Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
COLLEGE
ALGEBRA
LIAL
HORNSBY
SCHNEIDER
2.5 - 1
Equations of Lines; Curve Fitting
2.5
Point-Slope Form
Slope-Intercept Form
Vertical and Horizontal Lines
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Modeling Data
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable
by Graphing
2.5 - 2
Point-Slope Form
2.5 - 3
Example 1 USING THE POINT-SLOPE FORM
(GIVEN A POINT AND THE SLOPE)
Find an equation of the line through (– 4, 1)
having slope – 3.
Solution Here x1 4, y1 1, and m 3.
y y1 m x x1 Point-slope form
y 1 3 x ( 4) x1 4, y1 1, m 3
y 1 3 x 4 Be careful
with signs.
y 1 3 x 12 Distributive property
y 3 x 11 Add 1.
2.5 - 4
Example 2 USING THE POINT-SLOPE FORM
(GIVEN TWO POINTS)
Find an equation of the line through (– 3, 2)
and (2, – 4).
Solution Find the slope first.
4 2 6
m Definition of slope
2 ( 3) 5
6
The slope m is . Either ( 3,2) or (2, 4)
5
can be used for x1, y1 . We choose 3,2 .
2.5 - 5
Example 2 USING THE POINT-SLOPE FORM
(GIVEN TWO POINTS)
Find an equation of the line through (– 3, 2)
and (2, – 4).
Solution
y y1 m x x1 Point-slope form
6
y 2 x ( 3) x1 = – 3, y1 = 2, m = – 6/5
5
5 y 2 6 x 3 Multiply by 5.
2.5 - 6
Example 2 USING THE POINT-SLOPE FORM
(GIVEN TWO POINTS)
Find an equation of the line through (– 3, 2)
and (2, – 4).
Solution
5 y 2 6 x 3 Multiply by 5.
5y 10 6 x 18 Distributive property.
6 8
y x Add 10; divide by 5.
5 5
2.5 - 7
Slope-Intercept Form
As a special
case,suppose that a
y y1 m x x1
line passes through
the point (0, b), so the
y b m x 0
line has y-intercept b.
If the line has slope m, y mx b
then using the point-
slope form with x1 = 0 Slope y-intercept
and y1 = b gives
2.5 - 8
Slope-Intercept Form
The line with slope m and y-intercept b
has an equation
y mx b,
2.5 - 9
Example 3 FINDING THE SLOPE-INTERCEPT
FORM (GIVEN TWO POINTS)
Find the slope and y-intercept of the line with
equation 4x +5y = – 10.
Solution Write the equation in slope-
intercept form.
4 x 5y 10
5y 4 x 10 Subtract 4x.
4
y x 2 Divide by 5.
5
m b
2.5 - 10
Example 5 FINDING AN EQUATION FROM A
GRAPH
Use the graph of the linear function shown
here to complete the following.
a. Find the slope,
y-intercept, and
x-intercept.
–3
Solution The line
falls 1 unit each time –1
the x-value 1 1 y = (x)
increases by 3. Slope .
3 3
2.5 - 11
Example 5 FINDING AN EQUATION FROM A
GRAPH
Use the graph of the linear function shown
here to complete the following.
a. Find the slope,
y-intercept, and
x-intercept.
–3
Solution The line
intersects the y-axis –1
at point (0, – 1). The
y = (x)
y-intercept is – 1.
2.5 - 12
Example 5 FINDING AN EQUATION FROM A
GRAPH
Use the graph of the linear function shown
here to complete the following.
a. Find the slope,
y-intercept, and
x-intercept.
–3
Solution The line
intersects the x-axis –1
at point ( – 3, 0).
y = (x)
The x-intercept is
– 3.
2.5 - 13
Example 5 FINDING AN EQUATION FROM A
GRAPH
Use the graph of the linear function shown
here to complete the following.
b. Write the
equation that
defines .
