Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ali Masduqi
Minor from Abdu F. Assomadi
1.
• membunuh mikroba
pathogen pada air limbah
sebelum dibuang ke
lingkungan
TUJUAN
2.
• membunuh mikroba
pathogen pada air minum
sebelum
didistribusikan/dikonsumsi
1440 ، رمضان03 2
1. Fisik
• Pemanasan
• Radiasi UV
METODA
2. Kimia
• Menggunakan
bahan kimia
sebagai disinfektan
1440 ، رمضان03 3
Some common water-borne 4
Disinfection
Antiseptic
• kill microbes
• also germicide, fungicide,
virucide
Bacteriostatic
Definitions • Prevents or stops microbial
growth
• also fungistatic, virustatic
Aseptic(Asepsis)
• Prevent contamination of
person or object by microbes
Sanitize
• Removal of pathogens
from inanimate objects
• Mechanical or chemical
cleaning
Definitions
• need not sterilize of
disinfect
Contamination
• Presence of living
microbes on object
Infection
• Presence of living
multiplying microbes
in host tissues
• often pathogenic
Definitions
Preservation
• Prevention of spoilage
• Control of
Contamination
• Bacteriostatic
Mechanisms of sterilizers and
disinfectants
Sterilizer
Moist and dry heat: protein denaturation,
enzyme inhibition, RNA and DNA breakdown
Ionizing radiations: single or double-strand
breakage in DNA
Disinfectants
Ultraviolet radiation: thymine dimers, various
photoproducts (5,6-dihydroxy-
dihydrothymine, TDHT, pyrimine-(6-4)-
pyrimidone,…)
Chemical disinfectants: protein denaturation,
enzyme inhibition, breakdown of nucleic
acids
Mode of action of (chemical)
disinfectants
Components of
algal cell walls:
Cellulose
Silica or calcium
carbonate or
polysaccharide
Structure of Giardia cysts
Surface structure of Giardia cysts
An inner membrane
A thick (0.3 µm) outer filamentous portion
Filaments
7-20 nm in diameter
Protein and a unique carbohydrate (ß(1-3)-N-
acetyl-D-galactopyranosamine)
Strong interchain interaction and tightly
packed meshwork
Remarkable physical barrier against most
chemical disinfectants
Surface structure of Cryptosporidium
oocyst
Surface structure of Cryptosporidium
oocyst
Glycocalyx
82 % carbohydrate, 17 % protein, and trace fatty
acid
Outer oocyst wall
Multilaminate glycoprotin, lipid, and lipid
conjugates
Central lipid layer
Inner oocyst layer
Cross-linked glycoprotein
Outer and inner zone
Remarkable physical barrier against most
chemical disinfectants
Structure of Helminth eggs (Ascaris)
Factors in antimicrobial
processes
Target microorganisms
The media to be treated
The intended use of the media
Presence of interfering
materials in the media
Disinfectants in Water and Wastewater Treatment
• Free chlorine
• Chloramines (Monochloramine)
• Ozone
• Chlorine dioxide
• Mixed oxidants
• UV irradiation
Comparison of major disinfectants
Chick-Watson Law:
ln Nt/No = - kCnt
where:
No = initial number of organisms
Nt = number of organisms remaining at time = t
k = rate constant of inactivation
C = disinfectant concentration
n = coefficient of dilution
t = (exposure) time
Assumptions
Homogenous microbe population: all microbes are identical
“single-hit” inactivation: one hit is enough for inactivation
When k, C, n are constant: first-order kinetics
Multihit-hit inactivation
“shoulder” or concave up kinetics: initial slow rate that increase over time
Chick-Watson Law and deviations
First
Multihit
Order
Log Survivors
Retardant
Organism Disinfectant
Disinfectant type
Microbe type
Physical factors
Chemical factors
Chemical factors
pH:
selecting the most predominant disinfecting
species
Salts and ions
Soluble organic matter
Particulates
reacting with chemical disinfectants or absorbing UV irradiation
METODA FISIK
1440 ، رمضان03 34
RADIASI ULTRA VIOLET
• Sumber sinar ultra violet → lampu mercury
tekanan rendah
• Radiasi ultra violet dengan panjang gelombang
sekitar 254 nm menembus dinding sel
mikroorganisme dan diabsorpsi oleh bahan
seluler sehingga menghalangi replikasi
PENONAKTIFAN BAKTERI OLEH SINAR UV
Nt
ln = −kIt
No
Nt = densitas bakteri yang tersisa setelah disinari UV
(organisme/100 ml)
No = densitas bakteri sebelum disinari UV (organisme/100 ml)
k = konstanta kecepatan penon-aktifan (cm2/ W.det atau
cm2/ W.menit)
I = intensitas input energi ultra violet ( W/cm2)
t = waktu pemaparan, detik atau menit
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION
Disinfection 37
Disinfection 38
Disinfection 39
Simple Solar Disinfection
Disinfection 40
Solar Disinfection
Disinfection 41
METODA KIMIA
1440 ، رمضان03 42
THE RATE OF DISINFECTION
Like most biological processes, disinfection follows a
first-order reaction with respect to the number of
microbes of a certain species surviving as a function of
time at a constant level of a disinfectant
Disinfection 43
THE CT CONCEPT
In disinfection, the ability to inactivate microorganisms
is a function of both disinfectant concentration and
time.
