given in (a) above, if required.
 On parts of products incorporated in the instrument but not manufactured by M/s. SCI-
TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, this warranty is limited to extending to the
purchaser the same warranty as given by the supplier of such part or products.
This guarantee dose not covers consumable parts such as Bulbs, Fuses, and Rubber Seals etc.
Under the circumstances shall M/s SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, have any
liability whatsoever for loss of use or for any indirect or consequential damages.
We can only undertake to send our men to a distance to investigate and put right alleged defects on
the distinct understanding that we are paid for their time and expenses in every case.
M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED decision about repairing or replacing the
equipment or its parts will be final and binding on all concerned parties.
Unless superseded or in contractual form, this warranty is made expressly in lieu of all the other
liabilities and obligations on our part.
For SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
Place: Mumbai/INDIA
2
INDEX
Sr. No. Description Page no.

1. PHOTOGRAPH OF SYSTEM 4
2. COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM 5
3. PRECAUTION 7
4 INSTALLATION OF SYSTEM 9
5 SYSTEM DISCRIPTION 11
6 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE 16
7 THEORY 18
8 APPLICATIONS 26
9 EXPERIMENT NO-1 29
3
PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION
Fig. Hydrualic Flow Demonstrator
4
COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM
5
COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM
Sci-tech Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator Model FM71 is supplied fully assembled and ready
For connection to different modules for conducting experiments on Fluid Mechanics.
After unpacking the consignment you will find the following items:
 U tube manometer (Range 0- 500 mecury column )
 U tube manometer ( Range 0- 300)
 Pitot tube
 Transperent open channel
 Screw jack
 Aluminium section structure
 Sump Tank and Measuring Tank
 Submersible Pump.
 Flow Control Valve.
 Pump On/Off Switch with Indicator.
 Pipes for connection with other modules.
 Weirs
 Sharp crested weir
 Broad crested weir
 Ogee weir
 Nappies
6
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
7
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
1. Kindly remove the all packing material and clean the components with cloth. Please
check the components as per list mentioned above.
2. Visually inspect the trainer and make sure that there are no damages during the
transportation.
3. Check the piping and electrical connections and ensure that all connections are
properly in place.
4. Pour water into the measuring tank that will start filling the sump tank.
5. Fill the water into the sump tank till 90%
6. Connect the power cord to the Electric Distribution Board.
7. Make sure that flow control valve is at-least partially open.
8. Start the pump, water will start flowing through the channel and drain into the
measuring tank.
9. Run the system for 15-30 minutes.
10. Ensure that there is no water leakage in the system.
11. Adjust the flow control valve and observe the change in flow rate and flow pattern.
12. Stop the pump. Remove the leads from distribution board.
13. Clean the bench with dry cloth.
8
PRECAUTIONS
9
PRECAUTIONS
1. Place the trainer Sci-tech Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator Model FM71 on a leveled
even surface, at least 1 meter away from walls.
2. Use three Phase 230 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 Amp electric supply, with Neutral and proper
earthing.
3. Keep the flow control valve in partially open condition at start of experiments, before
starting the pump.
4. While adjusting flow by operating control valve precaution should taken that observe
the mercury level in manometer otherwise mercury may spill off from manometer
due to excessive water pressure.
5. Do not close the flow control valve fully, may result in damage to the pump.
6. Clean the equipment before and after the experiment with dry cloths.
10
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
11
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
System Description :
The flow channel of the Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator is constructed using clear acrylic for
visibility and is supported by a floor-standing.
The flow channel consists of an inlet tank with overflow and flow stilling arrangement, a
rectangular working section and a discharge tank.
Control valves and adjustable weirs allow the flow conditions to be varied independently at
the entry to and exit from the working section. The working section can be flooded to create a
closed conduit or operate partially filled as an open channel.
Fig. Types Of Weirs
12
The most important feature of this equipment is the adjustable section of the bed which,
together with its transition section, may be raised and lowered using an external screwjack
while the water is still flowing. This facility affords a striking demonstration of the
significance of channel critical depth. It is also used to vary the cross section for
demonstration of the Bernoulli equation in closed conduit flow.
Pitot tubes and tappings connected to a manometer allow total and static heads to be
measured and compared at three locations in the working section. The height of the Pitot
tubes is adjustable allowing the velocity profile to be determined at any position between the
bed and the roof of the working section. scales allow all important heights and levels to be
measured throughout the working section.
The Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator is designed to be used in conjunction with a sump tank
and measuring tank, which provides a recirculating water supply and a volumetric measuring
facility. The Flow Demonstrator can be used with an independent water supply provided that
water discharging from the channel can be intercepted.
Flow Control Valve:

