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05.15 05.20 05.25
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05.45 05.50 05.55
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ñd¶‘Ü¶¶Zg‘¶Vm{bH$m &
H«$‘m‘: {df¶: g‘¶: A‘¡: {bIV
1 J{UV‘² àmV:H$mbo gmY©n#mdmXZV: Xem{YH$fS²>dmXZn¶©ÝV‘²&
2 ‘amR>r^mfm àmV:H$mbo qdeË¶{YH$-Aï>dmXZV: Xem{YH$ZddmXZn¶©ÝV‘² &
3 {dkmZ‘² àmV:H$mbo gmY©ZddmXZV: gnmX-XedmXZn¶©ÝV‘² &
4 g§ñH¥$V^mfm àmV:H$mbo n#mqdeË¶{YH$-XedmXZV: EH$mXedmXZn¶©ÝV‘² &
5 gm. emó‘² gm¶‘mbo Xem{YH$-gádmXZV: XemoZ-Aï>dmXZn¶©ÝV‘² &
6 AmL²>½b^mfm amÌm¡ Xem{YH$-Aï>dmXZV: nmXmoZ-ZddmXZn¶©ÝV‘² &
H«$sS>V-ZÝXV
gL²>»¶mH«$sS>m
EH§$ Ûo Ìr{U... B{V H«$‘oU gd} {‘{bËdm eVn¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶m: dXo¶w: & VV: nwZ: VXod AmdV©Zr¶‘² &
naÝVw Apñ‘Z² Adgao gdm©: {df‘gL²>»¶m: {ejH$: Ed dXoV² & N>mÌ¡ñVw Ho$db§ g‘gL²>»¶m: d³Vì¶m: &
A{J«‘o AmdV©Zo {ejH$: g‘gL²>»¶m: dXoV², ~mbmü {df‘gL²>»¶m: dXo¶w: & EVoZ gL²>»¶mä¶mg: gwð>w
^d{V &
gL²>»¶mboIZ‘²
$N>mÌmUm§ JUÛ¶§ H$aUr¶‘² & {ejH$ñ¶ g‘rno H¥$îU’$bH§$ ^doV² & {ejH$: ¶Xm gyM¶{V VXm
à{VJU‘² EH$: H«$sS>H$: AJ«o AmJË¶ H¥$îU’$bH$ñ¶ nwaV: {Vð>oV² & {ejH$: g§ñH¥$VoZ H$m{#mV² gL²>»¶m§
dXoV² & Vm¡ erK«m{VerK«§ Vm§ gL²>»¶m§ H¥$îU’$bHo$ {bIoVm‘² & ¶: AmXm¡ {bI{V Vñ‘¡ JUm¶ EH$: A‘:
XmVì¶: & (gL²>»¶m§ XodZmJar{bß¶m amo‘Z²-{bß¶m dm bo{IVw‘² Ah©pÝV &) - H«$sS>md„r-nwñVH$mV² &
5
gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &
1) dU©‘mbmYm[aV‘² -
A) CXmhaUÛ¶§ {bIV &
1. ñdam¡ 2. ì¶ÄOZo 3. ñdam{lVm¡ 4. H$ÊR>çm¡ 5. Vmbì¶m¡ 6. ‘yY©Ý¶m¡
7. XÝË¶m¡ 8. AmoîR>çm¡ 9. AZwZm{gHo$ 10. õñdñdam¡ 11. XrK©ñdam¡
Am) õñd-XrK©-ñdamZ² {bIV & B) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
õñdm: XrKm©:
H$R>moadUm©: ‘¥>XþdUm©: dJ©:
A
H²$ L²> H$ÊR>ç:
B©
N²> O² Vmbì¶:
C
Q²> S² > ‘yY©Ý¶:
G XÝË¶::
Y² Z²
n² AmoîR>ç:
B©) g§¶w³VñdamZ² {bIV &
A+B= A+E = C) AZwZm{gH§$ {bIV &
A+C= A + Amo =
dJ©: AZwZm{gH$‘²
D$$) ñdam{lVm¡ {bIV & H$ÊR>ç:
AZwñdma: --- Vmbì¶:
--- : ‘yY©Ý¶:
E) AmhË¶ dUm©Z² {bIV & XÝË¶:
ñdam: ì¶ÄOZm{Z dUm©:
AmoîR>ç:
13 + =
2) dmga-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & (AÚ, œ: . . . . .)

ø: AÚ íd:
a{ddmga: gmo‘dmga: ~wYdmga: ewH«$dmga: e{Zdmga:
6
3) Zm‘mYm[aV‘² - 4) YmVw-AmYm[aV‘² -
A) Zm‘Û¶§ {bIV & 1) àW‘/MVwW©/fð>/Xe‘-JUñ¶
A) AH$mamÝVñ¶ , n.n./Am.n. YmVwÛ¶§ {bIV & ¶Wm -
Am) AmH$mamÝVñ¶ ,
B) BH$mamÝVñ¶ , JU: n.n. Am.n.
B©) B©H$mamÝVñ¶ , 1 nR²>, , b^²
C) CH$mamÝVñ¶ , 4 , Hw$n² ‘Z²,
D$) F$H$mamÝVñ¶ ,
6 àÀN²>-n¥ÀN²>, ‘¥-{‘«¶²,
E) ì¶ÄOZmÝVñ¶ ,
Eo) ór{b“ñ¶ , 10 nyO², , ‘¥J²
Amo) nw§{b“ñ¶ ,
Am¡) Znw§gH${b“ñ¶ , 5) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡:/ A‘¡: {bIV &
(EH$V: eV§ n¶©ÝV‘² &)
Am) [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &
A‘m: Ajam{U
àm{Vn{XH$‘² AÝË¶‘² {b“‘² 15
Xod AH$mamÝV‘² 23
80
AH$mamÝV‘² Znw§gH${bL²>J‘²
64
‘mbm - fQ²>qÌeV²
87
H${d 42
BH$mamÝV‘² ór{b“‘² 58
- ZdgßV{V:
B©H$mamÝV‘² ór{b“‘² - gßVZd{V:
91
^mZw
6
CH$mamÝV‘² ór{b“‘² 18
32
CH$mamÝV‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² 88
4
{nV¥ nw§{b“‘²> 99
61
‘mV¥
- n#mmeV²
100
7
àW‘: nmR>: & AmÚH¥$fH$: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: &
F$½doXmV² Efm H$Wm CÕ¥Vm (F$.10.93.14) & doZ^ynVo: nwÌ: d¡Ý¶:
Ed n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: B{V ZmåZm kmV: & g: àOm{hVXj: AmXe©: g‘«mQ²> B{V ñ‘¥V:& x ^maVXoeo H¥${fjoÌñ¶
^maVXoeo n¥WwZm Ed H¥${fH$m¶ª àmaãY§, g§emo{YV§, {dH$mg§ à{V ZrV§ M& g d¡{eîQ>çm{Z H$m{Z ?
Ed H¥${f{dÚm¶m: OZH$: B{V ‘V: & AV Ed g: àW‘: H¥$fH$:& Y[aÍ¶m: x H¥${fà{H«$¶m{df¶o H$W¶V &
"n¥{Wdr' B{V Zm‘m{^YmZ§ n¥Wmo: H$m¶©ñ¶ ñ‘maH$‘²' B{V ‘Ý¶Vo ~wY¡:&
^ynmb: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: Zm‘ Yam¶m§ àW‘:

A{^{f³V: g‘«mQ²> & à¶mJjoÌo n¥WwZ¥nñ¶
amOYmZr AmgrV²& amÁ¶m{^foH$g‘¶o
MmaUm: n¥WwZ¥nñ¶ ñVwqV JmVw‘wËgwH$m: &
VXm n¥Ww: Amkmn¶V², ""{Vð>ÝVw MmaUm: !
¶mdV² ‘‘ gX²JwUm: Z àH$Q>r^dpÝV
VmdXh§ Z ñVmoVì¶:& ñVdZ§ Vw B©ídañ¶¡d
^doV² &'' ñVw{VJm¶H$m: n¥WwZ¥nñ¶
EVmX¥et {Z:ñn¥hVm§ kmËdm àgÞm:
A^dZ²&
EH$Xm n¥WwamO: ñdamÁ¶o ^«‘U‘²
AH$amoV² & ^«‘Ug‘¶o VoZ Ñï>§ ¶V² àOm: AVrd H¥$em: Ae³VmíM & Vm: àOm: newd‚mrdpÝV & {ZH¥$ï>mÞ§
ImXpÝV & VX² ÑîQ‰>m amOm {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: & VXm nwamo{hVmo@dXV², ""ho amOZ², YZYmÝ¶m{X gdª dñVwOmV§
dñVwV: dgwÝYam¶m: CXa Ed dV©Vo & VËàmá§w ¶Vñd &''
VXm n¥Ww^ynoZ VXWª YZw: g‚mrH¥$V‘²& VXm ^y{‘:
órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm Vñ¶ nwaV: àH${Q>Vm A^dV² AdXV² M, ""ho
amOoÝÐ! Vd {nVm Xþ:emgH$: doZamO: amOY‘©ñ¶ nmbZ§
ZmH$amoV²& VXm ‘¶m MmoabwÊR>H$^¶mV² YZYmÝ¶nwîn’$bm{Z
‘‘ CXao {Z{hVm{Z & Ëd§ Vw àOm{hVXj: Z¥n: & ¶{X Ëd§
à¶ËZoZ H¥${fH$m¶ª H$amo{f V{h© Ah§ àgÞm ^{dî¶m{‘&
AV: YZw: Ë¶O & I{ZÌm{U, hbmZ², Hw$ÔmbH$m{Z
b{dÌm{U M hñVo J¥hrËdm àOmOZ¡: gh H¥${fH$m¶ª
Hw$é&''
^y‘mVw: CnXoe§ ‘Z{g {ZYm¶ n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ZXrZm§
‘mJ©‘² AdéÜ¶ H¥${fH$m¶m©Wª Obñ¶ Cn¶moJ‘² AH$amoV²&
d¥{ï>Obg#m¶§ H¥$Ëdm Obì¶dñWmnZ‘² AH$amoV²&
^y{‘‘² Cd©aV‘m§ H$Vwª àm¶VV& VXZÝVa§ Vpñ‘Z² joÌo
OZm: YmÝ¶~rOm{Z AdnZ²& g Z¡Ho$ä¶: d¥joä¶:
{d{dYàH$maH$mUm§ ~rOmZm§ g‘ bZ§§ M¶Z§ M n[al‘oU
8
AH$amoV²& AZÝVa§ ~rOmZm§ g§ñH$aU§ H¥$Ëdm dnZ‘² AH$amoV² & nO©Ý¶mZÝVa§ ~rOoä¶: AL²>Hw$am: CX²^yVm:&
YmÝ¶bmôZ gd} àOmOZm: gÝVwï>m: M A^dZ²& Ef: H$ë¶mUH$mar Z¥n: n¥{Wì¶m§ àemgZo AJ«Ur: OZgodmd«Vr
M A^dV²&
n¥Wwd¡Ý¶ñ¶ AmXe©^yVm{Z H$m¶m©{U &
g§ajUì¶dñWm neyZm§ H¥$Vo a{jVm{Z V¥UjoÌm{U

Obì¶dñWmnZ‘² n¥Wwd¡Ý¶ñ¶ AÞXþ½YmXrZm§ ì¶dñWm
H¥${fg§emoYZ‘² OZgodm ZJaì¶dñWmnZ‘²
Amamo½¶gw{dYm: {ejUì¶dñWm
^mfmä¶mg:
1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &
A) MmaUm: {H$‘W©‘² CËgwH$m:? Am) ^«‘Ug‘¶o n¥WwamOoZ qH$ Ñï>‘²?
B) dgwÝYam¶m: CXao qH$ dV©Vo? B©) órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm n¥WwZ¥nñ¶ nwaV: H$m àH${Q>Vm A^dV²?
C) n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: H¥${fH$m¶m©Wª Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ§ H$W‘² AH$amoV²?
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
A) ^y‘mVm n¥Wwd¡Ý¶§ {H$‘² Cnm{XeV²? Am) Y[aÍ¶m: CnXoe§ ‘Z{g {ZYm¶ n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: qH$ {H$‘² AH$amoV²?
3. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & 4. nmR>çm§e§ n{R>Ëdm àdm{hOmb§ nya¶V &
A)
hbm: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ~rOmZm§
H¥${f-gmYZm{Z
Am) H¥$em:
n¥WwamOñ¶ àOm:
B)
YZm{Z AH$amoV²
^yå¶m CXao
{Z{hVm{Z
9
5. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &
A) à¶mJjoÌo n¥WwamOñ¶ amOYmZr AmgrV² & Am) àOm: newdV² OrdpÝV &
B) YZYmÝ¶m{X gdª dñVwOmV§ dgwÝYam¶m: CXa Ed dV©Vo &
B©) nO©Ý¶mZÝVa§ ~rOoä¶: AL²>Hw$am: CX²^yVm: &
6. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
A) n¥Wwd¡Ý¶ñ¶ {Z:ñn¥hVm§ kmËdm ñVw{VJm¶H$m: àgÞm: A^dZ² & (nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶§
{ZîH$mg¶V &)
Am) Ëd§ à¶ËZoZ H¥${fH$m¶ª H$amo{f & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo "^dmZ²' ¶moO¶V &)
B) Ëd§ YZw: Ë¶O & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo "^dmZ²' ¶moO¶V &)
B©) ^y‘mVw: CnXoe§ ‘Z{g {ZYm¶ n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: H¥${fH$m¶©‘² AH$amoV² & ("^y‘mVw:' ñWmZo "^y{‘' eãXñ¶ ¶mo½¶§
ê$n§ {bIV &)
C) àOmOZ¡: gh H¥${fH$m`ª Hw$é & (bH$ma§ {bIV &)
D$) Ah§ àgÞm ^{dî¶m{‘ & (b¥Q²> ñWmZo {bL²> à¶moJ§ Hw$éV &)
E) ^y{‘: órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm Vñ¶ nwaV: àH${Q>Vm A^dV² & (nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V&)
7. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
{deofU‘² H¥$em: Cd©am AmZpÝXVm: Xþ:emgH$: àOm{hVXj:
{deoî¶‘² n¥Ww: doZ: àOm: ^y{‘: àOmOZm:
8. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & d¥j:, ^y{‘:, amOm, YZw:, ZXr &
9. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & ñVw{V: , gX²JwUm:, àgÞm:, Ae³Vm:, nwaV:, H¥$em: &
10. H$: H§$ dX{V ?
A) {Vð>ÝVw MmaUm: & Am) VËàmáw§ ¶Vñd & B) Vd {nVm Xþ:emgH$: & B©) AV: YZw: Ë¶O &
11. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & $A) CXa Ed Am) newd‚mrdpÝV B) Ae³VmíM B©) nwamo{hVmo@dXV² &
12. A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) ^y{‘: órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm àH${Q>Vm &
Am) ^ynmb: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: Zm‘ Yam¶m: àW‘: A{^{f³V: g‘«mQ²> &
H«$sS>V-ZÝXV & AZÝË¶dm³¶aMZm

àW‘: ~mb: EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H$WZoZ H$ñ¶{MV² dm³¶ñ¶ Amaå^§ Hw$¶m©V² & {ÛVr¶:
~mb: àW‘oZ ~mbHo$Z Cº§$ eãX‘² Cƒm¶© Vñ¶ dm³¶ñ¶ AZwdV©Zê$noU ñd¶‘{n
EH§$ eãX§ ¶moO¶oV² & V¥Vr¶: V¥Vr¶‘² & MVwW©: MVwW©‘² Ed‘² AJ«o@{n & naÝVw
H$mo@{n dm³¶ñ¶ g‘mqá Z Hw$¶m©V² & ¶: VWm H$amo{V g: JUmV² ~mø: ^d{V &
CXm. - - - 1. H$pñ‘§{üV² - - - 2. H$pñ‘§{üV² J«m‘o - - - 3. H$pñ‘§{üV²
J«m‘o H$üZ - - - 4. H$pñ‘§{üV² J«m‘o H$üZ H¥$nU: - - -
AÌ "AmgrV²' B{V ¶{X CÀ¶Vo V{h© dm³¶§ g‘má§ ^d{V & ¶: VV² H$W¶{V g:
~mø: ^d{V & AV: g: Ho$Zm{n àH$maoU dm³¶‘² AJ«o@{n AZwdV©{¶Vw§ à¶ËZ§ Hw$¶m©V²
{ejH$: {H${#mV² gmhmæ¶§ H$Vw©‘² Ah©{V & - H«$sS>md„r-nwñVH$mV² &
10
{ÛVr¶: nmR>: & ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm &
{hVmonXoemV² ñdrH¥$Vm Efm H$Wm & {hVmonXoeñ¶ H$Vm© Zmam¶UnpÊS>V: &
{hVmonXoeñ¶ MËdma: {d^mJm: gpÝV & 1) {‘Ìbm^: 2) gwöX²ôX: x$$CÎm‘{‘Ìo Ho$ JwUm: ^do¶w:?
3) {dJ«h: 4) gpÝY: & J«ÝWo@pñ‘Z² newn{jUm§ H$Wm‘mÜ¶‘oZ Zr{VdMZm{Z
x g‘Q>g‘¶o {‘ÌoU gmhmæ¶§
~mo{YVm{Z & H¥$V{‘{V H$Xm{MX² AZw^yV§ dm?
ApñV EH§$ MånH§$ Zm‘ AaÊ¶‘² & AaÊ¶o {MÌm“moo Zm‘ ‘¥J: EH$mjmo Zm‘ H$mH$íM ñZohoZ {ZdgV:
ñ‘& EH$Xm {MÌm“: dZo ^«‘Z² Ho$Zm{n e¥JmboZ Adbmo{H$V: & jwÐ~w{Õ: Zm‘ g: e¥Jmb: ñdmW©hoVwZm ‘¥JoU
gh {‘ÌVm‘² EoÀN>V² & AñV“Vo g{dV[a jwÐ~w{Õ: ‘¥JoU gh ‘¥Jñ¶ {ZdmgñWmZ§ JV: & ‘¥Je¥Jmbm¡ ÑîQ‰>m
H$mH$mo@dXV², ""gIo {MÌm“! H$mo@¶§ {ÛVr¶: ?'' ‘¥J: A~«yV, ""Oå~yH$mo@¶‘² & Añ‘Ëg»¶‘² BÀN>{V &''
H$mH$: Cnm{XeV²², ""AH$ñ‘mXmJÝVwZm gh {‘ÌVm Z ¶w³Vm &'' VXmH$Ê¶© Oå~yH$: gH$mon‘² Amh, ""‘¥Jñ¶
àW‘Xe©Zo ^dmZ{n An[a{MV: Ed AmgrV² & ¶Wm¶§ ‘¥J: ‘‘ ~ÝYw: VWm ^dmZ{n &'' ‘¥J: A~«drV², ""Ab§
11
{ddmXoZ & d¶§ gd} AmZÝXoZ EH$Ì {Zdgm‘: &'' H$mHo$Zmo³V‘², ""Ed‘ñVw &''
{H${#mËH$mbmZÝVa§ e¥Jmb: ‘¥J‘² AdXV², "dZo@pñ‘Z² EH§$ gñ¶nyU©joÌ‘pñV & Xe©¶m{‘ Ëdm‘² &' VWm H¥$Vo
‘¥J: àË¶h§ VÌ JËdm gñ¶‘² AImXV² & VX² ÑîQ‰>m EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo joÌn{VZm nme: ¶mo{OV: & VÌmJV: ‘¥J:
nme¡~©Õ: & g: A{MÝV¶V², ""BXmZt {‘ÌmÊ¶od eaU§ ‘‘ &'' XÿamV² VV² ní¶Z² Oå~yH$: ‘Z{g AmZpÝXV>: &
gmo@{MÝV¶V², ""’${bV§ ‘o ‘ZmoaW‘² & BXmZt à^yV§ ^moOZ§ àmßñ¶m{‘ &'' ‘¥JñV§ ÑîQ‰>m A~«drV², ""{‘Ì,
{N>pÝY VmdÝ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘² & Ìm¶ñd ‘m‘² &'' Oå~yH$mo XÿamXodmdXV², ""{‘Ì, ÑT>mo@¶§ ~ÝY: & ñZm¶w{Z{‘©VmZ²
nmemZoVmZ² H$W§ dm d«V{Xdgo ñn¥em{‘?'' BË¶w³Ëdm g: g‘rn‘od d¥jñ¶ n¥ð>V: {Z^¥V§ pñWV: &
àXmofH$mbo ‘¥J‘pÝdî¶Z² H$mH$ñVÌmonpñWV: & ‘¥J§ VWm{dY§ ÑîQ‰>m g CdmM, ""gIo ! {H$‘oVV² ?''
‘¥JoUmo³V‘², ""gwöX²dm³¶ñ¶ AZmXamV² ~Õmo@h‘² & C³V§ M -
gwöXm§ {hVH$m‘mZm§ ¶: e¥Umo{V Z ^m{fV‘² &
{dnV² g{Þ{hVm Vñ¶ g Za: eÌwZÝXZ: &&''
H$mH$: A~«yV, ""g d#mH$: ¹$mñVo ?'' ‘¥JoUmo³V‘², ""‘Ý‘m§gmWu {Vð>Ë¶Ì¡d &'' H$mH$: C³VdmZ²,
""Cnm¶ñVmdV² {MÝVZr¶: &''
AW à^mVo joÌn{Vb©JwS>hñV: AmJÀN>Z² H$mHo$Zmdbmo{H$V: & V‘mbmo³¶ H$mHo$Zmo³V‘², ""gIo ‘¥J,
Ëd‘mË‘mZ§ ‘¥VdËg§Xe©¶ & dmVoZmoXa§ nya{¶Ëdm nmXmÝñVãYrH¥$Ë¶ {Vð> & ¶Xmh§ eãX§ H$amo{‘ VXm Ëd‘wËWm¶
gËda§ nbm{¶î¶go &'' ‘¥JñVW¡d pñWV: &
joÌn{VZm ‘¥J: Ambmo{H$V: C³V#m, ""Am:! ñd¶§ ‘¥Vmo@{g!'' g: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² ì¶‘w#mV² & VV:
H$mH$eãX§ lwËdm ‘¥J: gËda§ nbm{¶V: & V‘w{Ôí¶ joÌn{VZm {jáoZ bJwS>oZ e¥JmbñVmdX² hV: &
^mfmä¶mg:

A) AaÊ¶o H$m¡ {ZdgV: ñ‘ ? Am) H$mH$: {H$‘² Cnm{XeV² ?
B) ‘¥J: àË¶h§ joÌ§ JËdm {H$‘² AH$amoV² ? B©) jwÐ~w{Õ: Hw$Ì {Z^¥V§ pñWV: ?
C) e¥Jmb: Ho$Z hV: ?
2. $H$: $H§$ dX{V ?
A) "dZo@pñ‘Z² EH§$ gñ¶nyUª joÌ‘pñV &' Am) "{‘Ì, {N>pÝY VmdÝ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘² &'
B) "g d#mH$: ¹$mñVo ?'
3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

A) e¥Jmb: ‘¥JoU gh {‘ÌVm‘² EoÀN>V² & Am) àXmofH$mbo ‘¥J‘pÝdî¶Z² H$mH$: joÌo CnpñWV: &
B) g: d¥jñ¶ n¥ð>V: {Z^¥V§ pñWV: &
4. CÎmanX§ {bIV & 5. nyd©nX§ {bIV &
A) H$mH$mo@dXV² = H$mH$: + & A) ‘¥Jmo@~«drV² = + A~«drV² &
Am) ‘¥JoUmo³V‘² = ‘¥JoU + & Am) dmVoZmoXa‘² = + CXa‘² &
B) Oå~yH$mo@¶‘² = Oå~yH$: + & B) ‘¥Vmo@{g = + A{g &
12
A) ‘¥J: àË¶h§ VÌ JËdm gñ¶‘² AImXV² & (ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &)
Am) {_Ì {N>pÝY VmdÝ__ ~ÝYZ_² & (bH$ma§ {bIV &)
B) d¶‘² AmZÝXoZ EH$Ì {Zdgm‘: & (bQ²>bH$mañWmZo bL²>bH$ma§ ¶moO¶V &)
B©) Ëd§ nmXmÝñVãYrH¥$Ë¶ {Vð> & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo "^dmZ²' ¶moO¶V &)
C) ^dmZ{n An[a{MV: Ed AmgrV² & ("^dmZ²' ñWmZo "Ëd§' ¶moO¶V &)
D$) Ëd§ gËda§ nbm{¶î¶go & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo "^dmZ²' ¶moO¶V &)
7. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
9. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
{deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²
ÑT>: bJwS>oZ d³Ìm g§dmX§ ‘ob¶V
{jáoZ {XZo Oå~yH$: ‘¥J:
EH$pñ‘Z² ‘¥J:
bJwS>hñV: ~ÝY:
joÌn{V:
8. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & (‘ÄOyfm - Ìm¶ñd ‘m‘², Xe©¶m{‘ Ëdm‘²,
ÑT>mo@¶§ ~ÝY:, {N>pÝY ‘‘ ~ÝYZ‘²)
d³Ìm g§dmX§ ‘ob¶V

AaÊ¶‘²
‘¥J: H$mH$:
e¥Jmb: Zm‘m{Z H$mH$:
‘¥J:
(‘ÄOyfm - Ab§ {ddmXoZ, H$mo@¶§ {ÛVr¶:?,
Ed‘ñVw, Añ‘Ëg»¶‘² BÀN>{V &)
A) "g Za: eÌwZÝXZ:' B{V dMZ§ H$Wm¶m: AmYmaoU ñnï>rHw$éV &
Am) H$mHo$Z H$: Cnm¶: C³V$: ?
11. A‘aH$mofmV² g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) AaÊ¶o ‘¥J: H$mH$: M ñZohoZ {ZdgV: & Am) Oå~yH$: VoZ gh ‘¥Jñ¶ {ZdmgñWmZ§ JV: &
B) ‘¥J‘pÝdî¶Z² H$mH$: VÌ CnpñWV: &
12. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
ÑT>:, ‘¡Ìr, ~Õ:, à^yV‘² &
CnH«$‘ :
1. nmR>mV² CnnX{d^p³V¶w³Vm{Z dm³¶m{Z {MËdm {bIV &
2. nmR>mV² eV¥ê$nm{U {MËdm {bIV &
13
V¥Vr¶: nmR>: gy{³VgwYm& (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)
gy³V¶: Zm‘ gwdMZm{Z & gy³VrZm§ nR>ZoZ dm³MmVw¶ª dY©Vo & gy³VrZm§ à¶moJ: boIZo ^mfUo M à^md§
OZ¶{V & C³V‘od- {IÞ§ Mm{n gw^m{fVoZ a‘Vo ñdr¶§ ‘Z: gd©Xm
lwËdmÝ¶ñ¶ gw^m{fV§ Ibw ‘Z: lmoVw§ nwZdm©ÄN>{V &
AkmZ² kmZdVmo@ß¶ZoZ {h derH$Vwª g‘Wm©o ^doV²
H$V©ì¶mo {h gw^m{fVñ¶ ‘ZwO¡amdí¶H$: gL²>J«h: &&
{dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶ ê$n‘{YH§$ àÀN>ÞJwá§ YZ‘²

d¥Îm‘² - emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V‘² {dÚm ^moJH$ar ¶e:gwIH$ar {dÚm Jwê$Um§ Jwé:&
{dÚm ~ÝYwOZmo {dXoeJ‘Zo {dÚm na§ X¡dV‘²
{dÚm amOgw nyÁ¶Vo Z Vw YZ§ {dÚm{dhrZ: new:&&1&& -Zr{VeVH$mV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ê$n‘{YH$‘² = ê$n‘² + A{YH$‘² & 2) ~ÝYwOZmo {dXoeJ‘Zo = ~ÝYwOZ: + {dXoeJ‘Zo &
AÝd¶: - {dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶ A{YH§$ ê$n‘², àÀN>ÞJwá§ YZ‘², {dÚm ^moJH$ar ¶e:gwIH$ar (M) & {dÚm
Jwê$Um§ Jwé: & {dXoeJ‘Zo {dÚm ~ÝYwOZ: & {dÚm na§ X¡dV‘² & {dÚm amOgw nyÁ¶Vo Z Vw YZ‘² &
{dÚm{dhrZ: new: (Ed) &
{ZÝXÝVw Zr{V{ZnwUm ¶{X dm ñVwdÝVw
d¥Îm‘² - dgÝV{VbH$m bú‘r: g‘m{deVw JÀN>Vw dm ¶Woï>‘² &
AÚ¡d dm ‘aU‘ñVw ¶wJmÝVao dm
Ý¶mæ¶mËnW: à{dMbpÝV nX§ Z Yram:&&2&& -Zr{VeVH$mV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) Zr{V{ZnwUm ¶{X = Zr{V{ZnwUm: + ¶{X 2) AÚ¡d = AÚ + Ed &
3) ‘aU‘ñVw = ‘aU‘² + AñVw & 4) Ý¶mæ¶mËnW: = Ý¶mæ¶mV² + nW: &
AÝd¶: - ¶{X (A{n) Zr{V{ZnwUm: {ZÝXÝVw ñVwdÝVw dm, bú‘r: g‘m{deVw ¶Woï>§ JÀN>Vw dm, ‘aU‘² AÚ
Ed AñVw ¶wJmÝVao dm, (VWm{n) Yram: Ý¶mæ¶mV² nW: nX§ Z à{dMbpÝV &
AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU ~Ü¶ÝVo ewH$gm[aH$m:&
d¥Îm‘²- AZwïw>n² ~H$mñVÌ Z ~Ü¶ÝVo ‘m¡Z§ gdm©W©gmYZ‘²&&3&& -n#mVÝÌmV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU = AmË‘Z: + ‘wIXmofoU & 2) ~H$mñVÌ = ~H$m: + VÌ&
AÝd¶: - ewH$gm[aH$m: AmË‘Z: ‘wIXmofoU ~Ü¶ÝVo & VÌ ~H$m: Z ~Ü¶ÝVo & (¶V:) ‘m¡Z§ gdm©W©gmYZ‘² &
aWñ¶¡H§$ MH«§$ ^wOJ¶{‘Vm: gá VwaJm:
d¥Îm‘² - {eI[aUr {Zambå~mo ‘mJ©íMaU{dH$b: gma{Wa{n&
a{d¶m©Ë¶odmÝV§ à{V{XZ‘nmañ¶ Z^g:
{H«$¶m{g{Õ: gÎdo ^d{V ‘hVm§ ZmonH$aUo&&4&& -^moOà~ÝYmV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) aWñ¶¡H$‘²$ = aWñ¶ + EH$‘²$ & 2) ‘mJ©üaU{dH$b: = ‘mJ©: + MaU{dH$b: &
3) gma{Wa{n = gma{W: + A{n & 4) a{d¶m©Ë¶odmÝV‘² = a{d: + ¶m{V + Ed + AÝV‘² &
5) à{V{XZ‘nmañ¶ = à{V{XZ‘² + Anmañ¶ & 6) ZmonH$aUo = Z + CnH$aUo &
14
AÝd¶: - aWñ¶ EH§$ MH«§$, gá ^wOJ¶{‘Vm: VwaJm:, {Zambå~: ‘mJ©:, gma{W: A{n MaU{dH$b:, (VWm{n)
a{d: à{V{XZ‘² Anmañ¶ Z^g: AÝV§ ¶m{V Ed & ‘hVm§ {H«$¶m{g{Õ: gÎdo ^d{V, CnH$aUo Z
(^d{V) &
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² AënmZm‘{n dñVyZm§ g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m&
V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo ‘ÎmXpÝVZ: &&5&& - {hVmonXoemV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) AënmZm‘{n = AënmZm‘² + A{n &
2) V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo = V¥U¡: + JwUËd‘² + AmnÞ¡: + ~Ü¶ÝVo &
AÝd¶: - AënmZm§ dñVyZm‘² A{n g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m ({dÚVo) & (¶Wm) JwUËd‘² AmnÞ¡: V¥U¡: ‘ÎmXpÝVZ:
(JOm:) ~Ü¶ÝVo &
àW‘d¶{g nrV§ Vmo¶‘ën§ ñ‘aÝV:
d¥Îm‘²-‘m{bZr
{ea{g {Z{hV^mam Zm[aHo$bm ZamUm‘² &
XX{V Ob‘ZënmñdmX‘mOr{dVmÝV§
Z {h H¥$V‘wnH$ma§ gmYdmo {dñ‘apÝV &&6&& - {dH«$‘M[aVmV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) Vmo¶‘ën‘² = Vmo¶‘² + Aën‘² & 2) H¥$V‘wnH$ma‘² = H¥$V‘² + CnH$ma‘² &
3) gmYdmo {dñ‘apÝV = gmYd: + {dñ‘apÝV &
4) Ob‘ZënmñdmX‘mOr{dVmÝV‘² = Ob‘² + AZënmñdmX‘² + AmOr{dVmÝV‘² &
5) {Z{hV^mam Zm[aHo$bm ZamUm‘² = {Z{hV^mam: + Zm[aHo$bm: + ZamUm‘²
AÝd¶: - àW‘d¶{g nrV‘² Aën§ Vmo¶§ ñ‘aÝV: {ea{g {Z{hV^mam: Zm[aHo$bm: AmOr{dVmÝV§ ZamUm§
(Zaoä¶:) AZënmñdmX§ Ob§ XX{V & gmYd: H¥$V‘² CnH$ma§ Z {h {dñ‘apÝV &
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² KQ>§ {^ÝÚmV² nQ>§ {N>ÝÚmV² Hw$¶m©ÐmgâmohU‘² &

¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU à{gÕ: nwéfmo ^doV² &&7&& -hmñ¶mo{³V:
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) Hw$¶m©ÐmgâmohU‘² = Hw$¶m©V² + amgâmohU‘² & 2) nwéfmo ^doV² = nwéf: + ^doV² &
AÝd¶: - nwéf: KQ>§ {^ÝÚmV², nQ>§ {N>ÝÚmV², amgâmohU§ (A{n) Hw$¶m©V² & ¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU (g:) à{gÕ:
^doV² &
^mfmä¶mg:
ûcmoH$: 1
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
A) H$m Jwê$Um§ Jwé: ?
àÀN>ÞJwá§ &
Am) qH$ amOgw Z nyÁ¶Vo ?
B) $H$: new: Ed ? Jwê$Um§ &
{dÚm
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & na§ &
A) "{dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶' . . . B{V ûcmoH$mYmaoU Zañ¶ A{YH§$ &
{dÚm¶m: ‘hÎd§ {bIV &
15
ûcmoH$: 2. 4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
1. ‘ÄOyfmV: C{MV§ eãX§ {MËdm Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & "{H«$¶m{g{Õ: gÎdo ^d{V' B{V gy¶©ñ¶ CXmhaUoZ
Zr{V{ZnwUm: dm ñnï>rHw$éV &
ûcmoH$: 5.
g‘m{deVw dm
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
AÚ¡d dm A) H$m H$m¶©gm{YH$m ^d{V ?
({ZÝXÝVw, JÀN>Vw, ¶wJmÝVao, ‘aU‘², bú‘r:, Am) H¡$: ‘ÎmXpÝVZ: ~Ü¶ÝVo ?
ñVwdÝVw &) 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & A) AënmZm‘{n Am) V¥U¡Jw©UËd‘mnÞ¡~©Ü¶ÝVo
A) ‘aU‘ñVw & Am) AÚ¡d & 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & "g§h{V: H$m¶©gm{YH$m' B{V gyp³V§ ñnï>rHw$éV &
""Ý¶mæ¶mËnW: à{dMbpÝV nX§ Z Yram: &' B{V ûcmoH$: 6.
gy{³V§ ñnï>rHw$éV & 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
ûcmoH$: 3. A) gmYd: qH$ Z {dñ‘apÝV ?
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & Am) Zm[aHo$bm: qH$ ñ‘apÝV ?
A) ewH$gm[aH$m: Ho$Z ~Ü¶ÝVo ? B) Zm[aHo$bm: ^ma§ Hw$Ì dhpÝV ?
Am) Ho$ Z ~Ü¶ÝVo ? 2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & Zm[aHo$bm: ZamUm‘² CnH$ma§ H$W§ ñ‘apÝV ?
A) ~H$mñVÌ Am) AmË‘Zmo ‘wIXmofoU ûcmoH$: 7.
ûcmoH$: 4. 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) Za: qH$ {N>ÝÚmV² ?
A) ado: aWñ¶ H${V VwaJm: gpÝV ? Am) ‘ZwO: qH$ {^ÝÚmV² ?
Am) ado: gma{W: H$sÑe: ApñV ? 2. ûcmoH$mV² {bL²>bH$mañ¶ ê$nm{U {MËdm {bIV &
2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
A) aWñ¶¡H$‘² & Am) gma{Wa{n & "¶oZ Ho$Z àH$maoU' B{V C{³V§ ñnï>rHw$éV &
3. ‘ÄOyfmV: eãX§ {MËdm Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & 1. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
{dÚm, new:, YZ‘², bú‘r:, ewH$:, VwaJ:,
{Zambå~:
(‘mJ©:, gma{W:, Z^:, a{d:, g§h{V:, XÝVr, Vmo¶‘², {ea:,
VwaJm:
EH$‘², gá &) gmYd:, nQ>‘², amg^: &
MaU{dH$b:
2. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
MH«$‘² {dXoe:, àÀN>Þ‘², {ZÝXÝVw, Aën‘²,
4. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & CnH$ma:, gmYd:, amohU‘² &
aWñ¶ EH§$ & ‘mJ©: &
ado:
{H«$¶m{gÕm¡ àË¶yhm:
gá VwaJm: & MaU{dH$b: &
16
Aä¶mgnÌ‘² 1
(1, 2, 3 nmR>mZm‘² AmYmaoU)

1. dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm gË¶‘²/AgË¶‘² B{V {bIV &
A) ñVdZ§ Vw ‘mZdñ¶¡d ^doV² &
Am) n¥WwamO: àOm{hVXj: Z¥n: &
B) AH$ñ‘mV² AmJÝVwZm gh ‘¡Ìr ¶w³Vm &
B©) joÌn{V: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² ì¶‘w#mV² &
2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV &
A) e¥Jmb: ñdmW©hoVwZm gh ‘¡Ì‘² EoÀN>V² & (‘¥JoU/H$mHo$Z)
Am) ’${bV§ ‘o & (à¶moOZ‘²/‘ZmoaW‘²)
B) ~rOoä¶: AL²>Hw$am: CX²^yVm: & (nO©Ý¶mZÝVa‘²/erVH$mbmZÝVa‘²)
B©) àOm: AVrd AmgZ² & (H¥$em:/gwÑT>m:)
3. H«$‘oU ¶moO¶V &
A) 1. ZXr‘mJ©ñ¶ AdamoYZ‘² &
2. ^y‘o: Cd©arH$aU‘² &
3. Obì¶dñWmnZ‘² &
4. joÌo ~rOmZm§ dnZ‘² &
Am) 1. ^«‘Ug‘¶o VoZ X¥ï>§ ¶V² àOm: AVrd H¥$em: Ae³Vm: M &
2. nwamo{hVoZ Cnm¶: H${WV: &
3. VV² ÑîQ‰>m amOm {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: &
4. EH$Xm n¥WwamO: ñdamÁ¶o ^«‘U‘² AH$amoV² &
B) 1. nwamo{hVñ¶ CnXoeH$WZ‘² &
2. n¥Ww^ynñ¶ YZw: g‚mrH$aU‘² &
3. ^y‘o: H¥${fH$m¶©ñ¶ CnXoeZ‘² &
4. ^y‘o: órê$n§ Y¥Ëdm àH$Q>Z‘² &
B©) 1. ‘¥JH$mH$¶mo: ñZohoZ {Zdmg: &
2. H$mH$ñ¶ CnXoe:
3. ‘¥JH$mH$e¥JmbmZm‘² EH$Ì {Zdmg: &
4. e¥Jmbñ¶ ‘¥JoU gh {‘ÌVm &
C) 1. joÌn{VZm nme¶moOZ‘² &
2. e¥JmboZ _¥Jm` gñ¶nyU©joÌñ¶ Xe©Z‘² &
3. ‘¥Jñ¶ nme~ÝYZ‘² &
4. ‘¥Jñ¶ àË¶h§ joÌ§ J‘Z‘² &
D$) 1. ‘¥J: nme¡~©Õ: &
2. ‘¥J: gñ¶‘² AImXV² &
3. Oå~yH$: ‘Z{g AmZpÝXV: &
4. joÌn{VZm nme: ¶mo{OV: &
17
4. [a³VñWmZm{Z nya{¶Ëdm AÝd¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) nwéf: {^ÝÚmV² {N>ÝÚmV² amgâmohU§ Hw$¶m©V² &
¶oZ Ho$Z (g:) nwéf: ^doV² &
Am) AmË‘Z: ~Ü¶ÝVo & VÌ Z ~Ü¶ÝVo &
(¶V:) gdm©W©gmYZ‘² &
5. g‘mg{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
{MÝVmHw$b:, YZYmÝ¶nwîn’$bm{Z, MmoabwÊR>H$^¶‘², àOm{hVXj:, Obì¶dñWmnZ‘², {d{dY~rOm{Z,
H$ë¶mUH$mar, jwÐ~w{Õ:, ‘¥Je¥Jmbm¡, An[a{MV:, joÌn{V:, bJwS>hñV:, {dÚm{dhrZ:, Zr{V{ZnwUm:,
ewH$gm[aH$m:, ^wOJ¶{‘Vm:, MaU{dH$b:, {H«$¶m{g{Õ:, gH$mon‘², à¶mJjoÌ‘²
6. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dmŠ`§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: ñdàOm: ÑîQ‰>m {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: ¶V: &
1. Vñ¶ àOmOZm: nañna§ dmX{ddmX§ Hw$d©pÝV & 2. Vñ¶ àOmOZm: newdV² OrdpÝV &
Am) ^yå¶m YZYmÝ¶nwîn’$bm{Z ñd-CXao {Z{hVm{Z ¶V: &
1. doZ^yn: Xþ:emgH$: AmgrV² & 2. ^y{‘: ñd^mdoZ H¥$nUm AmgrV² &
B) n¥Ww^ynoZ ñdYZw: g‚mrH¥$V‘² ¶V: &
1. g: eÌw§ hÝVw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ & 2. g: YZYmÝ¶m{X gdª dñVwOmV§ dgwÝYam¶m: àmáw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &
B©) n¥Ww^ynñ¶ àOmOZm: gÝVwï>m: A^dZ² ¶V: &
1. Vo à^yV§ YmÝ¶‘² Ab^ÝV & 2. Vo à^yV§ gwdU©‘² Ab^ÝV &
C) e¥Jmb: ‘¥JoU gh g»¶‘² BÀN>{V ¶V: &
1. e¥Jmb: ‘¥J‘m§g§ Im{XVw‘² BÀN>{V & 2. e¥Jmb: ‘¥Jo pñZø{V &
D$) Oå~yH$: ‘Z{g AmZpÝXV: ¶V: &
1. ‘¥J: nmeo ~Õ: & 2. Oå~yH$ñ` AÝòZ gh {_ÌVm A^dV² &
E) joÌn{V: ‘¥J§ ~ÝYZmV² ì¶‘w#mV² ¶V: &
1. g: "‘¥J: ‘¥V:' B{V {MpÝVVdmZ² & 2. nme~Õ§ ‘¥J§ ÑîQ‰>m Vñ¶ öX¶§ H$éU¶m AÐdV² &
nR>V-~moYV
g_ñ`mny{V©:
{dOoVì¶m b‘ m MaUVaUr¶mo Ob{Z{Ya²
{dnj: nm¡bñË¶mo aU^w{d ghm¶mü H$n¶: &
VWmß¶oH$mo am‘: gH$b‘dYrÐmjgHw$b§
{H«$¶m{g{Õ: gÎdo ^d{V ‘hVm§ ZmonH$aUo &&
H«$sS>V-ZÝXV
ImXm{‘
{ejH$: ImÚdñVyZm§ Zm‘m{Z H«$‘e: dXoV² ¶Wm ’$b‘², AmoXZ‘², nm¶g‘² ................ & g:
EH¡$H§$ Zm‘ ¶Xm dX{V VXm H«$sS>H$m: gd}@{n hñV‘² CÎmmoë¶ "ImXm{‘' B{V Cƒ¡: dXo¶w: & {ejH$:
‘Ü¶o ‘Ü¶o H$Xm{MV² ImÚdñVyZm§ Zm‘m{Z {dhm¶ AÝ¶dñVyZm§ Zm‘ Cƒma¶oV² & ¶Wm ................
CËnr{R>H$m, nwñVH$‘² BË¶od‘² & VXm Vw H«$sS>H$: "ImXm{‘' B{V dX{V hñVmoÎmmobZ§ dm H$amo{V V{h© g:
JUmV² ~mø: ^d{V & - H«$sS>md„r-nwñVH$mV² &
18
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² ì¶ÄOZmÝVm: &
eãXg¥qï> ní¶V -
A‘Ë¶©: Am{XË¶:
{ZO©a: {ÌXe: {‘Ì: a{d:
A‘a: {d~wY: {XZH$a: ^mñH$a:
Xod: gwa: {XdmH$a: MÊS>m§ew:
à^w: ^JdmZ² gy¶©: ^mñdmZ²
^JdmZ² lr‘mZ² dV²/‘V² àË¶¶: ñdm{‘Ëd§ Xe©¶{V &