–3
1
( x ) x 1 –1
3
y = (x)
2.5 - 14
Equations of Vertical and
Horizontal lines
An equation of the vertical line through
the point (a, b) is x = a.
An equation of the horizontal line
through the point (a, b) is y = b.
2.5 - 15
Parallel Lines
2.5 - 16
Perpendicular Lines
Two lines neither of which is vertical,
are perpendicular if and only if their
slopes have a product of – 1. Thus, the
slopes of perpendicular lines, neither
of which are vertical, are negative
reciprocals.
2.5 - 17
Example 6 FINDING EQUATIONS OF PARALLEL
AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
2.5 - 18
Example 6 FINDING EQUATIONS OF PARALLEL
AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
2 4
y x Divide by 5.
5 5
2.5 - 19
Example 6 FINDING EQUATIONS OF PARALLEL
AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
2.5 - 22
Example 6 FINDING EQUATIONS OF PARALLEL
AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
y y1 m x x1
2.5 - 23
Example 6 FINDING EQUATIONS OF PARALLEL
AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
2.5 - 25
Equation Description When to Use
Ax + By = C Standard Form The x- and y-
(If the coefficients and intercepts can be
constants are rational, then A, found quickly and
B, and C are expressed as used to graph the
relatively prime integers, with equation. The slope
A≥ 0). must be calculated.
2.5 - 26
Equation Description When to Use
y=b Horizontal Line If the graph intersects
Slope is 0. only the y-axis, then y
y-intercept is b. is the only variable in
the equation.
x=a Vertical Line If the graph intersects
Slope is undefined. only the x-axis, then x
x-intercept is a. is the only variable in
the equation.
2.5 - 27
Example 7 FINDING AN EQUATION OF A LINE
THAT MODELS DATA
y
Year Cost 6000
(in dollars)
1996 3151 5000
1998 3486
4000
2000 3774
2002 4461 3000
2004 5148
x
2006 5836 0 2 4 6 8 10
Year
2.5 - 28
Example 7 FINDING AN EQUATION OF A LINE
THAT MODELS DATA
y
a. Find an equation
that models the 6000
data.
5000
Solution The points
lie approximately on a 4000
straight line. Write an
equation that models
3000
the relationship
between year x and
cost y. Use two data x
0 2 4 6 8 10
points (0, 3151) and
(10, 5836). Year
2.5 - 29
Example 7 FINDING AN EQUATION OF A LINE
THAT MODELS DATA
y
a. Find an equation
that models the 6000
data.
5000
Solution
5836 3151 4000
m
10 0
3000
2685
m 268.5 x
10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Year
2.5 - 30
Example 7 FINDING AN EQUATION OF A LINE
THAT MODELS DATA
y
a. Find an equation
that models the 6000
data.
5000
Solution The slope
268.5 indicates that 4000
the cost of tuition and
fees increased by
about $269 per year. 3000
Use this slope and
the y-intercept 3151 x
0 2 4 6 8 10
to write the equation
of the line. Year
2.5 - 31
Example 7 FINDING AN EQUATION OF A LINE
THAT MODELS DATA
y
a. Find an equation
that models the 6000
data.
5000
Solution
4000
y mx b
Slope- 3000
intercept form
x
y 268.5 x 3151 0 2 4 6 8 10
Year
2.5 - 32
Example 7 FINDING AN EQUATION OF A LINE
THAT MODELS DATA
b. Use the equation y
developed to predict 6000
the cost of tuition and
fees at public 4-year 5000
colleges in 2008.
4000
Solution The value
x = 12 corresponds 3000
to the year 2008, so
we substitute 12 for x
x. 0 2 4 6 8 10
Year
2.5 - 33
Example 7 FINDING AN EQUATION OF A LINE
THAT MODELS DATA
b. Use the equation y
developed to predict 6000
the cost of tuition and
fees at public 4-year 5000
colleges in 2008.
Solution 4000
y 268.5 x 3151
3000
Model from part (a).