The water flow rate is controlled by valve fitted in line with the flow meter. Rotate the knob
in anticlockwise direction to open the valve and in clockwise direction to close the same.
Pump On / Off Switch and Indicator:

The pump is provided with On/off Switch and Indicator. To start the pump, turn the knob in
clockwise direction and to stop the pump press the knob.
13
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
14
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
1. Ensure that drain valve is closed.
2. Keep the overflow valve open.
3. Fill the water into the sump tank.
4. Connect the required module using flexible pipe to pump outlet in the flow channel.
5. To connect the pipe using quick release coupler, pull back the coupler. Keeping it.
Pulled, press the coupler over the adaptor and release the coupler.
6. To disconnect the pipe, pull back the coupler and remove the coupler from adaptor.
7. Put the return pipe from the module into the sump tank.
9. Make sure that flow control valve is partially open.
10. Start the pump, water will start flowing through the channel and drain into the sump
tank.
11. To measure the flow rate using measuring tank, close the valve at the bottom of the
table.
12. Water level starts rising. Note down initial level and start the stopwatch.
13. After water rises through desired level, stop the stopwatch & note down final reading.
15. Remove the pipes connected to modules.
15
THEORY
16
THEORY
A freestanding accessory to the Hydraulic Bench that allows hydraulic phenomena,

associated with the flow of water through both open channels and closed conduits, to be set
up quickly, easily and visually demonstrated. Measurements taken in each configuration
allow the associated flow conditions to be analysed.
An elevating section of the bed inside the channel and models of various hydraulic structures
allow the difficult concepts of critical flow/velocity/depth and energy changes to be clearly
demonstrated and analysed.
Models supplied include the Undershot weir, Overshot weir, Narrow crested weir, Broad
crested weir, Ogee weir and Culvert. In all cases the effects of changes in upstream and
downstream water level can be investigated.
Weirs
Weirs are structures consisting of an obstruction such as a dam or bulkhead placed across the open
channel with a specially shaped opening or notch. The flow rate over a weir is a function of the head
on the weir.
A weir is a barrier across a river designed to alter the flow characteristics. In most cases weirs
take the form of obstructions smaller than most conventional dams, pooling water behind
them while also allowing it to flow steadily over their tops. Weirs are commonly used to alter
the flow of rivers to prevent flooding, measure discharge, and help render rivers navigable. In
some places the crest of an overflow spillway on a large dam may also be called a weir.
Rectangular Weir
The flow rate measurement in a rectangular weir is based on the Bernoulli