^mñdmZ² ep³V‘mZ² EVo dV²/‘V² àË¶¶mÝVm: &
[dÚmdmZ² ~w{Õ‘mZ²
JwUdmZ² Am¶wî‘mZ²
kmZdmZ² hZw‘mZ²
H$bmdmZ² H$s{V©‘mZ²
"dV²'- àË¶¶mÝVm: "‘V²'- àË¶¶mÝVm:
EVmZ² ì¶ÄOZmÝVmZ² AdJÀN>V &
{ea: AÜdm
({eag²) (AÜdZ²)
ì¶mo‘ njr
(ì¶mo‘Z²) (n{jZ²)
~«÷m {h‘dmZ²
(~«÷Z²) ({h‘dV²)
19
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1
AÝV‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

gH$mamÝVm: MÝÐ‘g² Aßgag² n¶g²
VH$mamÝVm: ‘éV² V{S>V² OJV²
dV²/‘V²-àË¶¶mÝVm: ^JdV²/lr‘V²
BÞÝVm: e{eZ² } B© àË¶¶§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm ZXr-eãXdV² ê$nm{U & OJV² - eãXdV²
¶Wm ^JdVr, lr‘Vr, e{eZr, ¶mo{JZr ^m[dZ²
AÞÝVm: amOZ²/AmË‘Z² - Zm‘Z²/dË‘©Z²
MH$mamÝVm: n¶mo‘wM² dmM² -
OH$mamÝVm: d{UO² òO² -
eH$mamÝVm: - {Xe² -
^JdV² - dV²àË¶¶mÝV§ {deofU§ nw§{b“‘² & lr‘V² - ‘V²àË¶¶mÝV§§ {deofU§ nw§{b“‘² &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
^JdmZ² ^JdÝVm¡ ^JdÝV: àW‘m lr‘mZ² lr‘ÝVm¡ lr‘ÝV:
^JdÝV‘² ^JdÝVm¡ ^JdV: {ÛVr¶m lr‘ÝV‘² lr‘ÝVm¡ lr‘V:
^JdVm ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^Jd{Ø>: V¥Vr¶m lr‘Vm lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘{Ø:
^JdVo ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^JdX²ä¶: MVwWu lr‘Vo lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘X²ä¶:
^JdV: ^JdX²ä¶m‘² ^JdX²ä¶: n#m‘r lr‘V: lr‘X²ä¶m‘² lr‘X²ä¶:
^JdV: ^JdVmo: ^JdVm‘² fð>r lr‘V: lr‘Vmo: lr‘Vm‘²
^Jd{V ^JdVmo: ^JdËgw gá‘r lr‘{V lr‘Vmo: lr‘Ëgw
ho ^JdZ² ho ^JdÝVm¡ ho ^JdÝV: gå~moYZ‘² ho lr‘Z² ho lr‘ÝVm¡ ho lr‘ÝV:
^JdV² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm:- j‘mdV², {h‘dV², ~bdV², X¶mdV², hZw‘V², ~w{Õ‘V², ep³V‘V² BË`mX`: &
JVdV², n{R>VdV², Ñï>dV², ZrVdV² BË¶mXr{Z H$V©[a ^y.Ym. {deofUm{Z "^JdV²' eãXdV² ànÚÝVo &
x e{eZ² = ee-BZ² (BZ² àË¶¶: ñdm{‘Ëd§ Xe©¶{V) "ee:' Zm‘ eeH$: & ee: ¶ñ¶ (A‘o$) ApñV g: eer &
e{eZ² - BÞÝV§ {deofU§ nw§{b“_² & ^m{dZ² - BÞÝV§ {deofU§ Znw§gH${b“_² &
eer e{eZm¡ e{eZ: àW‘m ^m{d ^m{dZr ^mdr{Z
e{eZ‘² e{eZm¡ e{eZ: {ÛVr¶m ^m{d ^m{dZr ^mdr{Z
e{eZm e{eä¶m‘² e{e{^: V¥Vr¶m ^m{dZm ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{d{^:
e{eZo e{eä¶m‘² e{eä¶: MVwWu ^m{dZo ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{dä¶:
e{eZ: e{eä¶m‘² e{eä¶: n#m‘r ^m{dZ: ^m{dä¶m‘² ^m{dä¶:
e{eZ: e{eZmo: e{eZm‘² fð>r ^m{dZ: ^m{dZmo: ^m{dZm‘²
e{e{Z e{eZmo: e{efw gá‘r ^m{d{Z ^m{dZmo: ^m{dfw
ho e{eZ² ho e{eZm¡ ho e{eZ: gå~moYZ‘² ho ^m{dZ²/ ho ^m{dZr ho ^mdr{Z
^m{d
e{eZ² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm:- ñdm{‘Z², àm{UZ², {dÚm{W©Z², em{IZ², ¶mo{JZ², g§Ý¶m{gZ², dm{OZ², lo{ð>Z² BË`mX`: &
20
MÝÐ: e{eZ²
MÝÐ: JJZo dV©Vo & amÌm¡ d¶§ MÝÐ§ ní¶m‘: & ¶Wm- eer JJZo dV©Vo & amÌm¡ d¶§ ní¶m‘: &
MÝÐoU Ed {Zem¶m: emo^m dY©Vo & Ed {Zem¶m: emo^m dY©Vo &
MÝÐm¶ gd} ñn¥h¶pÝV & gd} ñn¥h¶pÝV &
MÝÐmV² ‘mZdm: àH$me§ b^ÝVo & ‘mZdm: àH$me§ b^ÝVo &
gwYm§ew: eem‘:, MÝÐ‘m: BË¶oVm{Z gwYm§ew: eem‘:, MÝÐ‘m: BË¶oVm{Z
MÝÐñ¶ AÝ¶m{Z Zm‘m{Z & AÝ¶m{Z Zm‘m{Z &
MÝÐo H$b‘m: A{n gpÝV & H$b‘m: A{n gpÝV &
ho MÝÐ, ‘ø§ ‘Z:gm‘Ï¶ª ¶ÀN> & ho , ‘ø§ ‘Z:gm‘Ï¶ª ¶ÀN> &
AmË‘Z² - AÞÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & amOZ² - AÞÝV§ n§w{b“§ Zm‘ &
AmË‘m AmË‘mZm¡ AmË‘mZ: àW‘m amOm amOmZm¡ amOmZ:
AmË‘mZ‘² AmË‘mZm¡ AmË‘Z: {ÛVr¶m amOmZ‘² amOmZm¡ amk:
AmË‘Zm AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘{^: V¥Vr¶m amkm amOä¶m‘² amO{^:
AmË‘Zo AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘ä¶: MVwWu amko amOä¶m‘² amOä¶:
AmË‘Z: AmË‘ä¶m‘² AmË‘ä¶: n#m‘r amk: amOä¶m‘² amOä¶:
AmË‘Z: AmË‘Zmo: AmË‘Zm‘² fð>r amk: amkmo: amkm‘²
AmË‘{Z AmË‘Zmo: AmË‘gw gá‘r am{k, amO{Z amkmo: amOgw
ho AmË‘Z² ho AmË‘mZm¡ ho AmË‘mZ: gå~moYZ‘² ho amOZ² ho amOmZm¡ ho amOmZ:
OÝ‘Z² - AÞÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & Zm‘Z² - AÞÝV§ Zn§wgH${b“§ Zm‘ &
OÝ‘ OÝ‘Zr OÝ‘m{Z àW‘m Zm‘ Zm‘Zr-ZmåZr Zm‘m{Z
OÝ‘ OÝ‘Zr OÝ‘m{Z {ÛVr¶m Zm‘ Zm‘Zr-ZmåZr Zm‘m{Z
OÝ‘Zm OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘{^: V¥Vr¶m ZmåZm Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘{^:
OÝ‘Zo OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘ä¶: MVwWu ZmåZo Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘ä¶:
OÝ‘Z: OÝ‘ä¶m‘² OÝ‘ä¶: n#m‘r ZmåZ: Zm‘ä¶m‘² Zm‘ä¶:
OÝ‘Z: OÝ‘Zmo: OÝ‘Zm‘² fð>r ZmåZ: ZmåZmo: ZmåZm‘²
OÝ‘{Z OÝ‘Zmo: OÝ‘gw gá‘r ZmpåZ/Zm‘{Z ZmåZmo: Zm‘gw
ho OÝ‘ ho OÝ‘Zr ho OÝ‘m{Z gå~moYZ‘² ho Zm‘Z²/ ho Zm‘Zr/ ho Zm‘m{Z
Zm‘ ZmåZr
"AmË‘Z²'- AZwgma‘² - ‘hmË‘Z², AÜdZ², ¶ÁdZ², ~«÷Z², Aí‘Z² BË¶mXr{Z &
"amOZ²' - AZwgma‘² - J«mdZ², ‘yY©Z², ‘{h‘Z², J[a‘Z², b{K‘Z², gr‘Z² (ór.), ào‘Z² BË¶mXr{Z &
"OÝ‘Z²' - AZwgma‘² - H$‘©Z², dË‘©Z², ^ñ‘Z², ~«÷Z², gÙZ² BË¶mXr{Z &
"Zm‘Z²' - AZwgma‘² - ho‘Z², ì¶mo‘Z², ào‘Z², gm‘Z², Xm‘Z², Ym‘Z², bmo‘Z² BË¶mXr{Z &
* ~«÷Z² VWm ào‘Z² - nw§{b“o Znw§gH${b“o M dV}Vo &
21
dmM² - MH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & {Xe² - eH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &
dmH²$/dmJ² dmMm¡ dmM: àW‘m {XH²$/{XJ² {Xem¡ {Xe:
dmM‘² dmMm¡ dmM: {ÛVr¶m {Xe‘² {Xem¡ {Xe:
dmMm dm½ä¶m‘² dmp½^: V¥Vr¶m {Xem {X½ä¶m‘² {Xp½^:
dmMo dm½ä¶m‘² dm½ä¶: MVwWu {Xeo {X½ä¶m‘² {X½ä¶:
dmM: dm½ä¶m‘² dm½ä¶: n#m‘r {Xe: {X½ä¶m‘² {X½ä¶:
dmM: dmMmo: dmMm‘² fð>r {Xe: {Xemo: {Xem‘²
dm{M dmMmo: dmjw gá‘r {X{e {Xemo: {Xjw
ho dmH²$/dmJ² ho dmMm¡ ho dmM: gå~moYZ‘² ho {XH²$/{XJ² ho {Xem¡ ho {Xe:
"dmM²' eãXdV²- ËdM² (ór.), n¶mo‘wM² (nw§.) BË`mX`: & "{Xe²' eãXdV²- Ñe² BË`mX`: &
d{UO² - OH$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & òO² - OH$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &
d{UH²$/J² d{UOm¡ d{UO: àW‘m òH²$/J² òOm¡ òO:
d{UO‘² d{UOm¡ d{UO: {ÛVr¶m òO‘² òOm¡ òO:
d{UOm d{U½ä¶m‘² d{Up½^: V¥Vr¶m òOm ò½ä¶m‘² g«p½^:
d{UOo d{U½ä¶m‘² d{U½ä¶: MVwWu òOo ò½ä¶m‘² ò½ä¶:
d{UO: d{U½ä¶m‘² d{U½ä¶: n#m‘r òO: ò½ä¶m‘² ò½ä¶:
d{UO: d{UOmo: d{UOm‘² fð>r òO: òOmo: òOm‘²
d{U{O d{UOmo: d{Ujw gá‘r ò{O òOmo: òjw
ho d{UH²$/J² ho d{UOm¡ ho d{UO: gå~moYZ‘² ho òH²$/J² ho òOm¡ ho òO:
"d{UO²' eãXdV² - F$pËdO², {^fO² BË`mX`: &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
1) ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV &
* ñdamÝV‘² ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘²
{MÌ‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘² àW‘m E.d. àm{Vn{XH$‘² àW‘m E.d.
1. Z¥n amOZ², ^y^¥V²,
ú‘m^¥V²,
‘hr{jV²
2. ObX n¶mo‘wM²
22
2) MVwW©nX§ {bIV
A) dmUr - dmÊ¶m :: dmM² - & Am) Ob - ObmV² :: n¶g² - &
B) àmk - àmkmZ² :: Yr‘V² - & B©) ZXr - ZXrZm‘² :: g[aV² - &
3) dm³¶mW©‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A) ^y^¥V² n¥{Wdt aj{V & A) Jrdm©UdmUr Xod^mfm &
Am) ì¶mopåZ {dhm¶g: {dhapÝV & Am) {dœ§ ^JdVm g¥ï>‘² &
B) g§ñH¥$VdmJ²$ {d~wY^maVr & B) AmH$meo IJm: CS>²S>¶ÝVo &
B©) lrH¥$îUñ¶ ‘ñVHo$ ‘wHw$Q>§ ^m{V & B©) Jmo{dÝXñ¶ ‘ypÜZ© {H$arQ>§ {damOVo &
C) OJV² B©œaoU {Z{‘©V‘² & C) amOm ‘o{XZt à{Vnmb`{V &
4) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
1. ho‘ / àW‘m
2. {dÚmdÝVm¡ {ÛVr¶m
3. Ëd½ä¶m‘² V¥Vr¶m
4. ~«÷ä¶m‘² (nw§.) MVwWu
5. {^fO: n#m‘r
6. J«mìU: fð>r
7. ¶mo{Jfw gá‘r
8. hZw‘ÝV: gå~moYZ‘²
5) ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ ¶moO¶V &
A) grVm aËZhma§ ¶ÀN>{V & (hZw‘V²) Am) VmaH$m: emo^ÝVo & (ì¶mo‘Z²)
B) àOmnmbZ§ H$V©ì¶‘² & (amOZ²) B©) ‘‘ {‘Ìñ¶ Zgra: & (Zm‘Z²)
C) ho , qH$ H$adm{U ? (ñdm{‘Z²)
nR>V-~moYV-H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éV &
H$maH$m{U
1
H$Vm© 2H$‘© M 3H$aU§ 4gåàXmZ§ VW¡d M &
5
AnmXmZ-6A{YH$aU{‘Ë¶mhþ: H$maH$m{U fQ²> &&
eãXmZwH«$‘{UH$m
1
am‘mo h[a: H$ar ^y^¥X² 5^mZw: 6H$Vm© M 7MÝÐ‘m: &
2 3 4
8
VpñWdmZ² 9^JdmZ² 10AmË‘m Xe¡Vo nw§{g Zm¶H$m: &&
1
a‘m 2é{Ma² 3ZXr 4YoZwa² 5dmJ² 6Yr: 7g[aX²-AZÝVa‘² &
8
jwV² 9àmd¥Q²> M 10eaƒ¡d Xe¡Vo órfw Zm¶H$m: &&
1
kmZ§ 2X{Y 3n¶mo 4d‘© 5YZwa² 6dm[a 7OJV² VWm &
8
‘Yw 9Zm‘ 10‘Zmohm[a Xe¡Vo Vw Znw§gHo$ &&
23
nR>V-~moYV
g§ñH¥$V{XZg‘mamoh:
1969 V: lmdUnm¡{U©‘m-{XZ§ g§ñH¥$V{XZê$noU gånyU©^maVo AmM¶©Vo & 2000 V‘df©V: g§ñH¥$VmZwam{JU:
g§ñH¥$Vgámhñ¶ Amaå^‘² AHw$d©Z² & V{Þ{‘Îm§ lmdUnm¡{U©‘m¶m: nydª {XZÌ¶‘² AZÝVa§ {XZÌ¶§ M g§ñH¥$Vñ¶
{d{dYH$m¶©H«$‘mUm‘² Am¶moOZ§ ^d{V & lmdUnm¡{U©‘m¶m§ g§ñH¥$V{XZñ¶ AmMaU§ ^d{V &
g§ñH¥$Vgámh-H$m¶©H«$‘m: &
{XZ‘² $H$m¶©H«$‘m: &
01 àW‘§ {XZ‘² & {d{dYm: ñnYm©: - gw^m{fV-H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² /JrVm-H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² / Aï>H$-
H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² / {MÌdU©Z‘² / {Z~ÝYboIZ‘² / ñVmoÌ-H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² &
02 {ÛVr¶§ {XZ‘² & H«$sS>m: - gL²>»¶mH«$sS>m:, ^mfmH«$sS>m:, ñ‘aUH«$sS>m: &
03 V¥Vr¶§ {XZ‘² & ZmQ>ç-àñVwVrH$aU‘² &
04 MVwWª {XZ‘² & H$WmH$WZ‘² &
05 n#m‘§ {XZ‘² & JrVJm¶Z‘² - d¡¶{³VH§$ gm‘y{hH§$ M &
06 fð>§ {XZ‘² & g§ñH¥$VJrVmYmaoU Z¥Ë¶‘² &
07 gá‘§ {XZ‘² & àXe©Zr VWm g‘mnZ-H$m¶©H«$‘m: &
g§ñH¥$V{XZd¥Îm‘² &
g§ñH¥$VoZ ‘mZdOrdZ§ g’$b§ ^d{V & - lr‘mZ² AÜ¶j: &
gm“br - ({V{W: - lmdUnm¡{U©‘m) g§ñH¥$VJrVmYmaoU Z¥Ë¶m{Z àñVwVdÝV: & VW¡d
"gañdVr {dÚm‘pÝXa‘²' B{V H$m{bXmg-^mg-AmXrZm§ ZmQ>H$m{Z N>mÌ¡:
àembm¶m§ g§ñH¥$V{XZ{Z{‘Îm‘² Am¶mo{OV: A{^ZrVm{Z &
g§ñH¥$Vgámhg‘mamoh: gånÞ: & H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ A{V{Wd¶}U ^mfUo g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m:
àmaå^: XrnàÁdmbZoZ VWm à{V‘mnyOZoZ Eo{Vhm{gH§$, d¡km{ZH§$, gm{hpË¶H§$ ‘yë¶§ M
gÄOmV: & Apñ‘Z² g‘¶o g§ñH¥$VoZ à{Vnm{XV‘² & H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ AÜ¶j‘hmoX¶oZ
gañdVrñVdZ§ ñdmJVJrV§ M N>mÌ¡: JrV‘² & "d¡Xo{eH$mZm§ g§ñH¥$V{Okmgm' B{V {df¶‘²
àembm¶m: ‘w»¶mÜ¶m{nH$¶m àmñVm{dH§$ A{YH¥$Ë¶ ^mfU§ $$H¥$V‘² &
H¥$V‘² & V¶m g§ñH¥$Vgámhñ¶ ‘hÎd§ H$W{¶Ëdm Xe‘rH$jm¶m: N>mÌ: gd}ä¶: YÝ¶dmXmZ²
H$m¶©H«$‘ofw gh^m{JZm§ N>mÌmUm‘² A{^ZÝXZ§ ì¶mhaV² & H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ gyÌg#mmbZ§ N>mÌ¡: Ed
H¥$V‘² & g§ñH¥$Vgámh‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ N>mÌmUm§ g§ñH¥$VoZ H¥$V‘² & "à{V{XZ‘² EH§$ gw^m{fV§
nmbH$mZm§ M H¥$Vo g§ñH¥$Vgå^mfU{e{~a‘² H$ÊR>ñW§ H$amo{‘' B{V N>mÌ¡: g‘ pënV‘² &
Am¶mo{OV‘² & g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶m{nH$¶m Vñ¶ d¥ÎmmÝV: "àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V‘ÝXm{H$Zr' B{V JrVoZ
{Zdo{XV: & à‘wIm{V{W: g§ñH¥$VdñVwàX{e©Ý¶m: g‘mnZ‘² A^dV² &
CX²KmQ>Z§ H¥$VdmZ² & Apñ‘Þdgao N>mÌm:
CnH«$‘: - Apñ‘Z² df} ¶wî‘mH§$ {dÚmb¶o g§ñH¥$V{XZg‘mamoh: H$W‘² AmMaUr¶: B{V {df¶o {ejHo$U
gh MMmª Hw$éV &
24
MVwW©: nmR>: A‘yë¶§ H$‘b‘² &
^maVXoe: loð>mZm§ VÎd{MÝVH$mZm§ Xoe: B{V gd} OmZpÝV & Vofw AÝ¶V‘:
x$$YZmV² _hÎma§ qH$ qH$ Jm¡V‘~wÕ: & _m`mXoì`m: ewÕmoYZñ` M nwÌ: {gÕmW©: Vngm Jm¡V‘~wÕ: ~^yd &
{dÚVo ? ~m¡ÕY‘©ñ¶ àdV©H$mo@¶§ empÝVgÝXoe§ gd©Ì àggma & Vñ¶ OrdZo K{Q>Vm Efm KQ>Zm &
xJm¡V‘~wÕ{df¶o ¶y¶§ H$m:
H$Wm: OmZrW ?
AmgrV² gwXmgmo Zm‘ H${üXþÚmZnmb: & Vñ¶ VS>mJo H$Xm{MV² gË¶{n {e{ea-F$VmdoH§$ nÙ§ ì¶H$gV²,
ì¶moåZrd ~mbgy¶©{~å~‘² & gmo@{MÝV¶V², "Ahmo ‘{h‘m na‘mË‘Z:, ¶XoVmÑeo H$mbo@{VerVo {d^y{fVmo ‘o VS>mJ
EVñ¶ ga{gOñ¶ {dH$mgoZ & EVV² ga{gO§ {dH«$s¶mh§ {dnwb§ YZ§ àmßZw¶m‘²' B{V & Ed§ g{#mÝË¶ g VX² {dH«o$Vw§
amOgÙZ: nwaV: pñWV: & AÌmÝVao VoZ¡d AÜdZm H${üV² lr‘mZ² gmW©dmh: g‘m¶mV: & gmo@dXV², "^Ð,
^JdmZ² gwJV: gåàË¶oVpñ‘ÞJao dg{V & ‘hmË‘Z: Vñ¶ nyOmW©{‘X§ H$‘b‘ä¶W©¶o & VpËH$¶Vm ‘yë¶oZ XXm{g?'
CÚmZnmbmo@~«drV², "EHo$Z gwdU©ZmUHo$Z' & AW g gmW©dmh: ¶mdÎmV² H$‘b§ H«o$Vw{‘ÀN>{V, VmdXodmnamo
YZdmZ² loð>r A{n gwJVXe©ZmWª JÀN>Z² VÌ g‘wnpñWV: & ZraO‘yë¶§ n¥ÀN>ÝV§ V§ lo{ð>Z‘² CÚmZnmbmo@~«yV
"Ef ‘hm^mJ EH§$ gwdU©ZmUH$‘² EVñ¶mW} XmVw{‘ÀN>{V' & loð>r AJXV², "Ah§ Xe gwdU©ZmUH$m{Z ¶ÀN>m{‘' &
gmW©dmhmo@ÛV², "Ah§ eV§ gwdU©ZmUH$m{Z à¶ÀN>m{‘' & V¶mo{d©dmX§ lwËdm gwXmgmo ì¶‘¥eV² "¶ñ¶ H¥$Vo EVm¡
H$‘b‘oVV² H«o$Vw{‘ÀN>V:, ZyZ§ g gwJV Edm{YH$V‘§ ‘yë¶§ ‘ø§ XÚmV²' B{V & AV: g CÚmZnmbñVmd^mfV
"Z¡VX² ^mo {dH«o$Vw{‘ÀN>m{‘' B{V &
AW àmá: gwXmgñVXþÚmZ§, ¶Ì ^JdV: gwJVñ¶ {Zdmg: & VÌ dQ>d¥jñ¶mYñVmXoH$pñ‘Þí‘IÊS>o
g‘wn{dï> AmgrËg ‘hmË‘m & AZënoZ YmåZm amOVo ñ‘ Vñ¶ ^JdVmo dXZ‘² & VXmbmoH$¶V: gwXmgñ¶ {MÎmo
^{³VagmU©d CX{Vð>V² & g hñVñW§ ZraO§ ^JdV: gwJVñ¶ MaU¶moa¿¶ª H¥$Ëdm "Z‘mo ^JdVo' B{V dXZ²
g{dZ¶§ àmU‘V² &
25
V§ àgmXd{f©ä¶m§ bmoMZmä¶m§ {Zê$n¶Z² ñ‘¶‘mZ‘wInÙmo ^JdmZ² A^mfV, ""dËg, {H${‘ÀN>{g?'' B{V &
Ed‘² C³Vd{V gwJVo {Z[aÀN>: gwXmg: àË¶dXV², ""^JdZ² {H$‘Ý¶V²? Ho$db§ ^JdV: MaUH$‘bñne}Z
AmË‘m ‘o H¥$VmW©Vm§ b^Vm‘²'' B{V &
Ed§dm{XZ§ gwXmg§ "VWmñVw' BË¶~«drX² ^JdmZ² gwJV: & Ahmo à^md: gwJVñ¶, ¶Îmñ¶ Xe©Z‘mÌoU¡d
H$‘bmWª ~hþ‘yë¶‘noj‘mU: gwXmgñV{Ûñ‘¥Ë¶ gwJVMaUmä¶m§ VËH$‘b§ g‘{n©VdmZ² &
Ef gwJV: Ed ZZw ^JdmZ² Jm¡V‘~wÕ: &
^mfmä¶mg:
A) gwXmg: H$: AmgrV²? Am) nÙ§ H$Xm ì¶H$gV²?
B) nÙ§ H$sÑe‘²? B©) nÙ§ {dH«o$Vw§ gwXmg: Hw$Ì pñWV:?
C) loð>r H$‘bmWª {H$¶V² ‘yë¶§ XmVw‘² BÀN>{V? D$) ‘hmË‘m Hw$Ì Cn{dï>: AmgrV²?
2. $‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
A) gwXmg: {H$‘Wª H$‘b§ {dH«o$Vw§ Z BÀN>{V? Am)gwXmg: gwJVMaUmä¶m§ H$‘b§ {H$‘Wª g‘{n©VdmZ²?
3. $H$: H§$ dX{V?
A) "^Ð, ^JdmZ² gwJV: gåàË¶oVpñ‘ÞJao dg{V &' Am) "Ah§ Xe gwdU©ZmUH$m{Z ¶ÀN>m{‘ &'
B) "Ef ‘hm^mJ: EH§$ gwdU©ZmUH$‘² EVñ¶mW} XmVw{‘ÀN>{V &' B©) "dËg, {H${‘ÀN>{g?'
C) "Z‘mo ^JdVo &'
A) gwJV Edm{YH$V‘§ ‘yë¶§ ‘ø§ XÚmV² & Am) ^JdVmo dXZ§ YmåZm amOVo ñ‘ &
5. g{ÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (A) H${üXþÚmZnmb: (Am) MaU¶moa¿¶©‘² (B) gmo@dXV² (B©) BË¶~«drV² &
6. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & VS>mJ:, ZraO‘², gmW©dmh:, AU©d:, YZdmZ² &
7. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & {dnwb‘², ~hþ‘yë¶‘², H«o$Vw‘² &
8. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 10. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
A) V¶mo: {ddmX§ lwËdm gwXmgmo ì¶‘¥eV² &
{deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²
(nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &)
{dnwb‘² loð>r Am) Ëd§ {H$‘² BÀN>{g ?
lr‘mZ² YmåZm ("Ëd‘²' BË¶ñ¶ ñWmZo "^dmZ²' B{V ¶moO¶V &)
AZënoZ bmoMZmä¶m‘² B) ‘o AmË‘m H¥$VmW©Vm§ b^Vm‘² &
{Z[aÀN>: gmW©dmh: (bL²>bH$mao dm³¶§ n[adV©¶V &)
YZdmZ² YZ‘² B©) {e{ea-F$Vm¡ nÙ§ ì¶H$gV² &(~hþdMZo {bIV&)
A{YH$V‘‘² gwXmg: C) gwXmg: gwJVMaUmä¶m§ H$‘b§ g‘{n©VdmZ² &
àgmXd{f©ä¶m‘² ZraO‘² (dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
hñVñW‘² ‘yë¶‘² D$) Ah§ {dnwb§ YZ§ àmßZw`m_² & (bH$ma§ {bIV &)
9. A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) ZyZ§ g: gwJV: Ed A{YH$V‘§ ‘yë¶§ XÚmV² &
Am) VS>mJo {e{ea-F$Vm¡ EH§$ nÙ§ ì¶H$gV² &
B) {dnwb§ YZ§ àmßZw¶m‘² &
26
n#m‘: nmR>: g Ed na‘mUw: &
{dœñ¶ CËn{Îm{df¶o Z¡Ho$ {gÕmÝVm: à{Vnm{XVm: & Z¡Ho$ àmMrZm:
{gÕmÝVm: H$mbdeVm§ JVm: Z¡Ho$ ZyVZm: M d¡km{ZH¡$: ñdrH¥$Vm: & 'Atom' x {H$§ ¶y¶§ "{~J ~°“'
B{V eãX: gd}fm§ gwn[a{MV: Ed & AmYw{ZH${dkmZemñÌo 'Atom' B{V {gÕmÝV{df¶o OmZrW?
‘ybH$maU§ Ðì¶ñ¶ & g Ed 'Element' B{V ‘Ý¶Vo & àmMrZemñÌo Vw x {dkmZ-Aä¶mgH«$‘o ¶wî‘m{^:
'Atom' {df¶o qH$ qH$
"na‘mUw:' {Z{‘©Vo: ‘ybH$maU‘² B{V H${WV‘² & na‘mUmo: d¡{eîQ>çm{Z
n{R>V‘²?
‘h{f©Um H$UmX‘hmoX¶oZ d¡eo{fH$Xe©Zo H${WVm{Z & Apñ‘Z² {df¶o A{YH§$
g§emoYZ§ e³¶‘² &
(AU©d: OnmHw$gw‘§ J¥hrËdm à{de{V & Vñ¶ {nVm {dkmZñ¶ àmÜ¶mnH$: & g: nwñVH$nR>Zo ‘¾: &
Vñ¶ nmíd} CËnr{R>H$m¶m§ gyú‘o{jH$m dV©Vo &)
AU©d: - {nV:, Añ‘mH$‘² CÚmZmX² OnmHw$gw‘‘² AmZrV§ ‘¶m & {H$¶ÝV: gyú‘m: Vñ¶ namJH$Um: !
{nVm - gyú‘o{jH$¶m ní¶, Vofm§ H$UmZm§ aMZm‘² A{n Ðïw>§ e³Zmo{f ! (AU©d: VWm H$amo{V &)
{nVm - qH$ Ñï>§ Ëd¶m?
AU©d: - {nV:, AX²^wV§ VV² & gyú‘H$Uofw Vñ¶ A“m{Z
Ñí¶ÝVo &
{nVm - AU©d, EVm{Z nwînñ¶ A“m{Z Ëd§ gyú‘o{jH$¶m Ðïw>§
e³Zmo{f & naÝVw EVX² {dœ§ na‘mUwä¶: {Z{‘©V‘²& Vo
na‘mUd: Vw gyú‘o{jH$¶m A{n Z Ñí¶ÝVo &
AU©d: - na‘mUw: Zm‘ {H$‘²?
{nVm - AñVw & H$W`m{_ & ‘w{ï>‘mÌmZ² VÊSw>bmZ² ‘hmZgV:
AmZ¶ &
AU©d: - (VWo{V C³Ëdm nmH$J¥hmV² VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶{V &)
ñdrH$amoVw, ^dmZ² &
{nVm - AYwZm B‘§ VÊSw>b§ {dÔ &
AU©d: - VmV, {H$¶mZ² bKw: ApñV Ef: & ní¶Vw, EVñ¶ ^mJÛ¶§ ¶WmH$W‘{n H¥$V§ ‘¶m &
{nVm - BVmo@{n bKwVa§ ^mJ§ H$Vwª e³¶Vo dm?
AU©d: - ¶{X {H«$¶Vo V{h© MyUª ^doV² Vñ¶ &
{nVm - gå¶J²$ C³V§ Ëd¶m & ¶Ì EVX² {d^mOZ§ g‘mß¶Vo, ¶ñ‘mV² gyú‘Va§ ^mJ§ àmáw§ Z e³¶Vo g:
Ed na‘: AUw: &
AU©d: - Ðì¶ñ¶ ApÝV‘: KQ>H$: ‘yb§ VÎd§ M na‘mUw:, gË¶§ Ibw?
{nVm - gË¶‘² & A¶§ Ibw H$UmX‘hf}: {gÕmÝV: & A{n OmZm{g? na‘mUw: Ðì¶ñ¶ ‘ybH$maU‘² B{V
VoZ ‘h{f©Um à{Vnm{XV‘² & VX{n àm¶: {¼ñVnydª n#m‘o fð>>o dm eVHo$ &
AU©d: - VmV, ‘h{f©Um H$UmXoZ qH$ {H$‘² C³V§ na‘mUw{df¶o ? d¶§ Vw Ho$db§ Vñ¶ ‘hm^mJñ¶ Zm‘Yo¶‘²
Ed OmZr‘: &
{nVm - H$UmX‘w{ZZm à{Vnm{XV‘² - na‘mUw: AVrpÝÐ¶:, gyú‘:, {Zad¶d:, {ZË¶:, ñd¶§ ì¶mdV©H$:
M & "d¡eo{fH$gyÌm{U' B{V ñdJ«ÝWo VoZ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H¥$Vm &
27
AU©d: - H$m gm ì¶m»¶m?
{nVm - Ombgy¶©‘ar{MñW§ ¶V² gyú‘§ Ñí¶Vo aO: &
Vñ¶ fð>V‘mo ^mJ: na‘mUw: g CÀ¶Vo &&
AU©d: - Ah‘² EVX²{df¶o {dñVaoU n{R>Vw‘² BÀN>m{‘ &
{nVm - CÎm_‘²! œ: ‘‘ ‘hm{dÚmb¶‘² AmJÀN> & VÌ
H$UmX{df¶H$m{U Z¡H$m{Z nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV & Vd
{Okmgm {Zü¶oZ emå¶oV² &
^mfmä¶mg:

A) AU©d: nmH$J¥hmV² {H$‘² AmZ¶{V? Am) H$: na‘mUw:?
B) na‘mUw{gÕmÝV: Ho$Z ‘h{f©Um H${WV:? B©) ‘h{f©Um H$UmXoZ na‘mUw{df¶o qH$ à{Vnm{XV‘² ?
C) ‘hf}: H$UmXñ¶ ‘VmZwgma§ na‘mUmo: ì¶m»¶m H$m?
A) AU©d: OnmHw$gw‘§ J¥hrËdm à{de{V & (nyd©H$mbdmMH$‘² Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &)
Am) qH$ Ñï>§ Ëd¶m? (dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
B) d¶§ Vw Ho$db§ Vñ¶ ‘hm^mJñ¶ Zm‘Yo¶§ OmZr‘: & (dm³¶‘² EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &)
B©) Ah§ {dñVaoU n{R>Vw‘² BÀN>m{‘ & (dm³¶§ bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
C) ‘hm{dÚmb¶o H$UmX{df¶H$m{U nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV & (dm³¶‘² EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &)
D$) ^dmZ² ñdrH$amoVw & ("^dmZ²' ñWmZo "Ëd§' ¶moO¶V &)
E) Ëd§ Ðïw>§ e³Zmo{f & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo "^dmZ²' ¶moO¶V &)
E¡) ‘h{f©Um na_mUmo: ì`m»`m H¥$Vm & (dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
Amo) d¶§ ‘hm^mJñ¶ Zm‘Yo¶§ OmZr‘: & (dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
Am¡) gå¶J² C³V§ Ëd¶m & (dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
3. $ OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V 4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &
ñd¶§ ì¶mdV©H$: A) ‘h{f©: H$UmX: na‘mUw{df¶o qH$ à{Vnm{XVdmZ² ?
Am) "VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶' B{V {nVm AU©d§ {H$‘W©‘²
Am{Xï>dmZ²?
{ZË¶: 5. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
Hw$gw‘‘², {dœ‘², {nVm, Zm‘Yo¶‘², gy¶©: &
6. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² ‘ÄOyfmV: ApÝdî¶ {bIV &
gË¶‘² , ñ‘a{g, ~hÿ{Z, A{ZË¶:, g‘mZ:,
({ZË¶:, AgË¶‘², {^Þ:, Aënm{Z, {dñ‘a{g)
na‘mUw:
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7. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dmŠ`§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) EVX² {dœ§ {Z{‘©V‘² & (VÊSw>b¡:/AUw{^:)
Am) Ðì¶ñ¶ ‘ybH$maU‘² & (na‘mUw:/{dkmZ§)
B) AUwä¶: na‘mUd: & (gyú‘Vam: / ñWybVam:)
B©) aOg: ^mJ: na‘mUw: & (fð>V‘:/eVV‘:)
8. Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
~«÷ä¶m‘² V¥Vr¶m
dË‘m©{Z àW‘m
J«mìUo MVwWu
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
g§Ý¶m{g{Z gá‘r
~bdV: {ÛVr¶m
ËdMmo: fð>r
9. {H«$¶mnXVm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: bH$ma:
OrdV: àW‘: bQ²>
A^mfÜd‘² ‘Ü¶‘: bL²>
‘w#mm{Z CÎm‘: bmoQ²>
ñn¥h¶oV² àW‘: {d{Y{bL²>
Yma¶oWm‘² ‘Ü¶‘: bmoQ²>
{MÝV¶m‘h¡ CÎm‘: bmoQ²>
CnH«$‘: - {nVw: ‘hm{dÚmb¶§ JËdm AU©doZ H$UmX{df¶o H$m{Z H$m{Z nwñVH$m{Z Ñï>m{Z? VoZ {nÌm gh H$m
MMm© H¥$Vm? BË¶ñ¶ {df¶o g§dmX§ aM¶V &
H«$sS>V-ZÝXV
dm³¶{Z‘m©U‘²
~mbmZm§ n#m fQ²> dm JUm: H$aUr¶m: & gd}@{n {Z{üVo ñWbo
Cn{deo¶w: & à{VJU§ Ûm¡ Ì¶: dm ~mbm: ^do¶w: & {ejH$: à{VJU§ H$müZ
(n#mXe) {M{Q>H$m: XÚmV² & Vmgw àË¶oH§$ {M{Q>H$m¶m‘² A{n EH$: eãX:
VoZ nyd©‘od {b{IV: ^d{V & Vofw eãXofw Ho$MZ H$V¥©dmMH$m:, Ho$MZ
H$‘©dmMH$m: AÝ¶o Ho$MZ {H«$¶mdmMH$mü ^do¶w: & ~mb¡: Vofm§ eãXmZm‘²
Cn¶moJoZ {Z{X©ï>o H$mbmdYm¡ dm³¶m{Z aMZr¶m{Z & (gd} {‘{bËdm dm³¶m{Z
{MÝV¶o¶w:, Vofw AÝ¶V‘: Vm{Z {bIoV² &) ¶: JU: A{YH$m{Z dm³¶m{Z
aM¶{V Vñ¶ O¶: ^d{V & à{Vdm³¶§ H$V¥©-H$‘©-{H«$¶mg{hV§ ^doV² B{V
nyd©‘od gyMZm XmVì¶m & - H«$sS>md„r-nwñVH$mV² &
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fð>: nmR>: ¶w½‘‘mbm& (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)
g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË¶o eãX¶w½‘m{Z à{gÕm{Z & ¶Wm - ¶Xm-VXm, ¶mdV²-VmdV², ¶Ì-VÌ & CXm.
¶Wm amOm VWm àOm & eãX¶w½‘mZm‘² Cn¶moJoZ ûcmoH$ñ¶ dm³¶ñ¶ dm gm¡ÝX¶ª dY©Vo &
d¥Îm‘²-d§eñW‘² ¶Wm MVw{^©: H$ZH§$ narú¶Vo {ZKf©UÀN>oXZVmnVmS>Z¡:&
VWm MVw{^©: nwéf: narú¶Vo lwVoZ erboZ JwUoZ H$‘©Um&&1&& - d¥ÕMmU³¶eVH$mV²
AÝd¶: - ¶Wm H$ZH§$ {ZKf©U - N>oXZ - Vmn-VmS>Z¡: (B{V) MVw{^©: narú¶Vo, VWm nwéf: lwVoZ, erboZ,
JwUoZ, H$‘©Um (B{V) MVw{^©: narú¶Vo &
¶Ì {dÛ‚mZmo ZmpñV ûcm¿¶ñVÌmënYra{n&
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² {ZañVnmXno Xoeo EaÊS>mo@{n Ðþ‘m¶Vo &&2&& - gL²>J«hmV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ZmpñV = Z + ApñV & 2) ûcm¿¶ñVÌmënYra{n = ûcm¿¶: + VÌ + AënYr: +
A{n & 3) EaÊS>mo@{n = EaÊS>: + A{n &
AÝd¶: - ¶Ì {dÛ‚mZ: Z ApñV, VÌ AënYr: A{n ûcm¿¶: (^d{V) & (¶Wm) {ZañVnmXno Xoeo EaÊS>:
A{n Ðþ‘m¶Vo &
¶Xm {H${#mÁkmo@h§ {Ûn Bd ‘XmÝY: g‘^d§
VXm gd©kmo@ñ‘rË¶^dXd{bá§ ‘‘ ‘Z: &
d¥Îm‘²-{eI[aUr ¶Xm {H${#mpËH${#mX² ~wYOZgH$memXdJV§
VXm ‘yIm}@ñ‘r{V Áda Bd ‘Xmo ‘o ì¶nJV: &&3&& - Zr{VeVH$mV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) {H${#mÁkmo@h‘² = {H${#mÁk: + Ah‘² & 2) gd©kmo@ñ‘rË¶^dXd{bá‘² = gd©k: +
Apñ‘ + B{V + A^dV² + Ad{bá‘² & 3) {H${#mpËH${#mX² ~wYOZgH$memXdJV‘² =
{H${#mV² + {H${#mV² + ~wYOZgH$memV² + AdJV‘² & 4) ‘yIm}@ñ‘r{V = ‘yI©: + Apñ‘
+ B{V &
AÝd¶: - ¶Xm Ah§ {H${#mÁk: (VXm) (Ah§) {Ûn: Bd ‘XmÝY: g‘^d‘² & VXm ‘‘ ‘Z: "gd©k: Apñ‘'
B{V Ad{bá‘² A^dV² & ¶Xm ~wYOZgH$memV² {H${#mV² {H${#mV² AdJV‘² VXm (Ah§) ‘yI©:
Apñ‘ (B{V kmËdm) ‘o ‘X: Áda: Bd ì¶nJV: &
VmdX² ^¶m{Õ ôVì¶§ ¶mdX² ^¶‘ZmJV‘²&
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² AmJV§ Vw ^¶§ drú¶ Za: Hw$¶m©X² ¶Wmo{MV‘²&&4&& - n#mVÝÌmV²
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) ^¶m{Õ = ^¶mV² + {h & 2) ^¶‘ZmJV‘² = ^¶‘² + AZmJV‘² &
AÝd¶: - ¶mdV² ^¶‘² AZmJV§ VmdV² {h ^¶mV² ôVì¶‘² & (VWm{n) AmJV§ Vw ^¶§ drú¶ Za: ¶Wmo{MV§ Hw$¶m©V² &
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² CÎm‘mo Zm{Vd³Vm ñ¶mXY‘mo ~hw ^mfVo&

gwdU} Z Üd{ZñVmÑ½¶mÑ¸$m§ñ¶o àOm¶Vo&&5&&
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) CÎm‘mo Zm{Vd³Vm = CÎm‘: + Z + A{Vd³Vm & 2) ñ¶mXY‘mo ~hw = ñ¶mV² + AY‘: + ~hþ &
3) Üd{ZñVmÑ½¶mÑ¸$m§ñ¶o = Üd{Z: + VmÑH²$ + ¶mÑH²$ + H$m§ñ¶o &
AÝd¶: - CÎm‘: A{Vd³Vm Z ñ¶mV², AY‘: ~hþ ^mfVo & ¶mÑH²$ H$m§ñ¶o (Üd{Z:) àOm¶Vo VmÑH²$ gwdU}
Üd{Z: Z (àOm¶Vo) &
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¶mÑe§ dnVo ~rO§ joÌ‘mgmÚ H$f©H$: &
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² gwH¥$Vo XþîH¥$Vo dm@{n VmÑe§ b^Vo ’$b‘² &&6&&
gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) joÌ‘mgmÚ = joÌ‘² + AmgmÚ & 2) dm@{n = dm + A{n &
AÝd¶: - H$f©H$: joÌ‘² AmgmÚ ¶mÑe§ ~rO§ dnVo (VmÑe§ ’$b§ b^Vo) & (VW¡d ‘Zwî¶:) gwH¥$Vo dm XþîH¥$Vo
dm A{n VmÑe§ (Bï>‘² A{Zï>§ dm) ’$b§ b^Vo &
^mfmä¶mg:
ûcmoH$: 1 ûcmoH$: 3.
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) H$ZH$narjm H$W§ ^d{V? A) ‘Zwî¶: {Ûn Bd ‘XmÝY: H$Xm ^d{V?
Am) nwéfnarjm H$W§ ^d{V? Am) "‘yI©: Apñ‘' B{V ‘Zwî¶oU Hw$V: AdJV‘²?
2. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
A) (A) {H${#mÁkmo@h‘² (Am) A^dXd{bá‘² &
N>oX>ZoZ 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
H$Xm ‘X: ì¶nJÀN>{V?
H$ZH$narjm
ûcmoH$ : 4.
A) AmJV§ ^¶§ drú¶ Za: qH$ Hw$¶m©V²?
Am) nwéfnarjm 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
^¶m{Õ &
ûcmoH$: 5.
JwUoZ
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV
3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) $H$: ~hþ ^mfVo?
"¶Wm MVw{^©:' B{V íbmoH$ñ¶ ñnï>rH$aU§ {bIV & 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
4. A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & A) ñ¶mXY‘: &
OZ¡: H$ZH§$ narú¶Vo & ûcmoH$: 6.
ûcmoH$: 2. 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) H$f©H$: H$rÑe§ ’$b§ b^Vo?
A) AënYr: Hw$Ì ûcm¿¶: ^d{V? 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
Am) EaÊS>: Hw$Ì Ðþ‘m¶Vo? (A) joÌ‘mgmÚ (Am) dm@{n &
2. gpÝY-{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
A) ûcm¿¶ñVÌ Am) AënYra{n & ‘Zwî¶: ñdH$‘©U: H$sÑe§ ’$b§ b^Vo?
3. A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & 4. A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
¶Ì EH$: A{n nmXn: ZmpñV VÌ EaÊS>: Ðþ‘m¶Vo & H$f©H$: ~rO§ dnVo &
31
1) g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & 5) C{MV§ eãX¶w½‘§ ¶moO¶V & (¶Ì-VÌ,
H$ZH$‘², {dÛmZ², nmXn:, AY‘: & ¶{X-V{h©, ¶Xm-VXm, ¶Wm-VWm)
2) {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & A) AÜ¶mnH$: Z AmJÀN>{V
JwU:, {dÛmZ², CÎm‘:, gwH¥$V‘² & N>mÌm: ñdmÜ¶m¶§ Hw$d©pÝV &
3) MVwW©nX§ {bIV & Am) Yy‘: d{•: &
A) ‘Z: - MoV: :: AdJV‘² - B) AmH$meo ‘oKm: JO©pÝV
Am) ~wYOZ: - kmZr :: ‘yI©: - ‘¶ya: Z¥Ë¶{V &
B) Za: - ‘Zwî¶: :: C{MV‘² - B©) {dMma: dV©Z‘² &
B©) drú¶ - ÑîQ‰>m :: ^¶‘² - C) gy¶©: CXo{V {díd§
4) g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & & àH$me‘¶§ ^d{V &
gwdU©‘² loð>: D$) eH©$am {nnr{bH$m: &
CÎm‘: ì¶má‘² E) g‚mZm: dXpÝV Hw$d©pÝV &
Ad{bá‘² eãX: Eo) ~mbH$: ì¶m¶m‘§ H$[aî¶{V
Üd{Z: ho‘ g: gwÑT>: ^{dî¶{V &
H«$sS>V-ZÝXV
nÚH«$sS>m
1. EH$: JU: gw^m{fVñ¶ EH§$ MaU§ dX{V & Ana: JU: ûcmoH$mYª nyUª H$amo{V &
2. nXJ«hU‘² - EHo$Zmo³VmV² ûcmoH$mYm©V² EH§$ nX§ ñdrH¥$Ë¶ Ana: JU: AÝ¶§ ûcmoH$mYª ûcmoH$nmX§
dm H$W¶{V &
ûcmoH$mÝË¶mjar
$H«$sS>H$mZm§ JUÛ¶§ ^doV² & AmXm¡ àW‘JUr¶ofw AÝ¶V‘: EH§$ ûcmoH§$ dXoV² & VXm
{ÛVr¶JUr¶ofw AÝ¶V‘: VmÑe‘² EH§$ ûcmoH§$ dXoV², ¶ñ¶ M Amaå^: AÝ¶JUr¶oZ C³Vñ¶
ûcmoH$ñ¶ ApÝV‘oZ AjaoU ^d{V & - H«$sS>md„r-nwñVH$mV² &
32
Aä¶mgnÌ‘² 2