1 D Time(min) to kill
90%
0
Time (min)
CHEMICAL AGENTS
Phenols
Halogens
Metal ions
Alcohols
Detergents
Alkylating agents
Ethylene Oxide
Hydrogen peroxide
KILL CURVES OF VARIOUS
ANTISEPTICS
Soap & water
Tincture of Merthiolate
% survivors
Aqueous Zephiran
Tincture of Zephiran
Tincture of
Iodine
70% ethanol
Time (sec)
WHEN IN DOUBT ABOUT EFFICIENCY
OF A DISINFECTANT
GET A LABORATORY TEST
HALOGENS
Applications
Skin antiseptic
Environmental disinfectant
Mode of Action
Iodination of Tyrosine
Prepare fresh
Dark brown - active
Straw Yellow - inactive
Clean area first
organic matter reduces activity
IODINE FORMULATIONS
Antimicrobial efficacy
Corrosivity
Chemical hazard
Environmental concerns
Stability
BIOCIDAL SPECTRUM
CORROSIVITY
CHEMICAL HAZARD
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
STABILITY
KLORINASI
• Klorinasi adalah penggunaan senyawa klor sebagai
disinfektan pada air minum
• Senyawa klor yang umum digunakan:
– gas klor (Cl2),
– kalsium hipoklorit (Ca(OCl)2),
– sodium hipoklorit (NaOCl)
– klor dioksida (ClO2)
REAKSI PADA KLORINASI
• Cl2 + H2O HOCl + H+ + Cl-
• HOCl H+ + OCl-
• Jumlah HOCl dan OCl- yang ada dalam air disebut klor
tersedia bebas 100 0
90 10
80 20
70 30
60 40
%HOCl
%OCl-
50 50
40 60
30 70
20 80
10 90
0 100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH
CHLORINATION
Disinfection 64
Chlorinator
Disinfection 65
Chlorine gas flow
control
Disinfection 66
Chlorine contact tank with baffles
Disinfection 67
Gravity fed chlorine solution feeder
Disinfection 68
Gravity fed chlorine solution feeder
Disinfection 69
Disinfection 70
PENENTUAN DOSIS KLOR
Rekasi yang terjadi saat awal pembubuhan klor:
• NH3 + HOCl ⎯→ NH2Cl (monokloramin) + H2O
• NH2Cl + HOCl ⎯→ NHCl2 (dikloramin) + H2O
• NHCl2 + HOCl ⎯→ NCl3 (nitrogen triklorida) + H2O
Bereaksi
dengan NH3 Terbentuk N2
1440 ، رمضان03 73
CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCT
Disinfection 74
Disinfeksi dengan Ozone (O3)
• Ozone merupakan merupakan bentuk tidak stabil
dari oksigen yang terdiri dari tiga atom O (rumus
kimia ozone adalah O3).
• Ozone dihasilkan dari oksigen yang dilewatkan
pada listrik bertegangan tinggi dalam udara kering
• Pemakaian ozone yang paling umum adalah untuk
disinfeksi terhadap bakteri dan virus.
• Dosis ozone sebesar 0,4 mg/l dalam waktu 4
menit (faktor waktu kontak (CT) = 1,6) mampu
menghilangkan bakteri patogenik dan polivirus
• Faktor CT sebesar 2 diperlukan untuk menjamin
penghilangan total Giardia cysts
Persamaan reaksi
1440 ، رمضان03 76
Bak kontaktor Off-gass
Ozonated
water
Ozone
Ozonation
Disinfection 78
Rumus disinfeksi
N
dN
= −kC n N ln = − kC n t
dt No
di mana :
N = jumlah patogen pada waktu t
N0 = jumlah patogen pada t = 0
C = konsentrasi disinfektan, mg/l
t = waktu, menit
k = koefisien kematian spesifik, (mg/l)-1menit –1
n = koefisien pengenceran
Kematian spesifik dari O3 terhadap beberapa organisme untuk n = 1 :
- enteric bacteria : 500
- virus :5
- spora :2
- cyst amuba : 0.5
Ozone Ct values
log
Microorganism Ct (mg min l-1) T (oC) pH
reduction
Cryptosporidium
5,39** 20 * 2 log
parvum (oocysts)
Disinfection 80
Tugas (dikumpulkan saat UAS)
1440 ، رمضان03 81
2. Data berikut adalah hasil tes kemampuan hidup E. coli
(dalam persen) setelah dikontakkan dengan klor:
Klor tersedia Waktu kontak (menit)
bebas (mg/L) 1 3 5 10 20
0,05 96 81 62 20 0,3
0,10 91 58 27 0,5 -
0,18 64 10 0,7 - -