Equation principles and can be expressed as:
q = 2/3 cd b (2 g)1/2 h3/2
where
q = flow rate (m3/s)
17
h = head on the weir (m)
b = width of the weir (m)
g = 9.81 (m/s2) - gravity
cd = discharge constant for the weir - must be determined
cd must be determined by analysis and calibration tests. For standard weirs - cd - is well
defined or constant for measuring within specified head ranges.
The Francis Formula - Imperial Units
Flow through a rectangular weir can be expressed in imperial units with the Francis formula
q = 3.33 (b - 0.2 h) h3/2
where
q = flow rate (ft3/s)
h = head on the weir (ft)
b = width of the weir (ft)
18
Labyrinth weir
A labyrinth weir uses a trapezoidal-shaped weir wall geometry (plan view) to increase the
weir length. They are versatile structures and can be modified to fit many applications.[4]
Broad-crested weir
A broad-crested weir is a flat-crested structure, with a long crest compared to the flow
thickness When the crest is "broad", the streamlines become parallel to the crest invert and
the pressure distribution above the crest is hydrostatic. The hydraulic characteristics of broad-
crested weirs were studied during the 19th and 20th centuries. Practical experience showed
that the weir overflow is affected by the upstream flow conditions and the weir.
Fig. Labyrinth Weir Fig. Broadcrested Weir
Fig. Sharp Crested Weir Fig. Rectangular Weir
19
DRAWBACK OF WEIR
1. Because a weir will typically increase the oxygen content of the water as it passes over
the crest, a weir can have a detrimental effect on the local ecology of a river system. A
weir will artificially reduce the upstream water velocity, which can lead to an increase
insiltation (deposition of fine particles of silt and clay on the floor of a river).
2. Weirs can have a significant effect on fish migration. Any weir that exceeds either the
maximum vertical height a species can jump or creates flow conditions that cannot be
bypassed (e.g. due to excessive water velocity) effectively limits the maximum point
upstream that fish can migrate. In some cases this can mean that huge lengths of
breeding habitat are lost and over time this can have a significant impact of fish
populations. In many countries is is now a requirement by law to build fish ladders into
the design of a weir that ensures that fish can bypass the barrier.
3. Even though the water around weirs can often appear relatively calm, they can be
extremely dangerous places to boat, swim, or wade, as the circulation patterns on the
downstream side—typically called a hydraulic jump— can submerge a person
indefinitely. This phenomenon is so well known to canoeists, kayakers, and others who
spend time on rivers that they even have a rueful name for weirs: "drowning machines".
Hydraulic Jump
A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed

in open channel flow such as rivers andspillways. When liquid at high velocity discharges
into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly
flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of the flow's initial
kinetic energy into an increase in potential energy, with some energy irreversibly lost through
turbulence to heat. In an open channel flow, this manifests as the fast flow rapidly slowing
and piling up on top of itself similar to how a shockwave forms.
The phenomenon is dependent upon the initial fluid speed. If the initial speed of the fluid is
below the critical speed, then no jump is possible. For initial flow speeds which are not
significantly above the critical speed, the transition appears as an undulating wave. As the
initial flow speed increases further, the transition becomes more abrupt, until at high enough
20
speeds, the transition front will break and curl back upon itself. When this happens, the jump
can be accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment, and surface undulations,
or waves.
Ventilation Of Rectangular Weirs
It has been observed that whenever water is flowing over a rectangular weir, having no end
contractions, the nappe (i.e., the sheet of water flowing over the weir) touches the side
walls of the channel. After flowing over the weir, the nappe falls away from the weir, thus
creating a space beneath the water as shown in fig. In such a case, some air is trapped
beneath the weir.
Fig. Ventilation of weir
This air is carried away by the flowing water, which results in creating a negative pressure
beneath the nappe. The negative pressure drags the lower side of the nappe towards the
surface of the weir wall. This results in more discharge than the normal discharge. In order
the keep the atmospheric pressure in the space below the nappe holes are made through the
channel walls which are connected through the pipes to the atmosphere as shown in figure.
Such holes are called 'Ventilation' of a weir. Though there are many types of the nappes, yet
the following are important from the subject point of view :
 Free nappe
 Depressed nappe
 Clinging nappe
21
Free Nappe
If the atmospheric pressure exists beneath the nappe, it is known as a free nappe as shown
in A free nappe is obtained by ventilating a weir.
Fig. Free Nappe
Depressed Nappe
Sometimes a weir is not fully ventilated, but is partially ventilated as shown in fig-If the
pressure below the nappe is negative, it is called a depressed nappe.
The discharge of the nappe, in this case, depends upon the amount of ventilation and the
negative pressure. Generally, the discharge of a depressed nappe is 6% to 7% more than
that of a free nappe.
Fig . Depressed Nappe
22
Clinging Nappe
Sometimes, no air is left below the water, and the nappe adheres or clings to the downstream
side of the weir as shown in fig .Such a nappe is called clinging nappe or an adhering nappe.
The discharge of a clinging nappe is 25% to 30% more than that of a free nappe.
Fig. Clinging Nappe
23
APPLICATIONS
24
APPLICATIONS
A list of common experiments that can be conducted using Sci-tech Hydraulic Flow
Demonstrator Model FM71
1. Flow beneath an undershot weir (sluice gate)
2. Flow over sharp-crested, broad-crested and ogee weirs
3. Using hydraulic structures to measure flow in an open channel
4. Effect of changes in upstream and downstream water level
5. Subcritical, critical and supercritical flow/ depth. Changes in specific energy and
control imposed by the minimum energy condition
6. Characteristics of hydraulic jumps
7. Force and energy conditions in a hydraulic jump
8. Flow patterns associated with hydraulic jumps
9. Flow over drop structures / energy dissipation
10. Changes in flow profile in relation to the Froude Number (predicting flow conditions
in an open channel)
11. Observation of flow patterns associated with flow around hydraulic structures
12. Velocity of gravity waves in shallow water / Formation of surface waves near
critical depth
13. Application of the Bernoulli and Continuity equations to converging and diverging
flow
14. Using a contraction as a flow-measuring device
15. Using a Pitot tube to measure velocity / velocity profile
16. Flow through a culvert.
25
EXPERIMENTS
26
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM : Study of Changes in flow profile in relation to the Froude number.
APPRATUS :
U tube manometer (Range 0- 500 mecury column ), U tube manometer ( Range 0-
300),Sump Tank and Measuring Tank,Submersible Pump, Hydraulic flow demonstrator
model.
THEORY :
In continuum mechanics the Froude number (Fr) is a dimensionless number defined as the
ratio of the flow inertia to the external field (the latter in many applications simply due
to gravity). Named after William Froude the Froude number is based on the speed–length
ratio which he defined as:
𝑢
𝐹𝑟 =
√𝑔. 𝑙
Where,
u = characteristic flow velocity,
g = gravity
l = characteristic length or Hydraulic depth (cross sectional area of flow / top width
The Froude number has some analogy with the Mach number. In theoretical fluid
dynamics the Froude number is not frequently considered since usually the equations are
considered in the high Froude limit of negligible external field, leading to homogeneous
equations that preserve the mathematical aspects. For example homogeneous Euler equations
are conservation equations.
However, in naval architecture the Froude number is a very significant figure used to
determine the resistance of a partially submerged object moving through water, and permits
the comparison of similar objects of different sizes, because the wave pattern generated is
similar at the same Froude number only.
Critical flow relationships ,
Fr = 1 ; When Flow Is Critical
Fr < 1 ; When Flow Is Subcritical
Fr > 1 ; When Flow Is Supercritical
27
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE –
tank.
9. Observe the pressure difference across the orifice on mercury column manometer.
10. Observe the pressure difference across the pitot tube during upstream and downstram
flow on mercury column manometer.
table.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr Time For Orifice Reading Pitot Tube Reading
No 50 Mm Of H1 H2 ΔX1 ΔX2
Water Rise (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(Sec)
1 7.29 355 10 115 8
28
CALCULATIONS :
𝑢
𝐹𝑟 =
√𝑔. 𝑙
Where,
u = characteristic flow velocity,
g = gravity
l = characteristic length or Hydraulic depth (cross sectional area of flow / top width
upstream flow velocity,
u = √2gh = √2 × 9.81 × 115 × 10−3 = 1.50 m/sec
Downstream flow velocity,
u = √2gh = √2 × 9.81 × 8 × 10−3 = 0.39 m/sec
𝑢 1.50
𝐹𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = = 4.789
√𝑔. 𝑙 √9.81 × 0.010
𝑢 0.39
𝐹𝑟𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = = 0.52
√𝑔. 𝑙 √9.81 × 0.057
RESULT :
Sr Flow Velocity Hydraulic Froude no Flow type