A) gwXmg: ‘mbmH$ma AmgrV² &
Am) gwJV: gwXmgm¶ H$‘bmW©‘² A{YH$‘yë¶§ ¶ÀN>{V &
B) H$‘bñ¶ {dH$mgoZ VS>mJ: {d^y{fV: & B©) EVX² {dœ‘² AUw{^: {Z{‘©V‘² &
C) Ðì¶ñ¶ Am{X‘: KQ>H$: na‘mUw: ApñV & D$) AU©d: joÌmV² VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶{V &
2. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) {e{ea-F$Vm¡ EH§$ ì¶H$gV² & (nÙ‘²/OnmHw$gw‘‘²)
Am) Ahmo ‘{h‘m & (na‘mË‘Z:/‘mZdñ¶)
B) nyOmW©{‘X§ H$‘b‘² & ({dH«$sUo/Aä¶W©¶o)
B©) Ah§ Xe ¶ÀN>m{‘ & (éß¶H$m{U/gwdU©ZmUH$m{Z)
C) AU©d: J¥hrËdm à{de{V & (OnmHw$gw‘‘²/H$‘b‘²)
E) EVX² {dœ§ {Z{‘©V‘² & (AUw{^:/VÊSw>b¡:)
3. H«$‘oU ¶moO¶V &
A) 1. lo{ð>Z: gmW©dmhñ` M {ddmX: & 2. {e{ea-F$Vm¡ nÙñ¶ {dH$mg: &
3. gwXmg: {dH«$¶UmWª amOgÙZ: nwaV: pñWV: & 4. gwXmgñ¶ YZàmáo: BÀN>m &
Am) 1. gwJVMaUmä¶m§ H$‘bñ¶ g‘n©U‘² & 2. gwXmgñ¶ gwJVXe©Z‘² &
3. gwJVñ¶ Amerdm©XàXmZ‘² & 4. gwJVXe©ZmV² ~hþ_yë`ñ` Anojm`m: {dñ_aU_² &
B) 1. {nVw: ñdñ¶ ‘hm{dÚmb¶o {Z‘ÝÌU‘² & 2. "d¡eo{fH$gyÌm{U' B{V J«ÝW{df¶o MMm© &
3. {nÌm H$UmX‘hf}: {gÕmÝV{df¶o H$WZ‘² & 4. AU©dñ¶ {dñVaoU nR>Zñ¶ BÀN>m &
~mbgy¶©{~å~‘², amOgÙ, nyOmW©‘², ^p³VagmU©d:, g{dZ¶‘², nwñVH$nR>Z‘², namJH$Um:,
gyú‘H$Um:, H$UmX‘w{Z:, na‘mUw:, AënYr:, ‘XmÝY:, {H${#mÁk:, CÚmZnmb:, {e{ea-F$Vw:,
ZraO‘², Xe©ZmW©‘², ‘hmË‘m, Aí‘IÊS>:, hñVñW‘², OnmHw$gw‘‘² &
5. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MZwV &
A) gwXmg: amOgX²‘Z: nwaV: pñWV: ¶V: &
1. g: ga{gO§ {dH«o$Vw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ & 2. g: amOmZ§ Ðïw>‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &
Am) gmW©dmh: gwXmgm¶ eVgwdU©ZmUH$m{Z XmVw‘² CÚw³V: ¶V: &
1. g: gwXmgñ¶ gmhmæ¶§ H$Vw©‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ & 2. g: gwXmgmV² H$‘b§ H«o$Vw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &
B) gwXmg: ZraO§ gwJVMaUmä¶m§ g_{n©VdmZ² ¶V: &
1.gwJV: gwXmgm¶ A{YH§$ YZ§ ¶ÀN>{V & 2. gwXmgñ¶ ‘Z{g ^p³Vag: AOm¶V &
B©) {nVm AU©dm¶ ñd‘hm{dÚmb¶‘² AmJÝVw§ H$W¶{V ¶V: &
1. {nVw: ‘hm{dÚmb¶o H$UmX{df¶H$m{Z nwñVH$m{Z gpÝV &
2. {nVw: ‘hm{dÚmb¶o ñZoh-gå‘obZ‘² ApñV &
33
6. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & 7. ñWmZmYmaoU eãXno{Q>H$m§ nya¶V &
d³Ìm g§dmX§ ‘ob¶V
gmW©dmh: CÚmZnmb:
(‘ÄOyfm - EHo$Z gwdU©ZmUHo$Z, Ah§ eV§

(dQ>d¥j:, ZJa‘², Aí‘IÊS>:, CÚmZ‘²)
gwdU©ZmUH$m{Z à¶ÀN>m{‘, Z¡VX² {dH«o$Vw{‘ÀN>m{‘,
VV² {H$¶Vm ‘yë¶oZ XXm{g?)
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
Aßgamoä¶m‘² V¥Vr¶m
X¶mdV: fð>r
Ñ½ä¶m‘² MVwWu
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:

em{IZm¡ àW‘m
a‚mdo MVwWu
g{dVa‘² {ÛVr¶m
nR>V-~moYV
g{Vgá‘r - aMZm
"g{Vgá‘r' B{V g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: gm¡ÝX¶©nyUm© {deofaMZm & ¶Wm -
1) AñV“Vo g{dV[a jwÐ~w{Õ: ‘¥JoU gh ‘¥Jñ¶ {ZdmgñWmZ§ JV: &
2) Vñ¶ VS>mJo gË¶{n {e{ea-F$Vm¡ EH§$ nÙ§ ì¶H$gV² &
3) Ed‘² C³Vd{V gwJVo {Z[aÀN>: gwXmg: àË¶dXV² &
34
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² bH$maOJV² - (A) YmVd…& ìhm°Q>²g²-A°n-JUmbmn:
({ÛVr¶… g‘yh…)
e¥ÊdÝVw e¥ÊdÝVw ! Apñ‘Z² df} n¶©Q>ZmWª d¶§

gd©o VmS>mo~m-A^¶maÊ¶§ ¶m‘: B{V {Z{üV‘² & 3
A‘o¶:
Ëd§ H$W‘² AOmZm:? AÝ¶H$jmÀN>mÌm: VWm ~«wdVo & AÜ¶mnH$H$jo
gm{ZH$m A{n VWm MMm©‘² Ae¥Ud‘² & 3
V{h© gË¶dMZ‘² &
Am¶m©
Ah‘² Adí¶§ ¶m{‘ &
A{X{V:
gd} Am¶mpÝV MoV² Ah‘{n E{‘ &
AÚ Amaä¶ Ed {gÕVm§ Hw$‘©: & 3
Am¶m©
Ah§ H$ÝXþH$‘²‘²² ,Omb¶{ï>H$m§ ¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$m¡ A{n AmZ¶m{‘ &
nmW©:
Ah§ Q>mo{nH$m§ H«$sUm{‘ &
Am{XË¶:
Anyn§ bmOmZ² gw{nï>H$m{Z A{n
H«$sUr{h & MmH$bohmZ² A{n J¥hmU &
gm{ZH$m
Am{XË¶: Vw gd©Xm ImXZ{df¶o Ed ~«dr{V & AV: Ed nrZ: &
Am{XË¶:
^dVw , V{h© Ah‘² EH$mH$s Ed ^moú¶o, Z Xmñ¶m{‘ H$ñ‘¡ A{n &
A‘o¶:
ì¶mK«Xe©Z§ VÌ à‘wI‘² AmH$f©U‘², Ah§ ‘‘ AJ«OmV²
{MÌJ«mhH§$ àmßZmo{‘ & H$aXrn‘² A{n &
{H$ÝVw A‘o¶, ¶: OmJ{V© g: Ed ì¶mK«§
ní¶{V & Ëd§ Vw dJ} A{n ñd{n{f & 3
35
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2
(A) YmVwVm{bH$m: ({ÛVr¶: g‘yh:)
km (9 C.n.)
nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
OmZm{V OmZrV: OmZpÝV àW‘: OmZrVo OmZmVo OmZVo
OmZm{g OmZrW: OmZrW ‘Ü¶‘: OmZrfo OmZmWo OmZrÜdo
OmZm{‘ OmZrd: OmZr‘: CÎm‘: OmZo OmZrdho OmZr‘ho
nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
AOmZmV² AOmZrVm‘² AOmZZ² àW‘: AOmZrV AOmZmVm‘² AOmZV
AOmZm: AOmZrV‘² AOmZrV ‘Ü¶‘: AOmZrWm: AOmZmWm‘² AOmZrÜd‘²
AOmZm‘² AOmZrd AOmZr‘ CÎm‘: AOm{Z AOmZrd{h AOmZr‘{h
nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
OmZmVw OmZrVm‘² OmZÝVw àW‘: OmZrVm‘² OmZmVm‘² OmZVm‘²
OmZr{h OmZrV‘² OmZrV ‘Ü¶‘: OmZrîd OmZmWm‘² OmZrÜd‘²
OmZm{Z OmZmd OmZm‘ CÎm‘: OmZ¡ OmZmdh¡ OmZm‘h¡
nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
OmZr¶mV² OmZr¶mVm‘² OmZr¶w: àW‘: OmZrV OmZr¶mVm‘² OmZraZ²
OmZr¶m: OmZr¶mV‘² OmZr¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: OmZrWm: OmZr¶mWm‘² OmZrÜd‘²
OmZr¶m‘² OmZr¶md OmZr¶m‘ CÎm‘: OmZr¶ OmZrd{h OmZr‘{h
nañ‘¡nX‘² b¥Q²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²
kmñ¶{V kmñ¶V: kmñ¶pÝV àW‘: kmñ¶Vo kmñ¶oVo kmñ¶ÝVo
kmñ¶{g kmñ¶W: kmñ¶W ‘Ü¶‘: kmñ¶go kmñ¶oWo kmñ¶Üdo
kmñ¶m{‘ kmñ¶md: kmñ¶m‘: CÎm‘: kmñ¶o kmñ¶mdho kmñ¶m‘ho
~«y (2 C.n.)
~«dr{V,Amh ~«yV:, AmhVw: ~«wdpÝV,Amhþ: àW‘: ~«yVo ~«wdmVo ~«wdVo
~«dr{f,AmËW ~«yW:, AmhWw: ~«yW ‘Ü¶‘: ~«yfo ~«wdmWo ~«yÜdo
~«dr{‘ ~«yd: ~«y‘: CÎm‘: ~«wdo ~«ydho ~«y‘ho
36
A~«drV² A~«yVm‘² A~«wdZ² àW‘: A~«yV A~«wdmVm‘² A~«wdV
A~«dr: A~«yV‘² A~«yV ‘Ü¶‘: A~«yWm: A~«wdmWm‘² A~«yÜd‘²
A~«d‘² A~«yd A~«y‘ CÎm‘: A~«w{d A~«yd{h A~«y‘{h
~«drVw ~«yVm‘² ~«wdÝVw àW‘: ~«yVm‘² ~«wdmVm‘² ~«wdVm‘²
~«y{h ~«yV‘² ~«yV ‘Ü¶‘: ~«yîd ~«wdmWm‘² ~«yÜd‘²
~«dm{U ~«dmd ~«dm‘ CÎm‘: ~«d¡ ~«dmdh¡ ~«dm‘h¡
~«y¶mV² ~«y¶mVm‘² ~«y¶w: àW‘: ~«wdrV ~«wdr¶mVm‘² ~«wdraZ²
~«y¶m: ~«y¶mV‘² ~«y¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: ~«wdrWm: ~«wdr¶mWm‘² ~«wdrÜd‘²
~«y¶m‘² ~«y¶md ~«y¶m‘ CÎm‘: ~«wdr¶ ~«wdrd{h ~«wdr‘{h
dú¶{V dú¶V: dú¶pÝV àW‘: dú¶Vo dú¶oVo dú¶ÝVo
dú¶{g dú¶W: dú¶W ‘Ü¶‘: dú¶go dú¶oWo dú¶Üdo
dú¶m{‘ dú¶md: dú¶m‘: CÎm‘: dú¶o dú¶mdho dú¶m‘ho
Xm (3 C.n.)
XXm{V XÎm: XX{V àW‘: XÎmo XXmVo XXVo
XXm{g XËW: XËW ‘Ü¶‘: XËgo XXmWo XX²Üdo
XXm{‘ XÛ: XÙ: CÎm‘: XXo XÛho XÙho
AXXmV² AXÎmm‘² AXXþ: àW‘: AXÎm AXXmVm‘² AXXV
AXXm: AXÎm‘² AXÎm ‘Ü¶‘: AXËWm: AXXmWm‘² AXX²Üd‘²
AXXm‘² AXÛ AXÙ CÎm‘: AX{X AXÛ{h AXÙ[h
XXmVw XÎmm‘² XXVw àW‘: XÎmm‘² XXmVm‘² XXVm‘²
Xo{h XÎm‘² XÎm ‘Ü¶‘: XËñd XXmWm‘² XX²Üd‘²
XXm{Z XXmd XXm‘ CÎm‘: XX¡ XXmdh¡ XXm‘h¡
37
XÚmV² XÚmVm‘² XÚw: àW‘: XXrV XXr¶mVm‘² XXraZ²
XÚm: XÚmV‘² XÚmV ‘Ü¶‘: XXrWm: XXr¶mWm‘² XXrÜd‘²
XÚm‘² XÚmd XÚm‘ CÎm‘: XXr¶ XXrd{h XXr‘{h
Xmñ¶{V Xmñ¶V: Xmñ¶pÝV àW‘: Xmñ¶Vo Xmñ¶oVo Xmñ¶ÝVo
Xmñ¶{g Xmñ¶W: Xmñ¶W ‘Ü¶‘: Xmñ¶go Xmñ¶oWo Xmñ¶Üdo
Xmñ¶m{‘ Xmñ¶md: Xmñ¶m‘: CÎm‘: Xmñ¶o Xmñ¶mdho Xmñ¶m‘ho
^wO² (7 C.n.)
nañ‘¡nX‘² (ajUo) bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² (^moOZo)
^wZp³V ^wL²>³V: ^wÄOpÝV àW‘: ^wL²>³Vo$ ^wÄOmVo ^wÄOVo
^wZ{j ^wL²>³W: ^wL²>³W ‘Ü¶‘: ^wL²>jo ^wÄOmWo ^wL²>½Üdo
^wZpÁ‘ ^wÄÁd: ^wÄÁ‘: CÎm‘: ^wÄOo ^wÄÁdho ^wÄÁ‘ho
A^wZH²$-J² A^wL²>³Vm‘² A^wÄOZ² àW‘: A^wL²>³V$ A^wÄOmVm‘² A^wÄOV
A^wZH²$-J² A^wL²>³V‘² A^wL²>³V ‘Ü¶‘: A^wL²>³Wm: A^wÄOmWm‘² A^wL²>½Üd‘²
A^wZO‘² A^wÄÁd A^wÄÁ‘ CÎm‘: A^w{ÄO A^wÄÁd{h A^wÄÁ‘{h
^wZ³Vw$ ^wL²>³Vm‘² ^wÄOÝVw àW‘: ^wL²>³Vm‘² ^wÄOmVm‘² ^wÄOVm‘²
^wpL²>½Y ^wL²>³V‘² ^wL²>³V ‘Ü¶‘: ^wL²>úd ^wÄOmWm‘² ^wL²>½Üd‘²
^wZOm{Z ^wZOmd ^wZOm‘ CÎm‘: ^wZO¡ ^wZOmdh¡ ^wZOm‘h¡
^wÄÁ¶mV² ^wÄÁ¶mVm‘² ^wÄÁ¶w: àW‘: ^wÄOrV ^wÄOr¶mVm‘² ^wÄOraZ²
^wÄÁ¶m: ^wÄÁ¶mV‘² ^wÄÁ¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: ^wÄOrWm: ^wÄOr¶mWm‘² ^wÄOrÜd‘²
^wÄÁ¶m‘² ^wÄÁ¶md ^wÄÁ¶m‘ CÎm‘: ^wÄOr¶ ^wÄOrd{h ^wÄOr‘{h
^moú¶{V ^moú¶V: ^moú¶pÝV àW‘: ^moú¶Vo ^moú¶oVo ^moú¶ÝVo
^moú¶{g ^moú¶W: ^moú¶W ‘Ü¶‘: ^moú¶go ^moú¶oWo ^moú¶Üdo
^moú¶m{‘ ^moú¶md: ^moú¶m‘: CÎm‘: ^moú¶o ^moú¶mdho ^moú¶m‘ho
38
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
1) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

YmVd: AW©: bH$ma: EH$dMZ‘² [ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
~«y (2 C.n.) dX{V bL²> A~«yVm‘² A~«wdZ²
Xm (3 C.n.) ¶ÀN>{V bQ²> XXmVo XXVo
bmoQ²> XÎm‘² XÎm
^wO² (7 C.n.) ImX{V bQ²> ^wÄOmWo ^wL²>½Üdo
{d{Y{bL²> ^wÄOrV ^wÄOr¶mVm‘²
km (9 C.n.) AdJÀN>{V bQ²> OmZrVo OmZmVo
bmoQ²> OmZmdh¡ OmZm‘h¡
J«h² (9 C.n.) ñdrH$amo{V bQ²> J¥†m{‘ J¥†rd:
2) ¶mo½¶m{Z bQ²>ê$nm{U {bIV &

A) ¶emoXm X{Y & (‘W² 9 n.n.)
Am) ~mbH$: jwY¶m & (éX² 2 n.n.)
B) Ah§ ^moOZ‘² & (Ae² 9 n.n.)
B©) H¥$îU: ZaH$mgwa§ & (hZ² 2 n.n.)
C) d¶§ ^JdÝV§ & (ñVw 2 n.n.)
D$) ha: {h‘mb¶o & (er 2 Am.n.)
E) ‘¥Jm: qghmV² & (^r 3 n.n.)
Eo) ‘mVm‘hr AmnUmV² emH$m{Z & (H«$s 9 n.n.)
Amo) F$f¶: {ZË¶§ gmpÎdH$‘Þ§ & (^wO² 7 Am.n.)
nR>V-~moYV-H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éV
XebH$mam:
1
bQ²> dV©‘mZo 2boQ²> doXo ^yVo 3bwL²> 4bL²> 5{bQ>ñVWm &
{dÜ¶m{efm¡ Vw 6{bL²>-7bmoQ>m¡ 8bwQ²> 9b¥Q²> 10b¥L²> M ^{dî¶{V &&
39
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² bH$maOJV² - (~) {bQ²> &
‘Zwî¶: J¥ho AdgV² & Am{X‘mZd: Jwhm¶m‘² Cdmg &
EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V &

ø: nwam
‘mohZ: nmR>embm‘² AJÀN>V² & lrH¥$îU: gmÝXrn{Z_wZo: Aml‘§ OJm‘ &
N>mÌm: nwpñVH$m: A¶ÀN>Z² & Xodm: eóm{U XXþ: &
JÝYma: ’$b‘² AImXV² & lram‘: ~Xar’$bm{Z MImX &
~mbH$: Xod_² AZ_V² & H$U©: eH«§$ ZZm_ &
0
àmMrZH$mbo ø: AÚ íd:/AmJm{‘H$mbo
MH$ma AH$amoV² H$amo{V H$[aî¶{V
({bQ²>) (bL²>) (bQ²>) (b¥Q²>)
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
H¥${V: -
1) ‘ybYmVw§ ¶moO¶V &
‘w‘moM nnmR> nnm¡ XXm¡
~^mfo nnmV ddÝXo

boô
nR²> ‘wM² ^mf²

dÝX²
b^²
nm nV²
Xm
40
{bQ²>bH$ma: (namoj^yVH$mb:) ^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3
^yVH$mb: &
àW‘: & {ÛVr¶: & V¥Vr¶: &

AZÚVZ: (bL²>bH$ma:) namoj: ({bQ²>bH$ma:) gm‘mÝ¶:/AÚVZ: (bwL²>bH$ma:)
AJÀN>V² OJm‘ AJ‘V²
namoj^yVH$mb: A{VàmMrZËd§ gyM¶{V & namoj: Zm‘ AúUmo: na‘² &
namoj^yVH$mbñ¶ àH$maÛ¶‘²
Aä¶ñV: Am‘ÝV:
àW‘V: Zd‘JUn¶©ÝV‘² YmVd: Xe‘JUr¶m: YmVd:, {UOÝVm: (à¶moOH$m:),
(Ho$MZ AndmXm:) B©/D$/ G /E/Amo - ñdamX¶: YmVd: VWm M Ho$MZ AÝ¶o YmVd: &
nañ‘¡nX‘² {bQ²>-àË¶¶m: AmË‘ZonX‘²
A AVwg² Cg² àW‘nwéf: E AmVo Bao
(AVw:) (C:)
Aä¶ñV-{bQ>²bH$ma: (namoj^yVH$mb:)
Aä¶mg: Zm‘ nwZamd¥{Îm: & AV: àW‘dU©ñ¶ nwZamd¥{Îm: ¶pñ‘Z² ^d{V, g: Aä¶ñV: namoj^yVH$mb: &
¶Wm Xm - XXm¡ XXVw: XXþ: &
nm - nnm¡ nnVw: nnw: & Ñe² - XXe© XÑeVw: XÑew: &
km - Okm¡ OkVw: Okw: & ¶m - ¶¶m¡ ¶¶Vw: ¶¶w: &
{bQ>²-ê$nm{U (n. n.)

YmVw: à.nw. à.nw. à.nw. YmVw: à.nw. à.nw. à.nw.
E.d {Ûd. ~.d. E.d {Ûd. ~.d.
J‘² (1 n.n.) OJm‘ O½‘Vw: O½‘w: dM² (2 n.n.) CdmM D$MVw: D$Mw:
Ma² (1 n.n.) MMma MoaVw: Moé: hZ² (2 n.n.) OKmZ O¿ZVw: O¿Zw:
V¥ (1 n.n.) VVma VoaVw: Voé: {bI² (6 n.n.) {bboI {b{bIVw: {b{bIw:
Z‘² (1 n.n.) ZZm‘ Zo‘Vw: Zo‘w: Z¥V² (4 n.n.) ZZV© ZZ¥VVw: ZZ¥Vw:
nV² (1 n.n.) nnmV noVVw: noVw: eH²$ (5 n.n.) eemH$ eoH$Vw: eoHw$:
Zr (1 n.n.) {ZZm¶ {ZÝ¶Vw: {ZÝ¶w: lw (5 n.n.) ewlmd ewlwdVw: ewlwdw:
~wY (1 n.n.) ~w~moY ~w~wYVw: ~w~wYw: ~ÝY² (9 n.n.) ~~ÝY ~~ÝYVw: ~~ÝYw:
Xm (3 n.n.) XXm¡ XXVw: XXþ: H«w$e² (1 n.n.) MwH«$moe MwH«w$eVw: MwH«w$ew:
‘wM² (6 n.n.) ‘w‘moM ‘w‘wMVw: ‘w‘wMw: ^y (1 n.n.) ~^yd ~^ydVw: ~^ydw:
^wO² (7 n.n.) ~w^moO ~w^wOVw: ~w^wOw: dg² (1 n.n.) Cdmg D$fVw: D$fw:
H¥$ (8 n.n.) MH$ma MH«$Vw: MHw«$: Ag² (2 n.n.) Amg AmgVw: Amgw:
km (9 n.n.) Okm¡ OkVw: Okw: ^ÄO²² (7 n.n.) ~^ÄO ~^ÄOVw: ~^ÄOw:
41
{bQ>²-ê$nm{U (Am. n.)
YmVw: à.nw. à.nw. à.nw. YmVw: à.nw. à.nw. à.nw.
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
^mf² (1 Am.n.) ~^mfo ~^mfmVo ~^m{fao ~wY² (1 Am. n.) ~w~wYo ~w~wYmVo ~w~w{Yao
a‘² (1 Am.n.) ao‘o ao‘mVo ao{‘ao Xm (3 Am.n.) XXoo XXmVo X{Xao
dÝX² (1 Am.n.) ddÝXo ddÝXmVo ddpÝXao ‘wM² (6 Am.n.) ‘w‘wMo ‘w‘wMmVo ‘w‘w{Mao
d¥Y² (1 Am.n.) dd¥Yo dd¥YmVo dd¥{Yao ^wO² (7 Am.n.) ~w^wOo ~w^wOmVo ~w^w{Oao
‘Z² (4 n.n.) ‘oZo ‘oZmVo ‘o{Zao H¥$ (8 Am.n.) MH«o$ MH«$mVo M{H«$ao
Zr (1 Am.n.) {ZÝ¶o {ZÝ¶mVo {ZpÝ¶ao km (9 Am.n.) Oko OkmVo O{kao
Am‘ÝV-{bQ²>bH$ma: (namoj^yVH$mb:)
‘ybYmVw: + {dH$aU‘² + Am‘² = Am‘ÝV-A“‘² + Ag²/^y/H¥$ (Aä¶ñVê$nm{U) = Am‘ÝV{H«$¶mnX‘²
nyO² + A¶ + Am‘² = nyO¶m‘² + Amg nyO¶m‘mg
~^yd nyO¶må~^yd
MH$ma nyO¶m#mH$ma
MH«o$ nyO¶m#mH«o$
YmVw: à.nw.E.d. à.nw. {Ûd. à.nw. ~.d.
H$W² (10 C.n.) (n.n.) H$W¶m‘mg H$W¶m‘mgVw: H$W¶m‘mgw:
(Am.n.) H$W¶må~^yd H$W¶må~^ydVw: H$W¶må~^ydw:
H$W¶m#mH$ma H$W¶m#mH«$Vw: H$W¶m#mH«w$:
H$W¶m#mH«o$ H$W¶m#mH«$mVo H$W¶m#m{H«$ao
nyO² (10 C.n.) (n.n.) nyO¶m‘mg nyO¶m‘mgVw: nyO¶m‘mgw:
(Am.n.) nyO¶må~^yd nyO¶må~^ydVw: nyOm¶må~^ydw:
nyO¶m#mH$ma nyO¶m#mH«$Vw: nyO¶m#mH«w$:
nyO¶m#mH«o$ nyO¶m#mH«$mVo nyO¶m#m{H«$ao
B©j² (1 Am.n.) B©jm‘mg B©jm‘mgVw: B©jm‘mgw
B©jmå~^yd B©jmå~^ydVw: B©jmå~^wdw:
B©jm#mH«o$ B©jm#mH«$mVo B©jm#m{H«$ao
J‘² ({UOÝV) J‘¶m‘mg J‘¶m‘mgVw: J‘¶m‘mgw:
J‘¶må~^yd J‘¶må~^ydVw: J‘¶må~^ydw:
J‘¶m#mH$ma J‘¶mMH«$Vw: J‘¶m#mH«w$:
J‘¶m#mH«o$ J‘¶m#mH«$mVo J‘¶m#m{H«$ao
¶mo½¶-{bQ²>ê$n¡: dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &
1) H§$g§ H¥$îU: & (hZ²) 6) ì¶mg: ‘hm^maV§ (H$W²) JUoe: M
2) Aßgag: ñdJ} & (Z¥V²) & ({bI²)
3) AOw©Z: ~mU§ & (‘wM²) 7) JÝYdm©: Xþ¶m}YZ§ & (~ÝY²)
4) nwam F$f¶: {h‘mb¶o & (dg²) 8) bdHw$em¡ lram‘§ & (dÝX²)
5) dmë‘r{H$: am‘m¶U§ & (aM²)
42
(H$) dmÀ¶n[adV©Z‘² &
Añ‘m{^: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M JVdf} n{R>Vo & H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX§ ~moY¶{V & H$‘©dmÀ¶§
{H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX§ ~moY¶{V & EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z ní¶V &
am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V &
H$V©¥nX§ H$‘©nX§ {H«$¶mnX‘²
AÌ "J«ÝW‘²' B{V H$‘©nX‘² &
¶Xm {H«$¶m H$‘©nX‘² AnojVo VXm Vo YmVd: gH$‘©H$m: B{V H$Ï¶ÝVo & Vm{Z dm³¶m{Z gH$‘©H$m{U
H$V©¥dmÀ¶m{Z ^dpÝV &
am‘: nV{V &
H$V¥©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
AÌ H$‘©nX§ ZmpñV &
AÝ¶-H$‘©nXñ¶ Anojm ¶Ì Z dV©Vo Vo YmVd: AH$‘©H$m: B{V H$Ï¶ÝVo & Vm{Z dm³¶m{Z H$V¥©dmÀ¶m{Z
Ed, {H$ÝVw AH$‘©H$m{U ^dpÝV &
AH$‘©H$m: YmVd: -
Ho$MZ YmVd: H$‘©nX§ Z AnojÝVo Vo gd} AH$‘©H$m: B{V H$Ï¶ÝVo & ^d{V, nV{V, {Vð>{V, dY©Vo, a‘Vo,
Ord{V, {‘«¶Vo, {ZÐm{V, ApñV, H«$ÝX{V BË¶mX¶: &
H$m{ZMZ CXmhaUm{Z ní¶ÝVw - H$m[aH$m -
~mbH$: C{Îmð>{V & amYm b‚mVo & b‚mm-gÎmm-pñW{V-OmJaU‘²
‘mVm OmJ{V© & qgh: {‘«¶Vo & d¥{Õ-j¶-^¶-Or{dV-‘aU‘² &
eeH$: {~ô{V & àmMr Cn{de{V & B. e¶Z-H«$sS>m-é{M-XrßË¶W©‘²
YmVwJU§ V‘H$‘©H$‘mhþ: &&
AYmoXÎmm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>ÝVw -

am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & (gH$‘©H§$ H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²) gm[aH$m hg{V & (AH$‘©H§$ H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²)
grVm {MÌ§ ní¶{V & (gH$‘©H§$ H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²²) A{^foH$: Cn{de{V & (AH$‘©H§$ H$V©¥dmÀ¶‘²)
nR>V-~moYV
H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² - H$V©[a àW‘m ¶Ì {ÛVr¶m@W M H$‘©{U &
H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^doV² VÎmw {H«$¶m H$Ìm©Zwgm[aUr &&
H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² - H$‘©{U àW‘m ¶Ì V¥Vr¶m@W M H$V©[a &
H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^doV² VÎmw {H«$¶m H$‘m©Zwgm[aUr &&
^mddmÀ¶‘² - ^mddmÀ¶o {H«$¶m d{³V Z H$V©[a Z H$‘©{U &
VÌ H$Vm© V¥Vr¶m¶m§ {H«$¶m ^mdmZwgm[aUr &&
43
AYwZm dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ ní¶m‘: &
gH$‘©H§$ H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²
am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
~mbH$: J«ÝWmZ² nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝWm: nR>çÝVo &
am‘: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘² H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
àW‘m {ÛVr¶m àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘² V¥Vr¶m àW‘m àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘²
(1) (2) (1) (3) (1) (1)
AH$‘©H§$ H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² ^mddmÀ¶‘²
‘Yþam nV{V & ‘Ywa¶m nË¶Vo &
~m{bH$m: nVpÝV & ~m{bH$m{^: nË¶Vo &
‘Ywam nV{V & ‘Ywa¶m nË¶Vo &
H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘² H$V¥©nX‘² H$‘©nX‘² {H«$¶mnX‘²
àW‘m ZmpñV àW‘mÝVnXmZwgma‘² V¥Vr¶m ZmpñV {ZË¶§ àW‘nwéf-EH$dMZo
(1) (0) (1) (3) (0) (1)
H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²
~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶{V & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶Vo &
‘mbm nwînm{U Z¶{V & ‘mb¶m nwînm{U Zr¶ÝVo &
Ah§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ & ‘¶m ‘wHw$ÝX: ñ‘¶©Vo &
Ëd§ amo{Q>H$m: H$amo{f & amo{Q>H$m: {H«$¶ÝVo &
gy¶©: àH$me§ XXm{V & àH$me: Xr¶Vo &
‘mVm Añ‘mZ² VmS>¶{V & d¶§ VmS>çm‘ho &
{nVm Ëdm‘² Cn{Xe{V & {nÌm Cn{Xí¶go &
F${f: ¶wî‘mZ² dX{V & F${fUm CÚÜdo &
Ëd§ ‘m§ n¥ÀN>{g & Ëd¶m n¥ÀN²ço &
& ‘¶m ‘mVm dÝÚVo &
amOm ‘pÝÌU‘² Amˆ¶{V & amkm ‘ÝÌr Amhÿ¶Vo &
e¥Jmb: ‘¥JH$mH$m¡ ní¶{V & &
AÝ¶bH$maofw à¶moJn[adV©Z‘² &
~mbH$: ûcmoH$‘² AJm¶V² & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: AJr¶V &
~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶Vw & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶Vm‘² &
~mbH$: ûcmoH§$ Jm¶oV² & ~mbHo$Z ûcmoH$: Jr¶oV &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
1) dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &
A) gmYd: B©œa§ Z‘pÝV & Am) h[a: ^³VmZ² aj{V & B) ~«÷m {dœ§ {Z‘m©{V &
B©) JX©ôZ ^ma: CøVo & C) n{j{^: ZrS>m{Z aÀ¶ÝVo & D$) {d¿ZhVm© ‘moXH$m¡ ImX{V &
44
gá‘: nmR>: g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çñV~H$: & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)
àW‘§ nwîn‘²
g§ñH¥$VH${dfw H$m{bXmgñ¶ ñWmZ‘² AZÝ¶gmYmaU‘² & "A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb‘²' B{V Vñ¶ à{gÕ§ ZmQ>H$‘² &
Vñ¶ H$mì¶ZmQ>Ho$fw ^maVr¶g§ñH¥$Vo: ‘yë¶mZm§ M à{V{~å~§ Ñí¶Vo & BXmZrÝVZH$mbo@{n Vñ¶ gm{hË¶§
OZmZ² aÄO`{V &
(VV: à{de{V d¡ImZg:, AÝ¶m¡ Vmngm¡ M)

d¡ImZg: - (amOmZ‘² AdéÜ¶) amOZ² ! Aml‘‘¥Jmo@¶§, Z hÝVì¶:, Z hÝVì¶: & Amew à{Vg§ha gm¶H$‘² &
amkm§ eó‘² AmV©ÌmUm¶ ^d{V Z Vw AZmJ{g àhVw©‘² &
Xþî¶ÝV: - à{Vg§öV Ef: gm¶H$: & (¶Wmo³V§ H$amo{V)
d¡ImZg: - amOZ² ! g{‘XmhaUm¶ àpñWVm d¶‘² & Ef Ibw H$Êdñ¶ Hw$bnVoo: AZw‘m{bZrVra‘ml‘mo
Ñí¶Vo & à{dí¶ à{VJ¥øVm‘² Am{VWo¶: gËH$ma: &
Xþî¶ÝV: - VnmodZ{Zdm{gZm‘wnamoYmo ‘m ^yV² & AÌ¡d aW§ ñWmn¶ ¶mdXdVam{‘ &
gyV: - Y¥Vm: àJ«hm: & AdVaVw Am¶wî‘mZ² &
Xþî¶ÝV: - (AdVr¶©) gyV, {dZrVdofoU àdoï>ì¶m{Z VnmodZm{Z Zm‘ & BX§ VmdV² J¥øVm‘² & (B{V
gyVñ¶mâUm{Z YZwümonZr¶) gyV, ¶mdXml‘dm{gZ: ÑîQ‰>m@h‘nmdV} VmdXmÐ©n¥ð>m: {H«$¶ÝVm§
dm{OZ: &
gyV: - VWm & (B{V {ZîH«$mÝV: &)
^mfmä¶mg:
1) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & Xþî¶ÝVñ¶ H$m{Z ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çm{Z km¶ÝVo ?
45
{ÛVr¶§ nwîn‘²
eyÐH${da{MV§ "‘¥ÀN>H${Q>H$‘²' g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çdm¶¶o d¡{eîQ>çnyUª Ibw & MméXÎmñ¶ nwÌ: aX{ZH$m§
"gwdU©eH${Q>H$m§' ¶mMVo {H$ÝVw {ZY©Z: MméXÎm: eH$Q>§ XmVw§ Z e³Zmo{V & VXm Ed dgÝVgoZm VÌ
AmJÀN>{V & gmo@¶§ àg“: &
aX{ZH$m - E{h dËg! eH${Q>H$¶m H«$sS>md: &

XmaH$: - (gH$éU‘²) aX{ZHo$! qH$ ‘‘ EV¶m ‘¥{ÎmH$meH${Q>H$¶m; Vm‘od gm¡dU©eH${Q>H$m§ Xo{h &
aX{ZH$m - (g{Zd}X§ {Z:ídñ¶) OmV! Hw$Vmo@ñ‘mH§$ gwdU©ì¶dhma:? VmVñ¶ nwZa{n F$Õçm gwdU©eH${Q>H$¶m
H«$s{S>î¶{g& (ñdJV‘²) VÚmd{ÛZmoX¶må¶oZ‘² & Am¶m©dgÝVgoZm¶m: g‘rn‘wng{n©î¶m{‘ &
(Cng¥Ë¶) Am¶}! àU‘m{‘ &
dgÝVgoZm - aX{ZHo$! ñdmJV§ Vo & H$ñ¶ nwZa¶§ XmaH$:? AZbL>²H¥$Vearamo@{n MÝÐ‘wI AmZÝX¶{V ‘‘
öX¶‘² &
aX{ZH$m - Ef Ibw Am¶©MméXÎmñ¶ nwÌmo amohgoZmo Zm‘ &
dgÝVgoZm - (~mhÿ àgm¶©) E{h ‘o nwÌH$! AZwH¥$V‘ZoZ {nVw: ê$n‘² & AW qH$ {Z{‘Îm‘of amo{X{V?
aX{ZH$m - EVoZ à{Vdo{eH$-XmaH$ñ¶ gwdU©eH${Q>H$¶m H«$s{S>V‘², VoZ M gm ZrVm, VV: nwZñVm§ ¶mMVo
VVmo ‘¶m B¶§ ‘¥{ÎmH$meH${Q>H$m H¥$Ëdm XÎmm & VVmo Û{V.."aX{ZHo$! qH$ ‘‘ EV¶m ‘¥{ÎmH$m-
eH${Q>H$¶m, Vm‘od gm¡dU©eH${Q>H$m§ Xo{h' B{V &
dgÝVgoZm - hm {YH²$, hm {YH²$ & ‘m é{X{h, VX² J¥hmU¡V‘b‘>ma‘², gm¡dU©eH${Q>H$m§ KQ>¶ &
(B{V XmaH$‘mXm¶ {ZîH«$mÝVm aX{ZH$m &)
^mfmä¶mg:
1) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & amohgoZ: {H$‘Wª amo{X{V ?

