“A PROJECT REPORT

ON
“DESIGNING AND COM[ARISON OF COST OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
BY USING CONCRETE AND BY LOW COST MATERIAL ”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF
DIPLOMA
IN
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
BABLOO KUMAR 161010125300
NEERAJ KUMAR 151010125011
RAJANISH KUMAR 1610101252097
HIMANSHU YADAV 151010125029
SARITA 151010125072
AMIT KUMAR 151010125051
ABHISHEK KUMAR 151010125073
BABLESH KUMAR 151010125037
VEER BAHADUR SINGH 151010125025
PRADEEP KUMAR 161010125299

GUIDED BY:
Er. CHHABI LAL SINGH SUBMITTED TO:
ER. AMIT KUMAR YADAV
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG.

J.S.UNIVERSITY, SHIKOHABAD
(Established by the Govt. of U.P . and Recognized as Per Section 2(f) of UGC Act, 1956 )

SESSION (2017-2018)
 J.S.UNIVERSITY, SHIKOHABAD
MAINPURI ROAD, SHIKOHABAD, FIROAZBAD (U.P)
(PH: 05676-235572)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SESSION (2017-2018)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled “DESIGNING AND COM[ARISON OF

COST OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BY USING CONCRETE AND BY LOW

COST MATERIAL” have carried out of project work presented this report entitled Submitted By
BABLOO KUMAR ,NEERAJ KUMAR ,RAJANISH KUMAR ,HIMANSHU YADAV,SARITA,
AMIT KUMAR , ABHISHEK KUMAR , BABLESH KUMAR, VEER BAHADUR SINGH
AND PRADEEP KUMAR a student of J.S. UNIVERSITY ,SHIKOHABAD .
Final year In Civil Engineering in partial fulfillment, requirement for diploma in Civil Engineering

From the J.S. UNIVERSITY , SHIKOHABAD,FIROZABAD(U.P.)

During the academic session 2017-2018, the external examiner has checked and taken oral viva-

voice on the same

Head of the department Under the Guidance of

Er. AMIT KUMAR YADAV Er. CHHABI LAL SINGH
Department of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Department
J.S. University , Shikohabad, Firozabad J.S. University , Shikohabad,
Firozabad

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with great pleasure that, we parent this report on "ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF MULTISTOREY

CAR PARKING" . we gratefully acknowledge our profound ineptness towards our esteemed teacher

Er. CHHABI LAL SINGH, Project guide, Department of Civil Engineering, J.S. UNIVERSITY,

Shikohabad (Firozabad) for valuable guidance, Excellent supervision and constant encouragement

during the entire course of work.

We also grateful to Er. AMIT KUMAR YADAV, H.O.D. of Civil Department J.S. University,

Shikohabad (Firozabad) for having provided excellent academic atmosphere in this institution, this made

the endeavour possible.

We also express sincere gratitude to the Director sir, Dy Director sir, and respected faculty

members of Civil Engineering Department, J.S. University Shikohabad (Firozabad) for providing

helpful study materials.

Last, But not the least, we would like to thanks our loving parents and friends for their

encouragement and co-operation during the time of working through this project.

BABLOO KUMAR
NEERAJ KUMAR
RAJANISH KUMAR
HIMANSHU YADAV
SARITA
AMIT KUMAR
ABHISHEK KUMAR
BABLESH KUMAR
VEER BAHADUR SINGH
PRADEEP KUMAR
 ABSTRACT

Housing shortage in Urban India due to the rising unaffordability makes it logical to consider alternative
technologies for their application. The intention of the research is, to evolve a design using bamboo as
one of the chief structural materials, for a safe and durable house, affordable by the urban poor. It is
targeted at those Urban Poor living close to bamboo growing regions. The design thus evolved shall
clearly indicate the cost reduction, of the superstructure where steel reinforced concrete, is replaced by
bamboo reinforced concrete, in key structural elements. A higher cost reduction ratio could help in
creating affordable housing market sin most growing cities in India. Proven technologies from all over
the world have been examined closely to arrive at the one that would minimize the consumption of steel,
which constitutes a large share of the cost of a dwelling unit. This Paper shall project some break through
findings on which the overall research has based itself.
 CONTENTS

1. AIM OF THE PROJECT

THEORY

2. INTRODUCTION
3. VARIOUS LOW COST ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
4. DEMAND OF HOUSES
5. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
6. SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY
7. SURVEY OF SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING
8. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
a) LIMITATIONS OF BUILT UP AREA
b) MINIMUM FLOOR AREA AND HEIGHT OF ROOMS
9. BUILDING BYE LAWS AND REGULATIONS
10. ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS
11. ORIENTATION

DESIGN
DESIGNING OF SLAB
12. DESIGNING OF BEAM
13. FRAME ANALYSIS
14. DESIGNING OF COLUMN
15. DESIGNING OF FOOTING

DRAWINGS
10. PLAN

11. BEAM

12. FOOTING

13. PHOTO

CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial
man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in
view.

• A Peaceful environment.