No. in m/s Depth in m
1 1.50 0.010 4.789 Supercritical flow
2 0.39 0.057 0.52 Subcritical flow
29
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM: Determination of co-efficient of discharge (Cd) for an orifice.
APPRATUS :
-U tube manometer (Range 0- 500 mecury column ), U tube manometer ( Range 0-
model.
tank.
table.
30
OBSERVATION:
1. Orifice : Diameter d1 =12.5 x 10-3 m
2. Pipe: Diameter d2 = 25.4 x 10-3 m
3. Volume of measuring tank = (0.253 x 0.183 x 0.260) m3
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Manometer Reading Difference Difference Time For 10mm

No ( in mmof mercury column) ( in mmof in mm of water Rise In Tank
Left Limb (P1) Right Limb(P0) mercury column
column)
1 235 165 70 952 1.31
CALCULATION:
1. Actual Discharge
0.253 × 0.183 × 0.010

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = = 3.534 × 10−4 m3 /sec
1.31
1. Theoretical Discharge
A1 A0 √2gh
Q=
√A21 − A20
Where ,
A1 =Area of Pipe = 5.067 x 10-4 m2
A0 =Area of Orifice = 1.2271 x 10-4 m2
A1 A0 √2gh
Q=
√A21 − A20
31
5.067 × 10−4 × 1.2271 × 10−4 × √2 × 9.81 × .952

𝑄𝑡ℎ = = 5.466 × 10−4 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
√((5.0672 ) − (1.22712 ) × 10−8 )
Qactual 3.534 × 10−4

Coefficient Of Discharge Of Orifice , 𝐶𝑑 = = = 0.6465
Qth 5.466 × 10−4
RESULT
Coefficient Of Discharge Of Orifice , 𝐶𝑑 = 0.6465
32
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM: Application of the Bernoulli and Continuity equations to orifice .
APPRATUS :
U tube manometer (Range 0- 500 mecury column ), U tube manometer ( Range 0- 3
model.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :
tank.
table.
33
OBSERVATION:
4. Orifice : Diameter d1 =12.5 x 10-3 m
5. Pipe: Diameter d2 = 25.4 x 10-3 m
6. Volume of measuring tank = (0.253 x 0.183 x 0.260) m3
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Manometer Reading Difference Difference Time For 10mm

No ( in mmof mercury column) ( in mmof in mm of water Rise In Tank
Left Limb (P1) Right Limb(P0) mercury column
column)
1 235 165 70 952 1.31
CALCULATION:
1. Actual Discharge
0.253 × 0.183 × 0.010

Q= = 3.534 × 10−4 m3 /sec
1.31
2. Theoretical Discharge
34
A1 A0 √2gh
Q=
√A21 − A20
Where ,
A1 =Area of Pipe = 5.067 x 10-4 m2
A0 =Area of Orifice = 1.2271 x 10-4 m2
By continuity equation ,
Q =A1V1 =AOVO
Then ,
V1 =0.6974 m/sec
Vo = 2.87 m/sec
By Applying Bernoullis Equation,
P0 V02 P1 V12
+ = + + HF
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Where ,
Hf = frictional loss ,m
P0
= prssure head in m
ρg
V02
= velocity head, m
2g
4𝑓𝑙𝑣 2 4 × 0.015 × 5 × 0.69742