46
V¥Vr¶§ nwîn‘²
^mg: B{V g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çg¥ï>o: àW‘: ZmQ>H$H$ma: & Vñ¶ e¡br gw~moYm gagm M & ^mgZmQ>H$MH«o$
‘hm^maVH$Wm‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ {b{IV: emoH$mË‘H$: EH$m‘>: Zm‘ "H$U©^ma‘²' & Apñ‘Z² àg“o eH«$: Zm‘ BÝÐ:
`mMH$ê$noU AmJË¶ H$Uª H$dMHw$ÊS>bm{Z ¶mMVo &
(VV: à{de{V `mMH$ê$noU eH«$: &)

eH«$: - (H$U©‘wnJå¶) ^mo: H$U©, ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ¶mMo &
H$U©: - ÑT>§ àrVmo@pñ‘ ^JdZ² & Efmo@h§ Z‘ñH$amo{‘ &
eH«$: - (AmË‘JV‘²) qH$ Zw Iëdh§ dXm{‘ ? ¶{X XrKm©¶w^©do{V dXo¶‘² XrKm©¶w^©doV² & ¶{X Z dXo¶‘² ‘yT>
B{V ‘m§ n[a^d{V & Vñ‘mX² C^¶§ n[aöË¶ qH$ Zw Ibw ^mfo ? ^dVw, Ñï>‘² & (àH$me‘²)
^mo: H$U©, gy¶© Bd, MÝÐ Bd, {h‘dmZ² Bd, gmJa Bd {Vð>Vw Vo ¶e: &
H$U©: - ^JdZ², qH$ Zmo³V‘² XrKm©¶w^©do{V ? AWdm ¶Xþ³V§ VXod emo^Z‘² & ¶V: hVofw Xohofw JwUm: YaÝVo &
^JdZ², {H${‘ÀN>{g? {H$‘h§ XXm{‘?
eH«$: - ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ¶mMo &
H$U©: - ‘hÎmam§ {^jm§ ^dVo àXmñ¶o & Jmoghò§ XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - Jmoghò{‘{V? ‘whÿV©H§$ jra§ {n~m{‘ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &
H$U©: - qH$ ZoÀN>{V ^dmZ²? An¶m©á§ H$ZH§$ Xmñ¶m{‘ &
eH«$: - J¥hrËdm JÀN>m{_ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &
H$U©: - VoZ {h {OËdm n¥{Wdt XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - n¥{Wì`m qH$ H$[aî`m{_ & ZoÀN>m{‘ H$U©, ZoÀN>m{‘ &
H$U©: - AWdm ‘pÀN>amo XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - A{dhm & A{dhm &
H$U©: - Z ôVì¶‘² Z ôVì¶‘² & AÝ¶X{n ly¶Vm‘² & A“¡: gh¡d O{ZV§ H$dM§
Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m§ gh XXm{‘ &
eH«$: - (ghf©‘²) XXmVw, XXmVw &
^mfmä¶mg:
1) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & eH«$ñ¶ H$nQ>§ {deXrHw$éV &
47
Aï>‘: nmR>: dmMZàe§gm & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)
S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXþbH$bm‘‘hmoX¶: "{‘gmB©b ‘°Z' B{V {~éXoZ x$nmR>çnwñVH§$ {dhm¶ $
»¶mV: & Vñ¶ OrdZo VoZ N>mÌmUm§ e¡j{UH${dH$mgmWª Z¡Ho$ ¶ËZm: H¥$Vm: & ¶y¶§ qH$ qH$ nR>W ?
15 Am°³Q>mo~a B{V Vñ¶ OÝ‘{XZ§ "dmMZàoaUm{Xdgê$noU' AmM¶©Vo & xgm{hË¶ñ¶ Ho$ àH$mam: ^dpÝV ?
{d{dYmZm§ J«ÝWmZm§, bKwJ«ÝWmZm§, d¥ÎmnÌmUm§ dmMZoZ ‘Zwî¶o Ho$ JwUm: xA{n ¶y¶§ à{V{XZ§ d¥ÎmnÌ§ nR>W ?
{dH${gVm: ^dpÝV, BË¶mX¶: {df¶m: nÚo@pñ‘Z² d{U©Vm: gpÝV &
erb§ gX²JwUgån{Îm: kmZ§ {dkmZ‘od M &

CËgmhmo dY©Vo ¶oZ dmMZ§ VX² {hVmdh‘² &&1&&
‘ZwOm dmMZoZ¡d ~moYÝVo {df¶mZ² ~hÿZ² &
Xjm ^dpÝV H$m¶}fw dmMZoZ ~hþlwVm: &&2&&
dmë‘r{H$ì¶mg~mUmÚm: àmMrZm: H${dnpÊS>Vm: &
VmZ² {ej¶pÝV gVV§ ¶o gXm dmMZo aVm: &&3&&
AÚ¶md{Õ kmZm¶ d¥ÎmnÌ§ nR>oËgXm &
gd©{dYgw{dÚmWª dmMZ‘wnH$maH$‘² &&4&&
d¥Wm^«‘UHw$H«$sS>mnanrS>mn^mfU¡: &
H$mbjonmo Z H$V©ì¶mo {dÚmWu dmMZ§ l¶oV² &&5&&
dmMZ§ kmZX§ ~më¶o VméÊ¶o erbajH$‘² &
dmY©³¶o$ Xþ:IhaU§ {hV§ gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘² &&6&&
1) gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) {dkmZ‘od = {dkmZ‘² + Ed & 2) CËgmhmo dY©Vo = CËgmh: + dY©Vo &

AÝd¶: - ¶oZ erb§, gX²JwUgån{Îm:, kmZ§, {dkmZ‘² CËgmh: M dY©Vo VX² dmMZ§ {hVmdh‘² Ed &
2) gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) dmMZoZ¡d = dmMZoZ + Ed & 2) Xjm ^dpÝV = Xjm: + ^dpÝV &
AÝd¶: - ‘ZwOm: dmMZoZ Ed ~hÿZ² {df¶mZ² ~moYÝVo & dmMZoZ (‘ZwOm:) H$m¶}fw Xjm: ~hþlwVm: (M)^dpÝV &
3) AÝd¶: - ¶o gXm dmMZo aVm: VmZ² dmë‘r{H$-ì¶mg-~mUmÚm: àmMrZm: H${dnpÊS>Vm: {ej¶pÝV &
4) gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) AÚ¶md{Õ = AÚ¶mdV² + {h & 2) nR>oËgXm = nR>oV² + gXm &
3) dmMZ‘wnH$maH$‘² = dmMZ‘² + CnH$maH$‘² &
AÝd¶: - ‘ZwO: AÚ¶mdX² kmZm¶ d¥ÎmnÌ§ gXm {h nR>oV² & gd©{dYgw{dÚmWª dmMZ‘² CnH$maH$‘² (dV©Vo) &
5) gpÝY{dJ«hm: -1) $H$mbjonmo Z = H$mbjon: + Z & 2) $H$V©ì¶mo {dÚmWu = H$V©ì¶: + {dÚmWu&
AÝd¶: - ({dÚm{W©{^:) d¥Wm^«‘U-Hw$H«$sS>m-nanrS>m-An^mfU¡: H$mbjon: Z H$V©ì¶: & {dÚmWu dmMZ§
l¶oV² &
6) AÝd¶: - dmMZ§ ~më¶o kmZX§, VméÊ¶o erbajH$‘², dmY©³¶o Xþ:IhaU§ (^d{V) (AV:) gX²J«ÝWdmMZ§
{hV§ (^d{V) &
48
^mfmä¶mg:
1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & 6. ${deofU-{deoî¶mUm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A) dmMZoZ Ho$ JwUm: dY©ÝVo ? {deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²
Am) dmMZoZ ‘ZwOm: qH$ ~moYÝVo ? CnH$maH$‘² ‘ZwOm:
B) {dÚm{W©Zm H$W§ H$mbjon: Z H$V©ì¶: ? àmMrZm: {df¶mZ²
2. $g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & Xjm: dmMZ‘²
erb‘², Xj:, aVm:, H$mbjon:, dmY©³¶‘², ~hÿZ² H${dnpÊS>Vm:
npÊS>V:
3. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & CnH«$‘: ‘‘ {à¶§ nwñVH$‘² &
A)
gX²J«ÝWdmMZ‘² A) Zm‘
Am) boIH$:
erbajH$‘² B) ^mfm
Am) B©) àH$ma:
gX²JwUgån{Îm: E>) {df¶:
dmMZoZ dY©Vo Eo) {H$‘W©‘² AamoMV ?
Amo>) boIZ{deof:
BË¶{YH¥$Ë¶ H$jm¶m§ MMmª Hw$éV &
B)
nR>V-~moYV
nR>Zñ¶ Xmofm:
JrVr erK«r {ea:H$ånr ¶Wm{b{IVnmR>H$m: &
H$mbjonñ¶ H$maUm{Z AZW©kmo@ënH$ÊR>íM fS>oVo nmR>H$m@Y‘m: &&
CƒmaU{df¶H$ûcmoH$: &
An^mfU‘²
ì¶mK«r ¶Wm haoV² nwÌmZ² X§ï´>mä¶m§ Z M nrS>¶oV² &
^rVm nVZôXmä¶m§ VÛX² dUm©Z² à¶moO¶oV² &&
4. ${déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
gX²JwU:, CËgmh:, àmMrZm:, CnH$maH$‘²
5. $gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
A) dmMZoZ¡d Am) AÚ¶md{Õ
49
Zd‘: nmR>: YoZmoì¶m©K«: nbm¶Vo &
nwam ^moOamOoZ g‘ñ¶m CÓmoo{fVm AmgrV², "‘¥JmV² qgh: nbm¶Vo' B{V & g¥{ï>{Z¶‘{déÕ§ {H${#mV²
à{Vnm{XV§ VÌ & VWm{n Z¡H¡$: H${d{^: gm g‘ñ¶m {d{^ÞàH$ma¡: ny[aVm & B©Ñer Ed H$m{MV² g‘ñ¶m
g‘wËnÞm "{M‘Uamdñ¶' OrdZo & {M‘Uamd: Zm_ {M. {d. Omoer B{V boIH$d¶}U {Z{‘©V‘² AOam‘anmÌ‘² &
"{M‘UamdmMo MèhmQ>' B{V H$WmgL²>J«hmV² "H°$ßQ>Z {M‘Uamd-ñH$mCQ>‘mñVa' B{V H$Wm¶m: A¶‘²
AZwdmX: & "ñH$mCQ>²' Zm‘ "~mbdraM‘y:' & ~më¶mXmaä¶ Ed namonH$mañ¶, em¡¶©ñ¶, nañnaghH$m¶©ñ¶,
g‘mOgodm¶m: M g§ñH$mamZ² ‘Z{g amon{¶Vw‘² AmaãYm H$m{MV² ¶ÝÌUm Efm & EVmÑe§ ~mbg¡Ý¶§ {Z‘m©Vì¶‘² B{V
{M‘Uamdñ¶ ‘hVr AmH$m¬m AmgrV² & VmÑe§ JU§ {Z‘m©¶ {dam‘H$mbo ~ZoídaJ«m‘§ {e{~amWª gd} gåàmám:&
{e{~ag_ò namonH$mañ` H$W_² Adga: bãY: H$: M AZdñWmàg“: CØÿV: B{V ñd`§ {ZdoX`{V
{M_Uamd:& H$Wm¶m‘² Añ¶m§ àmg{“H$:, empãXH$: VWm {M‘Uamdñ¶ ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>çoZ {Z{‘©V: gab:
{dZmoX: dmMH$ñ¶ ‘wIo ZyZ§ pñ‘VaoIm§ OZ¶{V & H$Wm Efm "g‘n©U‘²' dm{f©H$m‘mV² ñdrH¥$Vm &
{e{~añ¶ àW‘{XZo Ed ^moOZm{XH§$ g‘mß¶ ‘Ü¶m•o ~mb¡: gh nÌH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Amg‘² Ah‘² & VXm gÚ:
Ed n[a{MV: àmo’o$ga-gH©$gdmbo (gH©$g-H«$sS>ma“ñ¶ ñdm‘r) ‘m‘od ApÝdî¶Z² VÌ g‘mJV: & ""H°$ßQ>Zgmho~,
e¥UmoVw H°$ßQ>Zgmho~ ! Añ‘mH§$ gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m§ H${Vn¶oä¶: ‘mgoä¶: bmoH${à¶: gh^moOZH$m¶©H«$‘: àMb{V & Jm¡:,
^„zH$: ì¶mK«íM BË¶oVofm‘² neyZm‘² A¶§ H$m¶©H«$‘: à¶moJñ¶ gdm}ƒ‘² AmH$f©U‘² ApñV & VWm {dkmnZ§ H¥$Ëdm
àdoenÌm{U A{n {dH«$sVm{Z & naÝVw ì¶mK«-^„zH$¶mo: H$bhH$maUmV² Ûmd{n d«{UVm¡ &'' ""qH$ àm{UZmo: H$bh:?''
""_hme`, Añ‘mH§$ gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m§ Vw ì¶mK«-^„zH$m¡ {ÛnmXm¡ Ed &'' Ed§ àmÜ¶mnH$‘hme¶oZ ahñ¶ôX: H¥$V: &
""ZmpñV Añ‘mH$‘² gm‘Ï¶ª ì¶mK«§ dm ^„zH§$ dm nmb{¶Vw‘² & H«$sS>m¶m§ Ûm¡ ~hþê$nYm[aUm¡ Zam¡ Ed ì¶mK«§ ^„zH§$ M
ZmQ>¶V: &'' ""qH$ YoZwa{n...?'' ""Z{h Z{h, YoZwñVw dmñV{dH$s Ed &'' ""h§@@ .. H$W¶Vw V{h© qH$ ‘¶m H$aUr¶‘²
AÌ?'' ""Ah§ àmW©¶o ¶V² ^dV: ~mbdraM‘yV: H$m¡ A{n Ûm¡ g¡{ZH$m¡ AÚVZH«$sS>m¶m§ ¶{X ì¶mK«-^„zH$dofm¡ Y¥Ëdm
àojH$mUm§ ‘ZmoaÄOZ§ Hw$¶m©Vm§ V{h© ‘hmZ² CnH$ma: ñ¶mV² & H¥$n¶m gmhmæ¶§ H$amoVw &''
50
gH©$gñdm{‘Z: {ddeVm ‘¶m AdJVm & `ÑÀN>`m àmßV: A`§ namonH$mañ` Adga: B{V _Ëdm Vñ¶
gmhmæ¶§ H$aUr¶{‘{V ‘¶m {ZpíMV‘² & ^„zH$dofo AãXþb: emoôV B{V ‘Ëdm g: ^„zH$nmÌo {Z¶mo{OV: &
ì¶mK«ñ¶ A{^Z¶mW©‘² Ah§ ñd¶‘od {gÕ:& Ed§ nmÌ¶moOZm {ZYm©[aVm &
H$m¶©H«$‘mV² àmJod Ah§ VWm AãXþb: ì¶mK«^„zH$dofm¡ Y¥Ëdm ñdnÄOa¶mo: g‘wnpñWVm¡ & ‘‘ nÄOañ¶ nwaV:
Ed A{YH$: gå‘X©: OmV: & ¶mdÀN>³¶‘² Ah§ OZmZ² aÄO{¶Vw§ à¶ÎmdmZ² {H$ÝVw OZm: Z gÝVwï>m: & ""{H$‘¶§
ì¶mK«:? H¥$emo@¶‘²'' B{V CnhmgoZ AdXZ² & VXm Ed EH$m ‘{hbm ñdnwÌoU gh ì¶mK«§ Ðïw>‘² AmJVm & ‘‘
JO©Z¶m ~mb: ^rV: AV: gm ‘mVm ‘{¶ nmfmUIÊS>mZ² A{jnV² & VXm doXZ¶m ~m{YV: Ah§ jU§ ¶mdV²
ì¶mK«: Z dX{V B{V {dñ‘¥Ë¶ AdX‘²,
""ÑîQ‰>m nÄOapñWVmZ² ì¶mK«mZ², ‘{hbm: {jnpÝV nmfmUIÊS>mZ² &''
‘‘ dm³¶g‘máo: nyd©‘od ì¶mK«ñ¶ ‘Zwî¶dmÊ¶m ^mfUoZ ‘ypÀN>©Vm gm ‘{hbm "^yVmo@¶§ ^yV'...B{V Cƒ¡:
AmH«$moeÝVr ^y‘m¡ n{VVm & ‘‘ nwÌ: amKw: A{n EH$dma§ nÄOag‘rn‘² AmJË¶, ""Amßnm ! Mm¶§ nmVw‘² BÀN>{V
{H$‘²?'' B{V ¶Xm n¥ï>dmZ² VXm àojH$m: gå^«mÝVm: Ed &
amÌm¡ XedmXZo gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m: àmaå^: OmV: & ÛmXedmXZo H«$sS>m¶m: Ma‘{~ÝXþ: g‘m¶mV:-gh^moOZ‘² &
àojH$mUm‘² CËH$ÊR>m¶m: namH$mð>m OmVm & godH$: ‘#mo Ìr{U AmgZm{Z ñWm{nVdmZ² ‘Ü¶^mJo M dVw©bmH$ma§
nrR>‘² & Ah‘² EH$pñ‘Z² AmgZo Cnmdo{eV: & AÌmÝVao ^„zH$dofYmar AãXþb: VÌ àmá: & Jm¡: A{n ‘#m§
g‘mJVm & VV: Añ‘mH§$ nwaV: ImÚñ¶ ¶moOZm H¥$Vm & gh^moOZñ¶ àmaåô OmVo CÎmo{OV¡: àojH¡$: AmZÝXoZ
Vm{bH$mdmXZ‘² AmaãY‘² & nyd©‘{n ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡ ‘mZwfm¡ Ed & VWm{n gm YoZw: Vmä¶m§ gh H$m¶©H«$‘§ H$Vw©‘²
Aä¶ñVm AmgrV² & A{MamXod Z B‘m¡ n[a{MVm¡ ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡ B{V YoZwZm b{jV‘² & gå^«‘oU g§e¶oZ M EH¡$H$e:
Amdm§ Ñï>dVr& ¶Xm M Vñ¶m: àË¶¶: OmV: VXm e¥“o CÞå¶ Zm¡ AmH«$m‘V² & Ah‘{n JO©Zm§ H¥$Ëdm VrúUXÝVmZ²
X{e©VdmZ² & {H$ÝVw Z {H${#mX{n ^¶§ Vñ¶m: & AãXþb: Vm§ hñVoZ Vm{S>VdmZ² & VoZ jwãYm gm V‘² AÝdYmdV² &
^„zH$: VXm Mmnë¶oZ nQ>‘ÊS>nñVå^‘² Amê$T>dmZ² & B¶§ gdm© H«$sS>m nyd©{Z¶mo{OVm B{V {d{MÝË¶ àojH$m: A{n
à‘w{XVm: & ^„zH$: {ZJ©V: B{V H«w$Õm gm YoZw: AYwZm ì¶mK«§ ‘m‘² bú¶§ H¥$VdVr &
^rË¶m Ah§ MVwînmX{d{eï>§ ì¶mK«Ëd§ {dñ‘¥Ë¶ {ÛnmX§ ‘ybñdê$n‘m{lVdmZ² & ""àmÜ¶mnH$‘hme¶,
n[aÌm¶Vm§, n[aÌm¶Vm‘²'' B{V H$éU§ {dbnZ² AYmd‘² & VXm YoZmo: ^rV§, nbm¶‘mZ§ ì¶mK«§ ÑîQ‰>m àojmJmao ‘hmZ²
H$mobmhb: CËnÞ: & àojH$m: ‘‘ ì¶mK«dof§ {ZîH$mñ¶ ‘m§ {ZK¥©U§ Vm{S>VdÝV: & doXZm{^: Ah§ ‘ypÀN>©V:& ¶Xm
M OmJ[aV: VXm Añ‘mH§$ eH$Q>: nwZ: nwÊ¶nÎmZ{Xe§ àpñWV: AmgrV² & ‘‘ CÎm‘m“‘² AÝ¶m{Z M AZwÎm‘m{Z
A“m{Z CnMman{Å>H$m{^: {d^y{fVm{Z AmgZ² &
^mfmä¶mg:
A) {M‘Uamd: H$ñ¶m§ ‘¾:? Am) H«$sS>m¶m§ H$m¡ ì¶mK«§ ^„zH§$ M ZmQ>¶V:?
B) ‘{hbm Ho$Z ‘ypÀN>©Vm? B©) {M‘UamdoU qH$ {Z{üV‘²?
C) gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m: àmaå^: H$Xm OmV:? D$) {M‘Uamd: {H$‘Wª à¶ÎmdmZ²?
E) H¡$: AmZÝXoZ Vm{bH$mdmXZ‘² AmaãY‘²? Eo) YoZwZm qH$ b{jV‘²?
Amo) ^„zH$: Hw$Ì Amê$T>dmZ²? Am¡) H$Xm àojmJmao ‘hmZ² H$mobmhb: CËnÞ:?
51
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV &
A) gH©$gñdm‘r {H$‘Wª {M‘Uamd§ à{V AmJV: ?
Am) gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m: Amaå^mV² nydª qH$ {H$‘² A^dV²?
B) neyZm§ gh^moOZg‘¶o H$: hmñ¶nyU©: AZdñWmàg“: g‘wËnÞ:?
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV &
‘¾:, Jm¡:, ì¶mK«:, g¡{ZH$:, H«$sS>m, doXZm, ^mfU‘², CËH$ÊR>m, ‘Zwî¶:, e¥“o, XÝVm:, CÎm‘m“‘²
g‘mß¶, àmH²$, {dñ‘¥Ë¶, H¥$e:
A) Ah§ ~mb¡: gh nÌH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Amg‘² &
Am) YoZw: dmñV{dH$s Ed &
B) gH©$gñdm{‘Z: {ddeVm ‘¶m AdJVm &
B©) ^„zH$doeo AãXþb: emoôV &
C) ‘{hbm ‘{¶ nmfmUIÊS>mZ² A{jnV² &
D$) Jm¡: ‘#m§ g‘mJVm &
6. $H$: H§$ dX{V ?
A) "{dkmnZ§ H¥$Ëdm àdoenÌm{U A{n {dH«$sVm{Z &'
Am) "qH$ YoZwa{n ...?'
B) "Mm¶§ nmVw‘² BÀN>{V {H$‘²?'
7. ${deofU-{deoî¶mUm§ ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 8. A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
{deofU‘² {deoî¶‘² A) YoZw: Vw dmñV{dH$s Ed &
bmoH${à¶: AmH$f©U‘² Am) ‘‘ CÎm‘m“‘² CnMman{Å>H$m{^: {d^y{fV‘² &
gdm}ƒ‘² ewëH$‘² 9. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
~hþê$nYm[aUm¡ ì¶mK«mZ² A) nÌH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Amg‘² Ah‘² &
A{YH$‘² àojH$m: (~hþdMZo {bIV&)
A{YH$: àojHo$fw Am) OZm: dÝ¶neyZ² Ðïw>‘² AmJÀN>pÝV ñ‘ &
^rV: gh^moOZH$m¶©H«$‘: ("ñ‘' {ZîH$mg¶V &)
nÄOapñWVmZ² Zam¡ B) OZm: Z gÝVwï>m: & (EH$dMZo {bIV)
gå^«mÝVm: gå‘X©: B©) Ah§ {damoY§ X{e©VdmZ² &
Ìr{U ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡ (dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV)
{Z‘¾ofw ~mb: C) àojH$m: ‘m§ {ZK©¥U§ Vm{S>VdÝV: &
n[a{MVm¡ AmgZm{Z (dmÀ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
52
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² g‘mgm: &
g‘mgm:
ÛÝÛ: VËnwéf: ~hþd«r{h: Aì¶¶r^md:

BVaoVaÛÝÛ: H$‘©Yma¶:
{d^p³V-VËnwéf:
g‘mhmaÛÝÛ: {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY:
CnnX-VËnwéf:
ZÄm²-VËnwéf: {deofZm‘-gm‘mÝ¶Zm‘-gå~ÝY:
Cn‘mZ-Cn‘o¶-gå~ÝY:
ÛÝÛ: VWm M {d^p³V-VËnwéf: B{V àH$maÛ¶‘² Añ‘m{^: JVdf} n{R>V‘² &
AYwZm g‘mgmZm‘² AÝ¶àH$mamZ² OmZr‘: &
nwZ:ñ‘maU‘²
YZYmÝ¶m{Z & ‘¥Je¥Jmbm¡ &
ewH$gm[aH$m: & hñVnmX‘² &
gñ¶nyU©‘² & Obì¶dñWmnZ‘²
Aí‘IÊS>: & Zr{V{ZnwU: &
53
2. CXmhaU¡: aoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
A) Am) gá‘rVËnwéf:
g‘mhmaÛÝÛ:
B)
{ÛVr¶mVËnwéf:
3. fð>rVËnwéfg‘mgñ¶ g‘ñVnX‘² ApÝdî¶ VËn[aV: dVw©b‘² Am{bIV &
^« ‘ U g ‘ ¶: ‘² 1. joÌñ¶ n{V: &
O Z: am O Y ‘©: G 2. Obñ¶ ì¶dñWmnZ‘² &
b Å> M: nw {Z am k: 3. amk: Y‘©: &
ì¶ d: hm ñV H$: n ñWm 4. nwñVH$ñ¶ nR>Z‘² &
d {Z jo H$ hmo {H«$ ¶m 5. ^«‘Uñ¶ g‘`: &
6. {H«$¶m¶m: {g{Õ: &
ñWm Vmo Ì n A ¶m g
n Äm² n R> gm {g ‘²
Z G {V: Z ‘² {Õ: ‘²
‘² ^« ‘² ‘² g ‘² ‘©:
4. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
gm‘m{gH$nX‘² {dJ«hdm³¶‘² g‘mgZm‘
{MÝVmHw$b: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: &
àOm{hVXj: àOm{hVo Xj: &
MmoabwÊR>Ho$ä¶: ^¶‘² & n#m‘r-VËnwéf: &
{dXoeJ‘Z‘² {ÛVr¶m-VËnwéf: &
MaUmä¶m§ {dH$b: & V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: &
nwñVH$nR>Z‘¾: gá‘r-VËnwéf: &
{dÚm{dhrZ: V¥Vr¶m-VËnwéf: &
^wOJ¶{‘Vm: ^wOJ¡: ¶{‘Vm: &
nyOm¶¡ BX‘² &
‘XmÝY: ‘XoZ AÝY: &
54
1. VËnwéf: g‘mg: &
CnnX-VËnwéf: &
1. Ob§ XXm{V 2. nmX¡: {n~{V
B{V ObX: & B{V nmXn: &
3. nd©Vo {Vð>{V 4. Hw$å^§ H$amo{V

B{V nd©VñW: & B{V Hw$å^H$ma: &
AdYo¶‘² - CnnX-VËnwéf:
* CÎmanXo YmVmo: A§e: Ñí¶Vo &
* {dJ«ho Vñ¶ YmVmo: bQ²>bH$mañ¶ àW‘nwéfñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ dMZ§ ¶moOZr¶‘² & ¶Wm -
emók: - emó§ OmZm{V B{V &
* VWm M AW©ÑîQ>çm nyd©nXñ¶ ¶mo½¶m {d^p³V: ¶moOZr¶m & ¶Wm -
n‘O‘² - n‘o Om¶Vo B{V &
CXmhaUm{Z - daXm - da§ XXm{V B{V & J¥hñWm: - J¥ho {VîR>pÝV B{V & ‘Ywn: - ‘Yw {n~{V B{V &
{dÚmWu - {dÚm_² AW©`Vo B{V & OQ>mYmar - OQ>m: Yma`{V B{V &
ZÄm²-VËnwéf: &
¶mo½¶‘² Z ¶mo½¶‘² - A¶mo½¶‘² &
Aën‘² Z Aën‘² - AZën‘² &
AdYo¶‘² - ZÄm²-VËnwéf:
* àW‘nX‘² "A/AZ²' B{V ZH$ma§ Xe©¶{V &
* {dJ«ho "A'/AZ² ñWmZo "Z' B{V à¶moOZr¶: &
CXmhaUm{Z - A{ZÀN>m - Z BÀN>m & Ae³¶‘² - Z e³¶‘² &
AZmdí¶H$‘² - Z Amdí¶H$‘² & AgË¶‘² - Z gË¶‘² &
55
H$‘©Yma¶: &
* {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: &
a³V§ nwîn‘² & h[aVm: ewH$m: &

a³Vnwîn‘² & h[aVewH$m: &
ñWyb: nwéf: & {d{dYm: dUm©: &

ñWybnwéf: & {d{dYdUm©: &
XrKm© ¶{ï>H$m & CÞVm: d¥jm: &

XrK©¶{ï>H$m & CÞVd¥jm: &
* {deofZm‘-gm‘mÝ¶Zm‘-gå~ÝY: &
{ddoH$mZÝX: Zm‘ ‘hmoX¶: & J“m Zm‘ ZXr &

{ddoH$mZÝX‘hmoX¶: & J“mZXr &
^maV: Zm‘ Xoe: & gañdVr Zm‘ Xodr &

^maVXoe: ^maVXoe: & gañdVrXodr &
^mñH$a: Zm‘ AmMm¶©: & eoJmd B{V ñWmZH$‘²

^mñH$amMm¶©: & eoJmdñWmZH$‘² &
eoJmd
56
* Cn‘mZ-Cn‘o¶-gå~ÝY: &
A) H$ny©a: Bd Jm¡a: =
H$ny©a: (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd Jm¡a: (gmYå¶©‘²) = H$ny©aJm¡a: (‘hmXod:-Cn‘o¶‘²)
KZ: Bd í¶m‘: =
KZ:(Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd í¶m‘: (gmYå¶©‘²) = KZí¶m‘:(lrH¥$îU:-Cn‘o¶‘²)
Am) nmXn‘O‘² =
nmXm¡ (Cn‘o¶‘²) n‘O‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd &
‘wIH$‘b‘² =
‘wI‘²(Cn‘o¶‘²) $H$‘b‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) Bd&
B) {dÚmYZ‘² =
{dÚm(Cn‘o¶‘²) Ed YZ‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) &
J¥h‘pÝXa‘² =
J¥h‘² (Cn‘o¶‘²) Ed ‘pÝXa‘² (Cn‘mZ‘²) &
AdYo¶‘² -
H$‘©Yma¶:
* g‘ñVnXmZm§ {dJ«ho nyd©nX‘² CÎmanX§ M àW‘mÝV‘² &
* nyd©nX§ {deofU§ MoV² VX² {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§, {d^p³V‘² AZwga{V &
CXmhaUm{Z -
A) {à¶^mfm - {à¶m ^mfm & Am) H$‘bH$mo‘b: - H$‘b‘² Bd H$mo‘b: &
gd©àXoem: - gd} àXoem: & gyp³VgwYm - gyp³V: gwYm Bd &
~hþOZm: - ~hd: OZm: & B) ‘Zmo‘pÝXa‘² - ‘Z: Ed ‘pÝXa‘² &
g§gmagmJa: - g§gma: Ed gmJa: &
57
2. ~hþd«r{h: g‘mg: &
dmhZ§ {h Vo ^d{V ‘yfH$mo ‘yfH$dmhZ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &

H$Um¡© Vd ao eynm©H$mam¡ eyn©H$U© ho Z‘mo@ñVwVo &&
AmZZ§ {h Vo JOñ¶¡d ho Xod JOmZZ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &
H$m¶ñVd ao ‘hm‘hr¶mZ² ‘hmH$m¶ ho Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&1&&
MÝÐñVo emo^Vo ^mbo ^mbMÝÐ Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &

H$ÊR>ñVo {dÚVo Zrbmo ZrbH$ÊR> Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&3&&
JXm hñVo ¶ñ¶ g: JXmhñV Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &

‘hV² ~b§ ¶ñ¶ g: ‘hm~b Z‘mo@ñVw Vo &&4&&
AdYo¶‘² -
~hþd«r{h: - * AÝ¶nXmW©àYmZ: &
* {ZË¶§ {deofU§ Xe©¶{V &
* {dJ«ho "¶X²' BË¶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ: gå~ÝYXe©Zm¶ ^d{V &
* {dJ«ho "VX²' BË¶ñ¶ Cn¶moJ: AÝ¶nX§ gyM¶{V &
* ~hþd«r{h: - CXmhaUm{Z * ~hþd«r{h: - CXmhaUm{Z

‘yfH$: dmhZ§ ¶ñ¶ g: ‘yfH$dmhZ: & eer eoIao ¶ñ¶ g: e{eeoIa: &
œoV‘² Aå~a§ ¶ñ¶m: gm œoVmå~am & MH«§$ nmUm¡ ¶ñ¶ g: MH«$nm{U: &
ew^«§ dó§ ¶ñ¶m: gm ew^«dóm & e’: hñVo ¶ñ¶ g: e’hñV: &
nrV‘² Aå~a§ ¶ñ¶ g: nrVmå~a: & ^wOJo e¶Z§ ¶ñ¶ g: ^wOJe¶Z: &
eynm£ Bd H$Um£ ¶ñ¶ g: eyn©H$U©: &
g‘mg{dJ«ho ¹${MV² nyd©nX§ CÎmanX§ M g‘mZ{d^³Vm¡ ^dV: ¹${MV² Z BË¶{n AdYo¶‘² &
58
H¥${V: - g‘ñVnXmZ² ApÝdî¶ dV©wb‘² Am{bIV &
^m b M ÝÐ: {d a B© A
gw ö X: {d ‘ b: œ Om
jw Ð ~w {Õ: bm E a V
b ãY {e j: å~w H$ {Z e
J Om Z Z: ¶: X ð>: Ìw:
{d em b ~m hþ: ÝV: Z² g
n Ù h ñVm ‘ hmo X ¶:
1) jwÐm ~w{Õ: ¶ñ¶ g: & 2) {dembm¡ ~mhÿ ¶ñ¶ g: &

3) EH$: XÝV: ¶ñ¶ g: & 4) bãYm {ejm ¶oZ g: &
5) B©œao {Zð>m ¶ñ¶ g: & 6) ^mbo MÝÐ: ¶ñ¶ g: &
7) nÙ§ hñVo ¶ñ¶m: gm & 8) JOñ¶ AmZZ‘² Ed AmZZ§ ¶ñ¶ g: &
9) {d‘b‘² Aå~w ¶pñ‘Z² VV² & 10) ‘hmZ² CX¶: ¶ñ¶ g: &
3. Aì¶¶r^md: g‘mg: &

* àW‘§ nX§ VWm gånyUª g‘ñVnX‘² Aì¶¶§ ^d{V AV: Aì¶¶r^md: B{V CÀ¶Vo &
* {dJ«h: Vw Aì¶¶ñ¶ AWm©Zwgma‘² &
* {ZË¶§ Znw§gH${b“‘² EH$dMZ§ dV©Vo &
* {ZË¶§ dm³¶o {H«$¶m{deofUê$noU à¶wÁ¶Vo &
CXmhaUm{Z -
1) í¶m‘: {XZo {XZo nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V & 4) ^mñH$a: BÀN>m‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ ^moOZ§ H$amo{V &
í¶m‘: à{V{XZ§ nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V & ^mñH$a: ¶WoÀN>§ ^moOZ§ H$amo{V &
2) ^maVñ¶ J¥ho J¥ho g§ñH¥$V§ ^dVw & 5) aKw: ep³V‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ XmZ§ H$amo{V &
^maVñ¶ à{VJ¥h§ g§ñH¥$V§ ^dVw & aKw: ¶Wmep³V XmZ§ H$amo{V &
3) ‘mVm Ah{Z Ah{Z XodnyOm§ H$amo{V & 6) N>mÌm: H«$‘‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ dJª à{depÝV &
‘mVm àË¶h§ XodnyOm§ H$amo{V & N>mÌm: ¶WmH«$‘§ dJª à{depÝV &
gH$mon‘², gdoJ‘², gmZÝX‘² BË¶{n Aì¶¶r^md-g‘mgñ¶ Ed CXmhaUm{Z -
1) ‘mVm ~mbH§$ ñZohoZ gh ^moO¶{V & 3) dfm©H$mbo ‘¶yam: AmZÝXoZ gh Z¥Ë¶pÝV &
‘mVm ~mbH§$ gñZoh§ ^moO¶{V & dfm©H$mbo ‘¶yam: gmZÝX§ Z¥Ë¶pÝV &
2) ^³V: lÕ¶m gh Xod§ nyO¶{V & 4) N>mÌm: CËgmhoZ gh g§ñH¥$V§ nR>pÝV &
^³V: glÕ§ Xod§ nyO¶{V & N>mÌm: gmoËgmh§ g§ñH¥$V§ nR>pÝV &
59
Xe‘: nmR>: ZXrgy³V‘² & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)
{dído {dÚ‘mZ§ àmMrZV‘§ gm{hË¶§ Zm‘ doXdm¶¶‘² B{V ~wYm:

‘Ý¶ÝVo & F$½doXñ¶ V¥Vr¶‘ÊS>bo "{dídm{‘Ì-ZXr' g§dmX: dV©Vo & x$ "Z‘m{‘ J“o' B{V
{dídm{‘Ì: ZXt ‘mVm Bd nyO¶{V & ‘mZdr¶m g§ñH¥${V: ZXrVrao Ed ¶moOZm{df¶o qH$ OmZm{g ?
{dH${gVm & AV: Añ‘m{^: ZXr gd©Wm ajUr¶m & S>m°. ‘ÄOyfm JmoIbo xOb{dÚw{Þ‘m©U§ H$W§ ^d{V ?
‘hm^mJ¶m ZXrgy³V‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ a{MVmV² ZmQ>çmV² g§dmXmo@¶§ ñdrH¥$V:&
(a“‘#mo - H$sV©ZH$ma: H$sV©Z§ H$amo{V, lmoV¥d¥ÝX: ldUo ‘¾: &)

