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Hydraulics
MEM 341
Content
• Fluid properties
• Applications of Pascal Law and Continuity Equation
• Hydraulic circuit analysis using Bernoulli Equation
• Frictional losses through pipes and fittingsssssssss
Principal of Hydraulics
• Liquid is used in hydraulics system. It is known as
hydraulic fluid.
• Hydraulic fluid primary function:
• To transmit power
• To lubricate moving parts
• Seal clearance between moving part
• To dissipate heat
Fluid properties
Parameter Liquid Gas
VOLUME Has it’s own volume Volume determined by
container
SHAPE Takes shape of container Expands to completely fill
by only to it’s volume and take shape of the
container
COMPRESSIBILITY Incompressible for most Readily compressible
engineering application
Fluid properties
• Specific weight
• Specific gravity
• Density
• Atmospheric pressure Refer to MEC 241
• etc for more info
Hydraulics Fluid
•Common hydraulic fluid must
be inexpensive and readily
available such as based on
waste, mineral oil or water.
1. Petroleum base
It contain additives to
protect the fluid from
oxidation (antioxidant),
Types of To protect system metals
Hydraulics fluid from corrosion
(anticorrosion)
To reduce tendency of the
fluid to foam
To improve viscosity
Types of
Hydraulics fluid
2. Synthetic fire‐resistant
fluid
Non Flammable
synthetic liquids have
been developed for use
in hydraulic systems
where fire hazards
Types of
Hydraulics fluid
3. Water‐based fire‐resistant
The most widely used
water‐based hydraulic
fluids may be classified
as water‐glycol
mixtures and water‐
synthetic base mixtures.
Water‐glycol mixture
contains additives to
protect it from
oxidation corrosion, and
biological growth and to
enhance its load‐carrying
capacity.
Hydraulic Fluid Properties
• Reduce friction between two surfaces by placing a layer of
liquid between them
Good Lubricity • Properly selected liquid produces a film that separates the
surfaces and allows them to move freely past each other
Ideal Viscosity • Ideal Viscosity provides a strong film that greatly reduces
friction and provides a seal between parts
Effect of HIGH viscosity Effect of LOW Viscosity
High resistance to flow, cause sluggish Increased oil leakage past seals
operation
Increased power consumption, friction Excessive wear to moving parts
loss up
Increased pressure drop through valves
and lines
High temperatures, because of friction
Hydraulic Fluid Properties
• The possibility of fire exist to some extent in many hydraulic
applications
• Fire resistant fluids using water or synthetic bases are
Fire required when higher fire protection is needed
• Water is not used alone because:‐
• Poor lubricant
resistant • Promotes rust
• Freezes
• Rapidly evaporates at temperatures within the operating
range of many typical hydraulic systems
Oxidation • Oxidation is caused by air entrainment in the fluid
contaminants.
• Contact with metals used in the construction of a
resistant system will result in corrosion at the surface of the
component
Hydraulic Fluid Properties
Good heat • Hydraulic must have good heat transfer
transfer capability to maximise the work efficiency by
minimizing energy losses through heat loss
capability
Non‐ • To avoid unnecessary tragedy occurs during
handling hydraulic fluids
toxicity
Hydraulic Fluid Properties
Chemically stable
High degree of incompressibility
Low density
Foam resistance
Low votality
Application of Pascal’s Law and
Continuity Equation
• Pressure acting on a confined fluid is transmitted
equally and undiminished in all direction
Application of Pascal’s Law and
Continuity Equation
• The ratio of piston movement in a hydraulic press
can be determined by assuming the fluid is
incompressible. Thus the volume of the fluid
displaced by the input piston equals that for the
output piston:
Application of Pascal’s Law and
Continuity Equation
• Thus
• Therefore:
• Energy equals to the product of force and distance
moved by the force:
Pascal’s Law
Example 1
A hydraulic car lift has a
pump piston with radius
r1=0.0120 m, the resultant
piston has a radius of r2=
0.150 m. The total weight
of the car and plunger is
F2= 2500 kg. If the bottom
ends of the piston and
plunger are at the same
height, what input force is
required to stabilize the car
and output plunger?
Pascal’s Law
Example 2
A hydraulic press has the
following parameters:
A1=5cm2, S1= 2cm
A2=40 cm2, F1=100N
Determine:‐
a) F2
b) S2
c) Energy input
d) Energy output
Continuity Equation
• For steady flow in a pipeline, the mass flow rate, Q
is the same for all cross section of the pipe
• Continuity equation:
• Assuming
Hydraulic circuit analysis using
Bernoulli’s Equation
• Bernoulli’s Equation;
• Pump head ( ) can be calculated using
•
Example
For the hydraulic system, the following
data are given;
Pump power () = 3730 W
Volume flow rate () = 0.001896 m3/s
Internal diameter () = 0.02 m
Specific gravity of oil = 0.9
Elevation between stations 1 and 2 = 6 m
Find the pressure at the inlet to the
hydraulic motor (②). The pressure at ① in
the hydraulic tank is atmospheric (0 kPa).
The head loss ( , ) due to friction
between ① and ② is 9 m.
Answer
•
Frictional losses through pipes
and fittings
• ,
• ,
Where is the loss coefficient for pipe fittings