𝐻𝑓 = = = 0.2927𝑚
2𝑔𝑑 2 × 9.81 × 25.4 × 10−3
P0 V02
+ = 0.5848
ρg 2g
P1 V12 0.69742
+ + hF = 0.235 + + .2927 = 0.5524
ρg 2g 2 × 9.81
P0 V02 P1 V12
+ = + + HF
ρg 2g ρg 2g
35
Hence Bernoullis Equation is Proved
CONCLUSION:
Bernoullis equation is successfully verified.
36
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM : Measurement of fluid flow velocity by using Pitot tube
APPRATUS :
U tube manometer (Range 0- 500 mecury column ) , U tube manometer ( Range 0-
model, Pitot tube.
THEORY :
The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow. As this tube
contains fluid, a pressure can be measured; the moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as
there is no outlet to allow flow to continue. This pressure is the stagnation pressure of the
fluid, also known as the total pressure or (particularly in aviation) the pitot pressure.
The measured stagnation pressure cannot itself be used to determine the fluid flow velocity
However,Bernoulli's equation states:
Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure
Which can also be written
ρU 2
PT = PS + ( )
2
Solving that for flow velocity:
2(PT − PS )
u=√
ρ
NOTE: The above equation applies only to fluids that can be treated as incompressible.
Liquids are treated as incompressible under almost all conditions. Gases under certain
conditions can be approximated as incompressible.
37
Where ,
u = is flow velocity to be measured in m/s;
PT = stagnation or total pressure in pascals;
PS = is static pressure in pascals
tank.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr No Pressure (In mm Of mercury Column) Density , ρ ( in

Left Limb Right Limb Kg/m3)
1 115 8 13600
38
CALCULATION :
2(PT − PS )
u=√
ρ
u = flow velocity to be measured in m/s
PT = stagnation or total pressure in pascals
PS = static pressure in pascals
ρ = Density of fluid in manometer i. e mercury = 13600Kg/m3
2x (115 − 8)x13600x9.81
u=√
13600
u =1.4489 m/s
RESULT :
Velocity of flow = u = 1.4489 m/s
39
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM : Study Characterstics Of Hydraulic Jumps,Forces And Energy Condition In Hydraulic
Jump
OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPERIMENTS:
1. To create the hydraulic jump.

2. To determine the slatrility & characteristics of the hydraulic jump obtained in the lab
using Impulse momentum & specific energy equations.
3. To compare measured flow depths with theoretical results.
APPRATUS :
model, Pitot tube.
THEORY
Hydraulic jumps mostly occur naturally in open channels. They are very efficient in
dissipating the energy of the flow to make it more controllable and less erosive. In a
hydraulic jump the flow goes from supercritical ( high velocity) to subcritical (low velocity)
regime. In fact, occasionally it might be necessary to create a jump to consume the excessive
energy. For instance when water flows down from an outlet of an arch dam, it carries an
enormous amount of kinetic energy, which might damage the receiving channels. To avoid
damage, a hydraulic structure called stilling basin is built underneath the dam. This structure
produces a controlled hydraulic jump, where the damaging energy is lost in the transition
from supercritical to subcritical.
Fig. Hydraulic Jump
40
Fig. Hydraulic Jump

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
A hydraulic jump has been established in the elevated flume of the Hydraulics Laboratory.
The following tasks must be accomplished in this experiment:
tank.
9. Measure the width of the channel;
10. Insert obstruction at the end of open channel and observe the hydraulic jump.
11. Measure the depths of the jump;
12. Measure the flow depth upstream from the jump (subcritical region);
13. Estimate the flow velocity in the subcritical region of the flow by using pitot tube.
Using the value of Q from the meter calibration equation in conjunction with the
measured value of y1, calculate for each jump the predicted y2. Use the following
equation, which can be derived by combining the continuity equation with the impulse
momentum equation
41
Y1 1 8Q2 1 8V12
√
= [−1 + √1 + 3 ] = [−1 + 1 + ]
Y2 2 9Y1 2 9Y1
Where ,
Y2=Height Of Jump ,m
Y1 =Height Of Flow At Particular Distance ,cm
Q = Flow Rate Or Discharge (m3/sec)
V1 =Velocity, m/sec
table.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr Time For Orifice Reading Y1 Y2 Pitot Tube Reading

No 50 Mm Of H1 H2 (mm) (mm) ΔX1 ΔX2
Water Rise (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(Sec)
1 2.43 355 10 10 57 115 8
42
CALCULATION
V1 = (2gH) 0.5
Y1 1 8Q2 1 8V12
= [−1 + √1 + 3 ] = [−1 + √1 + ]
Y2 2 9Y1 2 9Y1
Where ,
Y2=Height Of Jump ,m
Y1 =Height Of Flow At Particular Distance ,cm
Q = Flow Rate Or Discharge (m3/sec)
V1 =Velocity, m/sec
Measuring tank size L= 0.253m , b=0.183m , h=0.260m
Discharge for 50 mm rise of water in measuring tank
0.253 × 0.183 × 0.050
Q= = 9.52 × 10−4 m3 /sec
2.43
Y1 1 8Q2
= [−1 + √1 + 3 ]
Y2 2 9Y1
0.010 1 8(9.52 × 10−4 )2

= [−1 + √1 + ]
Y2 2 9 × 0.0103
Y2 = 0.057320 m = 57.32 mm
RESULT
Sr No Y1 Therotical Experimental
Y2 Y2
1 10 mm 57.32 mm 57 mm
43
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM : To demonstrate the use of sharp-crested, broad-crested and ogee weirs and nappies in
open channels
APPRATUS :
model, Pitot tube, over sharp-crested, broad-crested and ogee weirs
BACKGROUND
The measurement of water flowing in open channels is important in many aspects of
our society. For example, water flowing in rivers and streams must be monitored to assure
adequate water supplies for residential and industrial uses. In agriculture, water is often
conveyed to farmers in open channels for irrigating fields, and such allocations are strictl
controlled. It is also important to measure water flow
during flooding events for water level prediction in order to avoid property damage and loss
of life.
Most methods for measuring water flow in open channels involve placing an
"obstruction" in the channel that extends from one channel boundary to the other. Water
backs up and then spills over or through the obstruction. Large obstructions, which are
capable of measuring open channel flow in rivers, are called dams.In smaller streams and
canals we use weirs to measure water flow, which are smaller and more structurally simple.
Weirs are the most common method of measuring flows in open channels, and they are
widely applied in both the field and the laboratory. They will be the focus of today's
laboratory experiment.
44
OBSERVATIONS
Experimental observed flow patterns over different weirs
Flow Patterns Over Sharp Crested Weirs
Flow Patterns Over Broad Crested Weirs
45
Flow Patterns Over Ogee Weirs
Flow over Free nappe
46
Flow over Clinging nappe
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

tank.
9. Measure the length and depth of weir
10. Measure the head over the weir.
table.
47
OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPERIMENTS
1. To observe the flow pattern over sharp-crested, broad-crested and ogee weirs
2. To determine the coefficient of discharge for sharp-crested, broad-crested and ogee weir
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr Type Of Weir Time Pressure Across Length Depth Of Head

No For 50 Orifice Of Weir Weir Over
mm (mm Of Hg Column) (mm) (mm) Weir
Rise H1 H2 (mm)
(Sec)
1 Sharp Crested Weir 3.83 265 95 100 75 30
2 Ogee Weir 3.83 265 95 75 75 22
3 Broad Crested Weir 3.83 265 95 100 75 27
4 Nappies 3.83 255 110 10 80 18
CALCULATION
Calculation for sharp crested weir
2 3
Q= × Cd × L × √2g × (H1 − H2 )2
3
Where ,
Q =Discharge in m3/Sec
Cd = Coefficient of Discharge
L= Length of weir , m
H1-H2 = Head difference over weir ,m
48

0.253 × 0.182 × 0.050
Q= = 6.04 × 10−4 m3 /sec
3.83
2 3
Q= × Cd × L × √2g × (H1 − H2 )2
3
2 3
6.04 × 10−4 = × Cd × 0.1 × √2 × 9.81 × (0.03 − 0.01)2
3
Cd = 0.9131
Calculation for Ogee weir

2 3
Q= × Cd × L × √2g × (H)2
3
Where,
L= Length of weir , m
H = Head over weir ,m
0.253 × 0.183 × 0.050
Q= = 6.04 × 10−4 m3 /sec
3.83
2 3
Q= × Cd × L × √2g × (H)2
3
2 3
6.04 × 10−4 = × Cd × 0.1 × √2 × 9.81 × (0.022)2
3
Cd = 0.63
Calculation for Broad Crested Weir

3
Q = 1.705 × Cd × b × (H)2
Where,
49
b= Width of weir , m
0.253 × 0.183 × 0.05
Q= = 6.044 × 10−4 m3 /sec
3.83
3
Q = 1.705 × Cd × b × (H)2
3
6.044 × 10−4 = 1.705 × Cd × 0.077 × (0.027)2
Cd = 1.038
Calculation for Nappies
2 3
Q= × Cd × L × √2g × (H)2
3
Where,
L= Length upto crest of nappies , m
0.253 × 0.183 × 0.050
Q= = 6.04 × 10−4 m3 /sec
3.83
2 3
Q= × Cd × L × √2g × (H)2
3
2 3
6.04 × 10−4 = × Cd × 0.08 × √2 × 9.81 × (0.018)2
3
Cd = 1.059
RESULT TABLE :
50
Sr Type Of Weir Coefficient Of

No Discharge
(Cd)
1 Sharp Crested Weir 0.9131
2 Ogee Weir 0.63
3 Broad Crested Weir 1.038
4 Nappies 1.059
51
SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED

102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West),
Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. Tel: +91 98202 49238; 99204 42238.
Website: www.sci-tech.biz
E-mail: sci-tech@sci-tech.biz ; scitechenggpvtltd@yahoo.com
52

AIMIL HYDRUALIC FLOW DEMONSTRATOR FM 71 New

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Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator FM-71

INSTRUCTION cum EXPERIMENTS

Supply of Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator FM-71

Sr. No. Description Page no.

Fig. Hydrualic Flow Demonstrator

For connection to different modules for conducting experiments on Fluid Mechanics.

 U tube manometer (Range 0- 500 mecury column )

 U tube manometer ( Range 0- 300)

 Transperent open channel

 Aluminium section structure

 Sump Tank and Measuring Tank

 Flow Control Valve.

 Pump On/Off Switch with Indicator.

 Pipes for connection with other modules.

 Sharp crested weir

 Broad crested weir

check the components as per list mentioned above.

5. Fill the water into the sump tank till 90%

6. Connect the power cord to the Electric Distribution Board.

7. Make sure that flow control valve is at-least partially open.

9. Run the system for 15-30 minutes.

10. Ensure that there is no water leakage in the system.

13. Clean the bench with dry cloth.

even surface, at least 1 meter away from walls.

starting the pump.

due to excessive water pressure.

Fig. Types Of Weirs

Flow Control Valve:

Pump On / Off Switch and Indicator:

1. Ensure that drain valve is closed.

2. Keep the overflow valve open.

3. Fill the water into the sump tank.

8. Connect the power cord to the Electric Distribution Board.

9. Make sure that flow control valve is partially open.

15. Remove the pipes connected to modules.

16. Clean the bench with dry cloth.

A freestanding accessory to the Hydraulic Bench that allows hydraulic phenomena,

The flow rate measurement in a rectangular weir is based on the Bernoulli

q = 2/3 cd b (2 g)1/2 h3/2

q = flow rate (m3/s)

h = head on the weir (m)

b = width of the weir (m)

g = 9.81 (m/s2) - gravity

cd = discharge constant for the weir - must be determined

The Francis Formula - Imperial Units

q = 3.33 (b - 0.2 h) h3/2

q = flow rate (ft3/s)

h = head on the weir (ft)

b = width of the weir (ft)

Fig. Labyrinth Weir Fig. Broadcrested Weir

Fig. Sharp Crested Weir Fig. Rectangular Weir

A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed

Ventilation Of Rectangular Weirs

Fig. Ventilation of weir

Fig. Free Nappe

Fig . Depressed Nappe

Fig. Clinging Nappe

Demonstrator Model FM71

1. Flow beneath an undershot weir (sluice gate)

2. Flow over sharp-crested, broad-crested and ogee weirs

3. Using hydraulic structures to measure flow in an open channel

4. Effect of changes in upstream and downstream water level

control imposed by the minimum energy condition