H$sV©ZH$ma: - J“o M ¶‘wZo M¡d JmoXmd[a gañd{V &
Z‘©Xo {gÝYwH$mdo[a n¥{Wì¶m§ g{ÞqY Hw$é &&
Á¶oð>‘mgo ew³bnjo Xeå¶m§ {VWm¡ J“mXehamnd©àmaå^: & Apñ‘Z² nd©{U ZXrnyOZ§ H$V©ì¶‘² &
lmoV¥d¥ÝX: - ZXrnyOZ‘² ? {H$‘Wª ZXrnyOZ‘² ?
H$sV©ZH$ma: - ZXr Ibw OrdZXm{¶Zr & AV: Apñ‘Þdgao H¥$VkVm§ àXe©{¶Vw§ OZm: Obo XrnXmZ§ Hw$d©pÝV &
ÐmoUo Xrn§ àÁdmë¶ ZXrObo g‘n©¶pÝV &
Ob§ àmeZmW©‘² & H¥${fdY©ZmW©‘² &
{dÚw{Þ‘m©UmW©‘² & Ob‘² OrdZmW©‘² &&
gOrdmZm§ H¥$Vo ZXr Xo{dV‘m & ZXr ‘mV¥V‘m & AV: AÚ ZXrgy³V§ gd©Wm ldUr¶§ ñ‘aUr¶§ M &
lmoV¥d¥ÝX: - ^mo: nwam{UH$d¶©, H$W§ ZXr Añ‘mH§$ ‘mVm ? H$sÑem: ZXrZm‘² CnH$mam: ?
H$sV©ZH$ma: - e¥UwV Am¶m©: e¥UwV & A{VàmMrZm Ibw Efm H$Wm & ApñV {dœm{‘Ì: Zm‘ Hw${eH$nwÌ:
‘w{Zda: & gn[adma§, gJmoYZ§ g: XÿaV: AmJV: & ‘mJ©‘² AmH«$m‘Z² g: {dnmQ>² VWm ewVwÐr
EV¶mo: ZÚmo: g“‘§ àmá: &
60
(VV: à{de{V {dídm{‘Ì: & ZXt àUå¶... )
{dœm{‘Ì: - H$W§ b”Zr¶: àdmhmo ZXrZm‘², H$W§ a{jVì¶§ OZ§ JmoYZ§ M &&
H$W§ ¶m{MVì¶ñVaUm¶ ‘mJ©:, H$W§ àmW©Zr¶m ewôÀN>m ZXrZm‘² &&
ZXr({dnmQ²>)- H$: Ibw Ef: ‘mZd: ? Añ‘mZ² {H$‘Wª dÝXVo ñVm¡{V M ? Am¶©, {H$Þm‘m ^dmZ²? H$ñ‘mX²
Añ‘mZ² Amˆ¶{V ?
{dœm{‘Ì: - A{¶ ‘mV:, {dœm{‘Ìmo@h‘² & XÿaV: Am¶mV: aW¡: eH$Q>¡: M & d¶§ gd} naVra§ JÝVw§
g‘wËgwH$m: &
ZXr(ewVwÐr) - {dàda, ‘Ywam Ibw Vo dmUr & aÄO¶{V Añ‘mZ² & dX H$W§ Vd gmhmæ¶§ H$V©ì¶‘² ?
{dœm{‘Ì: - Aå~, e¥Uw ‘o Aä¶W©Zm‘² & JmYm ‘o ^{dî¶{g ? ñdënr^dVw Obm¡K: & ¶oZ d¶§ gwIoZ¡d
naVra§ n«máw§ e³Zw‘: &
ZXr({dnmQ²>)- XodoÝÐ: Ibw na‘oída: ‘mJª ‘ø§ àXÎmdmZ² &
hËdm d¥Ì§ dO«hñV: ZXràdmh§ {d‘w³VdmZ² &&
‘¶m Z H$m¶m© Vñ¶ Adkm H«w$Õmo Xodmo ^{dî¶{V &
j‘ñd {dœm{‘Ì H$Xm{n Z¡d {dam‘: gå^d{V &&
ZÚm¡ - ao {dœm{‘Ì, Z¡d {da‘md: ËdËH¥$Vo & Z¡d Hw$d©: XodoÝÐñ¶ H$m¶} A{Yjon‘² &
{dœm{‘Ì: - Z¡d ‘mV:, ‘mñVw XodoÝÐñ¶ Adkm & Ho$db‘² BÀN>m‘: naVra§ JÝVw‘² & ho ‘mV:, àgrX &
d¶§ gd} Vd nwÌm: Ed & Z d¶§ H$Xm{n Vd CnH$mamZ² {dñ‘am‘: & Z {H${#mX{n Añ‘m{^:
H$V©ì¶§ ¶oZ Vd A{Yjon: ^doV² & Efm ‘o à{Vkm &
ZXr({dnmQ²>)- {H$‘²? Ef: ‘Ë¶©: ‘m‘² ‘mVm B{V gå~moY¶{V ?
ZXr(ewVwÐr) - H$W§ ‘mVm Z $H$amo{V gmhmæ¶§ ñdnwÌñ¶? gmYw ‘mZdloð> gmYw ! {H$ÝVw, H${ƒV² Vd d§eOm:
‘ZwOm: VdoX§ dMZ§ {dñ‘[aî¶pÝV ?
{dœm{‘Ì: - Z {h ‘mV:, Z¡VV² e³¶‘² & gdm©: g[aV: gwI§ dhÝVw &
gd} OZm: gw{IZ: gÝVw && ({dœm{‘Ì: {ZJ©ÀN>{V &)
H$sV©ZH$ma: - Ed§ {dœm{‘Ì: ZÚm¡ àrU{¶Ëdm naVra§ JVdmZ² & A{¶ lmoVma:, BËW§ ZÚ: ‘mZdm: M nañna§
n«rU¶ÝV: g§ñH¥${V§ g§d{Y©VdÝV: &
àdm{hVm Va{“Ur g§ñH¥${V{d©H$m{gVm &
à‘w{XVmü ‘mZdm: g[aËH¥$nmg‘wÞVm: &&
ZpÝXVm: H¥$frdbm: à’w${„Vm dgwÝYam &
AÞXmZ{Z^©am gñ¶em‘bm Yam &&
goVw~ÝYamo{YV§ {Z¶pÝÌV§ ZXrOb‘² &
O{ZÌ‘Ì Mm{bV§ OrdZ§ àH$m{eV‘² &&
A{¶ lmoV¥dam:, BËW§ ‘mZdr¶§ OrdZ§ ZXrVrao, ZXrZm‘od gmhmæ¶oZ g‘¥Õ‘² &
AYwZm H$W¶V, A{n {dídm{‘Ìñ¶ dMZ§ Vñ¶ d§eOm: Zm‘ d¶§ gd} ‘ZwOm: AYþZm@{n AZwgam‘:?
^mfmä¶mg:
1. $‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
A) {dœm{‘Ì: ZÚm¡ qH$ àmW©¶Vo?
Am) ‘mZdmZm§ OrdZ§ ZXrZm§ gmhmæ¶oZ H$W§ g‘¥Õ§ OmV‘²?
61
EH$mXe: nmR>: OQ>m¶wem¡¶©‘² &
‘h{f©: dmë‘r{H$: am‘m¶U§ a{MVdmZ² & am‘m¶Uo gáH$mÊS>m{Z
gpÝV & 1) ~mbH$mÊS>‘² 2) A¶moÜ¶mH$mÊS>‘² 3) AaÊ¶H$mÊS>‘²
4) {H$pîH$ÝYmH$mÊS>‘² 5) gwÝXaH$mÊS>‘² 6) ¶wÕH$mÊS>‘² x am‘m¶Uo Ho$ new-n{jU:
7) CÎmaH$mÊS>‘² & gmhmæ¶r^yVm: A^dZ² ?
24,000 ûcmoHo$fw gånyUª am‘m¶U§ a{MV‘² ApñV & am‘m¶Uo x ¶Xm g‘mOo AÝ¶m¶H$maH$: àg“:
{ZgJ©{MÌU§ new-n{jUm§ {MÌU‘² A{n ApñV & am‘m¶Uñ¶ ^d{V VXm Añ‘m{^: {H$§ H$V©ì¶‘² ?
AaÊ¶H$mÊS>mV² 47 gJm©V² 49 gJ©n¶©ÝV§ Ho$MZ ûcmoH$m: AÌ
{MVm: & EVofw ûcmoHo$fw OQ>m¶wamdU¶mo: g”f©ñ¶ dU©Z§ {dÚVo &
dZdmgH$mbo grVm§ N>boZ EH$m{H$Zt H¥$Ëdm amdU:
n[ad«mOH$dofoU nU©Hw$Q>r§ gåàmá: & Vñ‘¡ {^jm§ XmVw§ grVm ~{hamJVm & V§ n[ad«mOH§$ amdU{‘{V kmËdm Vñ¶ hoVw§
M AdJå¶ néfeãX¡: Vñ¶ {Z^©ËgZm§ H¥$VdVr & VWm{n ~boZ amdU: Vm‘² AnhVwª àm¶VV & VV: AJ«o . . .
gm J¥hrVm@{VMwH«$moe amdUoZ ¶epñdZr &
am‘o{V grVm Xþ:ImVm© am‘o XÿaJVo dZo &&1&&
gm VXm H$éUm dmMmo {dbnÝVr gwXþ:{IVm &
dZñn{VJV§ J¥Y«§ XXem©¶VbmoMZm &&2&&
OQ>m¶mo ní¶ ‘m‘m¶© {õ¶‘mUm‘ZmWdV² &
AZoZ amjgoÝÐoUmH$éU§ nmnH$‘©Um &&3&&
V§ eãX‘dgwáñVw OQ>m¶waW ewlwdo &
{Za¡jX² amdU§ {jà§ d¡Xoht M XXe© g: &&4&&
VV: nd©Ve¥“m^ñVrúUVwÊS>: IJmoÎm‘: &
dZñn{VJV: lr‘mÝì¶mOhma ew^m§ {Ja‘² &&5&&
{ZdV©¶ ‘qV ZrMm§ naXmam{^‘e©ZmV² &
Z VËg‘mMaoÕramo namo ¶{Õ {dJh©¶oV² &&6&&
d¥Õmo@h§ Ëd§ ¶wdm YÝdr gaW: H$dMr ear &
VWmß¶mXm¶ d¡Xoht Hw$ebr Z J{‘î¶{g &&7&&
Vñ¶ VrúUZImä¶m§ Vw MaUmä¶m§ ‘hm~b: &
MH$ma ~hþYm JmÌo d«UmÝnVJgÎm‘: &&8&&
VVmo@ñ¶ gea§ Mmn§ ‘w³Vm‘{U{d^y{fV‘² &
MaUmä¶m§ ‘hmVoOm ~^ÄO nVJmoÎm‘: &&9&&
VV: H«$moYmX²XeJ«rdmo J¥Y«amO‘nmoW¶V² &
njm¡ nmídm£ M nmXm¡ M IS²>J‘wX²Y¥Ë¶ gmo@pÀN>ZV² &&10&&
g {N>>Þnj: ghgm ajgm am¡ÐH$‘©Um &
{ZnnmV hVmo J¥Y«mo YaÊ¶m‘ënOr{dV: &&11&&
62
AÝd¶: nR>V-~moYV
1) am‘o dZo XÿaJVo, amdUoZ J¥hrVm ¶epñdZr grVm Xþ:ImVm© (^yËdm) "am‘' B{V A{VMwH«$moe &
2) VXm gm Am¶VbmoMZm gwXþ:{IVm (grVm) H$éUm: dmM: {dbnÝVr dZñn{VJV§ J¥Y«§ XXe© &
3) ho Am¶© OQ>m¶mo, AZoZ nmnH$‘©Um amjgoÝÐoU AZmWdV² AH$éU§ {õ¶‘mUm§ ‘m§ ní¶ &
4) Adgwá: Vw g: OQ>m¶w: AW V§ eãX§ ewlwdo, {jà§ amdU§ {Za¡jX² d¡Xoht M XXe© &
5) VV: nd©Ve¥“m^: VrúUVwÊS>: IJmoÎm‘: dZñn{VJV: lr‘mZ² (OQ>m¶w:) ew^m§ {Ja§ ì¶mOhma &
6) ""(ho amdU,) naXmam-A{^‘e©ZmX² ZrMm§ ‘qV {ZdV©¶ & ¶X² {h na: {dJh©¶oV² VX² Yra: Z g‘mMaoV²&
7) (¶Ú{n) Ah§ d¥Õ: (Apñ‘), Ëd§ ¶wdm, YÝdr, gaW: H$dMr, ear (A{g), VWm{n d¡Xohr‘² AmXm¶
Ëd§ Hw$ebr (^dZ²) Z J{‘î¶{g &''
8) ‘hm~b:, nVJgÎm‘: (OQ>m¶w:) Vw Vñ¶ VrúUZImä¶m§ MaUmä¶m§ (amdUñ¶) JmÌo ~hþYm d«UmZ² MH$ma&
9) VV: ‘hmVoOm: nVJmoÎm‘: (OQ>m¶w:) Añ¶ (amdUñ¶) ‘w³Vm‘{U{d^y{fV§ gea§ Mmn§ MaUmä¶m§ ~^ÄO &
10) VV: g: XeJ«rd: H«$moYmV² J¥Y«amO‘² AnmoW¶V² & IS²>J‘² CX²Y¥Ë¶ njm¡ nmídm£ nmXm¡ M ApÀN>ZV² &
11) (VXm) ajgm am¡ÐH$‘©Um ghgm hV: {N>Þnj: g: AënOr{dV: J¥Y«: YaÊ¶m‘² {ZnnmV &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. {bQ²>ê$nm{U {MËdm {bIV &
A{VMwH«$moe
ní¶ MH$ma
{ZnnmV ApÀN>ZV² A^dZ²
J{‘î¶{g
~^ÄO ì¶mOhma
{ZdV©¶
XXe© AnmoW¶V²
MwH«$moe {dJh©¶oV²
g‘mMaoV² ewlwdo
2. Zm‘-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hwdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
J¥Y«m¡ {ÛVr¶m
H$‘©Um V¥Vr¶m
YpÝdä¶: n#m‘r
3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & A) VVñgm Am) XXem©¶VbmoMZm B) d¥Õmo@h‘² B©) VWmß¶mXm¶
4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & OQ>m¶wamdU¶mo: g”f©ñ¶ dU©Z§ Hw$éV &
5. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & grVm, amdU:, e¥“‘², VwÊS>:, nVJ:
63
6. YmVw-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
bH$mam: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hwdMZ‘² nwéf:
bL²> A^dZ² àW‘: nwéf:
b¥Q²> J{‘î¶{g ‘Ü¶‘: nwéf:
bQ²> ní¶md: CÎm‘: nwéf:
7. gd©Zm‘-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hwdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
Añ¶ fð>r
Amdm‘²-Zm¡ {ÛVr¶m
Vm: àW‘m
8. {deofUm{Z ApÝdî¶ {bIV &

A.
d¡Xohr Am¶VbmoMZm
Am.
nd©Ve¥“>m^:
OQ>m¶w:
B.
amdU:
¶wdm

A) grVm dZñn{VJV§ J¥Y«§ XXe© &(bL²>-bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
Am) OQ>m¶w: amdUñ¶ JmÌo d«UmZ² MH$ma &(bL²>-bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
B) amdU: IS²>J‘wX²Y¥Ë¶ njm¡ ApÀN>ZV² &(nyd©H$mbdmMH$‘² Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &)
64
ÛmXe: nmR>: Am{Xe‘ amMm¶©: &
^maVXoeo XrKm© AmMm¶©naånam dV©Vo & Vñ¶m‘² AÛ¡V{gÕmÝVñ¶
^mî¶H$ma: OJÒþé: Am{Xe‘ amMm¶©: à{gÕ: & ‘hmZ² VÎdk: x `y`§ H$m{Z ñVmoÌm{U OmZrW ?
x Mn©Q>nÄO[aH$mñVmoÌñ¶ aM{¶Vm H$: ?
A¶§ OZà~moYZmWª ^maV^«‘U§ H¥$Ëdm ^maVñ¶ MVg¥fw {Xjw nrR>m{Z
x Am{Xe‘ amMm¶©ñ¶ H$m¶©{df¶o qH$
AñWmn¶V²& VoZ a{MVm{Z Jo¶m{Z AW©nyUm©{Z ñVmoÌm{U AÚm{n OZmZm§
OmZrW ?
‘wIofw {damOÝVo& Vñ¶ OrdZM[aÌmV² ‘hÎdnyUm£ Ûm¡ àg“m¡ AÌ CX²Y¥Vm¡&
àW‘: àg“: &

g§Ý¶mgmW©‘² AZw‘{V: àmám &
^maVñ¶ X{jU{X{e Ho$abàXoeo
Ambwdm ZJañ¶ g‘rn§ "H$mb{S>'>
Z
Zm‘ J«m‘: & g: J«m‘: nyUm©ZXrVrao
d Vo & VÌ OJX²Jwamo: e‘ amMm¶©ñ¶
dV©
O
OÝ‘ {¼ñVmãXo Aï>‘o eVHo$ A^dV² &
VVñ¶ {nVm {edJwé: ‘mVm Am¶m©å~m
M
MmñVm‘² & ~më¶o Ed Vñ¶ {nVm
{{edJwé: {Xd“V: & Vñ‘mX² ‘mV¡d
nwÌñ¶ nmbZ‘² AH$amoV² & n#m‘o d¶{g
CCnZrV: g: nR>ZmWª Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² &
VVÌ doX-doXm“m{Z, {d{dYemóm{U M
AgmYmaUdoJoZ ~mbH$mo@¶‘²
AYrVdmZ² & nR>Zm{XH§$ g‘mß¶ e‘ a:
J¥Jh§ àË¶mJVdmZ² & J¥h§ àmß¶ ‘mV¥godm‘²
Ama^V M & ‘mVm Am¶m©å~m nwÌñ¶
{
{ddmh{df¶o gX¡d {MÝV¶{V ñ‘ &
n ‘Zgm dMgm H$‘©Um M {da³V:
naÝVw
e‘ e a: g§Ý¶mgmW©‘² AZw‘qV àmW©¶V &
e‘ e añ¶ Eo{hH${df¶ofw AéqM ÑîQ‰>m
Am¶m©å~m {MÝVm‘¾m OmVm &
EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo e‘ a: ñZmZmWª nyUm©ZXt JV: & ¶Xm g: ñZmZo ‘¾: VXm VÌ EH$: ZH«$: AmJV: & ZH«$:
P{Q>{V Vñ¶ nmX‘² AJ¥†mV² & VXm e‘ a: Cƒ¡: AmH«$moeV² & ""Aå~! Ìm¶ñd & ZH«$mV² Ìm¶ñd!'' AmH«$moe§
lwËdm ZXrVra§ àmßVm Am¶m©å~m nwÌ§ ZH«o$U J¥hrV‘ní¶V² & ^¶mHw$bm gm A{n amoXZ‘² Ama^V & e‘ a: ‘mVa‘²
AmV©V¶m àmW©¶V - ""Aå~, BV:na‘² Ah§ Z Ordm{‘ & ‘aUmV² nydª g§Ý¶mgr ^{dVw‘² BÀN>m{‘ & AYwZm dm
Xo{h AZw‘{V‘² &'' MoVgm A{ZÀN>ÝVr A{n {ddem ‘mVm AdXV² - ""dËg, ¶Wm Vwä¶§ amoMVo VW¡d ^dVw &
BXmZr‘od g§Ý¶mg§ ñdrHw$é$& ‘‘ AZw‘{V: ApñV'' B{V& VËjU‘od Amü¶ª K{Q>V‘² & X¡ddemV² e‘ a: ZH«$mX²
‘w³V: & g ZXrVra‘² AmJË¶ ‘mVw: MaUm¡ àmU‘V² &
65
AZÝVa§ e‘ a: ‘mVa§ g§Ý¶mgñ¶ ‘hÎd‘² Adm~moY¶V² & g§Ý¶mgr Z Ho$db‘² EH$ñ¶m: nwÌ: & {demb§ OJX²
Ed Vñ¶ J¥h‘² & "‘mV:, ¶Xm Ëd§ ñ‘[aî¶{g VXm Ed ËdËg‘rn‘mJ{‘î¶m{‘' B{V ‘mÌo à{VlwË¶ g: J¥hmV²
{ZaJÀN>V² & VV: Jmo{dÝX^JdËnmXmZm§ {eî`mo ^yËdm g: gdm©{U Xe©Zm{Z AnR>V² & Voä¶: g§Ý¶mgXrjm§ J¥hrËdm
d¡{XH$Y‘©ñ¶ ñWmnZmWª àñWmZ‘² AH$amoV² &
{ÛVr¶: àg“: & ¶ñ‘mX² kmZ§ b^Vo g Jwé: &

EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo AmMm¶©: {eî¶JUoZ gh J“mñZmZmW©‘² AJÀN>V² & VXm ‘mJ} H$mo@{n X[aÐ: ‘{bZH$m¶:,
OrU©dóYmar ‘Zwî¶: Vñ¶ nwaV: AmJÀN>V² & V§ ÑîQ‰>m {eî¶m: V‘² "Anga, Anga' B{V Cƒ¡: AdXZ² &
g: ‘Zwî¶: An¥ÀN>V²-""Anga, Anga B{V H§$ dX{g ? eara§ dm AmË‘mZ§ dm ? AmË‘m Vw na‘oídañ¶
A§e: AV: gd}fm§ g‘mZ: Ed & VWm M gd}fm§ earam{U n#m‘hm^yVmË‘H$m{Z & V{h© H$W§ Vd eara§ ‘‘ earamX²
{^Þ‘², Ah§ M ËdX² {^Þ: ?'' doXmÝVVÎdñ¶ gma§ Vñ¶ ‘wImV² lwËdm AmMm¶©: V§ àUZm‘ & kmZ§ Vw H$ñ‘mX{n
J«mø‘² & ¶ñ‘mX² kmZ§ b^Vo g Jwéaod B{V {dMmaoU AmMm¶©: VÌ¡d "‘Zrfmn#mH$‘²' B{V ñVmoÌ§ a{MVdmZ² &
Ed‘² AmgoVw{h‘mMb§ n¶©Q>Z² AÛ¡V-{gÕmÝVñ¶ àMma‘² AH$amoV² g: &
Aï>df} MVwd}Xr ÛmXeo gd©emó{dV² &
fmoS>eo H¥$VdmZ² ^mî¶§ ÛmqÌeo ‘w{Zaä¶JmV² &&
66
^mfmä¶mg:
A) Jwé‘wnJå¶ e‘ a: {H$‘² AYrVdmZ²? Am) e‘ a: {H$‘W©‘² AmH«$moeV²?
B) e‘ a: ‘mÌo qH$ à{VlwË¶ J¥hmX² {ZaJÀN>V² ? B©) e‘ a: H$ñ¶ {eî¶: A^dV²?
C) e‘ a: g§Ý¶mgXrjm§ J¥hrËdm {H$‘² AH$amoV²?
D$) {eî¶JUoZ gh AmMm¶©: ñZmZmWª Hw$Ì AJÀN>V²?
E) e‘ amMm¶©: AmgoVw{h‘mMb§ n¶©Q>Z² {H$‘² AH$amoV²?
A) e‘ aoU g§Ý`mgmWª H$W_² AZw_{V: bãYm ?
Am) kmZJ«hU{df¶o e‘ amMm¶m©Um§ qH$ ‘V‘²?
A) $‘mVm Am¶m©å~m nwÌñ¶ {ddmh{df¶o gX¡d {MÝV¶{V ñ‘ &
Am) ZH«$mX² ‘w³V: e‘ a: ‘mVw: MaUm¡ àmU‘V² & B) AmMm¶©: ñVmoÌ§ a{MVdmZ² &
4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
(A) MmñVm‘² (Am) ËdËg‘rn‘mJ{‘î¶m{‘ (B) Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² (B©) ‘w{Zaä¶JmV² (C) ‘mV¡d
5. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
{deoî¶‘² - {edJwé:, Am¶m©å~m, e‘ a:, OJV², ‘Zwî¶: &
{deofU‘² - ‘{bZH$m¶:, àgÞ:, {demb‘², {Xd“V:, {da³V:, {MÝVm‘¾m &
6.gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
A) g: nR>ZmWª Jwé‘wnmJÀN>V² & (~hþdMZ§ Hw$éV &)
Am) AmMm¶©: {eî¶JUoZ gh J“mñZmZmWª JÀN>{V ñ‘ & ("ñ‘' {ZîH$mg¶V &)
B) ‘mÌo à{VlwË¶ g: J¥hmX² {ZaJÀN>V² & (nyd©H$mbH$dmMH§$ {ZîH$mg¶V &)
B©) àíZ§ lwËdm gd} Amü¶©M{H$Vm: A^dZ² & (ËdmÝV§ {ZîH$mg¶V &)
C) `Xm Ëd§ ñ_[aî`{g VXm Ed ËdËg_rn_mJ{_î`m{_ & (bH$ma§ {bIV &)
D$) AmMm¶©: V§ àUZm‘ & (bL²>-bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
8. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
{Xd“V:, erK«‘², {MÝVm‘¾m, ‘¾:, ZH«$:, nmX:, nwÌ:, {eî¶:, B©ída:, npÊS>V:, J¥h‘² &
9. ñWmZmYmaoU eãXno{Q>H$m§ nya¶V & 10. àdm{h Omb{MÌ§ nya¶V &
e‘ añ¶
(J¥h§ àË¶mJ‘Z‘², Jwé‘wnJ‘Z‘²,

‘mV¥godm, doX-doXm“mZm‘² AÜ¶¶Z‘²)
(H$mbS>rJ«m‘:, Ho$abàXoe:,
^maVXoe:, AmbwdmZJa‘², )
67
11. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
A) Am)
$$‘w{Z: Aä¶JmV² & OÝ‘H$mb: {nVm
$$H¥$VdmZ² ^mî¶‘² &
ÛmXeo e‘ añ¶
Aï>df}
OÝ‘J«m‘: ‘mVm
e‘ amMm¶©:
Am{Xe‘ amMm¶£: a{MV§ gm{hË¶‘² &

ñVmoÌm{U - {ed^wO“à¶mVñVmoÌ‘², {ednÄMmjañVmoÌ‘², doXgma{edñVmoÌ‘², Zmam¶UñVmoÌ‘²,
{ÌnwagwÝXarñVmoÌ‘², AÞnyUm©ñVmoÌ‘², X{jUm‘y{V©ñVmoÌ‘², ÛmXeÁ¶mo{V{b©“‘², H$mb^¡admï>H$‘²,
AÀ¶wVmï>H$‘², Aå~mï>H$‘², H¥$îUmï>H$‘², Jmo{dÝXmï>H$‘², nmÊSw>a“mï>H$‘², J“mï>H$‘², ¶‘wZmï>H$‘²,
Z‘©Xmï>H$‘², b{bVmn#mH$‘² BË¶mXr{Z &
^mî¶m{U - ~«÷gyÌ^mî¶‘², Cn{ZfØmî¶‘², ^JdÒrVm^mî¶‘², {dîUwghòZm‘^mî¶‘²,
gZËgwOmVr¶^mî¶‘² &
AÝ¶aMZm: - AnamojmZw^y{V:, AmË‘~moY:, VÎdmonXoe:, àm¡T>mZw^y{V:, ~«÷kmZmdbr‘mbm, bKwdm³¶d¥{Îm:,
gXmMmamZwgÝYmZ‘², ñdmË‘{Zê$nU‘², AÛ¡VmZw^y{V:, XeûcmoH$s, à~moYgwYmH$a:, àýmoÎmaaËZ‘m{bH$m,
~«÷mZw{MÝVZ‘², ‘moh‘wÒa:, ¶moJVmamd{b:, eVûcmoH$s, ñdmË‘àH$m{eH$m, gd©doXmÝV{gÕmÝVgmag§J«h:,
{ddoH$MyS>m‘{U:, CnXoegmhòr, doXmÝVñVmoÌm{U, AZmË‘lr{dJh©UàH$aU‘², AmË‘mZmË‘{dMma:,
OrdÝ‘w³VmZÝXbhar, dm³¶gwYm, AÜ¶mË‘nQ>b{ddaU‘² &
68
Aä¶mgnÌ‘² 3
(8, 9, 11, 12 nmR>mZm‘² AmYmaoU)

A) gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m§ bmoH${à¶: g“rVH$m¶©H«$‘: àMb{V &
Am) ì¶mK«dofo AãXþb: g‘wnpñWV: &
B) amÌm¡ XedmXZo gH©$gH«$sS>m¶m: àmaå^: OmV: &
B©) lmoV¥d¥ÝX: boIZo ‘¾: &
C) gd}fm§ earam{U gá‘hm^yVmË‘H$m{Z &
D$) AmMm¶©: VÌ¡d H$ZH$YmamñVmoÌ§ a{MVdmZ² &
A) àojH$m: ‘‘ ì¶mK«dof§ {ZîH$mñ¶ ‘m§ Vm{S>VdÝV: & ({ZK¥©U§/gñZoh§)
Am) VWm {dkmnZ§ H¥$Ëdm {dH«$sVm{Z & (àdoenÌm{U/{n{hVnÌm{U)
B) d¶{g CnZrV: g: nR>ZmWª Jwé‘² CnmJÀN>V² & (nÄM‘o/Xe‘o)
B©) nR>Zm{XH§$ g‘mß¶ e‘ a: àË¶mJVdmZ² & (J¥h‘²/ZXr‘²)
C) Am¶m©å~m nwÌ§ J¥hrV‘² Aní¶V² & (ZH«o$U/‘Ëñ¶oZ)
D$) AmMm¶©: {eî¶JUoZ gh AJÀN>V² & (J“mñZmZmW©‘²/g‘wÐñZmZmW©‘²)
E) ¶ñ‘mV² kmZ§ b^Vo g: & (Á¶oð>:/Jwé:)
3. $H«$‘oU ¶moO¶V &
A) 1. ‘mVm ì¶mK«o nmfmUIÊS>mZ² A{jnV² & 2. ì¶mK«ñ¶ nwaV: gå‘X©: OmV: &
3. ì¶mK«ñ¶ ‘Zwî¶dmÊ¶m ^mfUoZ ‘{hbm ‘ypÀN>©Vm & 4. ì¶mK«ñ¶ JO©Z¶m ~mb: ^rV: &
Am) 1. {e{~añ¶ àW‘§ {XZ‘² & 2. gH©$gñdm{‘Z: gmhmæ¶¶mMZm &
3. gh^moOZñ¶ ahñ¶ôX: & 4. gH©$gñdm{‘Z: AmJ‘Z‘² &
B) 1. ^„zH$ñ¶ nQ>‘ÊS>nñVå^‘² AmamohU‘² & 2. YoZmo: gå^«‘: AmH«$‘U§ M &
3. {M‘Uamdñ¶ ì¶mK«Ëd§ {dñ‘¥Ë¶ {ÛnmXê$nml¶: & 4. gh^moOZñ¶ àmaå^: &
B©) 1. g§Ý¶mgmW©‘² AZw‘{V¶mMZm & 2. ZH«o$U nmXJ«hU‘² &
3. ‘mÌm AZw‘{VàXmZ‘² & 4. e‘añ¶ AmH«$moe: &
C) 1. Jmo{dÝX^JdËnmXmZm§ {eî¶Ëd‘² & 2. ‘mÌo à{VlwË¶ J¥hmV² {ZJ‘©Z‘² &
3. d¡{XH$Y‘©ñ¶ ñWmnZmWª àñWmZ‘² & 4. ‘mVa§ g§Ý¶mgñ¶ ‘hÎd~moYZ‘² &
D$) 1. ‘mJ} ‘{bZH$m¶nwéfñ¶ AmJ‘Z‘² & 2. {eî¶JUoZ gh J“mñZmZmWª J‘Z‘² &
3. "‘Zrfmn#mH$‘²' B{V ñVmoÌñ¶ aMZm & 4. ‘{bZH$m¶nwéfñ¶ ‘wImV² doXmÝVVÎdgmañ¶ ldU‘² &
gX²JwUgån{Îm:, H${dnpÊS>Vm:, gn[adma‘², bmoH${à¶:, ~mbdraM‘y:, nmfmUIÊS>m:, Ma‘{~ÝXþ:,
A{ZÀN>m, ^„zH$dofYmar, ì¶mK«^„zH$m¡, AZwÎm‘m{Z, IJmoÎm‘:, Am¶VbmoMZm, dZñn{VJV:, J¥Y«amO:,
‘mV¥godm, J¥hñW:, Aé{M:, {MÝVm‘¾m, nyUm©ZXr &
69
5. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dmŠ`§ nwZ{b©IV &
A) ‘mVm ì¶mK«o nmfmUIÊS>mZ² {jn{V ¶V: &
1. Vñ¶m: nwÌ: ì¶mK«JO©Zm§ lwËdm ^rV: & 2. ‘mVm ì¶mK«§ nrS>{¶Vw‘² BÀN>{V ñ‘ &
Am) ‘mVm ‘ypÀN>©Vm ¶V: &
1. ‘mVm Ádanr{S>Vm & 2. Vñ¶m: nwaV: ì¶mK«: ‘Zwî¶dmÊ¶m AdXV² &
B) H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ AÝVo àojH$m: ì¶mK«dofYm[aU§ ‘Zwî¶§ Vm{S>VdÝV: ¶V: &
1. ì¶mK«dofYm[aUm ‘Zwî¶oU Mm¡¶©H$m¶ª H¥$V‘² & 2. VoZ ‘Zwî¶oU ì¶mK«dof§ Y¥Ëdm àojH$mUm§ d#mZm
H¥$Vm &
B©) e‘ a: Cƒ¡: AmH«$moeV² ¶V: &
1. g: ZXrObo A‘ÁOV² & 2. ZH«$: Vñ¶ nmX‘² AJ¥†mV² &
C) e‘ a: ‘{bZH$m¶§ ‘Zwî¶§ àUZm‘ ¶V: &
1. ‘{bZH$m¶: ‘Zwî¶: e‘ a§ g‘ Q>mV² AajV² & 2. g: ‘{bZH$m¶: ‘Zwî¶: doXmÝVñ¶ gma§ OmZm{V ñ‘ &
6. gd©Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
Amdmä¶m‘² n#m‘r
B`_² àW‘m
¶ofw gá‘r
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:

EVmgw gá‘r
gd©ñ‘mV² n#m‘r
^dÝVm¡ {ÛVr¶m
70
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &
H¥$Ë¶ - àË¶¶mÝVm{Z
(H$‘©{U-^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)
1) nmR>ç: J«ÝW: & nR>Zm¶ ¶mo½¶: J«ÝW: & 2) aú¶: Xoe: & Xoe-ajU‘² B{V
n{R>Vì¶: J«ÝW: & a{jVì¶: Xoe: & H$V©ì¶‘² &
nR>Zr¶: J«ÝW: & ajUr¶: Xoe: &
$H$: nmR>ç: ? H$: ajUr¶: ?
J«ÝW: nmR>ç: & Xoe: ajUr¶: &
3) ImÚm{Z ’$bm{Z & 4) dÝÚm ‘mVm &

Im{XVì¶m{Z ’$bm{Z & ImXZm¶ ¶mo½¶m{Z dpÝXVì¶m ‘mVm & dÝXZmhm© ‘mVm &
ImXZr¶m{Z ’$bm{Z & ’$bm{Z & dÝXZr¶m ‘mVm &
H$m{Z ImXZr¶m{Z? H$m dÝXZr¶m ?
’$bm{Z ImXZr¶m{Z & ‘mVm dÝXZr¶m &
AÝ¶m{Z CXmhaUm{Z -
no¶§ Ob‘² & Xe©Zr¶: {MÌnQ>: & Jo¶§ gw^m{fV‘² & {MÝVm Z H$m¶m© &
gwJå¶: nd©V: & Xo¶§ XmZ‘² & {MÝVZr¶: {df¶: &
H¥${V: - 1) {e{jH$m ‘ybYmVw§ dX{V & N>mÌmUm§ àW_: d¥ÝX: "¶' àË¶¶¶w³V§ ê$n§ dX{V & {ÛVr¶: d¥ÝX:
"Vì¶' àË¶¶¶w³V§ V¥Vr¶: M d¥ÝX: "AZr¶' àË¶¶¶w³V§ ê$n§ dX{V & ¶Wm -
{e{jH$m dX{V àW‘: N>mÌd¥ÝX: {ÛVr¶: N>mÌd¥ÝX: V¥Vr¶: N>mÌd¥ÝX:
` Vì` AZr`
Ë¶O² Ë¶mÁ¶ Ë¶³Vì¶ Ë¶OZr¶
dM² dmÀ¶ d³Vì¶ dMZr¶
à + AW²© àmÏ¶© àmW©{¶Vì¶ àmW©Zr¶
Kwf-Kmof² Kmoî¶ Kmof{¶Vì¶ KmofUr¶
Xm Xo¶ XmVì¶ XmZr¶
{jn² joß¶ joáì¶ jonUr¶
Ñe² Ñí¶ Ðï>ì¶ Xe©Zr¶
J¡ Jo¶ JmVì¶ JmZr¶
71
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
1) H¥$Ë¶-àË¶¶mÝV-ê$nm{U ApÝdî¶V & 2) ¶mo½¶§ {deofU§ ¶moO¶V &
Ë¶O², XÊS>, Z‘², km, nm, H¥$, dM², {MÝV² ‘mVm XÊS>Zr¶m:
em{Q>H$m: lmì¶m{U
kmZ‘² H«o$Vì¶o
ñ‘m Ë¶ Zr $H$m ¶© ‘m{nHo$ AO©Zr¶‘²
O¶: àjmbZr¶m:
d ³V ì¶ X ³V Mmoam: àmáì¶:
gË¶dMZ‘² dÝÚm
JrVm{Z d³Vì¶‘²
Ú ì¶ Z ÊS> ko
no {M ÝV Zr ¶
Jm¶V ZÝXV &
¶ Ü¶o ì¶ ¶ ½Y bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘²
‘Zgm gVV§ ñ‘aUr¶‘²
dMgm gVV§ dXZr¶‘²
nR>V-~moYV & bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && bmoH${hV§&&
{dX^©àmÝVo ZmJnwao OmV: "àkm^maVr Z ^moJ^dZo a‘Ur¶‘²
S>m°. lrYa ^mñH$a dU}H$a:' B{V ‘hmZ² Z M gwIe¶Zo e¶Zr¶‘² &
g§ñH¥$VnpÊS>V: & g§ñH¥$V{Zð>: A¶§ g§ñH¥$Vo Ah{Z©e§ OmJaUr¶‘²
ñZmVH$moÎmanXdr§ àmß¶ AJ«o S>r. {bQ²> B{V Cnm{Y‘² bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && ‘Zgm&&
A{n àmádmZ² & ‘hm^mJoZmZoZ {dnwb§ g§ñH¥$VboIZ§ Z OmVw Xþ:I§ JUZr¶‘²
H¥$V§ {ddoH$mZÝX{dO¶‘², {edamÁ¶m{^foH$‘² Z M {ZOgm¡»¶§ ‘ZZr¶‘² &
B{V ZmQ>Ho$, "{edamÁ¶moX¶‘²' B{V ‘hmH$mì¶§, H$m¶©joÌo ËdaUr¶‘²
"l‘JrVm' BË¶mXr{Z Z¡H$m{Z bKwH$mì¶m{Z bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && ‘Zgm&&
M {b{IVm{Z & "‘Zgm gVV§ ...' B{V JrV§ Xþ:IgmJao VaUr¶‘²
dU}H$a‘hmoX¶oZ {b{IV‘² & H$ï>nd©Vo MaUr¶‘²
{Ûghòm{YH$-gáXeV‘§ dfª (2017) {dn{Îm{d{nZo ^«‘Ur¶‘²
‘hmoX¶ñ¶mñ¶ OÝ‘eVmãXny{V©df©‘² & Añ‘¡ bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && ‘Zgm&&
npÊS>Vloð>m¶ Z‘: & JhZmaÊ¶o KZmÝYH$mao
~ÝYwOZm ¶o pñWVm Jâo &
VÌ ‘¶m g#maUr¶‘²
bmoH${hV§ ‘‘ H$aUr¶‘² && ‘Zgm&&
-S>m°. lrYa ^mñH$a dU}H$a
72
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4
H¥$Ë¶-àË¶¶mÝVm{Z
(H$‘©{U-{dÜ¶W©H$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)
gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + ¶/Vì¶/AZr¶

CXmhaUm{Z -
H¥$> - $H$m¶©/H¥$Ë¶/H$V©ì¶/H$aUr¶ Xm - Xo¶/XmVì¶/XmZr¶
nR² - nmR>ç/n{R>Vì¶/nR>Zr¶ ‘wM² - ‘moÀ¶/‘mo³Vì¶/‘moMZr¶
Ñe² - Ñí¶/Ðï>ì¶/Xe©Zr¶
Xod-eãXdV² (nw§) ‘mbm-eãXdV² (ór.) dZ-eãXdV² (Znw§)
nw§{b“ê$nm{U ór{b“ê$nm{U Znw§gH${b“ê$nm{U
H$aUr¶: H$aUr¶m¡ H$aUr¶m: H$aUr¶m H$aUr¶o H$aUr¶m: H$aUr¶‘² H$aUr¶o H$aUr¶m{Z
XmZr¶: XmZr¶m¡ XmZr¶m: XmZr¶m XmZr¶o XmZr¶m: XmZr¶‘² XmZr¶o XmZr¶m{Z
nmR>ç: nmR>çm¡ nmR>çm: nmR>çm nmR>ço nmR>çm: nmR>ç‘² nmR>ço nmR>çm{Z
‘mo³Vì¶: ‘mo³Vì¶m¡ ‘mo³Vì¶m: ‘mo³Vì¶m ‘mo³Vì¶o ‘mo³Vì¶m: ‘mo³Vì¶‘² ‘mo³Vì¶o ‘mo³Vì¶m{Z
Ñí¶: Ñí¶m¡ Ñí¶m: Ñí¶m Ñí¶o Ñí¶m: Ñí¶‘² Ñí¶o Ñí¶m{Z
nR>Zr¶: J«ÝW: & nR>Zr¶m H${dVm & nR>Zr¶§ H$mì¶‘² &
ImXZr¶: ‘moXH$: & Im{XVì¶m Hw$ÊS>{bH$m & ImÚ§ ’$b‘² &
EVm{Z {deofUm{Z {H«$¶m¶m: Ah©Vm§ gyM¶pÝV & VW¡d H$‘©nX‘² AZwgapÝV & AV: Ho$db§ H$‘©dmÀ¶o
dm³¶o EVofm‘² Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &
Cn¶moOZ‘² -
A) {deofUê$noU - ñ‘aUr¶m H$Wm, àojUr¶§ ñWb‘², nyÁ¶: nwéf: &
Am) H$‘©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - 1. am‘oU J«ÝW: nmR>ç: / n{R>Vì¶: / nR>Zr¶: &
2. grV¶m nÌ§ bo»¶‘² / bo{IVì¶‘² / boIZr¶‘² &
3. N>mÌ¡: àým: àÀN²>¶m: / àï>ì¶m: / n«ÀN>Zr¶m: &
ê$n‘obZ§ Hw$éV &

1. ImX{V (A) ³VdVw-àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘²
2. Im{XV‘² (Am) bQ²> (H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)
3. Im{XVdmZ² (B) H¥$Ë¶-àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘²
4. ImXZr¶: (B©) ³V-àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘²
5. ImÚVo (C) bQ²> (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²)
73
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² eV¥-emZM²-àË¶¶mÝVm{Z &
H$V©[a-dV©‘mZH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &
‘ÝX§ hgÝV§ à^¶m bgÝV§ Ah§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ &

OZñ¶ {MÎm§ gVV§ haÝV_² & ‘wHw$ÝX: qH$ H$amo{V?
doUw§ {ZVmÝV§ ‘Yw ZmX¶ÝV§ ‘wHw$ÝX: ‘ÝX§ hg{V & ‘wHw$ÝX: à^¶m bg{V &
~mb§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ‘Zgm ñ‘am{‘ && ‘wHw$ÝX: OZñ¶ {MÎm§ gVV§ ha{V &
‘wHw$ÝX: {ZVmÝV§ ‘Yw doUw§ ZmX¶{V &
H$sÑe: ‘wHw$ÝX: ? (‘wHw$ÝXñ¶ {deofUm{Z H$m{Z ?)
hgZ²
ZmX¶Z² ‘wHw$ÝX: bgZ²
haZ²
Ah‘² EVmÑe§ hgÝV§ à^¶m bgÝV§ {MÎm§ haÝV§ doUw§ ZmX¶ÝV§ ‘wHw$ÝX§ ñ‘am{‘ &
H¥$îU: hg{V & ¶wdH$: Jm¶{V &

hgZ² H¥$îU: & Jm¶Z² ¶wdH$: &
~m{bH$m Z¥Ë¶{V & ¶mZ§ JÀN>{V &

Z¥Ë¶ÝVr ~m{bH$m & JÀN>V² ¶mZ‘² &
‘{hbm Ymd{V & ’$b§ nV{V &

‘{hbm & ’$b‘² &
hgZ², Z¥Ë¶ÝVr, nVV² EVm{Z hg², Z¥V², nV² B{V YmVwä¶: {Z{‘©Vm{Z {deofUm{Z (YmVwgm{YVm{Z) & EVm{Z
{deofUm{Z {H«$¶m Z g‘mám B{V gyM¶pÝV & AV: EVm{Z dV©‘mZH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &
EVmÑem{Z {deofUm{Z Apñ‘Z² ûcmoHo$ ApÝdî¶V &
ImXZ² Z JÀN>m{‘ hgZ² Z ^mfo
JV§ Z emoMm{‘ H¥$V§ Z ‘Ý¶o &
Û¶moñV¥Vr¶mo Z ^dm{‘ amOZ²
qH$ H$maU§ ¶oZ ^dm{‘ ‘yI©: &&
74
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 5
eV¥-emZM²- àË¶¶mÝVm{Z
(H$V©[a-dV©‘mZH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &)
gyÌ‘² - ‘yb YmVw: + JU{dH$aU‘² + AV² / ‘mZ / AmZ
(AmXoe:) (n.n.) (Am.n.) (Am.n.)
(1 V: 10) (1, 4, 6, 10) (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9)
eV¥ (AV²)-àË¶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (nañ‘¡n{XZ: YmVd:, 1 V: 10 JUr¶m:)
‘ybYmVw: àm{Vn{XH$‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²
A) J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n.n.) JÀN>V² JÀN>Z² JÀN>ÝVr JÀN>V²
Am) Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z¥Ë¶V² Z¥Ë¶Z² Z¥Ë¶ÝVr Z¥Ë¶V²
B) {bI² (6 n.n.) {bIV² {bIZ² {bIÝVr {bIV²
B©) nyO² (10 n.n.) nyO¶V² nyO¶Z² nyO¶ÝVr nyO¶V²
C) * H¥$ (8 n.n.) Hw$d©V² Hw$d©Z² Hw$d©Vr Hw$d©V²
D$) * km (9 n.n.) OmZV² OmZZ² OmZVr OmZV²
EVofm§ {deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U nw§{b“o àm¶: ^JdV²-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV & ¶Wm JÀN>Z² JÀN>ÝVm¡ JÀN>ÝV: &
ór{b“o ZXr-gÑem{Z VW¡d Znw§gH${b“o OJV²-gÑem{Z ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
emZM² (‘mZ)-àË¶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (AmË‘Zon{XZ: YmVd:, 1, 4, 6, 10 JUr¶m:)
A)‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘Ý¶‘mZ ‘Ý¶‘mZ: ‘Ý¶‘mZm ‘Ý¶‘mZ‘²
Am)a‘² (1 Am.n.) a‘‘mU a‘‘mU: a‘‘mUm a‘‘mU‘²
B) ‘¥ (6 Am.n.) {‘«¶‘mU {‘«¶‘mU: {‘«¶‘mUm {‘«¶‘mU‘²
B©) ‘ÝÌ² (10 Am.n.) ‘ÝÌ¶‘mU ‘ÝÌ¶‘mU: ‘ÝÌ¶‘mUm ‘ÝÌ¶‘mU‘²
emZM² (AmZ)-àË¶¶mÝV-CXmhaUm{Z - (AmË‘Zon{XZ: YmVd:, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 JUr¶m:)
A) ~«y (2 Am.n.) ~«wdmU ~«wdmU: ~«wdmUm ~«wdmU‘²
Am) {M (5 Am.n.) {MÝdmZ {MÝdmZ: {MÝdmZm {MÝdmZ‘²
B) * H¥$ (8 Am.n.) Hw$dm©U Hw$dm©U: Hw$dm©Um Hw$dm©U‘²
B©) * km (9 Am.n.) OmZmZ OmZmZ: OmZmZm OmZmZ‘²
EVofm§ {deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U nw§{b“o Xod-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV & ¶Wm ‘Ý¶‘mZ: ‘Ý¶‘mZm¡ ‘Ý¶‘mZm: &
ór{b“o ‘mbm-gÑem{Z VW¡d Znw§gH${b“o dZ-gÑem{Z ^dpÝV &
Cn¶moOZ‘² - 1. embm§ JÀN>Z² N>mÌ: nV{V & 2. Z¥Ë¶V² AnË¶§ ÑîQ‰>m ‘mVm AmZÝX{V &
3. IobZo a‘‘mU: ~mbH$: {ejH§$ ní¶{V & 4. ñVmoÌ§ ~«wdmUm ‘{hbm nyOm§ H$amo{V &
ê$nn[aM¶: - JÀN>Z² - J‘²-JÀN²> (1 n.n.), eV¥-àË¶¶mÝV‘², nw§{b“-àW‘m-EH$dMZ‘²
hgÝV‘² - hg² (1 n.n.), eV¥-àË¶¶mÝV‘², nw§{b“-{ÛVr¶m-EH$dMZ‘² &
75
³V-àË¶¶mÝVm{Z nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &
(H$‘©{U-^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)
gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + V (V/Y/Z/Q/T/U)
CXmhaUm{Z - H¥$> (8 C.n.) - H¥$V, Xm (1 n.n./3 C.n.) - XÎm, nR²> (1 n.n.) - n{R>V,
b^² (1 Am.n.) - bãY, ‘wM² (6 C.n.) - ‘w³V, Ñe² (1 n.n.) - Ñï>
àW‘mÝVê$nm{U
H¥$V: H¥$Vm¡ H¥$Vm: H¥$Vm H¥$Vo H¥$Vm: H¥$V‘² H¥$Vo H¥$Vm{Z
XÎm: XÎmm¡ XÎmm: XÎmm XÎmo XÎmm: XÎm‘² XÎmo XÎmm{Z
n{R>V: n{R>Vm¡ n{R>Vm: n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm: n{R>V‘² n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{Z
bãY: bãYm¡ bãYm: bãYm bãYo bãYm: bãY‘² bãYo bãYm{Z
‘w³V: ‘w³Vm¡ ‘w³Vm: ‘w³Vm ‘w³Vo ‘w³Vm: ‘w³V‘² ‘w³Vo ‘w³Vm{Z
Ñï>: Ñï>m¡ Ñï>m: Ñï>m Ñï>o Ñï>m: Ñï>‘² Ñï>o Ñï>m{Z
n{R>>V: J«ÝW: n{R>Vm H${dVm n{R>V§ H$mì¶‘² &
Im{XV: ‘moXH$: Im{XVm Hw$ÊS>{bH$m Im{XV§ ’$b‘² &
EVm{Z {deofUm{Z YmVwä¶: {Z{‘©Vm{Z AV: YmVwgm{YVm{Z & EVm{Z {deofUm{Z H$‘©nX‘² AZwgapÝV &
Cn¶moOZ‘² - A) {deofUê$noU - Ah§ d¥jmV² n{VV§ ’$b§ ImXm{‘ &
Am) H$‘©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - 1. am‘oU J«ÝW: n{R>V: &
2. grV¶m nÌ§ {b{IV‘² &
3. N>mÌ¡: àým: n¥ï>m: &
³VdVw-àË¶¶mÝVm{Z
(H$V©[a-^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z)
gyÌ‘² - ‘ybYmVw: + VdV²
CXmhaUm{Z - H¥$> - H¥$VdV², Xm - XÎmdV², nR² - n{R>VdV²,
b^² - bãYdV², ‘wM² - ‘w³VdV², Ñe² - Ñï>dV²
àW‘mÝVê$nm{U
H¥$VdmZ² H¥$VdÝVm¡ H¥$VdÝV: H¥$VdVr H¥$VdË¶m¡ H¥$VdË¶: H¥$VdV² H¥$VdVr H¥$VdpÝV
XÎmdmZ² XÎmdÝVm¡ XÎmdÝV: XÎmdVr XÎmdË¶m¡ XÎmdË¶: XÎmdV² XÎmdVr XÎmdpÝV
n{R>VdmZ² n{R>VdÝVm¡ n{R>VdÝV: n{R>VdVr n{R>VdË¶m¡ n{R>VdË¶: n{R>VdV² n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpÝV
bãYdmZ² bãYdÝVm¡ bãYdÝV: bãYdVr bãYdË¶m¡ bãYdË¶: bãYdV² bãYdVr bãYdpÝV
‘w³VdmZ² ‘w³VdÝVm¡ ‘w³VdÝV: ‘w³VdVr ‘w³VdË¶m¡ ‘w³VdË¶: ‘w³VdV² ‘w³VdVr ‘w³VdpÝV
Ñï>dmZ² Ñï>dÝV>m¡ Ñï>dÝV: Ñï>dVr Ñï>dË¶m¡ Ñï>dË¶: Ñï>dV² Ñï>dVr Ñï>dpÝV
n{R>VdmZ² ~mbH$: n{R>VdVr ~m{bH$m n{R>VdV² AnË¶‘² &
Im{XVdmZ² ~mbH$: Im{XVdVr ~m{bH$m Im{XVdV² AnË¶‘² &
76
EVm{Z {deofUm{Z YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z AV: YmVwgm{YVm{Z & EVm{Z {deofUm{Z H$V¥©nX‘² AZwgapÝV &
Cn¶moOZ‘² -
A) {deofUê$noU - Aä¶mg§ H¥$VdmZ² N>mÌ: JwUmZ² àmßZmo{V &
Am) H$V¥©dmÀ¶o dm³¶o {H«$¶mnXñWmZo - ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ n{R>VdmZ² & grVm nÌ§ {b{IVdVr &
N>mÌm: àýmZ² n¥ï>dÝV: &
H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²
H${d: H$mì¶§ a{MVdmZ² & H${dZm H$mì¶§ a{MV‘² &
Jwé: kmZ§ XÎmdmZ² & JwéUm kmZ§ XÎm‘² &
N>mÌm: nmR>mZ² n{R>VdÝV: & N>mÌ¡: nmR>m: n{R>Vm: &
‘mbmH$ma: nwînm{U {MVdmZ² & ‘mbmH$maoU nwînm{U {MVm{Z &
J«mhH$: Amn{UH§$ n¥ï>dmZ² & J«mhHo$U Amn{UH$: n¥ï>: &
Xodr ^³V§ ào[aVdVr & Xoì¶m ^³V: ào[aV: &
AdYo¶‘² -
dmÀ¶n[adV©Zg‘¶o bQ²>bH$ma-dm³¶m{Z VWm
M Ho$db§ ^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-
{deofUm{Z Ed Ano{jVm{Z &
H«$sS>V-ZÝXV
YmVwê$nm{U dm YmVwgm{YVm{Z {ZarjÜd‘² &
R>V² n{R>V
nn
A n
mR>
n{R>î¶{V
nR>Vw n{R>VdV²
n{R>Ëdm nmR>ç
nR>{V n{R>Vw‘² gån nR>oV² nR>Zr¶
nR>ç nR>V² R>ç ì¶
‘mZ n{R>V
^mf² YmVmo: ¶mo½¶ê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &
^mfVo
77
YmVw-gm{YV-{deofUm{Z (nw§., àW‘m, E.d.)
YmVw: ³V ³VdVw H¥$Ë¶m: eV¥/emZM²
J‘²-JÀN>² (1 n.n.) JV: JVdmZ² Jå¶: JÝVì¶: J‘Zr¶: JÀN>Z²
a‘² (1 Am.n.) aV: aVdmZ² aå¶: aÝVì¶: a‘Ur¶: a‘‘mU:
‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘V: ‘VdmZ² ‘mÝ¶: ‘ÝVì¶: ‘ZZr¶: ‘Ý¶‘mZ:
Xm>-¶ÀN²> (1 n.n.) XÎm: XÎmdmZ² Xo¶: XmVì¶: XmZr¶: ¶ÀN>Z²
nm-{n~² (1 n.n.) nrV: nrVdmZ² no¶: nmVì¶: nmZr¶: {n~Z²
km (9 C.n.) kmV: kmVdmZ² ko¶: kmVì¶: kmZr¶: OmZZ²/OmZmZ:
Zr-Z¶² (1 C.n.) ZrV: ZrVdmZ² Zo¶: ZoVì¶: Z¶Zr¶: Z¶Z²/Z¶‘mZ:
H¥$ (8 C.n.) H¥$V: H¥$VdmZ² H$m¶©:/ H$V©ì¶: H$aUr¶: Hw$d©Z²/Hw$dm©U:
H¥$Ë¶:
g¥ (1 n.n.) g¥V: g¥VdmZ² gm¶©: gV©ì¶: gaUr¶:
gaZ²
nR²> (1 n.n.) n{R>V: n{R>VdmZ² nmR>ç: n{R>Vì¶: nR>Zr¶: nRZ²
nV² (1 n.n.) n{VV: n{VVdmZ² nmË¶: n{VVì¶: nVZr¶: nVZ²
ImX² (1 n.n.) Im{XV: Im{XVdmZ² ImÚ: Im{XVì¶: ImXZr¶: ImXZ²
dX² (1 n.n.) C{XV: C{XVdmZ² dmÚ: d{XVì¶: dXZr¶: dXZ²
Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z{V©V: Z{V©VdmZ² Z¥Ë¶: Z{V©Vì¶: ZV©Zr¶:Z¥Ë¶Z²
{bI² (6 n.n.) {b{IV: {b{IVdmZ² bo»¶: bo{IVì¶: boIZr¶: {bIZ²
god² (1 Am.n.) go{dV: go{dVdmZ² goì¶: go{dVì¶: godZr¶: god‘mZ:
dÝX² (1 Am.n.) dpÝXV: dpÝXVdmZ² dÝÚ: dpÝXVì¶: dÝXZr¶: dÝX‘mZ:
à+AW©² (10Am.n.) àm{W©V: àm{W©VdmZ² àmÏ¶©: àmW©{¶Vì¶: àmW©Zr¶: àmW©¶‘mZ:
nyO² (10 C.n.) ny{OV: ny{OVdmZ² nyÁ¶: nyO{¶Vì¶: nyOZr¶: nyO¶Z²/nyO¶‘mZ:
H$W² (10 C.n.) H${WV: H${WVdmZ² H$Ï¶: H$W{¶Vì¶: H$WZr¶: H$W¶Z²/H$W¶‘mZ:
Ñe²-ní¶² (1 n.n.) Ñï>: Ñï>dmZ² Ñí¶: Ðï>ì¶: Xe©Zr¶:
ní¶Z²
àÀN²>-n¥ÀN²> (6 n.n.) n¥ï>: n¥ï>dmZ² àÀN²>¶: àï>ì¶: àÀN>Zr¶:
n¥ÀN>Z²
à+{de² (6 n.n.) à{dï>: à{dï>dmZ² àdoí¶: àdoï>ì¶: àdoeZr¶:
à{deZ²
Am+{Xe² (6 C.n.) Am{Xï>: Am{Xï>dmZ² AmXoí¶: AmXoï>ì¶: AmXoeZr¶: Am{XeZ²/
Am{Xe‘mZ:
‘wM²-‘w#m² (6 C.n.) ‘w³V: ‘w³VdmZ² ‘moÀ¶: ‘mo³Vì¶: ‘moMZr¶: ‘w#mZ²/‘w#m‘mZ:
dM² (2 n.n.) C³V: C³VdmZ² dmÀ¶: d³Vì¶: dMZr¶: dMZ²
Am+a^² (1 Am.n.) AmaãY: AmaãYdmZ² Amaä¶: AmaãYì¶: AmaÛr¶: Ama^‘mU:
b^² (1 Am.n.) bãY: bãYdmZ² bä¶: bãYì¶: b^Zr¶: b^‘mZ:
dh² (1 C.n.) D$T>: D$T>dmZ² dmø: dmoT>ì¶: dhZr¶: dhZ²/dh‘mZ:
Am+éh²-amoh²(1 n.n.) Amê$T>: Amê$T>dmZ² Amamoø: AmamoT>ì¶: AmamohUr¶: AmamohZ²
78
Ì¶moXe: nmR>: {MÌH$mì¶‘² & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)
gw^m{fV§ Zm‘ gå¶H²$ ê$noU ^m{fV‘² & g§ñH¥$Vgw^m{fVm{Z AmXe©OrdZñ¶ Jwø‘² Am»¶mpÝV & d¡{eîQ>çnyUm©{Z
gw^m{fVm{Z g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: gm¡ÝX¶©ñWmZm{Z Ibw & ~w{Õ{dH$mgH$m{Z gw^m{fVm{Z Zm‘ {MÌH$mì¶m{Z & Vm{Z
aÄOH$m{Z A{n gpÝV & Apñ‘Z² {MÌH$mì¶o AÝVambmn:, AÝ¶mop³V:, hmñ¶mop³V:, H$V¥©Jwám àho{bH$m,
g‘ñ¶mny{V©:, dmH$modm³¶‘² BË¶mX¶: gw^m{fVmZm§ àH$mam: gpÝV &
H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m ?
H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU: ?
Ho$ XmanmofUaVm: ?
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n²
H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU:
H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m & H§$ ~bdÝV§
Ho$ XmanmofUaVm: Z ~mYVo erV‘² ?
H§$ ~bdÝV§ Z ~mYVo erV‘² &&1&&
-(AÝVambmn:)
d¥Îm‘²-emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V‘²
ao ao MmVH$ gmdYmZ‘Zgm {‘Ì jU§ ly¶Vm‘²
Aå^moXm ~hdmo@{n gpÝV JJZo gd}@{n Z¡VmÑem: &
Ho${MX² d¥{ï>{âmÐ©¶pÝV dgwYm§ JO©pÝV Ho${MX² d¥Wm
¶§ ¶§ ní¶{g Vñ¶ Vñ¶ nwaVmo ‘m ~«y{h XrZ§ dM: &&2&&
-(AÝ¶mop³V$:)
79
d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n²
d¡ÚamO Z‘ñVwä¶§ ¶‘amOghmoXa &
¶‘ñVw ha{V àmUmZ² Ëd§ Vw àmUmZ² YZm{Z M &&3&&
-(hmñ¶mo{º$:)
dd¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n²
amjgoä¶: gwVm§ öËdm OZH$ñ¶ nwat ¶¶m¡ &
AÌ H$V¥©nX§ Jwá§ ¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: &&4&& -(H$V¥©Jwám àho{bH$m)
80
d¥Îm‘²-CnOm{V:
A¶§ Z ^³Vmo Z M nyOH$mo dm
KÊQ>m§ ñd¶§ ZmX¶Vo VWm{n &
YZ§ OZoä¶: {H$b ¶mMVo@¶§
Z ¶mMH$mo dm Z M {ZY©Zmo dm &&5&&
-(àho{bH$m)
d¥Îm‘²-BÝÐdO«m
am‘m{^foHo$ Ob‘mhaÝË¶m
R>§R
hñVmV² g¥Vmo ho‘KQ>mo ¶wdË¶m: &

§
R>R
>§
gmonmZ‘mJ}U H$amo{V eãX§

R>§
R§>R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R> R>§ R>R>§ R>: &&6&&

R>R
> R>§
-(g‘ñ¶mny{V©:)
R>R
>§
R>:
81
d¥Îm‘²-emXÿ©b{dH«$s{S>V‘²
{^jw: ¹$mpñV ~bo‘©Io
newn{V: qH$ ZmñË¶gm¡ JmoHw$bo
‘w½Yo nÞJ^yfU:
g{I gXm eoVo M Vñ¶mon[a &
Am¶} ‘w#m {dfmX‘mew
H$‘bo Zmh§ àH¥$Ë¶m Mbm
MoËW§ d¡ {J[aOmg‘wÐgwV¶mo:
gå^mfU§ nmVw: d: &&7&&
-(dmH$modm³¶‘²)
gpÝY{dJ«hm:
1) ~hdmo@{n = ~hd: + A{n 9) Ob‘mhaÝË¶m = Ob‘² + AmhaÝË¶m &
2) gd}@{n = gd} + A{n & 10) ¹$mpñV = ¹$ + ApñV &
3) Z¡VmÑem: = Z + EVmÑem: & 11) ZmñË¶gm¡ = Z + ApñV + Agm¡ &
4) d¥{ï>{âmÐ©¶pÝV = d¥{ï>{^: + AmÐ©¶pÝV & 12) Vñ¶mon[a = Vñ¶ + Cn[a &
5) Z‘ñVwä¶‘² = Z‘: + Vwä¶‘² & 13) {dfmX‘mew = {dfmX‘² + Amew &
6) ¶‘ñVw = ¶‘: + Vw & 14) Zmh‘² = Z + Ah‘² &
7) VWm{n = VWm + A{n & 15) MoËW‘² = M + BËW‘² &
8) ¶mMVo@¶‘² = ¶mMVo + A¶‘² &
ñnï>rH$aU‘²
íbmoH$: 1 - AÝVambmnñ¶ CXmhaU‘² EVV² & AÌ àíZMVwï>¶§ dV©Vo & àíZo Ed Vñ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo & Efm
eãXmbL²>H$mañ¶ M‘ËH¥${V: & H$ñ¶{MX² Ajañ¶ g§¶moOZoZ {dKQ>ZoZ dm àíZñ¶ CÎma§ àmß¶Vo & ¶Wm -
1) H§$ g§OKmZ H¥$îU: ? H¥$îU: H§$ ‘m[aVdmZ² ? CÎma‘² - H§$g§ OKmZ H¥$îU: & 2) H$m erVbdm{hZr J“m ?
CÎma‘² - H$merVbdm{hZr J“m & 3) Ho$ XmanmofUaVm: ? Xmam: Zm‘ nËZr & XmamUm§ (Hw$Qw>å~ñ¶) nmofUo Ho$ aVm: ?
CÎma‘² - Ho$Xma-nmofUaVm: & Ho$Xmam: Zm‘ joÌm{U & 4) H§$ ~bdÝV§ Z ~mYVo erV‘² ? CÎma‘² - H$å~bdÝV§
erV§ Z ~mYVo & ¶: H$å~b§ Yma¶{V, V§ erV§ Z ~mYVo B{V &
íbmoH$: 2 - AÝ¶mop³VH$mì¶àH$mañ¶ CXmhaU‘oVV² & MmVH$: njr ZdOb{~ÝXÿZ² Ed {n~{V & AV: ‘oK: Ed Vñ¶
Aml¶: & gd} ‘oKm: ObXm¶H$m: Z & Ho$MZ dgwYm§ d¥{ï>{^: AmÐ©¶pÝV, Ho$MZ d¥Wm Ed JO©pÝV & AV: H${d: MmVH§$
dX{V, ""Ëd§ ¶§ ¶§ ní¶{g Vñ¶ Vñ¶ nwaV: XrZ§ dM: ‘m ~«y{h &'' MmVH$‘mÜ¶‘oZ dñVwV: H${d: XrZOZmZ² C{Ôí¶
dX{V, ""¶o ¶o Y{ZH$m: Vofm§ nwaV: XrZV¶m ¶mMZm§ ‘m $Hw$é, ¶V: gd} XmZeyam: Z gpÝV &
íbmoH$: 3 - ho ¶‘amOghmoXa d¡ÚamO, Vwä¶§ Z‘: & ¶‘: Vw àmUmZ² ha{V {H$ÝVw Ëd§ Vw àmUmZ² YZm{Z M gdª ha{g &
EVoZ íbmoHo$Z H${d: YZbwãYmZ² An[an¹$d¡ÚmZ² {ZÝX{V hmg#m OZ¶{V &
82
íbmoH$: 4 - {MÌH$mì¶ñ¶ Ana: àH$mamo@¶‘² & Añ¶ gabmW©: dV©Vo - H$íMZ OZ: amjgoä¶: gwVm§ öËdm OZH$ñ¶
nwat JV: & Ana: AW©: - H$íMZ OZ: amjgoä¶: OZH$ñ¶ gwVm§ öËdm nwat JV: & AÌ H$V¥©nX§ Jwá§ VX² AÝdoï>ì¶‘² &
am‘m¶Uo B©Ñe: H$mo@{n C„oI: ZmpñV & Z H$mo@{n amjgoä¶: gwVm§ öËdm OZH$nwat ({nV¥nwat) JV: & Z dm OZH$gwVm§
amjgoä¶: öËdm ñdnwat JV: & AV: CÎmañ¶ AdJ‘Z§ Z ^d{V & CÎmañ¶ Ad~moYm¶ "amjgoä¶:' B{V n#m‘r{d^³Vo:
~hþdMZ‘² B{V Z J«hrVì¶‘² & àË¶wV "amjgmZm‘² Bä¶:' amjgoä¶: B{V fð>r VËnwéfg‘mg: J«hUr¶: & VoZ CÎma§
àmß¶Vo - amjgmZm‘² Bä¶: (amOm) amdU: & VoZ AW©g“{V: A{n ^d{V & ¶Wm - amdU: (amjgoä¶:) OZH$ñ¶
gwVm§ öËdm nwat JV: &
íbmoH$: 5 - Ef: ûcmoH$: H$mì¶àdmh: B{V H$mì¶gL>²J«hmV² CÕ¥V:, H${d: - lr. gXm{ed Í¶å~H$ ahmVoH$a & EVX²
An•þ{V-AbL²>H$mañ¶ CXmhaU‘² & A¶§ OZ: ¶Ú{n Z ^³V: Z nyOH$: VWm{n ñd¶§ KÊQ>m§ ZmX¶Vo & g: Z ¶mMH$:
Z dm {ZY©Z: VWm{n OZoä¶: (OZmZ²) YZ§ ¶mMVo & V{h© dXV, g: H$: ? Añ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo & "H$:hdmZ¶mH$bmo&'
({dnarVH«$‘oU nR>V &)
íbmoH$: 6 - g‘ñ¶mnyV}: CXmhaU‘² EVV² & "R>§R§ R>R>§ R>§ R>R> R>§ R>R>§ R>: &' B{V dV©Vo g‘ñ¶m & am‘ñ¶ amÁ¶m{^foH$g‘¶o
H$m{MV² ¶wdVr gwdU©KQ>oZ ObmZ`Zo ‘¾m AmgrV² & gmonmZ‘mJ}U J‘Zg‘¶o Vñ¶m: hñVmV² gwdU©KQ>: n{VV:, VXm
¶: Üd{Z: A^dV² g Ed eãXmo@¶‘² &
íbmoH$: 7 - bú‘rnmd©Ë¶mo: g§dmXmo@¶‘² & AÌ bú‘r: nmd©Vt {edñ¶ CnpñW{V{df¶o àíZmZ² n¥ÀN>{V & VËH¥$Vo
gm B©Ñem{Z {deofUm{Z ¶moO¶{V ¶oZ {edñ¶ AYZËd§ gy{MV§ ^d{V & búå¶m: EV§ ^md§ kmËdm MVwam nmd©Vr A{n
gdm©{U {deofUm{Z gw~wX²Ü¶m Zmam¶U§ à{V n[adV©¶{V & V¶mo: g§dmX:
bú‘r: = {^jw: ({ed:) Hw$Ì ApñV?
nmd©Vr = ~bo: ‘Io (dm‘Zê$noU JV: Ibw &)
bú_r: = newn{V: (Hw$Ì ApñV?)
nmd©Vr = {H$_² Agm¡ JmoHw$bo ZmpñV?
bú‘r: = ‘w½Yo, nÞJ^yfU: (Hww$Ì ApñV?)
nmd©Vr = g{I, gXm Vñ¶ (eofñ¶) Cn[a M eoVo &
bú‘r: = Am¶}, {dfmX§ (Xþ:I§/{df‘² A{Îm g: {dfmX: {ed:, V§) ‘w#m &
nmd©Vr = H$‘bo, Ah§ (ËdËgÑer) àH¥$Ë¶m Z Mbm &
V¶mo: B©Ñe: g§dmX: d: (`wî_mZ²) nmVw (ajVw) &
ûcmoH$: 1 ^mfmä¶mg:
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 2. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A) H¥$îU: H§$ OKmZ? Am) XmanmofUo Ho$ aVm: ? {deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²
B) H§$$erV§ Z ~mYVo? ~hd: dM:
2. g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ {bIV & XrZ‘² MmVH$:
H¥$îU:, J“m, aV:, ~bdmZ² & Aå^moXm:
3. "J“m' B{V nXñ¶ {deofU‘² ApÝdî¶V {bIV M & 3. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
4. "H§$ g§OKmZ' B{V íbmoH§$ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV & A) Aå^moXm: dgwYm‘² AmÐ©¶pÝV &
(H$V¥©nX‘² EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &)
ûcmoH$: 2. Am) Ëd§ XrZ§ dM: ‘m ~«y{h &
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo ^dmZ² ¶moO¶V &)
A) JJZo Ho$ gpÝV ? 4. "ao ao MmVH$' B{V íbmoH§$ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m ñnï>rHw$éV &
Am) H${d: H§$ "{‘Ì' B{V gå~moY¶{V?
B) ObXm: H$m‘² AmÐ©¶pÝV?
83
ûcmoH$: 3. 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) ¶mMVo@¶‘² = ¶mMVo + &
A) $H${d: H§$ Z‘{V? Am) $H$m¡ àmUmZ² haV:? Am) ¶mMH$mo dm = + dm &
B) d¡Ú:$qH$ qH$ ha{V? 3. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
2. íbmoH$mV² gå~moYZmÝVnXÛ¶‘² ApÝdî¶ {bIV &
Z
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
¶‘:, d¡Ú:, ghmoXa:, YZ‘²
Z bmoH$¶mZdmhH$: Z
A) $ Z‘: & ("d¡ÚamO' eãXñ¶ ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§
Z
{bIV)
Am) d¡Ú: àmUmZ² ha{V & (dm³¶§ bL²>-bH$mao ûcmoH$: 6.
n[adV©¶V &) 1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
5. "d¡ÚamO Z‘ñVwä¶‘²' Añ¶ íbmoH$ñ¶ ñnï>rH$aU§ A) $H$: eãX§ H$amo{V?
‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV & Am) H$ñ¶m: hñVmV² gwdU©KQ>: n{VV:?
6. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & 2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
ho‘, Ob‘², eãX: &
ha{V
3. "am‘m{^foHo$' Añ¶ íbmoH$ñ¶ ñnï>rH$aU§
¶‘amO: d¡ÚamO: ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &
ûcmoH$: 7.
ûcmoH$: 4. A) ûcmoHo$ H$¶mo: gå^mfU§ dV©Vo?
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & Am) ûcmoHo$ {Z{X©ï>m{Z gå~moYZnXm{Z {bIV &
A) $OZH$ñ¶ gwVm§ öËdm H$: ¶¶m¡? B) {dîUw: {^jwê$noU Hw$Ì JÀN>{V?
Am) AÌ H$V©¥nX§ {H$‘² ? B©) {dîUw: Hw$Ì eoVo ?
2. g‘mZmW©H§$ nX§ {bIV & 2. g‘mZmW©H§$ nX§ {bIV &
gwVm, nwar, ¶¶m¡, npÊS>V: & {^jw:, ‘I:, newn{V:, H$‘bm, {J[aOm
3. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & 3. ûcmoHo$ H$m{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z ?
A) amjgoä¶: OZH$ñ¶ gwVm§ öËdm nwat ¶¶m¡ & CnH«$‘:
(bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &) 1) $"g‘ñ¶mny{V©'-íbmoH$mZm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
Am) ¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: & ¶Wm- A) ‘¥JmV² qgh: nbm¶Vo &
(~hþdMZo n[adV©¶V &) Am) eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb‘² &
4. àW‘mÝV§ {ÛVr¶mÝV§ M nX§ {MËdm {bIV & 2) AÝ¶mop³VíbmoH$mZm§
gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
ûcmoH$: 5.
3) H$m‘{n AÝ¶m‘²
EH$m§ àho{bH$m§ {bIV &
A) $H$: YZ§ ¶mMVo?
Am) "A¶§ Z ^³Vmo' B{V àho{bH$m¶m: CÎma§ {H$‘²?
84
MVwX©e: nmR>: à{VnX§ g§ñH¥$V‘² &
g§ñH¥$V^mfm ^maVñ¶ kmZ^mfm dV©Vo & g§ñH¥$Vo {dÚ‘mZ§
kmZ§ H$mbmVrV‘² AÚm{n gwg“V§ M & "{H$‘Wª g§ñH¥$V‘² ?'
"H$: bm^: g§ñH¥$VnR>ZoZ ‘‘ ?' "{dÚmb¶moÎma‘{n ApñV dm x$A{n g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ AÜ¶¶Z§ Zm‘ aQ>Z§
g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶¶Zñ¶ Adga: ?' "A{n g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶¶ZoZ Ah§ d¥{Îm§ VWm M àm¶: VV² A{YH$JwUmZ²
bô¶ ?' B{V ~hd: àíZm: N>mÌOrdZo Añ‘mZ² gÝÌmg¶pÝV & àmáw‘² Ed H$aUr¶‘² ?
g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶¶ZoZ ¶wJmZwHy$bm d¥{Îm: Vw bä¶Vo Ed A{n Vw ¶pñ‘Z²
joÌo d¶§ H$m¶©aVm: VÌ Añ‘mH§$ JwUdÎmm A{n dY©Vo & VXWª x g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: Cn¶moOZ§ Ho$fw
g§ñH¥$V‘² Adí¶‘² AÜ¶oVì¶‘² & ¶: g§ñH¥$V§ gå¶H²$ OmZm{V g H$m¶©joÌofw ^d{V ?
Ed ¶WmW©V¶m Vñ¶ gd}fw joÌofw Cn¶moOZ§ H$Vwª e³Zmo{V &
(g§dmXñWb‘² - {d‘mZVbñ¶ àVrjmb¶: &) Ho$MZ OZm: ¶mÌm¶m: Amaå^mWª àVrjÝVo & Ho$MZ gwIoZ
{ZÐm‘¾m: & Ho$MZ H$m°{’$nmZñ¶ AmZÝX‘² AZw^dpÝV & VÌ EH$m ‘hmoX¶m àmßZmo{V & gm Cn{dí¶ {H$‘{n
nwñVH§$ n{R>Vw§ àma^Vo & nwñVH$ñ¶ ‘wIn¥ð>o g§ñH¥$V-gyp³V-gL²>J«h: B{V erf©H§$ dV©Vo & VV² ÑîQ‰>m g‘rnñW:
H$mo@{n ‘hmOZ: V¶m gh d³Vw§ àma^Vo &
‘hmoX¶: - A{n ^dVr g§ñH¥$V§ nmR>¶{V ?
‘hmoX¶m - (gpñ‘V§) Z Ibw &
85
‘hmoX¶: - ^dË¶m: g‘rno EV§ gw^m{fVgL²>J«h§ ÑîQ‰>m ‘¶m Ed§ {MpÝVV‘² &
‘hmoX¶m - Amoh² ! ¶Ú{n g§ñH¥$V§ Z nmR>¶m{‘ VWm{n Añ¶ nwñVH$ñ¶ ‘‘ H$m¶©joÌoU gh gå~ÝY: ApñV &
‘hmoX¶: - Ed‘² & H$pñ‘Z² joÌo H$m¶©aVm ^dVr ?
‘hmoX¶m - Ah§ ì¶dñWmnZà{e{jH$mê$noU H$m¶ª H$amo{‘ & ‘¶m AdJV§ ¶X² am‘m¶U-‘hm^maV-{H$amVmOw©Zr¶-
aKwd§e-BË¶m{Xfw ~hd: íbmoH$m: gpÝV ¶ofw ì¶dñWmnZemóñ¶ ‘ybVÎdm{Z Ñï>mÝVg{hVm{Z
{Z{X©ï>m{Z & AZoZ H$mì¶‘mÜ¶‘oZ {df¶àdoe: gwJ‘: ^d{V & Efm nÕ{V: ‘¶m ñdrH¥$Vm OZ¡a{n
A{^‘Vm & AV: ‘¶m nwZaoH$dma§ g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: g§ñH¥$VH$mì¶mXrZm§ M AÜ¶¶Z§ àmaãY‘² &
‘hmoX¶: - Ahmo Amü¶©‘²! embm¶m: AZÝVa§ IpÊS>V§ ‘‘ g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶¶Z‘² & VX{n AYwZ¡d nwZ: AmaãY‘² &
‘hmoX¶m - H$W§ H$W‘² ?
‘hmoX¶: - dñVwV: Ah§ dm{UÁ¶emIm¶m: ñZmVH$: & {d{YemIm¶m: nXdr A{n àmám ‘¶m & gmåàV§
~hþam{ï´>¶g§ñWm¶m§ {d{Y{d‘e©H$ê$noU H$m¶ª H$amo{‘ & VXZwg¥Ë¶ H$m¡{Q>br¶‘² AW©emó§,
¶mkdë³¶ñ‘¥{V: AmXrZm§ J«ÝWmZm‘² AÜ¶¶Z§ gmhmæ¶H$a§ ^doV² B{V Jwé{^: C³V‘² & AV: AYwZm
Ah§ emó{df¶H$mUm§ g§ñH¥$VJ«ÝWmZm‘² AÜ¶¶Zo ¶ËZ§ H$amo{‘ & (ñ¶yVmV² {H$‘{n g§ñH¥$VnwñVH§$
Xe©¶{V &)
(V¶mo: n¥ð>V: Ho$MZ ¶wdH$m: Jmo{ð>fw aVm: & àgmX:, g‘ra:, brZm VWm VZwOm BË¶oVm{Z
nañna{‘Ìm{U & Vofw AÝ¶V‘: VV² nwñVH§$ ÑîQ‰>m ‘hmoX¶‘² CnJå¶ dX{V &)
g‘ra: - ‘hmoX¶, ^dVmo: g§dmXo g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ gÝX^©: lwV: ‘¶m & ^dmZ{n {dœg§ñH¥$Vn[af{Þ{‘Îm§ {dXoe§
àpñWV: ?
‘hmoX¶: - Z Ibw & na§ H$sÑer Efm {dœg§ñH¥$Vn[afX²? A{n ^dmZ² g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ N>mÌ: ?
g‘ra: - Am‘² & Ah‘² Am¶. Am¶. Q>r. AWm©V² ^maVr¶-àm¡Úmo{JH$s-g§ñWmZ‘² BË¶Ì g“UH$ -
A{^¶mpÝÌH$s B{V {df¶ñ¶ N>mÌ: & VÌ N>mÌm: g§ñH¥$V‘{n n{R>Vw§ e³ZwdpÝV & Aï>mÜ¶m¶r B{V
ì¶mH$aUemó{df¶H$: J«ÝW: nmR>çVo VÌ ‘mZì¶{dÚm{d^mJo & Ah§ g§ñH¥$Vì¶mH$aU§ g“UH$emó§
M B{V {df¶‘² A{YH¥$Ë¶ g§emoYZ§ H$amo{‘ & V{Ûf¶H§$ emoY{Z~ÝY§ àñVmoVw‘² Ah§ n[af{X {Z‘pÝÌV: &
‘hmoX¶m - Ahmo Amü¶©‘²! VÝÌkmZg§ñWm¶m‘²? g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ AÜ¶¶Z‘² ?
‘hmoX¶: - ‘hm{dÚmb¶o g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶¶Z§ Ho$db§ H$bmemIm¶m: N>mÌm: Hw$d©pÝV BË¶mgrV² ‘o ‘{V: &
g‘ra: - {Vð>Vw VmdV² & V{h© Adí¶§ ‘ob¶m{‘ ‘o {‘Ìm{U & EVo gd}@{n n[af{X gh^m{JZ: &
àgmX: - (AJ«o AmJË¶) Z‘ñVo & Ah§ agm¶Zemóñ¶ N>mÌ: & àmMrZ^maVr¶agm¶Zemó‘² B{V ‘‘
g§emoYZjoÌ‘² & V{Ûf¶H$m: J«ÝWm: g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m {b{IVm: & embm¶m§ ¶X² g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶¶Z§ H¥$V§ Vñ¶
Cn¶w³VVm‘² Ah‘² AYwZm AdJÀN>m{‘ &
brZm - Ah‘{n ^mfmemó‘² AYrË¶ ~o“bwê$ BË¶Ì gm°âQ>doAa-joÌo ^maVr¶^mfm{díbo{fH$mê$noU H$m¶ª
H$amo{‘ & g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ kmZ‘² AmYw{ZH$^maVr¶-^mfmUm§ {díbofUo AVrd gmhmæ¶H$a§ ^d{V B{V ‘o
AZw^d: &
VZwOm - nmœ©{ZdoXZ‘² B{V ‘o ì¶dgm¶: & g§ñH¥$VíbmoH$mXrZm§ nR>ZoZ eãXmoƒmaUñ¶ CÎm‘: Aä¶mg:
^d{V & VoZ A{^Z¶o {ZdoXZo M à^md: dY©Vo & gmåàV§ H$bmjoÌo H$m¶©aVm: Añ‘mgw Ho$MZ
âV‘wZo: ZmQ>çemóñ¶ AÜ¶¶Z§ Hw$d©pÝV &
g‘ra: - ^mo:, ^maVr¶{dÚm¶m: Zm‘ ^maVr¶VÎdkmZ-¶moJemó-B{Vhmg- ñWmnË¶m{XemómUm‘² AÜ¶¶Zm¶
{dXoeoîd{n Z¡Ho$ OZm: CËgwH$m: & VXWª H$müZ Xÿa{MÌdm{hÝ¶: A{n gpÝV & VÌ g§ñH¥$VVÁkmZm‘²
Amdí¶H$Vm dV©Vo & ‘‘ gwöX² Ame¶gånmXH$ê$noU VÌ H$m¶©aV: &
86
‘hmoX¶m - Añ‘m{^: g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ AÜ¶¶Z§ embm¶m§ H¥$V‘² & na§ Vñ¶ AZoZ àH$maoU Cn¶moOZ§ ^do{X{V
Añ‘m{^: Z¡d {MpÝVV‘² &
‘hmoX¶: - gË¶‘od &
brZm - ¶pñ‘Z² H$pñ‘Þ{n joÌo d¶§ d¥Î¶Wª H$m¶©aVm: ñ¶m‘, VÌ g§ñH¥$VkmZ‘² Añ‘ËH¥$Vo {deofmh©Vm
^d{V &
^mfmä¶mg:
A) ‘hmoX¶m qH$ ê$noU H$m¶ª H$amo{V ? Am) Ho$Z ‘mÜ¶‘oZ {df¶àdoe: gwJ‘: ^d{V ?
B) ì¶mH$aUemó{df¶H$J«ÝWñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ? B©) g‘ra: {H$‘² A{YH¥$Ë¶ g§emoYZ§ H$amo{V ?
C) àgmXñ¶ g§emoYZjoÌ§ {H$‘² ? D$) VZwOm¶m: ì¶dgm¶: H$: ?
E) eãXmoƒmaUñ¶ Aä¶mg: Ho$Z ^d{V ?
A) g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶¶Z‘² AÝ¶joÌofw H$W‘² Cn¶w³V‘² ?
A) íbmoHo$fw ì¶dñWmnZemóñ¶ ‘ybVÎdm{Z {Z{X©ï>m{Z & Am) nXdr ‘¶m àmám &
B) àgmXoZ g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ AÜ¶¶Z§ embm¶m§ H¥$V‘² & B©) g‘ra: n[af{X {Z‘pÝÌV: &
C) g§ñH¥$VmÜ¶¶Z§ H$bmemIm¶m: N>mÌm: Hw$d©pÝV &
4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ ‘ob¶V & 7. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A) g§emoYZ‘², AdJV‘², gwJ‘:, ^mfm {deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²
Am) kmV‘², gwb^:, AZwgÝYmZ‘², ^maVr ~hd: J«ÝWmZ²
5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & gwJ‘: OZm:
EH$m kmZ‘²
{‘Ìm{U, CËgwH$m:, {dXoe: emó{df¶H$mZ² Aä¶mg:
6. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & gmhmæ`H$a‘² ‘{hbm
(A) OZ¡a{n (Am) AYwZ¡d (B) gd}@{n CÎm‘: {df¶àdoe:
(B©) {dXoeoîd{n (C) H$pñ‘Þ{n CËgwH$m: íbmoH$m:
A) Ah§ dm{UÁ¶emIm¶m: ñZmVH$: & (~hþdMZo n[adV©¶V &)
Am) Ah‘² AÜ¶¶Zo ¶ËZ§ H$amo{‘ & (dm³¶§ {d{Y{bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
B) g: ‘hmoX¶‘² CnJå¶ dX{V & (nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ {ZîH$mñ¶ dm³¶§ {bIV &)
B©) A{n ^dVr g§ñH¥$V§ nmR>¶{V? ("^dVr' ñWmZo "Ëd§' ¶moO¶V &)
C) nXdr A{n àmám ‘¶m & (à¶moJn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &)
E) N>mÌm: g§ñH¥$V‘{n n{R>Vw§ e³ZwdpÝV & (EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &)
Eo) d¶§ H$m¶©aVm: ñ¶m‘ & (bmoQ²>-bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
87
9) YmVwgm{YV-{deofU-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
YmVw: ³V ³VdVw $H¥$Ë¶m: eV¥/emZM²
àÀN²>-n¥ÀN²> (6 n.n.) n¥ï>dmZ² n¥ÀN>Z²
a‘² (1 Am.n.) aV: aÝVì¶:
H¥$ (8 C.n.) H$m¶©: Hw$dm©U:
Am+éh²-amoh² (1 n.n.) Amê$T>dmZ² AmamohZ²
{bI² (2 n.n.) {b{IV: bo{IVì¶:
god² (1 Am.n.) go{dV: go{dVdmZ²
a^²(1 Am.n.) aãY: a^‘mU:
‘wM²-‘w#m² (6 C.n.) ‘moMZr¶: ‘w#mZ²
km (9 C.n.) kmV: kmVdmZ²
nm-{n~² (1 n.n.) no¶: {n~Z²
à+{de² (6 C.n.) à{dï>>: à{deZ²
dX² (1 n.n.) C{XVdmZ² dXZr¶:
10. OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & 11. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
A)
{dídg§ñH¥$Vn[af{X gh^m{JZ: OZm:
H$m¡{Q>br¶‘² AW©emó‘² g‘ra:
g§ñH¥$VJ«ÝWm: agm¶ZemóÀN>mÌ:
brZm
nmíd©{Zdo{XH$m
Am) AÜ¶¶Zm¶ AÜ¶¶Zm¶
{dXoer¶m: OZm:
CËgwH$m:
AÜ¶¶Zm¶ AÜ¶¶Zm¶
88
n#mXe: nmR>: ‘mZdVmY‘©: & (gabmW©boIZmW©‘²)
$H${b¶wJo@pñ‘Z² gd©Ì {d{dYY‘m©Um§ àMma: ^d{V B{V Ñí¶Vo &

{H$ÝVw, "Y‘©:' g‘>ënZm¶m: H$: AW©: B{V MoV² ¶: Yma¶{V g: x$‘mZdVm Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
Y‘©: & ñdH$V©ì¶ñ¶ nmbZ§ Zm‘ Y‘©: & ¶Wm - amOY‘©:, {nV¥Y‘©:, x‘mZdVmY‘©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶
H$Ý¶mY‘©:, n{VY‘©:, nËZrY‘©: BË¶mX¶: &
¶{X ‘mZd: gd©Ì empÝV‘² BÀN>{V, {ddmX§ ¶wÕ§ M Ë¶³Vw‘² BÀN>{V gm‘m{OH$H$m¶ª Hw$d©Vm§ OZmZm§
V{h© VoZ ‘mZdVmY‘© Ed nmbZr¶: & gd} Y‘m©: ‘mZdVm{hVdm{XZ: Zm‘m{Z H$W¶V &
Ed & AV: ‘mZdVm gd©Y‘m©Um§ ‘yb‘² & g ‘mZdVmY‘© Ed AÌ
d{U©V: ApñV ‘. ‘. S>m°. XodràgmX IadÊS>rH$a‘hm^mJ¡: &
¶W¡d gH$bm ZÚ: à{depÝV ‘hmoX{Y‘²&
VWm ‘mZdVmY‘ª gd} Y‘m©: g‘m{lVm: &&1&&
fS²>O‘ybm ¶Wm gd} g“rVo {d{dYm: ñdam: &
VWm ‘mZdVmY‘ª gd} Y‘m©: g‘m{lVm: &&2&&
EH$s^y¶ ¶Wm gd} dUm© JÀN>pÝV ew³bVm‘² &
VWm gå^y¶ e§gpÝV Y‘m© ‘mZdVmJwU‘² &&3&&
gdª ì¶mßZmo{V g{bb§ eH©$am bdU§ ¶Wm &
Ed§ ‘mZdVmY‘mo© Y‘m©Z² ì¶mßZmo{V gd©Wm &&4&&
¶Wm àH$me¶Ë¶oH$mo ^mZw^w©dZ‘ÊS>b‘² &
Y‘m©Z² àH$me¶Ë¶oH$ñVWm ‘mZdVmJwU: &&5&&
AmË‘m¡nå¶§ g‘m{lË¶ ‘mZdmo ‘mZd¡: gh &
¶Xm ì¶dhao„moHo$ VXm ‘mZdVm ^doV² &&6&&
gd©Y‘m©Z² n[aË¶Á¶ Ô ‘mZdVm§ Yw«d‘² &
Efmo@ä¶wX¶H¥$V² nÝWm: VWm lo¶ñH$amo@{n M &&7&&
^mfmä¶mg:

A) gH$bm ZÚ: H§$ à{depÝV ? Am) g“rVo ñdam: H$sÑem: ?
B) H$: gd©Y‘m©Z² ì¶mßZmo{V ? B©) ^mZw: H§$ àH$me¶{V ?
C) H$m§ Ô B{V H${d: dX{V ?
2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
A) ^mZw^w©dZ‘ÊS>b‘² = + ^wdZ‘ÊS>b‘² &
Am) àH$me¶Ë¶oH$ñVWm = + + VWm &
B) ì¶dhao„moHo$ = + bmoHo$ &
B©) Efmo@ä¶wX¶H¥$V² = Ef: + &
89
3. nmR>mV² ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MËdm {bIV &
A) gd©Y‘m©Z² n[aË¶Á¶ Y«wd§ ‘mZdVm§ Ô & (nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ {ZîH$mg¶V&)
Am) ZÚ: ‘hmoXqY à{depÝV & (H$V¥©nX§ EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &)
B) Ëd§ gd©Y‘m©Z² n[aË¶Á¶ ‘mZdVm§ Ô & ("Ëd§' ñWmZo "^dmZ²' ¶moO¶V &)
B©) gd} Y‘m©: ‘mZdVmJwU§ e§gpÝV & (H$‘©dmÀ¶o n[adV©¶V &)
C) ^mZw: ^wdZ‘ÊS>b§ àH$me¶{V & ({UOÝV§ {ZîH$mg¶V &)
5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
(1) g[aV² (2) a“: (3) Aå^: (4) {XZH¥$V² (5) ‘mJ©:
(A) dU©: (Am) ^mZw: (B) ZXr (B©) nÝWm: (C) g{bb‘²
6. {deoî¶¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &
gd} lo¶ñH$a:
gH$bm: fS²>O‘ybm:

Z{V©î¶{V àW‘: b¥Q²>
{XeoWo ‘Ü¶‘: bQ²>
A{‘bm‘ CÎm‘: bL²>
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
F$pËd½ä¶m‘² V¥Vr¶m
ò½ä¶: MVwWu
{X{e gá‘r
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
¶mo{Jfw gá‘r
lo{ð>Zm¡ àW‘m
YmåZm V¥Vr¶m
90
Aä¶mgnÌ‘² 4

A) Aï>mÜ¶m¶r B{V ZmQ>çemó{df¶H$: J«ÝW: ApñV &
Am) g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ kmZ‘² AmYw{ZH$^maVr¶^mfmUm§ {díbofUo AVrd gmhmæ¶H$a§ ^d{V &
A) g‘rno gw^m{fVgL>²J«h§ ÑîQ‰>m ‘¶m {MpÝVV‘² & (^dË¶¡/^dË¶m:)
Am) AdJV‘² & (‘¶m/Ah‘²)
B) n¥ð>V: ¶wdH$m: Jmo{ð>fw aVm: & (H$íMZ/Ho$MZ)
B©) Añ‘m{^: g§ñH¥$Vñ¶ AÜ¶¶Z§ H¥$V‘² & (embm§/embm¶m§)
C) EVo gd©o@{n gh^m{JZ: & (n[af{X/H$m¶©embm¶m§)
~bdmZ², nwaV:, {ZY©Z:, {‘Ì‘², npÊS>V:, lo¶ñH$a: &
XmanmofUaVm:, ¶‘amOghmoXa:, am‘m{^foH$:, ho‘KQ>:, newn{V:, nÞJ^yfU:, g‘wÐgwVm, àVrjmb¶:,
{ZÐm‘¾:, g‘rnñW:, gw^m{fVgL²>J«h:, ‘hmH$mì¶‘², ‘hm{dÚmb¶:, âV‘w{Z:, {deofmh©Vm, ‘mZdVmY‘©:,
gd©Y‘m©:, Aä¶wX¶H¥$V², Aå^moXm:, gmdYmZ‘Z: &
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
^y{‘ä¶m‘² n#m‘r
{dÚw{V gá‘r
Aå~y{Z àW‘m
6. gd©Zm‘Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:
EVoZ V¥Vr¶m
¶wî‘mZ²/d: {ÛVr¶m
H$mä¶: MVwWu
¶ÀN>V: àW‘: bQ²>
ñV‘² ‘Ü¶‘: bmoQ²>
{dÝXo`_² CÎm‘: {d{Y{bL²>
91
ghVo àW‘: bQ²>
{bIoV‘² ‘Ü¶‘: {d{Y{bL²>
AmgrV² àW‘: bL²>

nyO¶m‘ CÎm‘: bmoQ²>
AHw$dm©Wm‘² ‘Ü¶‘: bL²>
J{‘î¶m‘: CÎm‘: b¥Q²>
8. YmVwgm{YV-{deofU-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
nyO² (10 C.n.) nyÁ¶: nyO¶‘mZ:
ImX² (1 n.n.) Im{XV: Im{XVdmZ²
b^² (1 Am.n.) bãYdmZ² b^Zr¶:
dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV &

(H$Vm©-{H«$¶mnX-gå~ÝY:, {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY:, CnnX-{d^p³V-Aì¶¶m{Z)
¶Wm- dmZa: ’$bm{Z ImXpÝV & @ dmZam: ’$bm{Z ImXpÝV &

1) kmZñ¶ {dZm gwI§ ZmpñV & 11) {Vò: ’$bm{Z AmZ¶ &
2) ^dmZ² qH$ H$amo{f & 12) ZJañ¶ ~{h: dZ§ {dÚVo &
3) {dÚmb¶ñ¶ n[aV: d¥jm: gpÝV & 13) Ëd§ Z¥Ë¶§ H$amo{V &
4) {ZY©Z: nwéf§ Vw {‘Ìm{U A{n Ë¶OpÝV & 14) hZw‘mZ² Z‘: &
5) Ah§ H$Wm¶m: nwñVH§$ nR>{V & 15) e{e{Z gh VmaH$m: A{n amÌm¡ JJZo emo^ÝVo &
6) EH§$ ~m{bH$m nmR>§ Z Añ‘aV² & 16) {dÚm{W©ä¶: H¥$Vo {ejH$: nwñVH$m{Z AmZ¶{V &
7) ^maVXoeo {dembm: AaÊ¶m{Z gpÝV & 17) ^y^¥Vo C^¶V: A_mË`Û¶‘² ApñV &
8) AÞ§ nyU©: ~«÷ ApñV & 18) {ddmXmV² Ab‘² &
9) BX§ nÌm{U ñdÀN>m{Z gpÝV & 19) MÝÐ‘g§ g‘rno VmaH$m {dÚVo &
10) ZXrä¶: J“m loð>m & 20) g{dÌm A{^V: J«hm: ^«‘pÝV &
EVmÑem{Z AÝ¶m{Z dm³¶m{Z àï>ì¶m{Z &
92
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² {UOÝVm: (à¶moOH$m:)&
~mbH$: nR>{V & {ejH$: ~mbH§$

nwñVH§$ nmR>¶{V &
~mbH$: AÞ§ ^wL²>³Vo & ‘mVm ~mbH$‘²

AÞ§ ^moO¶{V &
~mbH$: Ob§ {n~{V & {nVm ~mbH§$

Ob§ nm¶¶{V &
d¥j: dY©Vo & ~m{bH$m d¥j§ dY©¶{V &
~mbH$: AmgÝXmV² nV{V & a‘oe: ~mbH$‘²

AmgÝXmV² nmV¶{V &
~m{bH$m {MÌ§ ní¶{V & gIr ~m{bH$m§

{MÌ§ Xe©¶{V &
93
¶mZ§ Mb{V & MmbH$: ¶mZ§ Mmb¶{V &
~m{bH$m Jm¶{V & {nVm ~m{bH$¶m

JrV§ Jmn¶{V &
gyX: AÞ§ nM{V & J¥{hUr gyXoZ

AÞ§ nmM¶{V &
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
ê$ne¥’bm§ nya¶V &

ñWm - ñWmn¶{V/Vo ^y - dM² - dmM¶{V/Vo Z‘² -
Xm - H¥$ -H$ma¶{V/Vo nR²> - ‘wM² - ‘moM¶{V/Vo
‘m - ‘¥ - dX² - Hw$n² -
km - d¥ - hg² - ~wY² -
nm - nmb¶{V/Vo V¦ - ‘Z² - ^wO² -
nm - nm¶¶{V/Vo ñ‘¥ - {bI² - boI¶{V/Vo éX² -
J¡ - Y¥ - à + {de² - d¥Y² - dY©¶{V/Vo
Ü¶¡ - J‘² - J‘¶{V/Vo {gM² - g¥O² -
Zr - Zm¶¶{V/Vo ImX² - {dX² - Z¥V² -
lw - lmd¶{V/Vo ^j² - Ymd² -
94
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 6 {UOÝV: (à¶moOH$:)&
‘yb§ dm³¶‘² {UOÝV§ dm³¶‘²
H¡$Ho$¶r am‘§ dZ§ J‘¶{V &
am‘: dZ§ JÀN>{V &
à¶moOH$- à¶moÁ¶- Jm¡U- {UOÝV§
H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² H$Vm© H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnXê$n‘²
x {UOÝVà¶moJo à¶moOH$H$Vm© àW‘mÝV: ^d{V &
x {UOÝVà¶moJo gd}fm§ YmVyZm‘² "A¶' {dH$aU§ ^d{V &
x gd}fm§ YmVyZm§ {UOÝVê$nm{U C^¶nXr{Z ^dpÝV &
x gd}fw bH$maofw {UOÝVà¶moJm: ^dpÝV &
‘ybdm³¶o ¶: H$Vm© g: {UOÝVdm³¶o à¶moÁ¶H$Vm© ^d{V & à¶moÁ¶H$Vw©: H$m {d^p³V: ?
YmVwàH$ma: à¶moÁ¶H$Vw©: {d^p³V:+ CXmhaU‘²
1) AH$‘©H$-YmVd: - (nV², hg², Z¥V² BË¶mX¶:) [ÛVr¶m - {‘{ha: Am{XË¶§ nmV¶{V &
2) JË¶W©H$-kmZ/AÜ¶¶ZmË‘H$-godZmË‘H$- {ÛVr¶m - d¡Ú: ~mbH$‘² Am¡fY§ nm¶¶{V &
eãXH$‘m©Ë‘H$-YmVd: & {ejH$: ~mbH§$ nmR>§ nmR>¶{V &
(J‘²-JÀN²>, ¶m, nR²>, ~wY², km, A{Y+B, {dX², ‘mVm {eew§ àoL²>ImJrV§ lmd¶{V &
{ej², ^wO², nm-{n~², Ae², lw, ñ‘¥ BË¶mX¶:)
3) gH$‘©H$-YmVd: V¥Vr¶m - Y{ZH$: ñdnwÌoU {^jwH$m¶ YZ§ Xmn¶{V &
({bI², Xm, nM², aj² BË¶mX¶:)
4) Zr-Z¶², dh², ImX² V¥Vr¶m - ñdm‘r JX©ôZ ^ma§ dmh¶{V &
5) H¥$, ö {ÛVr¶m/V¥Vr¶m
{ejH$: N>mÌmZ²/N>mÌ¡: d¥jmamonU§ H$ma¶{V &
6) Ñe² {ÛVr¶m/MVwWu
H$m¡gë¶m am‘§/am‘m¶ MÝÐ§ Xe©¶{V &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
A) {UOÝV§ Hw$éV &
1. d¥j: nV{V & (à^ÄOZ:) 2. AÝYH$ma: Zí¶{V & (gy¶©:)
3. N>mÌ: à{de{V & (ajH$:) 4. H¥$îU: ZdZrV§ ^wL²>³Vo & (¶emoXm)
5. AOw©Z: eó{dÚm‘² AYrVo & (ÐmoUmMm¶©:) 6. a{gH$: H$mì¶§ e¥Umo{V & (H${d:)
7. ¶j: gÝXoe§ Z¶{V & (‘oK:) 8. nwÌ: nÌ§ {bI{V & ({nVm)
Am) {UOÝV§ {ZîH$mg¶V &
1. ~mbH$: ewH§$ ’$b§ ImX¶{V & 2. ì¶mg: JUoeoZ ‘hm^maV§ boI¶{V &
3. AmajH$: MmbH§$ {Z¶‘§ kmn¶{V & 4. e¥Jmb: ‘¥J§ joÌ§ Xe©¶{V &
95
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² gL²>»¶m{dœ‘² 1- H«$‘dmMH$m: &
(‘mVm‘øm gh Xm¡{hÌm:
Xm¡{hÍ¶: M CndZo Cn{dí¶
dmVm©bmn§ Hw$d©pÝV &)
n¥Wm - (AmZÝXoZ)
‘mVm‘{h, {H$¶ÝV: d¥jm:
gpÝV Añ‘mH$‘² CndZo!
‘mVm‘hr - A{n
A{ÔmZrW Ho$ d¥jm:
EVo ? Zm‘m{Z H$W¶V &
doUw: - Ef: àW‘: d¥j:
Am‘«d¥j: & {ÛVr¶: M
H$Xbrd¥j: &
n¥Wm - AÌ V¥Vr¶: Xm{S>‘d¥j: &

gwYoÝXþ: - MVwW©: M Zma“d¥j: &
doUw: - ^mo:, Z Ho$db§ àW‘: d¥j: A{n Vw d¥jmUm§ àW‘m Amd{b: Ed Am‘«d¥jmUm‘² & {ÛVr¶m
H$Xbrd¥jmUm‘² ...
n¥Wm - V¥Vr¶m Xm{S>‘mZm§ MVwWu M Zma“mUm‘² &
‘mVm‘hr - gmYw ~mbH$m: & gwðw> A{^kmV‘² & A{n OmZrW, àW‘, {ÛVr¶, V¥Vr¶ EVo eãXm: Zm‘
H«$‘dmMH$-gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z & H$W‘² Cn¶wÁ¶ÝVo B‘m{Z ?
doUw: - àW‘: ~mbH$: - àW‘m ~m{bH$m - àW‘§ J¥h‘² &
gwYoÝXþ: - VW¡d {ÛVr¶: - {ÛVr¶m - {ÛVr¶‘² &
n¥Wm - V¥Vr¶: - V¥Vr¶m - V¥Vr¶§ M &
‘mVm‘hr - CÎm‘‘² & {H$ÝVw MVwW©V: ór{b“ê$nm{U MVwWu, n#m‘r, fð>r BË¶mXr{Z ^dpÝV &
n¥Wm - AV Ed ZmJn#m‘r, aWgá‘r, AmfmT>-EH$mXer, AZÝVMVwX©er BË¶mXr{Z {V{WZm‘m{Z ^dpÝV
Ibw &
‘mVm‘hr - gå¶H²$ & V{h© H«$‘dmMH$m{Z Cn¶wÁ¶ BVmo@{n dm³¶m{Z dXV &
gwYoÝXþ: - Ah§ àW‘o Vbo dgm{‘ & nmR>embm¶m§ ‘‘ dJ©: Vw {ÛVr¶o Vbo &
doUw: - JVdf} Ah§ Zdå¶m§ H$jm¶m§ nR>m{‘ ñ‘ & Apñ‘Z² df} Xeå¶m§ H$jm¶m§ nR>m{‘ & A{J«‘o df}
EH$mXí¶m§ H$jm¶m§ n{R>î¶m{‘ &
n¥Wm - nR>ZñnYm©¶m‘² Ah§ {ÛVr¶§ nmR>‘² AnR>‘² & VXm àW‘§ nm[aVmo{fH§$ àmßZd‘² &
doUw: - fð>ñ¶ àíZñ¶ CÎma‘² Aï>å¶m N>mÌ¶m XÎm‘² & AÌ JUoeñVmoÌ§ ñ‘am{‘ "àW‘§ dH«$VwÊS>§ M . . . B{V &
‘mVm‘hr - ~mT>§ ~mT>‘² & Añ¶ H¥$Vo ¶wî‘mH§$ nm[aVmo{fH§$ Zm‘ ‘Ywam{U ’$bm{Z & ¶mdpÝV ’$bm{Z BÀN>W
VmdpÝV ImXW& $
96
H«$‘dmMH$m{Z {deofUm{Z
nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²
àW‘: àW‘m àW‘‘²
{ÛVr¶: {ÛVr¶m {ÛVr¶‘²
V¥Vr¶: V¥Vr¶m V¥Vr¶‘²
MVwW©: MVwWu MVwW©‘²
n#m‘: n#m‘r n#m‘‘²
fð>: fð>r fîR>‘²
gá‘: gá‘r gá‘‘²
Aï>‘: Aï>‘r Aï>‘‘²
Zd‘: Zd‘r Zd‘‘²
Xe‘: Xe‘r Xe‘‘²
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
(1) gL²>»¶m¶mZ§ nya¶V &
àW‘ :
1 2 3 4 5
AmgÝX: ^dZ‘² ÐmoUr $H${d: no{Q>H$m
(2) ‘ obZ§ $$Hw$éV & V¥Vr¶¶m gmonmZmV²

n#m‘mV² H$Ý¶¶m
gá‘‘² Xoì¶¡
Aï>å¶¡ H$jm¶m‘²
Xeå¶m‘² Vb‘²
MmÝÐ‘mgZm‘m{Z & gañdVrñVmoÌ‘² &
H$ÊR>ñWrHw$éV & gañdVr ‘¶m Ñï>m drUmnwñVH$Ym[aUr &
OmZr¶mV² àW‘§ M¡Ì§ d¡emI§ M {ÛVr¶H$‘² & h§gdmhZg§¶wº$m {dÚmXmZ§ H$amoVw ‘o && 1&&
V¥Vr¶§ H$s{V©V§ Á¶oð>‘² AmfmT>§ M MVwW©H$‘² &&1&& àW‘§ ^maVr Zm‘ {ÛVr¶§ M gañdVr &
lmdU§ n#m‘§ ‘mg§ fð>§ ^mÐnX§ VWm & V¥Vr¶§ emaXmXodr MVwWª h§gdm{hZr &&2&&
A{œZ§ gá‘§ {dÚmX² Aï>‘§ H$m{V©H§$ VWm &&2&& n#m‘§ Vw OJÝ‘mVm fð>§ dmJrídar VWm &
Zd‘§ ‘mJ©erfª M nm¡f§ M Xe‘§ VWm & gá‘§ M¡d H$m¡‘mar Mmï>‘§ daXm{¶Zr &&3&&
EH$mXe§ Vw ‘mK§ M ÛmXe§ ’$mëJwZ§ VWm &&3&& Zd‘§ {g{ÕXmÌr M Xe‘§ ~«÷Mm[aUr &
Zm‘m{Z MmÝÐ‘mgmZm§ ÛmXemZm§ ¶WmH«$‘‘² & EH$mXe§ MÝÐKÊQ>m ÛmXe§ ^wdZoídar &&4&&
{Z~moYoX² ‘mgMH«§$ M ‘ZwOmo df©gÄkH$‘² &&4&& ÛmXe¡Vm{Z Zm‘m{Z {ÌgÝÜ¶§ ¶: nR>oÞa: &
{OˆmJ«o dgVo Vñ¶ ~«÷ê$nm gañdVr &&5&&
B{V lrgañdVrñVmoÌ§ gånyU©‘² &
CnH«$‘: - Ed‘od AÝ¶m{Z gL²>»¶mdmMH$¶w³Vm{Z ñVmoÌm{U ApÝdî¶V &
97
XrK©gL²>»¶m: &
nR>V-~moYV
108 200 400 500

Aï>m{YH$eV‘² {ÛeV‘² MVwíeV‘² n#meV‘²
1000 10,000 1,00,000 1,00,00,000

ghò‘² Xeghò‘² bj‘² H$mo{Q>:
5728
n#mghò§ gáeV§ Aï>mqde{V:
AmMm¶©: - N>mÌm:, AÚVZ: {XZm‘: H$: ?
gw‘oY: - AÚ Am°JñQ>‘mgñ¶ ÛmXe: {XZm‘: ApñV & AmMm¶©, XrKm© gL²>»¶m H$W§ n{R>Vì¶m ?
AmMm¶©: - gwðw> n¥ï>‘² ! nR>Zg‘¶o gL²>»¶m¶m: nR>Z§ dm_V: H$aUr¶‘² & ¶Wm (2018 df©‘²) Aï>-EH$-
eyÝ¶-{Û Zm‘ Aï>¡H$eyÝ¶{ÛV‘§ df©‘² & N>mÌm:, Apñ‘Z² ‘mgo Ho$$ Ho$ {XZ{deofm: gpÝV ?
doXoe:- AmMm¶©, AÚ {dO¶ñ¶ OÝ‘{XZ‘² &
AmMm¶©: - Ed§ dm & gwðw> & {dO¶, ewÔÝ‘{XZ§ Vo & doXoe, Vd OÝ‘{XZ§ H$Xm ApñV ?
doXoe: - AmMm¶©, ‘‘ OÝ‘{XZ‘² Am°³Q>mo~a‘mgñ¶ gáqde{VV‘o {XZm‘o ApñV &
Ah‘² EH$-eyÝ¶-eyÝ¶-{ÛV‘o df} O{Z‘² Abô & AmMm¶© (2001) {Ûghòm{YH¡$H$ B{V A{n
n{R>Vw§ e³¶Vo Z dm ?
AmMm¶©: - Am‘² & ~hÿÎm‘‘² &
gw‘oY: - AmMm¶©, ‘‘ AmgZH«$‘m‘ : (1656) EH$ghò§-fQ>²eV§-fQ²>n#mmeV² B{V & ¶w³V‘² Ibw ?
AmMm¶©: - Am‘² & ¶w³V‘² ApñV AmYw{ZH$g§ñH¥$Vo & gd} N>mÌm: A{J«‘m¶m§ narjm¶m‘² Ed§ àH$maoU Ed
AmgZH«$‘m‘§ {bIÝVw &
doXoe: - AmMm¶©, A{J«‘o ‘mgo gm‘mÝ¶kmZñnYm© ApñV & ñnYm©¶m: àdoeewëH§$ nwñVH$ñ¶ M ewëH§$
kmVw{‘ÀN>m{‘ &
AmMm¶©: - doXoe ! gm‘mÝ¶kmZnarjm¶m: ewëH$‘pñV eVm{YH$qde{V:/qdeË`{YH$eV_² (120)
ê$ß¶H$m{U VWm nwñVH$ñ¶ ‘yë¶‘pñV eVm{YH$qÌeV² / {Ì§eX{YH$eV§ (130) ê$ß¶H$m{U &
AmhË¶ gmY©{ÛeV‘² (250) & N>mÌm:, ¶{X ñnYm©{df¶H$s H$m{n g‘ñ¶m ApñV V{h© nÌHo$
Ed Mb^mfH«$‘m‘: XÎm: & VÌ¡d gånHª$ Hw$d©ÝVw & Mb^mfH«$‘m‘: ApñV (9374532642)
Zd-Ìr{U-gá-MVwa²-n#m-Ìr{U-Ûo-fQ²>-MËdm[a-Ûo &
Aja¡: {bIV - 105 208 1010 1,10,000 520

98
gL²>»¶m{dœ‘² 2 - Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$m: g‘yhdmMH$míM &
(doUw: ewÕ§ gwñda§ ñVmoÌ§ nR>{V & gd} e¥ÊdpÝV &)
‘mVm‘hr - CÎm‘§ doUmo ! gH¥$V² lwËdm A{n H$W§ Ëd¶m ñVmoÌ§ H$ÊR>ñWrH¥$V‘² !
gwYoÝXþ: - ‘mVm‘{h, gH¥$V² BË¶w³Vo$ {H$‘² ?
‘mVm‘hr - gH¥$V² Zm‘ EH$dma‘² & "H${Vdma‘²' B{V àíZñ¶ ¶X² CÎma§ VX² Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$‘² B{V H$Ï¶Vo &
n¥Wm - V{h© Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$m{Z Zm‘ EH$dma§, {Ûdma§, {Ìdma§, MVwdm©a‘² B{V &
‘mVm‘hr - gË¶‘² & EVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z & gH¥$V² , {Û:, {Ì:, MVw: EVm{Z AZwH«$‘§ Vofm‘od g‘mZmW©H$m{Z &
doUw: - h§@@... Añ‘mH§$ {e{jH$m gd©Xm dX{V, "Xedma§ H${WV§ ‘¶m &' "{Ûdma§ nmR>§ nR>V &' "{Ìdma§
gw^m{fV‘mbm§ {bIV' B{V & EVmÑe: Ibw Cn¶moJ: Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$mZm‘² &
gwYoÝXþ: - VWm M df©ñ¶ gH¥$V² d¶§ ‘mVm‘hr-J¥h‘² AmJÀN>m‘: &
n¥Wm - Ah‘{n H$W¶m{‘ dm³¶‘² & A§ ..... Ah§ {XZñ¶ {Û: ^moOZ§ H$amo{‘ & (gwYoÝXþ§ ÑîQ‰>m {dhñ¶)
Ef: Vw {XZñ¶ MVw: ^wL²>ºo$ & A{n ¶mo½¶‘², ‘mVm‘{h$?
gwYoÝXþ: - gd©Wm A¶mo½¶‘² & Zmh§ dma§dma§ ImXm{‘ & Efm Ed AÜ¶¶Z§ {dhm¶ gámhñ¶ {Ì: Z¥Ë¶dJª
JÀN>{V &
‘mVm‘hr - dm³¶m{Z Vw ¶mo½¶m{Z & {H$ÝVw ~mbH$Ì¶§ H$mobmhbo ‘¾§ Ñí¶Vo &
doUw: - AYwZm "Ì¶‘²' B{V {H$‘² ?
gwYoÝXþ: - ‘¶m AdJV‘² & A{n g‘yhdmMH$‘oVV² ?
‘mVm‘hr - gmYw gwYoÝXmo & Û¶‘², Ì¶‘², MVwï>¶‘², n#mH$‘², fQ²>H$‘² BË¶mXr{Z g‘yhdmMH$m{Z Ed &
n¥Wm - V{h© ‘Ywamï>Ho$ Aï> ûcmoH$m: gpÝV Ibw ?
‘mVm‘hr - g‘rMrZ‘² & A{n OmZrW ‘hoÝÐoU YmdZeVH§$ H¥$V§ ø: ?
n¥Wm - h§@@... Ah§ dXm{‘ dm³¶‘² & N>mÌÌ¶oU àH$ën: H¥$V: &
doUw: - d¥jn#mHo$ à^yVm{Z ’$bm{Z gpÝV &
gwYoÝXþ: - OZMVwï>¶§ g§ñH¥$VoZ¡d dmVm©bmn§ H$amo{V &
‘mVm‘hr - gd©Wm ¶mo½¶‘² & gå¶H$² AdJV§ gL²>»¶m{dœ§ ¶wî‘m{^: & ~mT>‘² &
gH¥$V² EH$dma‘² Amd¥{ÎmdmMHo$Z gh ¶Xm H$mbdmMH$:

{Û: {Ûdma‘² eãX: à¶w³V: ^d{V VXm
H$mbdmMH$ñ¶ fð>r{d^p³V: H$m¶m©
{Ì: {Ìdma‘²
¶Wm - {XZñ¶ {Û: &
MVw: MVwdm©a‘² gámhñ¶ MVwdm©a‘² &
n#mH¥$Ëd: n#mdma‘² g§dËgañ¶ gH¥$V² B{V &
fQ²>H¥$Ëd: fQ²>dma‘² g‘yhdmMH$m: gd©Xm Znw§gH${b“o EH$dMZo ^dpÝV &

¶Wm - ‘mJ} ¶mZMVwï>¶§ Ymd{V &
gáH¥$Ëd: gádma‘²
Aï>H¥$Ëd: Aï>dma‘² nR>V-~moYV
ZdH¥$Ëd: Zddma‘² gH¥$Xod ànÞm¶ Vdmñ‘r{V M dm{XZo &
A^¶§ gd©^yVoä¶mo XXmå¶oVV² d«V§ ‘‘ &&
XeH¥$Ëd: Xedma‘²
99
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
(1) Amd¥{ÎmdmMHo$Z dm³¶§ nya¶V &
A) N>mÌ: {XZñ¶ (2) AÜ¶¶Z§ H$amo{V &
Am) ‘mVm (5) ‘‘ ¶wVH§$ àjm{bVdVr &
B) VoZ (3) à¶moJ: H¥$V: &
(2) g‘yhdmMH§$ {bIV &
(3) H«$‘-gL²>»¶m-Amd¥{Îm-dmMH$mZm§ ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV &

A) gL²>»¶mdmMH$m{Z &
H$) ^JdVm ì¶mgoZ (18) nwamUm{Z a{MVm{Z &
I) (4) doXm: dV©ÝVo &
J) (3) ‘{hbm: Ob‘mhVwª JÀN>pÝV &
K) ^moOZo (6) agofw ‘Ywa: ag: ‘‘ {à¶: &
M) ^JdÒrVm¶m‘² Aï>mXeo AÜ¶m¶o (78) ûcmoH$m: gpÝV &
Am) H«$‘dmMH$m{Z &
H$) lrH¥$îU: Xod³¶m: (8) AnË¶‘² &
I) nm¡f‘mg: g§dËgañ¶ (10) ‘mg: &
J) Am¶©^Å>: B{V ^maVdf}U ào{fV: (1) CnJ«h: &
K) ^dZo ‘‘ J¥h§ (7) Vbo dV©Vo &
M) (2) ^dZo ¶moJoe: {Zdg{V &
B) Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$m{Z &
H$) gámhñ¶ (3) g§ñH¥$VdJ©: ^d{V &
I) {XZñ¶ (9) bmoH$¶mZ‘² AmJÀN>{V &
J) Añ‘mH§$ Hw$Qw>å~§ g§dËgañ¶ (1) n¶©Q>ZmWª JÀN>{V &
K) Ah‘² EH§$ nmR>§ (2) gå¶H²$ nR>m{‘ &
M) df©ñ¶ (4) narjm ^d{V &
100
boIZH$m¡eb‘²
A-dm³¶aMZm {d^³Ë¶Wm©: &
1) àW‘m-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -
H$maH§$-H$Vm© H$maH§$-H$‘© 1) A) ~mbH$: Xþ½Y§ {n~{V & (H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²)
(H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘²) (H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²) Am) d¥jmV² ’$b§ nV{V &
àW‘m 2) ~mbHo$Z íbmoH$: nR>çVo & (H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)
3) A) gm gm{ZH$m ApñV &
Zm‘{ZX}e: Am) ^maVo {h‘mb¶: Zm‘ nd©V: dV©Vo &
2) {ÛVr¶m-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -

1) ~mbH$: Xþ½Y§ {n~{V & (H$‘©)
J‘²(JÀN²>)/ 2) am‘: dZ§ JÀN>{V / ¶m{V &
$H$maH§$-H$‘© ¶m 3) ¶mMH$: Z¥n§ YZ§ ¶mMVo &
¶mM² 4) dËg: YoZw§ à{V Ymd{V &
C^¶V: 5) Ob§ {dZm OrdZ‘² Ae³¶‘² &
{ÛVr¶m
6) embm‘² A{^V: d¥jm: gpÝV &
à{V
n[aV: 7) nwîn§ n[aV: ^«‘am: JwÄOpÝV &
8) ‘mJ©‘² C^¶V: joÌm{U gpÝV &
A{^V: {dZm
3) V¥Vr¶m-{d^p³V: &
{dZm
H$maH§$-H$Vm© gh/gmH$‘²/
(H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²) gmY©‘²/g‘‘²
H$maH§$-H$aU‘² Ab‘²
V¥Vr¶m
CXmhaUm{Z -
1) amHo$e: hñVoZ {bI{V & (H$aU‘²)
2) JUoeoZ ‘moXH$m: ImÚÝVo & (H$‘©dmÀ¶‘²)
3) {dÚ¶m {dZm Z ‘moj: &
4) AWd©: {‘ÌoU gh/gmH§$/gmYª/g‘§ {MÌnQ>§
ní¶{V &
5) Ab§ H$monoZ &
101
4) MVwWu-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -
1) A. {ejH$: N>mÌoä¶: kmZ§ ¶ÀN>{V & (gåàXmZ‘²)
H$maH§$- éM² Am. OZm: ^moOZm¶ CnmhmaJ¥h§ JÀN>pÝV &
gåàXmZ‘² 2) ewH$m¶ Xm{S>‘§ amoMVo &
H«w$Y²
3) OZZr nwÌm¶ H«w$Ü¶{V /Hw$ß¶{V &
Z‘: 4) ¶‘: Z{MHo$Vgo daÌ¶§ à{Ve¥Umo{V &
MVwWu
Hw$n² 5) {nVm‘hr ~mbHo$ä¶: H$Wm§ H$W¶{V &
ñn¥h² 6) ewH$: Xm{S>‘m¶ ñn¥h¶{V &
à{V + lw 7) emaXm¶¡ Z‘: &
H$W²
5) n#m‘r-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -

1)A. H¥$frdb: joÌmV² J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V & (AnmXmZ‘²)
{d+a‘² Am. d¥jmV² ’$b§ nV{V &
H$maH§$- 2) g‚mZm: gËH$m¶m©V² Z {da‘pÝV &
AnmXmZ‘² aj²
n#m‘r 3) g¡{ZH$m: eÌwä¶: Xoe§ ajpÝV &
4) kmZmV² {dZm Za: Z emo^Vo &
F$Vo {dZm
5) ZJamX² ~{h: CÚmZ§ dV©Vo &
~{h: 6) YZmV² F$Vo OrdZ§ H${R>Z‘² &
6) fð>r-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -
1) am‘ñ¶ ^«mVm bú‘U: & (gå~ÝYdmMH$:)
H¥$Vo
2) ~mbmZm§ H¥$Vo {ejU‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &
3) J¥hñ¶ g‘rno dmMZmb¶: dV©Vo &
gå~ÝYdmMH$: g‘rno 4) nmR>embm¶m: nwaV: H«$sS>m“U§ dV©Vo &
fð>r 5) J¥hñ¶ n¥ð>V: nd©V: ApñV &
6) am‘ñ¶ dm‘V: grVm X{jUV: bú‘U: M dV©Vo &
AY:/Cn[a nwaV:/n¥ð>V:
7) d¥jñ¶ AY: ewZH$: Cn{de{V &
dm‘V:/
8) d¥jñ¶ Cn[a ‘H©$Q>: dg{V &
X{jUV:
7) gá‘r-{d^p³V: & CXmhaUm{Z -

1) A. nwñVH§$ ñ¶yVo ApñV & (A{YH$aU‘²)
H$maH§$- Am. nwñVH$‘² CËnr{R>H$m¶m‘² ApñV &
A{YH$aU‘² pñZh² B. Ah§ nwÊ¶nÎmZo dgm{‘ &
gá‘r B©. g: OyZ ‘mgo àW‘o gámho AmJ{‘î¶{V &
2) ‘mVm nwÌo pñZø{V &
3) ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$: N>mÌofw nm[aVmo{fH$m{U {dVa{V &
{d + V¦-Va²
102
boIZH$m¡ebmWª ì¶mH$aUÑîQ>çm ¶mo½¶m dm³¶aMZm Ano{jVm & boIZ{Z¶‘mZm§ nmbZ‘{n Amdí¶H$‘² &
dm³¶aMZm¶m: {Z¶‘mZ² gå¶J²$ AYrË¶ ñd¶§ dm³¶m{Z {Z‘m©Vw§ à¶VÜd‘² &
A-1. CnnX-{d^p³V: & (nwZ:ñ‘maU‘²)
1) ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A) B)
éM² {ÛVr¶m ñn¥h² gá‘r
aj² MVwWu J‘² MVwWu
¶mM² n#m‘r {d + V¦-Va² {ÛVr¶m
Am) B©)
Xm-¶ÀN²> gá‘r à{V + lw {ÛVr¶m
{d + a‘² n#m‘r nV² MVwWu
pñZh² MVwWu ¶m n#m‘r
2) ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV &
A) a³Vnwînm{U amoMÝVo & (^JdV²) Am) H¥$frdb: AH$W¶V² & (amOZ²)
B) e‘ a: H«w$Ü¶{V & (Agwa) B©) àOm: pñZøpÝV & (^y^¥V²)
C) Ëd‘² A¶mo½¶mV² {da‘ & (H$‘©Z²) D$) gm¡å¶m ñn¥h¶{V & (òO²)
E) gwöX: Z H«w$Ü¶ÝVw & (gwöX²) Eo) amOm Añ‘mZ² aj{V & (d¡[aZ²)
Amo) g[aV: Aå^: XX{V & (Añ‘X²) Am¡) lr‘ÝV: YZ‘² A¶ÀN>Z² & (Yr‘V²)
dm³¶{Z‘m©U‘²
narjmWª {ZYm©[aVm: YmVd:
J‘²-JÀN²>, ¶mM², Hw$n², H«w$Y², Xm-¶ÀN², H$W², aj², pñZh², éM², ñn¥h², nV², {d+a‘², {d+V¦, à{V+lw&
A-2. A‘aH$mofmV² g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
¶Wm - 1. am‘: loð>: amOm AmgrV² & @ am‘: loð>: nm{W©d:/Z¥n:/^yn: AmgrV² &
2. H¥$fH$: joÌo ~rOm{Z dn{V & 14. nmXn: namonH$mam¶ ’$b{V &
3. Cd©am ^y{‘: gñ¶m{Z XXm{V & 15. H$ZH§$ ‘{hbmZm§ {à¶‘² &
4. YoZw: Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>{V & 16. V¥fmV©: H$mH$: KQ>o Cn{de{V &
5. ‘¥J: dZo dg{V & 17. Za: gd©Xm gË¶§ dXoV² &
6. ^maVo XÊS>H§$ Zm‘ dZ‘² AdV©V & 18. e‘ aoU OQ>m¶m§ J“m Ym¶©Vo &
7. gwXm‘m lrH¥$îUñ¶ {‘Ì‘² & 19. ‘hmamï´>o "JmoXmdar' Zm‘ ZXr à{gÕm &
8. bú‘r: g‘wÐ‘ÝWZmV² CX²^yVm & 20. OZm: gd©Xm YZ§ àmáw§ à¶VÝVo &
9. Jwé: N>mÌoä¶: {dÚm§ ¶ÀN>{V & 21. H¥$îU: ‘oK: Ob§ df©{V &
10. ZrbdUª JJZ§ gwÝXa§ Ñí¶Vo & 22. g¡{ZH$: Xoeñ¶ ajU§ H$amo{V &
11. a{d: AnmaZ^g: nma§ ¶m{V & 23. ZJao AZÝV^Q²>Q>: Zm‘ d¡Ú: dg{V ñ‘ &
12. gwJV: Aï>m“‘mJ©‘² Cn{Xï>dmZ² & 24. Xoeñ¶ CÎmañ¶m§ {X{e "‘mZg§' Zm‘ VS>mJ: dV©Vo &
13. VS>mJo nÙ§ {dH$g{V &
103
Am-1. {Z~ÝYboIZ‘²
gmonmZH«$‘:
{Z~ÝYboIZmWª {Z{X©ï>m: {df¶m: - 1

‘‘ {à¶: H${d: &
eãXgL²>J«h: &
‘‘ {à¶: IJ: &
‘‘ {à¶: ZoVm & 2
‘‘ {à¶: CËgd: &
{df¶m{Y{ð>Vm:
‘‘ {à¶§ nwñVH$‘² &
àým: &
‘‘ {à¶m ^mfm &
3
^maVr¶§ à{gÕ§ ñWb‘² &
àýmZ² AZwg¥Ë¶
37-8 dm³¶mË‘H$: {Z~ÝY: dm³¶m{Z &
Anoú¶Vo &
4
3 3-4 eãXmË‘H$‘² dm³¶‘²
Amdí¶H$‘² & CÎm‘: àmaå^:
3 AW©nyUm©{Z dm³¶m{Z Ed
g‘mamon: M &
JwUm‘>XmZm¶ JUZr¶m{Z & 5
3 à{VnmÚ: {df¶: Ho$Z H$maUoZ g§ñH¥$Vgy³V¶:,
^dVm§ {à¶: B{V bo{IVì¶‘² & gw^m{fVm{Z &
3 {Z~ÝYgmonmZm{Z AZwgV©ì¶m{Z &
6
dm³¶mZm‘²
C{MV: H«$‘: &
AdYo¶‘² -
àýn{ÌH$m¶m§ Ho$db§ {df¶ñ¶ {ZX}e: ^doV² ¶Wm "‘‘ {à¶: IJ:' B{V &
‘¶ya:/H$nmoV:/ewH$:/H$mH$:/MQ>H$: dm B{V ¶§ H$‘{n IJ‘{YH¥$Ë¶ {Z~ÝYboIZo N>mÌmUm§
ñdmVÝÍ¶‘² ApñV &
104
‘‘ {à¶: IJ: - ewH$: &
h[aV:, M#my:, a³Vm, dX{V, Xm{S>‘‘², ‘ar{MH$m, njm¡, CÈ>¶Vo, ‘Ywa‘², Jm¶{V, d¥jofw,
1. {dha{V, ~mbmZm§ {‘Ì‘², IJ:
H$: dU©: ? qH$ H$amo{V ? Hw$Ì {Zdg{V ? qH$ qH$ ImX{V ? Vñ‘¡ qH$ qH$ amoMVo ?
2. H$m{Z d¡{eîQ>çm{Z ? {H$‘Wª {à¶: ?
Vñ¶ dU©: h[aV: & Vñ¶ M#my: a³Vm & g: d¥jñ¶ H$moQ>ao {Zdg{V & AmH$meo {dha{V &
3. g: ‘ar{MH$m: ~rOnya’$b§ M ImX{V & Xm{S>‘§ ewH$m¶ AVrd amoMVo & g: ‘Yþa§ Jm¶{V &
"{dRy> {dRy>' B{V dX{V & ‘Zwî¶eãXmZm‘² AZwH$aU§ H$amo{V &
1) àmaå^: - Añ‘mH§$ gL²>Hw$bo Z¡Ho$ IJm: Ñí¶ÝVo & Vofw ‘‘ {à¶: IJ: ewH$: &
4. 2) g‘mamon: - g: AVrd ‘Zmohmar & Ah§ ewH$m¶ ñn¥h¶m{‘ &
gw^m{fV‘² - AmeweãXñ¶ AÝVoZ H$bm¶m: àW‘oZ M &
5. {dhJmo ¶mo ^doÎmñ¶ dUª erK«§ {ZdoX¶ &&
6. ‘‘ {à¶: IJ: - ewH$: &

AmeweãXñ¶ AÝVoZ H$bm¶m: àW‘oZ M
{dhJmo ¶mo ^doÎmñ¶ dUª erK«§ {ZdoX¶ &&
H$: Ef: IJ: ? Ef: ewH$: & Añ‘mH§$ J¥hgL²>Hw$bo Z¡Ho$ IJm: Ñí¶ÝVo &
Vofw ‘‘ {à¶: IJ: ewH$: & Vñ¶ dU©: h[aV: M#my: M a³Vm &
g: d¥jñ¶ H$moQ>ao {Zdg{V & AmH$meo ñdoÀN>¶m {dha{V & g: ‘ar{MH$m:
~rOnya’$b§ M ImX{V & Xm{S>‘§ ewH$m¶ AVrd amoMVo & g: "{dRy> {dRy>' B{V
dX{V ‘Ywa§ Jm¶{V M & ewH$: ‘Zwî¶eãXmZm‘² AZwH$aU‘{n H$amo{V & ¶Wm d¶§
dXm‘: VW¡d g: aQ>{V &
g: AVrd ‘Zmohmar & Ah§ ewH$m¶ ñn¥h¶m{‘ &
105
Am-2. g§dmXboIZ‘²
* g§dmXboIZmWª {Z{X©ï>m: [df¶m: -