• Safety from all natural source & climate conditions

• General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration,
ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

Around one third of the human populations in urban as well as rural areas in the country are
deprived of adequate housing facilities. Out of the estimated 200 million families in India,
approximately 65 to 70 million families do not have adequate housing facilities. They are not
able to procure a house for want of financial resources. The situation of the Scheduled Tribes,
Scheduled Castes and the other socially and economically backward class families is worst
affected by poor housing conditions. Hence, fulfilling the need for rural housing and tackling
housing shortage particularly for the poorest is an important task to be undertaken as part of the
poverty alleviation efforts of the government1
The Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), is a flagship scheme of the Ministry of Rural
Development to provide houses to the Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in the rural areas. The
Objective of Indira Awaas Yojana is primarily to help construction of dwelling units by members
of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labourers and also non - SC/ST rural poor
below the poverty line. It had a definite pattern of funding to maintain transparency in all the
dealings associated with the project and also had a definite gender perspective. All the basic units
of Local administration such as Grama Sabhas, Village Panchayats, Zilla Panchayats and DRDA
are actively involved in the implementation of the Programme.

1. Steel-reinforced concrete is the most common building material in the world, and
developing countries use close to 90 percent of the cement and 80 percent of the steel
consumed by the global construction sector. However, very few developing countries
have the ability or resources to produce their own steel or cement, forcing them into an
exploitative import-relationship with the developed world. Out of 54 African nations, for
instance, only two are producing steel. The other 52 countries all compete in the global
marketplace for this ever-more-expensive, seemingly irreplaceable material.
2. There’s a material alternative that grows in the tropical zone of our planet, an area that
coincides closely with the developing world: bamboo.
Bamboo belongs to the botanical family of grasses and is extremely resistant to tensile
stress and is therefore one of nature’s most versatile products. This has to do with the
way the grass evolved, adapting to natural forces like wind. In contrast to wood, the
bamboo Culm or haulm, which are botanical terms for the stem of a grass, is thin and
hollow. This allows it to move with the wind, unlike a tree, which tries to simply
withstand any natural forces it is exposed to.

VARIOUS LOW COST ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

 Bamboo as a reinforcement material (in columns specially)
 Fly ash bricks
 Fly ash in cement
 Lime sand bricks
 Overburnt bricks
 DEMAND OF HOUSES

The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human habitation. The
house is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance against
physical insecurity of all kinds.

The special feature of the demand for housing consists of in its unique nature and depends on
the following factors.

• Availability of cheap finance.

• Availability of skilled labours.

• Availability of transport facility.

• Cost of labours & material of construction.

• Predictions of future demand.

• Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long term
payment may facilities investment in housing.

• Rate of population growth and urbanization.

• Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.

• Taxation policy on real estates

• Town planning & environmental conditions.

 SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place
where there community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of
inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of
present need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation,
shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is
indication of future development or not in case of un developed area.

The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-

• Access to park & play ground.

• Agriculture polytonality of the land.

• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.

• Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land .

• Distance from places of work.

• Ease of drainage.

• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.

• Nature of use of adjacent area.

• Transport facilities.

• Wind velocity and direction.

 SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING

Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed during reconnaissance survey
of the site.
• Site is located nearly.
• The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plats over the
entire area.
• No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level.
• The ground is soft.
• Labour available near by the site.
• Houses are located near by the site.
• Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of
the required areas of the site with the help of theodolite and compass.
 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of people
& depends on the income &status of the individual a highly rich family with require a
luxurious building, while a poor man we satisfied with a single room house for even poor
class family.

A standard residential building of bungalow type with has drawing room, dining room office
room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room, front veranda, stair
etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced according to the requirements of
many available.
 b)MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF ROOMS

FLOOR AREA HIEGHT (m)

LIVING 10sqm (100sqft)

(breadth min 2.7 m or 9’) 3.3 (11’)

KITCHEN 6sqm (60sqft) 3.0 (10’)

BATH 2sqm (20sqft) 2.7 (9’)

LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft) 2.7 (9’)

BATH & WATER CLOSET 3.6sqm (36sqft) 2.7 (9’)

SERVANT ROOM 10sqm (100sqft) 3.0 (10’)

GARAGE 2.5*4.8 m (8’*16’) 3.0 (10’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH

FOR MAIN BUILDING ------- 0.6 (2’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH FOR

SERVANT QUARTES ------- 0.3 (1’)

MIN. DEPTH OF FOUNDATION ------- 0.9 (3’)

THICKNESS OF WALL 20cms to 30cms ------

(9” to13.5”)

DAMP PROOF COURSE 2cms to 2.5cms thick full width of

(3/4” to1”) plinth wall

BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

• Open spaces around residential building.

• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.

• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

• Provisions for safety from explosion.

• Provisions for means of access.

• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.

• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.

• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

• Requirements for landscaping.

• Special requirements for low income housing.

• Size of structural elements.

ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS

LIVING ROOM

• KITCHEN

• STORE ROOM

• BED ROOM

• OFFICE ROOM

• BATH & W C

• DRESSING ROOM

• VERANDAH

• STAIR CASE
LIVING ROOMS:

This is the area is for general use. Hence the living & drawing room should be
planned near the entrance south east aspects. During colder day the sun is towards
the south & will receive sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer
sunshine ti the northern side & entry of sunrays from southern or south – east
aspects do not arise.

KITCHEN:
Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh & purity the air.
READING ROOM/ CLASS ROOM:
North aspects this makes more suitable since there will be no sun from north side
foremost part of the year.
BED ROOM:
Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size depends upon the number
of beds, they should be located so as to give privacy & should accommodate beds,
chair, cupboard, etc., and they should have north or – west south – west aspect.

BATH & W.C:

Bath and w.c are usually combined in one room & attached to the bed room and
should be well finished. This should be filled with bath tub, shower, wash-hand
basin, w.c, shelves, towels, racks brackets, etc., all of white glazed tiles. Floor
should be mosaic or white glazed files. Instead of providing all bed room with
attached bath and W.C separated baths & latrines may also be provided
STAIR CASE:
This should be located in a easily accessible to all members of the family, when this
is intended for visitors it should be in the front, may be on one side of verandah. It
meant for family use only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stairs case
should be well ventilated & lighted the middle to make it easy & comfortable to
climb. Rises & threads should be uniform through to keep rhythm while climbing
or descending.
Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a building are as follows:-

• Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall should face.

• East and west because if the long walls are provided in east facing, the
wall.

• Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during night.

• A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east & west to keep the
rooms cool.

• To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through external doors &
windows sunshades are required in all directions.
ORIENTATION
After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building.
Orientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain,
topography and out look and at the same time providing a convenient access both
to the street and back yard.
The factors that affect orientation most are as follows.

• Solar heat

• Wind direction

• Humidity

• Rain fall

• Intensity of wind site condition

• Lightings and ventilation

SOLAR HEAT:
Solar heat means sun’s heat, the building should receive maximum solar radiation
in winter and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential
to know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.

WIND DIRECTION:
The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in the
house to the maximum extent.
HUMIDITY:
High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes
perspiration, which is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and
causes more discomfort.

RAIN FALL:
Direction and intensity of rainfall affects the drainage of the site and building
and hence, it is very important from orientation point of view.

INTENSITY OF WIND:
Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of
comparatively small size are recommended in such regions.

SITE CONDITIONS:
Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects
orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be
oriented in a particular direction.

LIGHTING:
Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to
promote the work or other activities carried on within the building.

The second is to promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is
to create, in conjunction to interest and of well beings.
DESIGNS

 DESIGN OF Column with Bamboo

 DESIGN OF SLABS

 LOADS ON BEAMS

 DESIGN OF BEAMS

 LOADS OF COLUMNS

 DESIGN OF COLOUMNS

 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
 Design of column with use of Bamboo

COLUMN DESIGN

Total load=167KN
Factored load=167x1.5KN

As per EURO code

P=0.8 Ag(0.225 f’o)

251x10^3=0.8xAg(.225 f’o)

Ag=69444.44

Adopt a circular column

p/4xd2=69444.44

d2=69444.44x4
3.14

d=297.42mm

d=300mm

We use 300mm f of column

Reinforcement:

As per the code, we use 4% bamboo of total cross sectional area

Area of reinforcement
Abm= 69444.44x4
100
Abm =2777.77mm2
We provide 20x25 mm long longitudinal bars
No of bars = 2777.77 =6bars
500
Lateral Reinforcement: As per code
Area of lateral Reinforcement
As=2777.77x2
100
As=55.55mm2
Spacing Between Lateral Reinforcement as per code
16mm f, spacing is not less than,
Where f=least lateral dimension of longitudinal bar
=16x20
=320mm
Let spacing between lateral reinforcement 320mm
 Original designs

DESIGN OF SLAB

Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference of IS 456:2000.

• When the slab is supported in two way direction it acts as two way supported slab.

• A two way slab is economical compared to one way slab.

SLAB DESIGN:
fck = 15 N/mm2 fy =415 N/m2
Span
i. Shorter span:- Lx = 5.8m longer
span:-Ly =7.62m
ii. Check Lx/Ly= 7.62/5.8 =1.3<2
Hence the slab has to be designed as “two way slab”.
iii. Providing over all depth of slab as 5”, 120mm eff.
depth= D-15-Ø/2
=120-15-10/2=100mm
iv. Condition:- supported on four sides.
v. Load calculation:-
Dead load = 25x0.12x1 = 3.0KN/m
Live load =2x1 = 2.0KN/m
Floor finish =1x1 = 1x1KN/m
= 6.0 KN/m

vi. Bending moment calculation:- (as per IS code 456-2000)

Type of panel:- Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
ax(+) = 0.049 ax(-) = 0.065
ay(+) = 0.035 ay(-) = 0.047

(+ve) B.M at mid span in shorter directions

 Mx(+) = ax(+)wlx2

= 0.049x6x5.8^2= 9.9kn-m

Factored B.M = 9.9x1.5

=14.85kn-m

Spacing and diameter:

As per sp-16.
Provide 8mmØ bars at 210mm spacing.
(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in shorter direction
Mx(-) =ax (-) wlx2
=0.062x6x(5.8)^2 =13.12kn-m
Factored B.M = 13.12x1.5=19.67kn-m
(+ve) B.M at mid span in longer directions
My(+)= ay(+)wlx2
= 0.035x6x(5.8)2 =7.06kn-m
Factored B.M=7.06x1.5 =10.69kn-m
(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in longer direction
My (-ve) = ay (-ve)wlx2 =0.047x6x(5.8)^2 =9.48kn-m
Factored B.M=9.48x1.5 =14.22kn-m.
Check for depth:
Permissible depth=100mm
Mu.lim =0.36.Xumax(1-0.42Xumax)fckbd2 d d
14.86x106= 0.36.Xumax (1-0.42x0.48)15x1000d2
d= 84.71 < 100mm
Hence ok.

DESIGN OF BEAMS
• Beam is a member which transfers the loads from slab to columns and then foundation to
soil.
• Beam is a tension member.
• Span of slabs, which decide the spacing of beams.
• Following are the loads which are acting on the beams.
 Dead load
 Live load
 Wind load
LOADS ON BEAMS:
B1: BEAM
SPAN=5.8m (shorter span)
Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm)

Height of the wall-10’-3m

Load calculations
Wall load - 0.23x3x19 =13.11Kn/m

Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 =2.33Kn/m

Slab load –

W = 6KN

Lx = 5.8

WLx/3= (6x5.8)/3 = 11.6Kn/m

Total load = 13.11+2.33+11.6 = 27.04Kn/m

DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:
B1: BEAM

Calculation of shear force

Va= Vb = total load 2

=27.04x5.8 =78.416KN2
Calculation of normal shear

Tv =Vu =1.5x78.416x10^3 =1.37

Bd 230x373
Calculation of permissible shear stress
Tc = % of tension steel
Pt = Ast x 100
Bd
Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2
4

Pt = 402.12x100 = 0.60%

230x373

Tc =0.50

Tc < Tv 0.05 < 0.76

Hence provide shear reinforcement.

Design of shear:
Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd =(0.76-0.50)x230x373 =22.30KN

Calculation: Vus =22.30 =0.59 KN/cm D(cm) 37.3

From sp-16 table no 62 we will get dia & spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia @ 20 cm c/c spacing.
Check for spacing:
Spacing should be provided min of the following.
(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373 =279.75 mm
(b) Asv fy =2x(6^2xp/4)x250 =153.2mm 0.4b 0.4x230
(c) Design spacing 45cm c/c
Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c.
LOADS ON BEAMS:
B2: BEAM
SPAN=7.62m (longer span)
Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm)
Height of the wall-10’-3m
Load calculations
1.
Wall load - 0.23x3x19 =13.11Kn/m
2.
Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 =2.33Kn/m
3.
Slab load –
W = 6KN
Ly = 7.62
WLy/3= (6x7.62)/3 = 15.24Kn/m
Total load = 13.11+2.33+15.24 = 30.68Kn/m

DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:
B2:BEAM
• Calculation of shear force
Va=Vb= total load 2
=30.68x7.62 =116.89KN 2
• Calculation of normal shear
Tv =Vu =1.5x116.89x10^3 =2.04

Bd 230x373

 Calculation of permissible shear stress

Tc = % of tension steel

Pt = Ast x 100

Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2

Pt = 402.12x100 = 0.60%

230x373

Tc =0.50

Tc < Tv 0.05 < 0.85

Hence provide shear reinforcement.

Design of shear:
 Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd

= (0.85- 0.50)x230x373 =30.02KN

Calculation:

Vus =230.02 =0.89KN/cm D(cm) 37.3

From sp-16 table no 62 we will get dia & spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia @ 15cm c/c spacing.

Check for spacing:
Spacing should be provided min of the following.
(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373 =279.75 mm
(b) Asv fy =2x(6^2xp/4)x250 =153.2mm 0.4b 0.4x230
(c) Design spacing 45cm c/c
Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c

DESIGN OF BEAMS:

Mu at Left span = 11.577 KN-m

Mu at Mid span = 19.18 KN-m

Mu at Right span = 20.36KN-m

Check:-
Calculation limiting moment of resistances:
Mu = 11.577 KN-m
Mulimt =0.138 fck bd2
= 0.138x20x230x305^2
= 59.05 KN-m
Mu < Mulimit
Hence it is designed as simply reinforcement beam using sp-16 Mu
=11.577x10^6 =1.39
Bd2 230x3052
Refer table no.2 at sp-16 and read out the value of percentage of reinforcement Corresponding
to fy = 415 N/mm2 and fck = 20N/mm
For Mu = 1.39 Pt = ?
Bd2
1.35 0.409

1.40 0.426

1.39 ?

Mu = 1.39 Pt = 0.422bd2
Pt = 0.422 %
Area of reinforcement
Pt = Astx100
Bd
=0.422x230x405
100
= 393.093 mm2
Ast required = 393.093 mm2
Ast provided:
Hence provide 3 bars & 12 mm dia
Ast provide =400 mm2

Reinforcement of mid span:-

Calculate limiting moment of resistances Mu =19.18 KN-m
Mulimt = 0.138 fck bd2 =0.138x20x230x3052 = 59.05 KN-m

Mu < Mulimit

Hence it is designed as singly reinforcement.

BY USING SP-16

Mu =19.18x106

Bd^2 230x305^2
= 0.66
Refer table no.2 at sp-16and read out the value of percentage of reinforcement Corresponding
to fy = 415N/mm^2 and fck = 20 N/mm2
Mu pt
Bd^2
0.65 0.187

0.70 0.203

0.66 ?

Pt =0.190%
Reinforcement
Pt = Astx100
Bd =0.19x230x305
100
=133.285mm2 d
Hence provided 2mm bars & 12mm dia
Ast provided = 155.2mm2

Reinforcement of right span:-

Check:
Calculate limiting moment of resistance:-Mu =20.36 KN-m
Mulimi = 0.138 fck bd^2 =0.138x20x230x305^2 = 59.05KN-m

Mu < Mulimit
Hence it is designed as singly reinforcement. BY USING SP-16

Mu =20.36x10^6

Bd^2 230x305^2

=1.39

Mu Pt

Bd^2

1.35 0.409

0.426 0.426

1.39 ?

Pt = 0.422%
Reinforcement =
Pt = Ast x100
bd
Ast =0.422x230x305
100
296.033mm2
Ast provided
Hence provide 3 bars and 12mm dia
Ast provided =300mm^2.

DESIGN OF COLUMNS
• Columns are compression members.
 • Larger spacing columns cause stocking columns in lower stores of multi
storied buildings.
• Columns are transmitted loads which are coming from slabs to foundations. Larger
spans of beams shall also be avoided from the consideration of controlling the
deflection & cracking.
COLUMNS:
The column which takes load are:

(a) Slab loads

(b) Beam loads

(c) Wall loads

S.NO TYPE OF ROOF LOAD FLOOR LOAD

LOAD

1. Wall load (5.8+7.62)x0.115x 0.91x19 (5.8+7.62)x0.23x3x19

2 2
=12.09KN
=29.32KN

2. Slab load (5.8+7.62)x6 (5.8+7.62)x6

2 2
= 40.26KN =40.26KN

3. Self wt. of beam 0.23x0.406x(5.5+7.62)x25 0.23x0.406x(5.5+7.62)x25

2 2
=25KN =25KN

Total load
77.35KN 94.58KN

(d) Self. Wt of column

Total loads on column:

Loads from roof = 77.35KN
Loads from floor = 94.58KN

Self wt. of column = 0.23x0.23x3x25

= 34.5KN

total loads = 167KN

Column Axial load:
Pu = 167 KN
Cross section--- 230x230mm calculation: Pu = 167x103 = 0.15
fck*b*d 20x230x230
Calculation of Eccentricity:
e= 1 + b

500 30
= 4640 + 230 = 16.94m
500 30
e≤20 mm
Mue = Pu*e
= 167*0.020
= 3.34 Kn-m
Mue = 3.34x106 = 0.0112
fck bd2 20x230x2302
d’ = 0.2 D
P = 0.02 fck
P =0.02*fck
=0.02x20
=0.4% minimum 0.8% area of steel
= 0.8 Bd
= 0.8x230x230
100x100
= 423.2 mm
 No. of bars for12mmdia

= 423.2 = 4 bars

p/4x122

STIRRUPS SPACING:
LEAST OF-
a) 16dia of main reinforcement=16x12 =192 mm.

b) 48dia = 48x12 = 576 mm.

Provide 6 mm dia. @ 192 mm c/c when main bars size is 12 mm

DESIGN OF FOOTING
Size of column (b) 230x380
(a) Load = 400.69KN
Self wt. of footing = 10%
Bearing capacity of soil = 250 Kn/m2 Area of footing
Total load = 440.76KN
Area of footing = 440.76/250 = 1.76m2
the side of the footing be in the same ratio of column =0.23x*0.38x =1.76
= 0.0874x^2=1.76 x=4.48m
Short side of footing = 0.23*4.48 = 1.0 m
Long side of footing = 0.38*4.48 = 1.70 m
Proved a rectangle footing 1mx1.7m
Up ward soil pressure = 440.76 = 259.27 Kn/m2 = 260 KN/m2 (1*1.7)

BENDING MOMENT CALCULATION:

Maximum bending moment along y- direction longer direction Mxx = q x1/8
(B-b)2
 =260x1.7/8 (1-6023)2 = 32.75 KN-m
Maximum bending moment along x- direction shorter direction Myy = q-b/8
(B-b)2
= 260x1/8(1.7-0.38)62
= 56.62 KN-m
Depth of footing:
Depth of footing form moment consideration d = v Myy/Qb
= v 56.62x106/0.91x1000
d =249.43 say 250 mm
Check for shear (two- way shear)
V= q[Lxb-(a+d)(b+d)]
=250[1.7x1-(0.38+250)(230+250)] =363.37 KN
Normal shear stress:
V =363.37x1063 = 654.72 N/mm2

[2(a+d)(b+d)d] [2(0.38+0.25)(0.23+0.25)0.25]
Tc = 0.65 N/mm2.
Allowable shear stress:
Tv = k x Tc where k = 0.5+ 0.23
0.38
=1.10 k>1.1 Ka = 1.0 x 16
x fck Ka = 0.78 N/ mm2
Tv < Tc safe to compute normal shear stress due to one way action area of tensile steel
required.

Ast(yy) = Myy = 56.62x106

0.91X bd 0.91x 250x 0.23 Ast = 1082.08
mm2
Ast x 100 = 1082.08x100 =0.43%
Bd 100x250x0.23
From table 23 Tc = allowable shear stress 0.27 N/ mm2
One way shear
The critical section along (1-1)
 L – a – d =17200 - 380 - 250 2 2 2
=410 mm
Shear force:
Upward pressure on the hatched area V=
260X1X0.410
=106.6
Normal shear:
Tv = V = 106.6 x103 Bd 1x1000x250 =0.42 N/mm2
Tv>Tc in case of one way shear The effective
depth to be increase
Let the eff. Depth be 350 mm
Tv = V =

2[(a+d)+(b+d)]d
V =260 [1.7x1-(0.38-0.350)+(0.23+0.35)]
V =101.4KN
Norminal shear Tv = 101.4x103
2[(0.38+0.35)+(0.23+0.35)0.35] = 0.110N/mm2
Tc>Tc 0.6054 > 0.110 Hence
safe
Adopt eff depth = 35 mm
Eff cover = 50 mm
-------------
Overall depth = 400 mm

Reinforcement in longitudinal direction:

Ast = 32.75 x106 0.87x230x350
=447.08 mm
Spacing of 12 mm mid steel leaving a clearance of 250mm on the either side S = 950*p*122
447.684
=239.99 mm
Provide 12mm bars at 230 mm c/c
Reinforcement in shorter direction:
Ast = Myy = 56.62x106
 Bd 230x350x0.90
= 781.50 mm2
The reinforcement in the central band width 1.7 provide in accordance with
= Reinforcement in central band width / total reinforcement in shorter direction.
= 1.7/1 = 1.7
Reinforcement in central band =
Ast x2 = 2 =578.94 mm2

B+1 (1.7+1)
Spacing of 10 mm dia bars at 190mmc/c
The steel for the remaining width=
=781.50-578.94
=202.56 mm2
Provide 4 bars of 12mm dia on either of the central ban width
Developed length:
From IS 456-2000 Ld = dia
vs
4Tbd
=0.87xfyx dia =0.87x415xdia =47 dia =47x12 =528mm
4x Tbd 4x(1.6x1.2)
Available length from face of column = (1000–
230) -50
2 =8035 mm>528 mm
Load transfer from column to footing:
Nominal bearing stress in column concrete.
Vbt = p = 440.76x103 = 5.04 N/ mm2
Ac 230x380
Bearing stress un M15 concrete
=0.25x20
=5N/ mm2
Allowable bearing stress =5V A1
A2 =v A1 >2
A2
 = 5v 1697400
230x380
= 4.40 limited 2
Allowable bearing stress = 2x5 =10 N/ mm2>6067
The minimum steel required for dowel bars or load transferring bar is 0.5% of column As =
0.5 x230x380
100 =437 mm2
No.of 12mm dia = 437x122 =3.86 p/4
Provide 4 nos of bars of 12mmbars
development length of dowel bars
Ld =vs x dia 44 dia 4T bd
for 12 mm dia Ld =528 mm
The dowel is to be extended by 528mm into column.
Available depth in footing
Effective to the centre of 20 mm dia 350mm Deduct
½ x 20 =10 mm
Deduct 12 mm dia
Net available distance =[350-10-12] =328
Provide bent of bars to [528-328] =200 mm.

ESTIMATION WITH CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS

Sno ITEM Nos L B H AMOUNT Unit

01 Earthwork in
Foundation(1.5m)

23cm wall
11.5cm wall 1 34.33 .9 1 30.897 M3
1 12.48 .7 .9 7.862 M3

Total=38.75
02 PCC in foundation
(1:6:12)

23cm wall
11.5cm wall 1 34.33 .9 .3 9.269 M3
1 12.48 .7 .3 2.620 M3

Total=11.89
03 Brickwork in
substructure with
1:5 cement mortar

23cm wall
1st offset
2nd offset 1 34.33 .6 .18 3.707 M3
3rd offset 1 34.33 .47 .18 2.904 M3
1 34.33 .23 .34 2.684 M3
11.5cm wall
1st offset
2nd offset 1 12.48 .47 .18 1.055 M3
3rd offset 1 12.48 .23 .18 0.516 M3
1 12.48 .115 .24 0.344 M3

Total=11.21
04 40mm thick PDC on
plinth level(1:2:4)
With bitumen
surfacing

23cm wall
11.5cm wall 1 34.33 0.23 - 7.895 M2
1 12.48 .115 - 1.435 M2
Deduction
Door
D1
D2 1 1.22 .23 - 0.2093
4 0.91 .115 - 0.4186

Total=8.7021
05 Brickwork in
superstructure with
1:5 cement mortar

23cm wall
11.5cm wall 1 34.33 0.23 3 23.68 M3
1 12.48 .115 3 4.3056 M3
Deductions
D1
D2 1 1.22 0.23 2 1.122 M3
W 4 .91 0.23 2 1.6744 M3
V 4 2 .115 0.8 0.736 M3
4 .7 0.23 .45 0.2898 M3

Total=21.533
06 Lintel 15cm thick

2.3cm wall
D1 1 1.5 .23 .15 0.05175 M3
D2 3 1.1 .23 .15 0.1138 M3

11.5cm wall
D2 1 1.1 .115 .15 0.0189 M3
W 4 1 .23 .15 0.138 M3

Total=0.3224

08 Hold Fast for

Door(3 each) 3x13 51

Window(6each) 6x4 24
Ventilation (3each) 2x3 6
09 Fe-415 for steel 45.38x785x0.8x.1 311.14 KG
100
For slab 0.8%
10 Sand filling below 45.39 m3
floor
11 Plastering 12mm
thick
1:6
Wall of 23cm 2 34.33 - 3 205.98 M2
Wall of 11.5cm 2 12.48 - 3 74.88 M2

Total=280.86

12 1:3. 6mm thick

plaster at ceiling 1 45.38 - 45.38 M2

13 2 coat white
washing

Walls 2 280.86 - 561.72 M2

Ceiling 1 45.38 - 45.38 M2

=607.1
14 Flooring with 20mm
thick cc M20
according to no 16 45.38 - 45.38 M2

15 Staircase

Inclined Slab
(a)Small Slab 1 3.14 0.8 0.12 0.30144 M3
(b)Large Slab 1 1.55 0.8 0.12 0.1488 M3
Landing Slab 1 2.725 1.595 0.12 0.5215 M3

=0.9718
16 Stairs steps

Long Slab 13 0.8x0.1538x20/2 0.1599 M3

Short Slab 7 0.8x0.1538x20/2 .0861 M3

Plaster in Steps 20 0.8(0.1538+0.2) 5.66 M3

17 Reinforcement in
Stairs(0.8 % of
Concrete)

Large Slab 3.14x0.8x0.12x0.8/100 18.93 M3

1.55x0.8x0.12x0.8/100
Small Slab 2.725x1.6x0.12x0.8/10 9.34 M3
0
Landing Slab 32.75 M3

=61.02
 Estimation of Cost:

SNo Item Quantity Rate Unit Cost

01 Earthwork
Earthwork in 38.75 85 M3 3293
foundation

02 Sand filling below 4.538 60 m3 272.28

floor

03 Concrete Work
PCC in foundation
(1:6:12) 11.889 3664.10 M3 43562

04 DPC at plinth(1:2:4)
with 2 Coat bitumen 8.7021 190.52 M3 1657

05 Cement concrete
work(1:1.5:3) 5.768 5317.75 M3 30672
06 Masonary Work
Masonary work in
substructure 11.21 4100 M3 45961

Masonary work in
superstructure
21.5326 3800 M3 81823.88

07 Flooring Work

Flooring work with 45.38 316 M2 14340

1:2:4
10cm Cement
concrete 1:6:12 45.38 215.20 M2 9756

08 Wood Work

40cm thick wooden

door 9.72 1618.55 M2 15732

30cm thick wooden

glazed window 6.4 2056.10 M2 13159

09 Steel Work

sFor steel bar Fe415

reinforcement 392.4 52.5 kg 20601

10 Finishing Work

6mm thick cement

plaster(1:3) 45.38 150 M2 6807

12mm thick
plaster(1:6)
280.86 150 M2 42139

2 coat white washing

561.72 35 M2 19660.2
11 Others

10cm dia 300cm 1 500 500

long rain pipe
Fan Hook,
purchasing and
establishing 3 120 360

Total 350295.06

ABSTRACT OF COST
Other Additional costs
Electrical Fitting @ 8%=28023.04
Water Supply and Sewer Management @ 8%=28023.04
Contingencies @ 3%=10508.85
Total= 416849.99
Analysis of Rates

1. Earthwork in ordinary soil 1.5m lift and 30m lead(payment/m3)

For 10m3 Earthwork
 3 mason @ 361=1083
 6 labour @ 253=1518

T and P contingencies lump sum=100

Total=2701
WATER @ 1%=18.34
Total=1852.34 per 10m3
Rate per m3 earthwork = 185.234
Total Cost of earthwork = 7179.66
2. Cement Concrete in Foundation (1:6:12)
For 10m3 earthwork
Materials
 10 bags of cement @ 305=3050
 6m3 stone ballast @ 842=5052

Labour Charge
 1 mason @ 427=427
 7 labours @ 253=1771
 Fuel lump-sum=100
 T & P=200
 Total=10600
Cost of concrete foundation=17800.66
3. DPC with 40mm thick cement concrete(1:1.5:3)
 For 100m2 area

Cement 28.5 @ 305=8692.5

Sand 2.1@ 600=1260

Coarse aggregate @ 842=3199.6

Bitumen 80/100 1.7x 100=170kg @ 20=3400
Total rate=165.521
Total cost of DPC=1440.03
4. Reinforcement cement concrete Materials
 40 bags of cement@305=12200
 2.1m3 of sand@600=1260
 4.2 coarse agg(20-10mm)@842=3536.4
 1.3 kg binding wire gauge @50=65
Total=17059.4

5. Brick Masonary
Materials
 Bricks @ 6200=20000
 9 bags of cement@305=2745
 1.3 m3 sand @600=780

Labour Charges
 3 masons @427=1281
 7 labour @253=1771
 T & P=100
 Total=26677
Total = 26677

6. Brick masonary wit 1:5 I superstructure

For 10 m3
Material
 6000 brick 1st class @8= 47978.8
 7 bags cement @305= 2135
 1.3 m3 sad @600= 780
Labour
 4 mason @427=1708
 8 labour @270=2160
 T & P contingencies lump sum= 100
Total =26883
For water @ 1%=268.83
Total =27151.83

7. Flooring
(Per 10M2 surface area)
10 cm thick cement concrete(1:2:4)
Material
 Cement 1.8 bags @305=549
 Sand 0.12 M3 @600=72
Total =621
 Labour
 2 mason @ 427=854
 5 labour @ 253=1265
 Form work lump sum=100
 Fuel lamp sum=180
Total=3020

For water 1%=30.20

Total cost=3050.2

8. Plastering (12 mm thick 1: cement mortar)

(For 10m2 surface area)

Materials
 1 bag cement @305=305
 0.19 m3 sad @600=114
 1 labour @=253
 1 mason @=427
 Form work – lump sum= 100

Total =1199

1% for water =11.99

Grad total=1210.99

9. white washing
(2 coat, 100 m2 surface area)
Materials
 18 kg white lime @ 6.60=118.8
 Colour and gum lump sum= 50
 2 man for white washing @250=500
 1 labour @ 240
 Ladder, brush, T&P contingencies- lump sum= 100
1 % for water=10.8
Total=1018.8
Total cost of white washing=1018.8

10. Wood work

Materials
Door+window+ventilation .411 @1618.55=665
Contingencies lump sum= 200
Total labour cost=1053
Total wooden work=2918

11. Sanitary work

Approx =28028.5

12. Electricity fitting

Approx=28028.5
Total Cost=416849.66
Sno ITEM Nos L B H AMOUNT Unit

01 Earthwork in
Foundation(1.5m)

23cm wall
11.5cm wall 1 34.33 .9 1 30.897 M3
1 12.48 .7 .9 7.862 M3

Total=38.75
02 PCC in foundation
(1:6:12)

23cm wall
11.5cm wall 1 34.33 .9 .3 9.269 M3
1 12.48 .7 .3 2.620 M3

Total=11.89
03 Brickwork in
substructure with
1:5 cement mortar

23cm wall
1st offset
2nd offset 1 34.33 .6 .18 3.707 M3
3rd offset 1 34.33 .47 .18 2.904 M3
1 34.33 .23 .34 2.684 M3
11.5cm wall
1st offset
2nd offset 1 12.48 .47 .18 1.055 M3
3rd offset 1 12.48 .23 .18 0.516 M3
1 12.48 .115 .24 0.344 M3

Total=11.21
04 40mm thick PDC on
plinth level(1:2:4)
With bitumen
surfacing

23cm wall
11.5cm wall 1 34.33 0.23 - 7.895 M2
1 12.48 .115 - 1.435 M2
Deduction
Door
D1
D2 1 1.22 .23 - 0.2093
4 0.91 .115 - 0.4186

Total=8.7021
05 Brickwork in
superstructure with
1:5 cement mortar

23cm wall
11.5cm wall 1 34.33 0.23 3 23.68 M3
1 12.48 .115 3 4.3056 M3
Deductions
D1
D2 1 1.22 0.23 2 1.122
W 4 .91 0.23 2 1.6744
V 4 2 .115 0.8 0.736
4 .7 0.23 .45 0.2898

Total=21.533 M3
06 Lintel 15cm thick

2.3cm wall
D1 1 1.5 .23 .15 0.05175 M3
D2 3 1.1 .23 .15 0.1138 M3

11.5cm wall
D2 1 1.1 .115 .15 0.0189 M3
W 4 1 .23 .15 0.138 M3

Total=0.3224

08 Hold Fast for

Door(3 each) 3x13 51

Window(6each) 6x4 24
Ventilation (3each) 2x3 6

09 Bamboo work 45.38x785x0.8x.1 311.14 KG

100
For slab 0.8%
10 Sand filling below 4.539 m3
floor
11 Plastering 12mm
thick
1:6
Wall of 23cm 2 34.33 - 3 205.98 M2
Wall of 11.5cm 2 12.48 - 3 74.88 M2

Total=280.86

12 1:3. 6mm thick

plaster at ceiling 1 45.38 - 45.38 M2

13 2 coat white
washing

Walls 2 280.86 - 561.72 M2

Ceiling 1 45.38 - 45.38 M2

14 Flooring with 20mm
thick cc M20
according to no 16 45.38 - 45.38 M2

15 Staircase

Inclined Slab
(a)Small Slab 3.14 .8 .12 .30144 M3
(b)Large Slab 1.55 .8 .12 +0.1488 M3
(c)Landing Slab 2.725 1.595 .12 +0.5215 M3
=0.9718
16 Stair Steps

Long Slab 13 .8x.1538x20/2 .1599 M3

Short Slab 7 .8x.1538x20/2 +0.0861 M3

=0.246

Plaster in steps 20 .8(.1538+.2) 5.66 M2

17 Bamboo in stairs
(0.8% of slab)

Large Slab
1 3.14x.8x.12x.8x7850/100 18.93 M3

Small Slab 1.55x.8x.12x.8x7850/100

1 2.72x1.595x.12x7850x.8/ 9.34 M3
Landing Slab 100
1 32.75 M3

=61.02
ESTIMATION WITH ALTERNATE MATERIALS
SNo Item Quantity Rate Unit Cost

01 Earthwork
Earthwork in 38.75 85 M3 3293
foundation

02 Sand filling below 4.538 60 m3 272.28

floor

03 Concrete Work
PCC in foundation
(1:6:12) 11.889 3664.10 M3 43562

04 DPC at plinth(1:2:4)
with 2 Coat bitumen 8.7021 190.52 M3 1657

05 Cement concrete
work(1:1.5:3) 5.768 5317.75 M3 30672

06 Masonary Work
Masonary work in
substructure 11.21 4100 M3 45961

Masonary work in
superstructure
21.5326 3800 M3 81823.88

07 Flooring Work

Flooring work with 45.38 316 M2 14340

1:2:4
10cm Cement
concrete 1:6:12 45.38 215.20 M2 9756

08 Wood Work

40cm thick wooden

door 9.72 1618.55 M2 15732

30cm thick wooden

glazed window 6.4 2056.10 M2 13159

09 Bamboo work

392.4 25 kg 9810

10 Finishing Work
 6mm thick cement
plaster(1:3) 45.38 150 M2 6807

12mm thick
plaster(1:6)
280.86 150 M2 42139

2 coat white washing

561.72 35 M2 19660.2

11 Others

10cm dia 300cm 1 500 500

long rain pipe

Fan Hook,
purchasing and 3 120 360
establishing
Total 350295.06

ANALYSIS OF COST
FLYASH BRICKS
 6000 units@6=36000
BAMBOO used
 392.4kg@25=9810
Total Cost=328295.5 Rs.
PLAN
BEAM
FOOTING
PHOTOS
 CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done.

As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more

knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.

Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to shorter

span of panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end

condition, corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been calculated as per I.S.

code methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for loads on beams

and columns and designed frame analysis by moment distribution method. Here we have a very

low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated footing done.