J¥hg§dmX:/embmg§dmX:/AmnUg§dmX:/
àdmgg§dmX:/H$m¶m©b¶g§dmX:/é½Umb¶g§dmX:/
XÿadmUrg§dmX: &
* 7-8 dm³¶mË‘H$: AW©nyU©: g§dmX:,
CÎm‘m g§ñH¥$VaMZm
* g§dmXmWª nmÌm{U H$mën{ZH$m{Z,Ý¶yZm{VÝ¶yZo Ûo
nmÌo
* àg“aMZm¶m: ñdmVÝÍ¶‘²
J¥hg§dmX: &
nmÌm{U - Ìr{U ({nVm, nwÌ:, {nVm‘h:)
{nVm - A¶o gm¡{‘Ì, ^maV-Am°ñQ´>o{b¶mXoe¶mo: H«$sS>mñnYm© ApñV Ibw ?
nwÌ: - Am‘² VmV &
{nVm‘h: - H$m H«$sS>m, $H$Xm M ?
nwÌ: - nmXH$ÝXþH$H«$sS>mñnYm© dV©Vo AÚ & gm¶§ gádmXZo "ñQ>ma'H«$sS>mdm{hÝ¶m‘² &
{nVm - AñVw V{h© Ah§ H$m¶m©b¶mV² erK«‘² AmJÝVw§ à¶Vo & gm¡{‘Ì, Ëd‘{n erK«§ ñdmÜ¶m¶§ nyUª Hw$é &
{nVm‘h: - gm¡{‘Ì, embm¶m§ narjm H$Xm àma^Vo ? ñdmÜ¶m¶oZ gh ñd¶‘Ü¶¶Z‘{n Amdí¶H$‘² &
nwÌ: - gË¶‘² & narjm Vw {dbå~oZ ApñV & VWm M Ah§ {Z¶{‘Vê$noU AÜ¶¶Z§ H$amo{‘ Ed &
ZmpñV hm{Z: AÚ H«$sS>mXe©Zo &
{nVm - AñVw & V{h© {Z{üV‘² & AÚ gm¶‘ mbo d¶§ Ì¶: {‘{bËdm H«$sS>mñnYmª ní¶m‘: &
nwÌ: - VmV, AmJ‘Zg‘¶o é{MaImÚ§ erVno¶§ M AmZ¶Vw & A{n ‘‘ {‘Ìm{U Amˆ¶m{Z?
{nVm‘h: - AW {H$‘² ! gd} {‘{bËdm H«$sS>mZÝX‘² AZw^dm‘: &
AdYo¶‘² -
àýn{ÌH$m¶m§ g§dmXboIZñ¶ Ho$db§ {df¶: {Z{X©ï>: ^doV² & {df¶mZwgma§ nmÌmUm§ M¶Z§ àg“ñ¶
dU©Z§ N>mÌ¡: H$V©ì¶‘² &
¶Wm J¥hg§dmXo ‘mVm-nwÌr, AJ«Om - AZwOm, A{V{W: - J¥hñW:, {nVm - nwÌ: B{V nmÌH$ënZm
^{dVw‘² Ah©{V &
106
B-1. g§ñH¥$VmZwdmX: nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &
8, 9, 10 H$jm¶m: nmR>çH«$‘o {MÌnXH$mofo nmR>ofw M ¶o eãXm:, YmVd: n{R>Vm: VmZ² AZwg¥Ë¶
AZwdmXdm³¶m{Z ^do¶w: & AZwdmXñ¶ H¥$Vo ³¶w. Ama. (Q.R.code) ‘mÜ¶‘oZ H$m{ZMZ dm³¶m{Z
Aä¶mgmWª XÎmm{Z & VËgÑem{Z dm³¶m{Z Ed àíZn{ÌH$m¶m§ ^do¶w: &
1. 2.
boIZdñVy{Z ’$bm{Z
3. 4.
ned:
nwînm{U
dÝ¶m: J«må¶m
:
5. 6.
J¥hdñVy{Z n{jU:
7. 8.
{H«$¶m: d¥Îm¶:
107
B-2. {MÌdU©Z‘² &
9-10 eãXmpË‘H$m ‘ÄOyfm

‘ÄOyfoVaeãXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ:
AW©nyUm©{Z n#m-gá dm³¶m{Z
3 boIZ§ gwgyÌ§ ^doV²
ì¶mH$aUXmofa{hV§ ewÕ§ M boIZ‘²
dm³¶§ 3-4 eãXmË‘H$‘² Amdí¶H$‘²
EVX² {MÌ§ aå¶‘² &
2 ‘ø‘² EVV² {MÌ‘² AVrd amoMVo &
Ho$db§ {ZX}e: ¶Wm -
Efm ZXr/EVX² J¥h‘²
IJ:
‘oK:
d¥j:
e¥“‘²
nd©V:
~rOm{Z
KÊQ>m d¥f^: H¥$fH$:
H¥$fH$nËZr
hb:
joÌ‘²
~rOnmÌ‘²
(‘ÄOyfm - dn{V, H$f©{V, gå^mfU‘²)

‘ÄOyfm¶m§ Ho$db§ àW‘m{d^³Vm¡ eãXm: XÎmm: & {MÌdU©ZmW©‘² Cn¶w³Vm{Z YmVwê$nm{U A{n àW‘nwéfo
EH$dMZo Ed gpÝV & dm³¶ñ¶ AWm©Zwgma§ {d^p³V§, dMZ§ nwéf§ M à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ boIZr¶‘² &
AdYo¶‘²
H¥${fH$m¶©‘², CÚmZ‘², aobñWmZH$‘², ÜdOdÝXZ‘², dfm©H$mb:, {dÚmb¶:, gm¶‘mb:>, àmV:H$mb:,
{dn{U: EVmZ² {df¶mZ² A{YH¥$Ë¶ Ed {MÌ§ XmVì¶‘² &
108
AmñdmX-CnmhmaJ¥h‘²
dm¶wH$mof:
gyX:
{dH«o$Vm
‘{hbm ^madmhH$: J«mhH$:
(‘ÄOyfm - XXm{V, J¥†m{V, Z¶{V, {dH«$sUrVo, ñdrH$amo{V, dh{V, nM{V)

N>Ì‘²
H$ÝXþH$:
{h‘Xþ½Y‘²
{ÛM{H«$H$m
Am
gZ
‘²
(‘ÄOyfm - ní¶{V, H«$sS>{V, Ymd{V,

{jn{V, Z¶{V, H«$sUm{V, Oën{V,
ewZH$:
Cn{de{V, Mmb¶{V)
MH«$mgZ‘²
109
n[a{eï>‘²
(A) VaV‘dmMH$m: &
CÞV: ~mbH$: CÞVVa: ~mbH$: CÞVV‘: ~mbH$:
XrKm© ‘m{nH$m XrK©Vam ‘m{nH$m XrK©V‘m ‘m{nH$m
~¥hV² nwñVH$‘² ~¥hÎma§ nwñVH$‘² ~¥hÎm‘§ nwñVH$‘²

H«$‘m‘ : {deofU‘² VadmMH$‘² V‘dmMH$‘²
1 ~bdV² ~bdÎma (~br¶g²) ~bdÎm‘(~{bð>)
2 gmYw gmYwVa gmYwV‘
3 ñdmXþ ñdmXþVa (ñdmXr¶g²) ñdmXþV‘ (ñdm{Xð>)
4 ñWyb ñWybVa ñWybV‘
5 XrK© XrK©Va XrK©V‘
6 CÞV CÞVVa CÞVV‘
7 d¥Õ d¥ÕVa (Á¶m¶g²) d¥ÕV‘ (Á¶oð>)
8 Aën AënVa (H$Zr¶g²) AënV‘ (H${Zð>)
9 àeñ¶ àeñ¶Va (lo¶g²) àeñ¶V‘ (loð>)
10 Jwé JwéVa (Jar¶g²) JwéV‘ (J[að>)
11 bKw bKwVa (bKr¶g²) bKwV‘ (b{Kð>)
12 ‘hV² ‘hÎma ‘hÎm‘
13 gyú‘ gyú‘Va gyú‘V‘
14 ÑT> ÑT>Va (ÐT>>r¶g²) ÑT>V‘ (Ð{T>ð>)
110
1) ‘Ü¶‘m AZm{‘H$m¶m: XrK©Vam & 2) ‘Ü¶‘m n#m-A“x{bfw XrK©V‘m &
3) nmÊS>dofw ^r‘: ~{bð>: & 4) nmÊS>dofw ¶w{Y{ð>a: Á¶oð>: &
5) {damO: gd©~mbHo$fw ~bdÎm‘: & 6) OZZr OÝ‘^y{‘ü ñdJm©V² A{n Jar¶gr &
7) ^jH$mV² ajH$: lo¶mZ² & 8) ‘Yw eH©$am¶m: ñdmXþVa‘² &
* Va-V‘-Bð>-àË¶¶mÝV-{deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U AH$mamÝVm{Z &

AV: Xod-dZ-‘mbmZm§ ê$ngÑem{Z ^dpÝV & B©¶g²-àË¶¶mÝV-{deofUmZm§ ê$nm{U g-H$mamÝVm{Z AV:
* nw§{b“o - àW‘m, {ÛVr¶m, gå~moYZ‘² "{dÛg²' eãX‘Zwg¥Ë¶ ^dpÝV &
¶Wm lo¶mZ², lo¶m§gm¡, lo¶m§g:-àW‘m &
V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ MÝÐ‘g²-eãX‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
* ór{b“o - B©¶g² àË¶¶mÝVm{Z "ZXrdV²' ^dpÝV & ¶Wm- ào¶g²-ào¶gr & Jar¶g²-Jar¶gr &
Bð> àË¶¶mÝVm{Z "‘mbmdV²' ^dpÝV & ¶Wm - H${Zð>-H${Zð>m & ~{bð>-~{bð>m &
(Am) Zm‘YmVw:$ &
‘YwZm {g#m¶oV² {Zå~‘² & MÝÐ‘m: {dœ§

{H$ÝVw {Zå~: ‘Ywa: Z ^d{V & Ydb§ H$amo{V &
‘YwZm {g#m¶oV² {Zå~‘² & MÝÐ‘m: {dœ§
{H$ÝVw {Zå~: Z ‘Ywam¶Vo & Ydb¶{V &
àmgmX{eIañWmo@{n ¶Ì d¥jm: Z gpÝV &

H$mH$: JéS>: Z ^d{V & VÌ EaÊS>: A{n Ðþ‘: ^d{V &
àmgmX{eIañWmo@{n ¶Ì d¥jm: Z gpÝV &
H$mH$: Z JéS>m¶Vo & VÌ EaÊS>: A{n Ðþ‘m¶Vo &
EVm{Z Zm‘V:/{deofUV: [Z{‘©Vm{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z &
~{Ya¶{V H$U©{dda§ dmM§ ‘yH$¶{V Z¶Z‘ÝY¶{V &

{dH¥$V¶{V JmÌ¶qï> gånÐmoJmo@¶‘ØþVmo bmoHo$ &&
111
(B) pÀd-ê$nm{U &
H¥$îUrH$amo{V, YdbrH$amo{V, ñnï>rH$amo{V, ‘{bZr^d{V, bKyH$amo{V BË¶mXr{Z pÀd-ê$nm{U &
’o$ZH$: dó§ ñdÀN>rH$amo{V &
’o$ZH$: AñdÀN>§ dó§
ñdÀN>§ H$amo{V, B{V AW©: &
Yy{bH$U¡: ¶wVH§$ ‘{bZr^d{V &
Yy{bH$U¡: A‘{bZ§ ¶wVH§$
VW¡d =
VWm + Ed
‘{bZ§ ^d{V, B{V AW©: &
{ejH$: eãX§ ñnï>rH$amo{V &
{ejH$: Añnï>§ eãX§
ñnï>§ H$amo{V, B{V AW©: &
{deofU‘² + pÀd-àË¶¶: + H¥$/^y YmVwê$nm{U = "pÀd'-ê$n‘² &
* H¥$îUrH$amo{V - AH¥$îU§ H¥$îU§ H$amo{V &
nydª H¥$îU§ Z AmgrV² & AYþZm H¥$îU§ H$amo{V/ H¥$îUËd§ àmßZmo{V &
Ed§, ¶m pñW{V: nydª ZmgrV² VWm ZyVZm§ pñWqV H$amo{V/àmßZmo{V VÌ "pÀd'ê$n§ à¶wÁ¶Vo &
àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V-‘ÝXm{H$Zr
eVeVH$mo{Q>eaV²n¶©ÝV‘² &
àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V-‘ÝXm{H$Zr &&Y¥.&& nR>V-~moYV
AkmVm ¶ñ¶m J“moÌr B{Vhmgñ¶ Z ¶ÌmpñV J{V: & AmYw{ZH$: _hmH${d: S>m°. JOmZZ
n[aUV§ ’$b‘² AZm{X: lw{V: ¶Ëàgd: gm ^maVdmUr &&1&& ~miH¥$îU nigwbo _hm^mJ: ‘hmamîQ´>o
{gÝYwewVwÐrgañdVrZm§ VQ>o F$frUm§ Ü¶mZnamUm‘² & gmVmam ZJao OmV: & ì¶mH$aUemñÌ{df¶o
hmo‘Yy‘nm{dVbmoH$mZm‘² A{Ì^¥JyZm§ N>ÝXmodmUr &&2&& VWm ^mfmemñÌ{df¶o à^yV§ g§emoYZ§ boIZ§
"H$ñËd§ H$mo@h§' àíZnamUm‘² AmË‘VÎdXe©ZmoËgwH$mZm‘² & M H¥$V§ ‘hmoX¶oZ & Ìr{U ZmQ>H$m{Z, Ûo
¶mkdë³¶‘w{ZOZH$mXrZm§ VÎd‘gr{V ~«÷dm{XZr &&3&& M[aVo, "d¡Zm¶H$‘²' B{V àoaH§$ ‘hmH$mì¶‘²
dmë‘r{H$‘w{Zì¶mg{da{MVm am‘H¥$îU¶mo: nmdZJmWm & BË¶ñ¶ J«ÝWgånX² & à{gÕmZm§ ‘amR>r -
AIÊS>Xrnmo ^JdÒrVm H$‘©¶moJgÝXoeXm{¶Zr &&4&& ZmQ>çH$mì¶mZm§ gag: gab: M AZwdmX:
A{n H¥$V: AZoZ &
‘oKXÿVemHw$ÝVbaKw{^: CÎmaam‘{H$amVHw$‘ma¡: &
Z¡H¡$: nwañH$ma¡: ^y{fV: A¶§
H$m{bXmg^d^y{Và‘wI¡: H¥${V{d^yfUm ‘Ywa^m{fUr &&5&&
am{ï´>`npÊS>V: amï´>n{VnwañH$maoUm{n
nm{UZrgÑe¡: ñVmoÌJm¶H¡$: ^moO‘å‘Q>m{X{^^y©fH¡$: & gå‘m{ZV: & Añ_¡ npÊS>Vloð>m` Z_: &
e‘ am{X{^ñVÎd{MÝVH¡$: XÎmdÝXZm dm³g‘«mkr &&6&&
B¶‘ñ‘mH§$ Y‘©^maVr amï´>¡³¶ñ¶ M ‘hVr ñ’y${V©: &
{dZm g§ñH¥$V§ Z¡d g§ñH¥${V: Bhm‘wÌH$ë¶mUH$m[aUr &&7&&
nwqï> Vwqï> g‘mdhÝVr Or{dVnwîn§ {dH$mg¶ÝVr &
{díd‘“b§ ’$b§ ’$bÝVr H$mo{Q>H$mo{Q>eaËn¶©ÝV‘² àdhVmV² g§ñH¥$V‘ÝXm{H$Zr &&8&&
- S>m°. JOmZZ ~miH¥$îU nigwbo
112
eãXH$mof: & (nmR>mZwgma‘²)
{ejH$ñ¶/eãXH$mofñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m eãXmWª {bIV &
1. AmÚH¥$fH$: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: & ‘{h‘m
MmaUm: ga{gO‘²
ñVdZ‘² gÙ
{Z:ñn¥hVm AÜdm
bwÊR>H$: loð>r
I{ZÌ‘² gmW©dmh:
Hw$ÔmbH$‘² Ym‘
hb‘² AU©d:
b{dÌ‘² 5. g Ed na‘mUw: &
Cd©am gyú‘o{jH$m
AJ«Ur: ‘hmZg:
A{^{f³V: AVrpÝÐ¶:
{ZH¥$ï>‘² {Zad¶d:
dñVwOmV‘² {ZË¶:
g§ñH$aU‘² ì¶mdV©H$:
2. ì¶gZo {‘Ìnarjm & ‘ar{M:
AmJÝVw: aO:
joÌn{V: 6. ¶w½‘‘mbm &
nme: {ZKf©U‘²
{Z^¥V‘² lwV‘²
bJwS>: ûcm¿¶:
àXmofH$mb: {ZañV:
3. gyp³VgwYm & {H${#mÁk:
àÀN>Þ‘² ‘X:
Jwá‘² gH$memV²
n{WZ² (A{Z¶{‘V:) A{Vd³Vm
MaU{dH$b: H$m§ñ¶‘²
g§h{V: 7. g§ñH¥$VZmQ>çñV~H$: &
XÝVr gm¶H$:
amg^: g{‘Y²
{Zambå~: CnamoY:
4. A‘yë¶§ H$‘b‘² & àJ«h:
VS>mJ: dmOr
ì¶mo‘ eH$[Q>H$m
113
F${Õ: H$dMr
à{Vdo{eH$: {jà‘²
A{dhm nVJgÎm‘:
XmaH$: ‘w³Vm‘{U:
AmV©ÌmU‘² am¡ÐH$‘©
AZmJm: 12. Am{XeL²>H$amMm¶©: &
AmÐ©n¥ð>m: CnZrV:
8. dmMZàe§gm & {da³V:
H$mbjon: Eo{hH$‘²
An^mfU‘² ZH«$:
9. YoZmoì¶m©K«: nbm¶Vo & ‘{bZH$m¶:
nÌH«$sS>m 13. {MÌH$mì¶‘² &
{dkmnZ‘² Xmam:
M‘y: Aå^moX:
gå‘X©: Amew
nQ>‘ÊS>n: àH¥${V:
{ZK¥©U‘² Mbm
CÎm‘m“‘² ‘I:
CnMman{Å>H$m 14. à{VnX§ g§ñH¥$V‘² &
Cnhmg: àVrjmb¶:
Ma‘{~ÝXþ: ‘mZì¶{dÚm
10. ZXrgy³V‘² emoY{Z~ÝY:
gy³V‘² ^mfm{díbofH$:
{dà: Ame¶gånmXH$:
JmYm d¥{Îm:
Obm¡K: {deofmh©Vm
d¥Ì: 15. ‘mZdVmY‘©: &
dO«‘² EH$s^y¶
A{Yjon: AmË‘m¡nå¶‘²
d§eO: Aä¶wX¶H¥$V²
‘Ë¶©: lo¶ñH$a:
Adkm
O{ZÌ‘²
11. OQ>m¶wem¡¶©‘² &
J¥Y«:
d¡Xohr
YÝdr
114
YmVwê$nm{U &
ê$n‘² YmVw:, JU:, nX‘² ê$nn[aM¶: YmËdW©: bQ²>, à.nw., E.d.
ñVmoVì¶: ñVw (2 C.n.) ñVm¡{V/ñVwVo
¶Vñd ¶V² (1 Am.n.) ¶VVo
{Z{hVm{Z {Z + Ym (3 C.n.) {ZXYm{V
{ZYm¶ {Z + Ym (3 C.n.) {ZXYm{V
AdnZ² dn² (1 n.n.) dn{V
ì¶bgZ² {d + bg² (1 n.n.) {dbg{V
ní¶Z² Ñe²-ní¶² (1 n.n.) ní¶{V
^«‘Z² ^«‘² (1 n.n.) ^«‘{V
Adbmo{H$V: Ad+bmoH²$ (10 C.n.) AdbmoH$¶{V/Vo
AmñVo Amg² (2 Am.n.) AmñVo
gÝXe©¶ g‘² + Ñe²-ní¶² gåní¶{V
(1 n.n.) {UOÝV‘² ({UOÝV‘²- gÝXe©¶{V/Vo)
ñVãYrH¥$Ë¶ ñVãY+H¥$ (8 C.n.) ñVãYrH$amo{V
pÀdê$n‘²
nbm{¶î¶go nam + A¶² (1 Am.n.) nbm¶Vo
ì¶‘w#mV² {d+‘wM²-‘w#m² (6 C.n.) {d‘w#m{V
à{dMbpÝV à+{d+Mb² (1 n.n.) à{dMb{V
¶{‘Vm: ¶‘²-¶ÀN²> (1 n.n.) ¶ÀN>{V
{UOÝV‘² ({UOÝV‘²-¶‘¶{V/Vo)
{^ÝÚmV² {^X² (7 C.n.) {^Z{Îm/{^ÝVo
{N>ÝÚmV² {N>X² (7 C.n.) {N>Z{Îm/{N>ÝVo
ñ‘¶‘mZ‘² pñ‘-ñ‘¶² (1 Am.n.) ñ‘¶{V/Vo
ì¶H$gV² {d + H$g² (1 n.n.) {dH$g{V
n¥ÀN>ÝV‘² àÀN²>-n¥ÀN²> (6 n.n.) n¥ÀN>{V
ì¶‘¥eV² {d + ‘¥e² (6 n.n.) {d‘¥e{V
Anoj‘mU: An + B©j² (1 Am.n.) AnojVo
emå¶oV² e‘²-em‘² (4 n.n.) emå¶{V
Ðþ‘m¶Vo Ðþ‘ (Zm‘YmVw:) Ðþ‘m¶Vo
drú¶ {d + B©j² (1 Am.n.) drjVo
à{Vg§ha à{V+g‘²+ö-ha² à{Vg§ha{V/Vo
(1 C.n.)
{dZmoX¶m{‘ {d + ZwX² (6 n.n.) {dZwX{V
{UOÝV‘² ({UOÝV‘²-{dZmoX¶{V/Vo)
Cng{n©î¶m{‘ Cn+g¥n²-gn©² (1 n.n.) Cngn©{V
n[a^d{V n[a+^y-^d² (1 n.n.) n[a^d{V
115
ê$n‘² YmVw:, JU:, nX‘² ê$nn[aM¶: YmËdW©: bQ²>, à.nw., E.d.
ly¶Vm‘² lw-e¥ (5 n.n.) H$‘©{U e¥Umo{V
{ej¶pÝV {ej² (1 Am.n.) {ejVo
{UOÝV‘² ({UOÝV‘² - {ej¶{V/Vo)
l¶oV² {l-l¶² (1 C.n.) l¶{V/Vo
d«{UVm¡ d«U² (10 n.n.) d«U¶{V
ZmQ>¶V: ZQ²> (1 n.n.) {UOÝV‘² ZQ>{V({UOÝV‘²-ZmQ>¶{V/Vo)
n[aÌm¶Vm‘² n[a+Ì¡- Ìm¶² (1 Am.n.) n[aÌm¶Vo
ñVm¡{V ñVw (2 C.n.) ñVm¡{V/ñVwVo
ñdënr^dVw ñdën + ^y-^d² ñdënr^d{V
(1 n.n.) pÀdê$n‘²
àgrX à + gX²-grX² (1n.n.) àgrX{V
àrU¶ÝV: àr (9 n.n.) {UOÝV‘² àrUm{V
({UOÝV‘²-àrU¶{V/Vo)
{ZdV©¶ {Z+d¥V²-dV©² (1Am.n.) {ZdV©Vo
({UOÝV‘²) ({UOÝV‘² - {ZdV©¶{V/Vo)
{dJh©¶oV² {d + Jh©² (10 C.n.) {dJh©¶{V/Vo
AnmoW¶V² nwW² (4 n.n.) nwÏ¶{V
{UOÝV‘² ({UOÝV‘² - nmoW¶{V/Vo)
ApÀN>ZV² {N>X² (7 C.n.) {N>Z{Îm/{N>ÝVo
Anga An+g¥-ga² (1 n.n.) Anga{V
n¶©Q>Z² n[a + AQ>² (1 n.n.) n¶©Q>{V
à{VlwË¶ à{V + lw (5 n.n.) à{Ve¥Umo{V
ZmX¶Vo ZX² (1 n.n.) {UOÝV‘² ZX{V({UOÝV‘²-ZmX¶{V/Vo)
AmÐ©¶pÝV AmÐ© (Zm‘YmVw:) AmÐ©¶{V
g¥V: g¥-ga² (1 n.n.) ga{V
eoVo er (2 Am.n.) eoVo
‘ob¶m{‘ {‘b² (6 C.n.) {UOÝV‘² {‘b{V/Vo
({UOÝV‘² - ‘ob¶{V/Vo)
A{^‘Vm A{^+‘Z² (4 Am.n.) A{^‘Ý¶Vo
àñVmoVw‘² à + ñVw (2 C.n.) àñVm¡{V/àñVwVo
g‘m{lVm: g‘²+Am+{l -l¶² g‘ml¶{V/Vo
(1 C.n.)
e§gpÝV e§g² (1 n.n.) e§g{V
ì¶mßZmo{V {d + Amn² (5 n.n.) ì¶mßZmo{V
AdYo¶‘² -YmËdW©: ê$nn[aM¶: M N>mÌ¡: {ejH$ñ¶/eãXH$mofñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ boIZr¶: &
116
H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘² & A‘aH$mof: & {dJ«h: &
amOm - amOm amQ²> nm{W©d: ú‘m^¥Þ¥n^yn‘hr{jV: & amOm, amQ²>, nm{W©d:, ú‘m^¥V², Z¥n:, ^yn:, ‘hr{jV² &
^y{‘: - JmoÌm Hw$: n¥{Wdr n¥Ïdr ú‘m@d{Z‘}{XZr ‘hr & JmoÌm, Hw$:,n¥{Wdr,n¥Ïdr,ú‘m,Ad{Z:,‘o{XZr,‘hr &
H¥$fH$: - joÌmOrd: H$f©H$ü H¥${fH$ü H¥$frdb: & joÌmOrd:, H$f©H$:, H¥${fH$:, H¥$frdb: &
‘¥J: - ‘¥Jo Hw$a“dmVm¶wh[aUm{OZ¶moZ¶: & ‘¥J:, Hw$a“:, dmVm¶w:, h[aU:, A{OZ¶mo{Z: &
H$mH$: - H$mHo$ Vw H$aQ>m[aï>~{bnwï>gH¥$ËàOm: & H$mH$:, H$aQ:, A[aï>:, ~{bnwï>:, gH¥$ËàO: &
e¥Jmb: - e¥Jmbd#mwH$H«$moï¥>’o$é’o$adOå~wH$m: & e¥Jmb:, d#mwH$:, H«$moï>m, ’o$é:, ’o$ad:, Oå~wH$: &
{‘Ì‘² - d¶ñ¶: pñZ½Y: gd¶m AW {‘Ì§ gIm gwöV² & d¶ñ¶:, pñZ½Y:, gd¶m:, {‘Ì‘², gIm, gwöV² &
dZ‘²- AQ>ì¶aÊ¶§ {d{nZ§ JhZ§ H$mZZ§ dZ‘² & AQ>dr, AaÊ¶‘², {d{nZ‘², JhZ‘², H$mZZ‘², dZ‘²&
Jwé: - CnmÜ¶m¶mo@Ü¶mnH$mo@W ñ¶m{ÞfoH$m{XH¥$X²Jéw : & CnmÜ¶m¶:, AÜ¶mnH$:, {ZfoH$m{XH¥$V², Jwé: &
bú‘r: - bú‘r: nÙmb¶m nÙm H$‘bm lrh©[a{à¶m & bú‘r:, nÙmb¶m, nÙm, H$‘bm, lr:, h[a{à¶m &
a{d: - ^mZwhªg: ghòm§ewñVnZ: g{dVm a{d: & ^mZw:, h§g:, ghòm§ew:, VnZ:, g{dVm, a{d: &
Z^: - Z^mo@ÝV[aj§ JJZ‘ZÝV§ gwadË‘© I‘² & Z^:, AÝV[aj‘², JJZ‘², AZÝV‘², gwadË‘©, I‘² &
H$‘b‘² - ghònÌ§ H$‘b§ eVnÌ§ Hw$eoe¶‘² & ghònÌ‘², H$‘b‘², eVnÌ‘², Hw$eoe¶‘² &
VS>mJ: - nÙmH$añVS>mJmo@>ór H$mgma: gagr ga: & nÙmH$a:, VS>mJ:, H$mgma:, gagr, ga: &
~wÕ: - gd©k: gwJVmo ~wÕmo Y‘©amOñVWmJV: & gd©k:, gwJV:, ~wÕ:, Y‘©amO:, VWmJV: &
H$ZH$‘² - ñdUª gwdUª H$ZH§$ {haÊ¶§ ho‘ hmQ>H$‘² & ñdU©‘², gwdU©‘², H$ZH$‘², {haÊ¶‘², ho‘, hmQ>H$‘² &
nmXn: - d¥jmo ‘hréh: emIr {dQ>nr nmXnñVé: & d¥j:, ‘hréh:, emIr, {dQ>nr, nmXn:, Vé: &
Za: - ‘Zwî¶m ‘mZwfm ‘Ë¶m© ‘ZwOm ‘mZdm Zam: & ‘Zwî¶m:, ‘mZwfm:, ‘Ë¶m©:, ‘ZwOm:, ‘mZdm:, Zam: &
YoZw: - ‘mho¶r gm¡aô¶r Jm¡éòm‘mVm M e¥{“Ur & ‘mho¶r, gm¡aô¶r, Jm¡:, Còm, ‘mVm, e¥{“Ur &
g¡{ZH$: - ^Q>m ¶moYmü ¶moÕma: goZmajmñVw g¡{ZH$m: & ^Q>m:, ¶moYm:, ¶moÕma:, goZmajm:, g¡{ZH$m: &
‘ñVH$‘²-CÎm‘m“§ {ea: erfª ‘yYm© Zm ‘ñVH$mo@{ó¶m‘² & CÎm‘m“‘², {ea:, erf©‘², ‘yYm©, ‘ñVH$: &
ZXr - Va{“Ur e¡d{bZr V{Q>Zr õm{XZr YwZr & Va{“Ur, e¡d{bZr, V{Q>Zr, õm{XZr, YwZr &
J“m- J“m {dîUwnXr O•þVZ¶m gwa{ZåZJm & J“m, {dîUwnXr, O•þVZ¶m, gwa{ZåZJm &
‘oK:n<PDP<DPR2E<DË9^6!¥GP=GP>D;PR#¿aZA9 YmamYa:, ObYa:, V{S>ËdmZ², dm[aX:, Aå~w^¥V²&
d¡Ú: - amoJhm¶©JX‘mamo {^f½d¡Úm¡ {M{H$ËgHo$ & amoJhmar, AJX‘ma:, {^fH²$, d¡Ú:, {M{H$ËgH$: &
e‘a:nH¿AZDUHQHZQ^9^HGH\EUÞKRyD eå^w:, B©e:, newn{V:, {ed:, eybr, ‘hoœa: &
nmd©Vr - AnUm© nmd©Vr XþJm© ‘¥S>mZr MpÊS>H$mpå~H$m & AnUm©, nmd©Vr, XþJm©, ‘¥S>mZr, MpÊS>H$m, Apå~H$m &
Ob‘² - n¶: H$sbmb‘‘¥V§ OrdZ§ ^wdZ§ Ob‘² & n¶:, H$sbmb‘², A‘¥V‘², OrdZ‘², ^wdZ‘², Ob‘² &
YZ‘² - Ðì¶§ {dÎm§ ñWmnVo¶§ [aŠW‘¥ŠW§ YZ§ dgw: & Ðì¶‘², {dÎm‘², ñWmnVo¶‘², [aŠW‘², F$ŠW‘², YZ‘²,
dgw: &
117
Xe‘r H$jm - H¥${Vn{ÌH$m¶m: àmê$n‘² &
g‘¶: - hmoamÌ¶‘² {df¶: g§ñH¥$V‘² (gånyU©‘²) JwUm‘ m: 100
àW‘: {d^mJ: - gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² (15)
1) A) {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV & (5 V: 4) (Ho$db§ Xe‘rH$jm-{MÌnXH$mofV: &) 1³4= 4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Am) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡:/A‘¡: {bIV & (3 V: 2) (n¥. H«$. 7 AmYmaoU) 1³2=2
1
B) g‘¶§ {bIV& (ñVå^‘obZ‘²) (n¥. H«$.4, 5 AmYmaoU) 2
4=2
³
B©) dmga-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & (Ho$@{n Ûo) (n¥. H«$. 6 AmYmaoU) 1³2=2
ø: AÚ
gmo‘dmga: ‘“bdmga: Jwédmga:
C) CXmhaUÛ¶§ {bIV & (6 V: 5) (n¥. H«$.6, 7 AmYmaoU) 1³5= 5
1. dU©‘mbmYm[aV‘² & ³ 2
2. Xod-eãXV: MÝÐ‘g²-eãXn¶©ÝV§ Zm‘Û¶‘² & ³ 2
3. 1/4/6/10 JUñ¶ YmVwÛ¶‘² & ³ 2
{ÛVr¶: {d^mJ: - JÚ‘² & (22)
2) A) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (80-100 eãX¶w³V: JÚm§e: XmVì¶:) 7
Am) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & 7
H¥$V¶: -
1. Ad~moYZ‘² & (4 V: 3) 1³3=3
H$) C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & /
C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & ([a³VñWmZÛ¶§ àï>ì¶‘²) 12 ³
2
I) H$: H§$ dX{V?
J) nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &
K) dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm gË¶‘²/AgË¶‘² B{V {bIV &
M) Ef: JÚm§e: H$ñ‘mV² nmR>mV² CÕ¥V: ?
2. eãXkmZ‘² & (3 V: 2) 2
H$) 2 YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶o/{d^³Ë¶ÝVnXo {MËdm {bIV & 12 ³ 2
I) àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (AYmoaoIZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &) 1 ³ 1
J) {deofU§-{deoî¶‘² & (H¥$V¶: - ‘obZ§ Hw$éV/M¶Z§ Hw$éV/ MVwW©nX§ {bIV &) 12 ³2
K) gpÝY: &
(nyd©nX§ {bIV= 12 ³2, CÎmanX§ {bIV 12 ³2, {dJ«h§ {bIV 1 ³ 1,
MVwW©nX§ {bIV 1 ³ 1 )
M) bH$ma§ {bIV & 1 ³ 1 (AYmoaoIZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &)
118
1
3. n¥W¸$aU‘² & 2
³4= 2
H$) H«$‘oU ¶moO¶V & (JÚm§e: A)
AWdm
I) aoIm{MÌ‘² & (OmbaoIm/d¥jaoIm/àdm{h-Omb‘²/ñVå^nyaU‘²/eãXno{Q>H$m) (JÚm§e: Am)
B) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm gabmWª {bIV & (2 V: 1)(4-5 dm³¶mË‘H$: JÚm§e: XmVì¶: &) 1 ³ 4 = 4
(ZmQ>çñV~H$:, ZXrgy³V‘² &)
B©) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (3 V: 2) (Ho$db§ ñdmÜ¶m¶mYm[aV‘² &) 2 ³2= 4
V¥Vr¶: {d^mJ: - nÚ‘² & (20)
3) A) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (6-8 nL²>³V¶: àï>ì¶m: &)$ 4
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & 1 ³1= 1
1
2. nÚm§eV: {deofU§ {MZwV & (H¥$V¶:-‘obZ§ Hw$éV/M¶Z§ Hw$éV/MVwW©nX§ {bIV &) 2 ³2 = 1
3. aoIm{MÌ‘² & (OmbaoIm/d¥jaoIm/àdm{h-Omb‘²/ñVå^nyaU‘² / eãXno{Q>H$m) 2
Am) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (6-8 nL²>³V¶: àï>ì¶m: &) 4
H¥$V¶: -
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV & 1
2. gpÝY: & 1
1 1
(nyd©nX§ {bIV 2 ³2, CÎmanX§ {bIV 2 ³2, {dJ«h§ {bIV 1 ³ 1,
MVwW©nX§ {bIV 1 ³ 1 )
3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) (ñdmÜ¶m¶mYm[aV‘²) 2 ³1=2
B) nÚo ewÕo nyU} M {bIV & (H$, I V: 1, J, K V: 1) 6
1. H$) 4 npL²>³V¶wV§ nÚ‘² AWdm I) 4 npL²>³V¶wV§ nÚ‘² 4
2. J) 2 npL²>³V¶wV§ nÚ‘² AWdm K) 2 npL²>³V¶wV§ nÚ‘² 2
B©) AÝd¶§ nya¶V & (gy{³VgwYmV: VWm ¶w½‘‘mbmV: Ed AÝd¶: àï>ì¶:
1
{H$ÝVw ûcmoH$: Z XmVì¶: & 4 [a³VñWmZm{Z ^do¶w: &) 2
³ 4= 2
C) gabmWª {bIV & (3 V: 2) (dmMZàe§gm/‘mZdVmY‘©: &) 2 ³2= 4

MVwW©: {d^mJ: - boIZH$m¡eb‘² & (15)
à. 4 A) dm³¶aMZm§ Hw$éV & 5
1. YmVyZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dm³¶{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (5 V: 3) (CnnX{d^p³V: &) 3
2. A‘aH$mofmV² eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & (4 V: 2) 2
Am) 5/7 dm³¶mË‘H§$ {Z~ÝY§/g§dmX§ {bIV & 5
{Z~ÝY: - ‘‘ {à¶: CËgd:/IJ:/H${d:/ZoVm/nwñVH$‘²/{à¶m ^mfm/^maVr¶§ à{gÕ§ ñWb‘²&
AWdm
g§dmX: - J¥h‘²/embm/AmnU‘²/àdmg:/H$m¶m©b¶:/é½Umb¶:/XÿadmUr &
B) {Z{X©ï>m§ H¥${V§ Hw$éV & 5
‘ÄOyfmV: C{MVeãXmZ² {MËdm 5-6 dm³¶mË‘H§$ {MÌdU©Z§ Hw$éV &
AWdm
5 (nyd©n[a{MV-{MÌnXH$mofñ¶ eãX-YmVwgL²>J«hñ¶ M
g§ñH¥$VmZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (8 V: 5) 1 ³
AmYmaoU 4-6 eãXmË‘H$m{Z dm³¶m{Z àï>ì¶m{Z &)
119
n#m‘: {d^mJ: - ^mfmä¶mg: & (20)
5) A) Vm{bH$mny{Vª Hw$éV & 8
1
1. Zm‘Vm{bH$m & (6 V: 4) (8, 9, 10 H$jm‘² AZwg¥Ë¶) 2 ³ 4 2
1
2. gd©Zm‘Vm{bH$m & (6 V: 4) (8, 9, 10 H$jm‘² AZwg¥Ë¶) 2 ³ 4 2
1
3. {H«$¶mnXVm{bH$m & (6 V: 4) (1, 4, 6, 10 JUV:, Ag², H¥$) 2 ³ 4 2
(bQ²>/bL²>/bmoQ²>/{d{Y{bL²>/b¥Q²> B{V bH$maV: Ho$@{n 3 àï>ì¶m: &
Aï>‘rH$jm¶m: nmR>çnwñVHo$ àXÎmmV² YmVwH$mofmV² Ed YmVd: àï>ì¶m: &)
4. YmVwgm{YV-{deofU-Vm{bH$m & (6 V: 4) (n¥. H«$. 78) 12 ³ 4 2
Am) {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (5 V: 4) 12
1. ¶mo½¶n¶m©¶§ {MËdm [a³VñWmZny{Vª Hw$éV & (5 V: 3) 1 ³ 3
(gL²>»¶mdmMH$-H«$‘dmMH$-Amd¥{ÎmdmMH$mZm‘² AmYmaoU 5 dm³¶m{Z &)
2. g‘mgmZm§ Vm{bH$mny{Vª Hw$éV & (5 V: 3) 1 ³ 3
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZ²/{déÕmW©H$eãXmZ² {bIV & (5 V: 3) 1 ³ 3
4. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (5 V: 3) 1 ³ 3
H$) à¶moJn[adV©Z‘² & (Ho$db§ bQ²>bH$ma: VWm H$‘©{U/H$V©[a-^y.Ym.{d.)
I) ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V &
J) ñ‘ {ZîH$mg¶V &
K) "Ëd§' ñWmZo "^dmZ²/^dVr' AWdm "^dmZ²/^dVr' ñWmZo "Ëd§' ¶moO¶V &
F$) dMZ§/bH$ma§ n[adV©¶V &
M) {UOÝV§ Hw$éV/{ZîH$mg¶V &
5. dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV & (5 V: 3) (Aew{Õ-AYmoaoIZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &) 1 ³ 3
(H$Vm©-{H«$¶mnX-gå~ÝY:, {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY:, CnnX-{d^p³V-Aì¶¶m{Z)
fð>: {d^mJ: - An{R>V‘² & (8)
à. 6 A) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (6 V: 4) 4
(60-80 eãX¶wV: gab: JÚm§e: XmVì¶:) 1 ³ 4
2. àm{Vn{XH§$ {bIV & (eãXÛ¶‘² Amdí¶H$‘²) 12 ³ 2
4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m gabmWª {bIV & (JÚm§eV: 1 dm³¶§ XmVì¶‘² &)
5. {d^³Ë¶ÝVnX‘²/Aì¶¶‘²/{H«$¶mnX§ {MZwV {bIV M &
6. H$maH$n[aM¶§ Hw$éV & (AYmoaoIZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘² &)
Am)-1. nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>o H¥$Vr Hw$éV & (Ad~moYZm¶ gabo nÚm§eo XmVì¶o &) 4
1. nyU©dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1) 1
2. {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY:/g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§/{déÕmW©H§$ eãX§ {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1) 1
Am)-2. nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & (4 [a³VñWmZm{Z) 2
***
AdYo¶‘²- àmpíZHo$ä¶: Ano{jVm: gyMZm: AÌ h[aVdU}Z XÎmm: &

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nmXmoZ-fS²>dmXZ‘² XemoZ-fS>²dmXZ‘² n#mmoZ-fS²>dmXZ‘²

2) dmga-Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & (AÚ, œ: . . . . .)

^ynmb: n¥Wwd¡Ý¶: Zm‘ Yam¶m§ àW‘:

g§ajUì¶dñWm neyZm§ H¥$Vo a{jVm{Z V¥UjoÌm{U

H«$sS>V-ZÝXV & AZÝË¶dm³¶aMZm

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &

3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV &

d³Ìm g§dmX§ ‘ob¶V

{dÚm Zm‘ Zañ¶ ê$n‘{YH§$ àÀN>ÞJwá§ YZ‘²

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² KQ>§ {^ÝÚmV² nQ>§ {N>ÝÚmV² Hw$¶m©Ðmg^amohU‘² &

(1, 2, 3 nmR>mZm‘² AmYmaoU)

^JdmZ² lr‘mZ² dV²/‘V² àË¶¶: ñdm{‘Ëd§ Xe©¶{V &

"dV²'- àË¶¶mÝVm: "‘V²'- àË¶¶mÝVm:

EVmZ² ì¶ÄOZmÝVmZ² AdJÀN>V &

AÝV‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²

4) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

1. nyU©dmŠ¶oZ CÎma§ {bIV &

d¥Îm‘²-AZwïw>n² CÎm‘mo Zm{Vd³Vm ñ¶mXY‘mo ~hw ^mfVo&

(4, 5, 6 nmR>mZm‘² AmYmaoU)

(‘ÄOyfm - EHo$Z gwdU©ZmUHo$Z, Ah§ eV§

E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {d^p³V:

e¥ÊdÝVw e¥ÊdÝVw ! Apñ‘Z² df} n¶©Q>ZmWª d¶§

1) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

2) ¶mo½¶m{Z bQ²>ê$nm{U {bIV &

‘Zwî¶: J¥ho AdgV² & Am{X‘mZd: Jwhm¶m‘² Cdmg &

EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V &

‘w‘moM nnmR> nnm¡ XXm¡

~^mfo nnmV ddÝXo

nR²> ‘wM² ^mf²

àW‘: & {ÛVr¶: & V¥Vr¶: &

{bQ>²-ê$nm{U (n. n.)

AYmoXÎmm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>ÝVw -

(VV: à{de{V d¡ImZg:, AÝ¶m¡ Vmngm¡ M)

aX{ZH$m - E{h dËg! eH${Q>H$¶m H«$sS>md: &

1) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & amohgoZ: {H$‘Wª amo{X{V ?

(VV: à{de{V `mMH$ê$noU eH«$: &)

erb§ gX²JwUgån{Îm: kmZ§ {dkmZ‘od M &

1) gpÝY{dJ«hm: - 1) {dkmZ‘od = {dkmZ‘² + Ed & 2) CËgmhmo dY©Vo = CËgmh: + dY©Vo &

Am) B©) àH$ma:

gX²JwUgån{Îm: E>) {df¶: