Coordinates: 30°45′N 76°47′E

Chandigarh
Chandigarh (local pronunciation: [tʃə̃ˈɖiːɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a city and a union territory in India
that serves as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana. The city is
Chandigarh
unique as it is not a part of either of the two states but is governed directly by the Union City and union territory†
Government, which administers all such territories in the country
.

Chandigarh is bordered by the state of Punjab to the north, the west and the south, and to the
state of Haryana to the east. It is considered to be a part of the Chandigarh capital region or
Greater Chandigarh, which includes Chandigarh, and the city of Panchkula (in Haryana) and
cities of Kharar, Kurali, Mohali, Zirakpur (in Punjab). It is located 260 km (162 miles) north of
New Delhi, 229 km (143 miles) southeast ofAmritsar.

It was one of the earlyplanned cities in post-independent India and is internationally known for
its architecture and urban design.[5] The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French
architect Le Corbusier, which transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect
Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer. Most of the government buildings
and housing in the city were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le
Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry. In 2015, an article published by BBC named
Chandigarh as one of the few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of
[6]
combining monumental architecture, cultural growth and modernisation.

Chandigarh's Capitol Complex was in July 2016 declared by UNESCO as World Heritage at
the 40th session of World Heritage Conference held in Istanbul. UNESCO inscription was
under "The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier an outstanding contribution to the Modern
Movement". The Capitol Complex buildings include the Punjab and Haryana High Court,
Punjab and Haryana Secretariat and Punjab and Haryana Assembly along with monuments Clockwise from top left:
Open hand, Martyrs Memorial, Geometric Hill and T
ower of Shadow and the Rock Garden Palace of Assembly, Rock Garden of
Chandigarh, Sector 42 Stadium, Sukhna
The city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the country. The city was reported to be Lake, Open Hand Monumentand
one of the cleanest in India based on a national government study.[7][8] The union territory also Gandhi Bhawan
heads the list of Indian states and territories according to Human Development Index.[9] In
2015, a survey by LG Electronics, ranked it as the happiest city in India over the happiness
index.[10][11] The metropolitan area of Chandigarh–Mohali–Panchkula collectively forms a Tri-
city, with a combined population of over 1,611,770.[12]

Seal

Nickname(s): The City of Beauty[a]

Contents
Etymology
History
Early history
Modern history
Geography and ecology
Location
Climate
Ecosystem
Landscape
Demographics
Population
Languages
Religion
Economy
Location of Chandigarh inIndia
Employment
Coordinates: 30°45′N 76°47′E
 Politics Country India
Education
Formation of 1 November 1966
Transport Union territory††
Road
Government
Air
Rail
• Type Union territory
Municipality
Culture • Administrator V.P. Singh Badnore
Festivals • Mayor Rajesh Kumar
Sports Kalia
Postcolonial significance • Senior Deputy Sh. Gurpreet Singh
Background Mayor
Modernism in new town design • Deputy Mayor Vinod Aggarwal
Criticisms Area
Notable people from Chandigarh • Union territory 114 km2 (44 sq mi)
Gallery Area rank 34th in India
See also Elevation 321 m (1,053 ft)
Notes Population (2011)[1]
References • Union territory 1,055,450
Further reading • Density 9,262/km2
(23,988/sq mi)
External links [2]
• Metro 1,025,682 (51st)
• Urban area [3] 1,611,770
Languages
Etymology • Official English
The name Chandigarh is a compound of Chandi and Garh. Chandi refers to Hindu goddess Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
Chandi and Garh means fortress.[13] The name is derived from Chandi Mandir, an ancient
PIN 160XXX
temple devoted to theHindu Goddess Chandi, near the city in Panchkula District.[14]
Telephone code +91-172-XXX-
XXXX
The motif or sobriquet of "The City of Beauty " was derived from the City Beautiful movement
ISO 3166 code IN-CH
that was a popular philosophy in North American urban planning during the 1890s and 1900s.
Vehicle CH-01 to CH-04 &
Architect Albert Mayer, the initial planner of Chandigarh, lamented the American rejection of registration HR-70
City Beautiful concepts and declared "We want to create a beautiful city..."[15] The phrase was Literacy 86.05%
used on as a logo in official publications in the 1970s, and is now how the city describes Website chandigarh.gov.in
itself.[16][17] †
The city of Chandigarh comprises all of the
union territory's area.

History ††
under Section 4 of the Punjab
Reorganisation Act, 1966.

Symbols of Chandigarh
Early history Emblem Open Hand
The city has a prehistoric past. Due to the presence of a lake, the area has fossil remains with Emblem
imprints of a large variety of aquatic plants and animals, and amphibian life, which were Animal Indian grey
supported by that environment. As it was a part of the Punjab region, it had many rivers nearby mongoose[4]
Bird Indian grey hornbill
where the ancient and primitive settling of humans began. So, about 3000 years ago, the area
Flower Dhak
was also known to be a home to theHarappans.[18]
Fruit Mango
Tree Blue Jacaranda
Modern history
Chandigarh was the dream city of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. After the partition of India in 1947, the former British province of
Punjab was split between (mostly Sikhs and Hindu) East Punjab in India and (mostly Muslim) West Punjab in Pakistan.[19] The Indian Punjab
required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which had become part of Pakistan during the partition.[20][21] Therefore, an American planner and
architect Albert Mayer was tasked to design a new city called "Chandigarh" in 1949. The government carved out Chandigarh of nearly 50 Puadhi
speaking villages of the then state of East Punjab, India.[22] Shimla was the temporary capital of East Punjab until Chandigarh was completed in
1960.
Albert Mayer, during his work on the development and planning of the new
capital city of Chandigarh, developed a superblock-based city threaded with
green spaces which emphasized cellular neighborhoods and traffic
segregation. His site plan used natural characteristics, using its gentle grade
to promote drainage and rivers to orient the plan. Mayer discontinued his
work on Chandigarh after developing a master plan for the city when his
architect-partner Matthew Nowicki died in a plane crash in 1950.
Government officials recruited Le Corbusier to succeed Mayer and
Nowicki, who enlisted many elements of Mayer's original plan without
attributing them to him.[23]

Le Corbusier designed many administration buildings, including the High

Court, the Palace of Assembly and the Secretariat Building. Le Corbusier
also designed the general layout of the city, dividing it into sectors.
Chandigarh hosts the largest of Le Corbusier's many Open Hand sculptures,
standing 26 metres high. The Open Hand (La Main Ouverte) is a recurring A map of the British Punjab province in 1909. During the
Partition of India along the Radcliffe Line, the capital of the
motif in Le Corbusier's architecture, a sign for him of "peace and
Punjab Province, Lahore, fell into West Punjab, Pakistan.
reconciliation. It is open to give and open to receive." It represents what Le
The necessity to have a new capital forEast Punjab in India
Corbusier called the "Second Machine Age".[24] Two of the six monuments then, led to the development of Chandigarh.
planned in the Capitol Complex which has the High Court, the Assembly
and the Secretariat, remain incomplete. These include Geometric Hill and
[25]
Martyrs Memorial; drawings were made, and they were begun in 1956, but they were never completed.

On 1 November 1966, the newly formed state of Haryana was carved out of the eastern portion of East Punjab, in order to create a new state for the
majority Haryanvi-speaking people in that portion, while the western portion of East Punjab retained a mostly Punjabi-speaking majority and was
renamed as Punjab. Chandigarh was located on the border of both states and the states moved to incorporate the city into their respective territories.
However, the city of Chandigarh was declared aunion territory to serve as capital of both states.[26]

As of 2016, many historical villages in Chandigarh are still inhabited within the modern blocks of sectors including Burail and Attawa, while there
are a number of non-sectoral villages that lie on the outskirts of the city [27]
. These villages were a part of the pre-Chandigarh era.

Geography and ecology

Location
Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Sivalik range of the
Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area of approximately
114 km2.[21] It borders the states of Haryana and Punjab. The exact
cartographic co-ordinates of Chandigarh are 30.74°N 76.79°E.[28] It has an
average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft).

The city, lying in the northern plains, includes a vast area of flat, fertile
land. Its northeast covers sections of Bhabar and while the remainder of its
terrain is part of the Terai.[29] The surrounding cities are Mohali, Patiala,
Zirakpur and Roopnagar in Punjab, and Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana.

Chandigarh is situated 44 km (28 miles) northeast of Ambala, 229 km (143 Map of Chandigarh
miles) southeast of Amritsar and 250 km (156 miles) north ofDelhi.

Climate
Chandigarh has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) characterised by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall
and great variation in temperature (−1 °C to 46 °C OR 30.2 °F to 114 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1110.7 mm. The city also receives occasional
winter rains from the Western Disturbance originating over the Mediterranean Sea.
The western disturbances usually bring rain predominantly from mid-December till end of April which can be heavier sometimes with strong winds
and hails if the weather turns colder (during March–April months) which usually proves disastrous to the crops. Cold winds usually tend to come
from the north near Shimla, capital of Himachal Pradesh and from the state of Jammu and Kashmir, both of which receive their share of snowfall
during wintertime.

The city experiences the following seasons and the respective average temperatures:

Spring: The climate remains the most enjoyable part of the year during the spring season (from February-end to early-April).
Temperatures vary between (max) 13 °C to 20 °C and (min) 5 °C to 12 °C.
Autumn: In autumn (from September-end to mid-November), the temperature may rise to a maximum of 30 °C.emperatures T
usually remain between 10° to 22° in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 6 °C.
Summer: The temperature in summer (from Mid-April to June-end) may rise to 44 °C. The temperatures might sometime rise to
44 °C in mid-June. Temperatures generally vary between 40 and 42 °C.
Monsoon: During the monsoon (from early-July to mid-September), Chandigarh receives moderate to heavy rainfall and
sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during the month of August or September). Usually , the rain-bearing monsoon
winds blow from south-west/south-east. Mostly , the city receives heavy rain from the south (which is mainly a persistent rain) but it
generally receives most of its rain during monsoon either from North-west or North-east. The maximum amount of rain received by
the city of Chandigarh during monsoon season is 195.5 mm in a single day .
Winter: Winters (November-end to February-end) are mild but they can sometimes get quite chilly in Chandigarh.verage A
temperatures in the winter remain at (max) 5 °C to 14 °C and (min) -1 °C to 5 °C. Rain usually comes from the west during winters
and it is usually a persistent rain for 2–3 days with sometimes hailstorms. The city witnessed bone-numbing chill as the maximum
temperature on Monday, 7 January 2013 plunged to a 30-year low to settle at 6.1 degrees Celsius.
Climate data for Chandigarh

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record
27.7 32.8 37.8 42.7 44.6 45.3 42.0 39.0 37.5 37.0 34.0 28.5 45.6
high °C
(81.9) (91.0) (100.0) (108.9) (112.3) (113.5) (107.6) (102.2) (99.5) (98.6) (93.2) (83.3) (114.1)
(°F)

Average
20.4 23.1 28.4 34.5 38.3 38.6 34.0 32.7 33.1 31.8 27.3 22.1 30.4
high °C
(68.7) (73.6) (83.1) (94.1) (100.9) (101.5) (93.2) (90.9) (91.6) (89.2) (81.1) (71.8) (86.7)
(°F)

Average
6.1 8.3 13.4 18.9 23.1 25.4 23.9 23.3 21.8 17.0 10.5 6.7 16.5
low °C
(43.0) (46.9) (56.1) (66.0) (73.6) (77.7) (75.0) (73.9) (71.2) (62.6) (50.9) (44.1) (61.7)
(°F)

Record
0.0 0.0 4.2 7.8 13.4 14.8 14.2 17.2 14.3 9.4 3.7 0.0 0.0
low °C
(32.0) (32.0) (39.6) (46.0) (56.1) (58.6) (57.6) (63.0) (57.7) (48.9) (38.7) (32.0) (32.0)
(°F)

Average
rainfall 33.1 38.9 30.4 8.5 28.4 145.2 280.4 307.5 133.0 21.9 9.4 21.9 1,059.3
mm (1.30) (1.53) (1.20) (0.33) (1.12) (5.72) (11.04) (12.11) (5.24) (0.86) (0.37) (0.86) (41.70)
(inches)

Average
rainy 2.6 2.8 2.6 1.1 2.1 6.3 12.3 11.4 5.0 1.4 0.8 1.4 49.8
days

Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010) [30][31]

Ecosystem
Most of Chandigarh is covered by dense banyan and eucalyptus plantations. Ashoka, cassia,
mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem.[32] The city has forests surrounding that
sustain many animal and plant species.[33] Deer, sambars, barking deer, parrots, woodpeckers and
peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese, and attracts
migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in the winter season.

The Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh provides home to a large number of parrots. Sukhna Wildlife
Sanctuary was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1998.

Parakeets at the Parrot Bird

Landscape Sanctuary

Sukhna Lake, a 3 km artificial rain-fed lake in Sector 1,[34] was created in 1958 by damming the
[35]
Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming down from the Shivalik Hills.
Chandigarh has a belt of parks running from sectors. It is known for its green belts and other special
tourist parks. Sukhna Lake itself hosts the Garden of Silence.[36] The Rock Garden,[37][38] is located
near the Sukhna Lake and has numerous sculptures made by using a variety of different discarded
waste materials.[39] The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden(which is also the Asia's largest rose garden)
contains nearly 825 varieties of roses in it and more than 32,500 varieties of other medicinal plants
and trees.[40] Other gardens include the Garden of Fragrance in Sector 36, Garden of Palms in Sector
42, Butterfly Park in Sector 26, Valley of Animals in Sector 49, the Japanese Garden in Sector 31,
the Terraced Garden in Sector 33, Shanti Kunj Garden, the Botanical Garden and the Bougainvillea Sailing at Sukhna Lake
Garden.[41] There is also a Government museum and art gallery in sector 10.

Demographics

Population
As of 2011 India census, Chandigarh had a population of 1,055,450,[1] making for a density of about
[42][43]
9,252 (7,900 in 2001) persons per square kilometre.

Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 818 females for every
1,000 males[3] –which is the third lowest in the country,[44][b] up from 773 in 2001. The child sex
[45] Chandigarh has an average literacy
ratio is 880 females per thousand males, up from 819 in 2001.
rate of 86.77%, higher than the national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of
81.88%.[3] 10.8% of the population is under 6 years of age.[3] Population growth in Chandigarh
over the years.
There has been a substantial decline in the population growth rate in Chandigarh, with just 17.10%
growth between 2001-2011. Since, 1951-1961 the rate has decreased from 394.13% to 17.10%. This
is probably because of rapid urbanisation and development in neighbouring cities.[46] The urban population constitutes of as high as 97.25% of the
total and the rural population makes up 2.75% as there are only few villages within Chandigarh on its Western and South-Eastern border and majority
of people live in the heart of Chandigarh.[45]

Languages
English is the sole official language of Chandigarh. The majority of the population speaks Hindi
(73.60%) while Punjabi is spoken by 22.03%.[48] Government schools use English, Hindi and Punjabi
textbooks.[49]

Religion
Hinduism is the prominent religion of Chandigarh followed by 80.78% of the population. Sikhism is the
second most popular religion in the city followed by 13.11% of the people. In Chandigarh city Islam is
followed by 4.87%. Minorities are Christians 0.83%, Jains 0.19%, Buddhists 0.11%, those that didn't
state a religion are 0.10%, and others are 0.02%.[51]

Many institutions serve minorities in the city. One such being the Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and Languages of Chandigarh
Chandigarh, serving the Catholics, which even has a co-cathedral in the city, Christ the King Co- (2011)[47]
Cathedral, although it never was a separate bishopric. Most of the convent schools of Chandigarh are
Hindi (73.60%)
governed by this institution.
Punjabi (22.03%)
Chandigarh hosts many religious places, including Chandimandir, the temple after which it was named. Urdu (1.00%)
The ISKCON temple in Sector 36 is one among the worship places for Hindus. Nada Sahib Gurudwara, Nepali (0.62%)
a famous place for Sikh worship lies in its vicinity.[52] Apart from this, there are a couple of historical
Bengali (0.59%)
mosques in Manimajra and Burail.[53]
Tamil (0.53%)
Others (1.63%)
Economy
Chandigarh has been rated as one of the "Wealthiest Towns" of India.[54] The
Reserve Bank of India ranked Chandigarh as the Third largest deposit centre and Religion in Chandigarh[50]
seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012. With a per capita income of Religion Percent
₹99,262, Chandigarh is one of the richest cities in India.[55] Chandigarh's gross state Hinduism 80.78%
domestic product for 2014-15 is estimated at ₹0.29 lakh crore (US$4.3 billion) in Sikhism 13.11%
Islam 4.87%
current prices. According to a 2014 survey, Chandigarh is ranked 4th in the top 50
Christianity 0.83%
cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations"
Others 0.4%
ahead of cities like Beijing.[56]

Employment
The government is a major employer in Chandigarh with three governments having their base here i.e. Chandigarh Administration, Punjab
government and Haryana government. A significant percentage of Chandigarh's population, therefore, consists of people who are either working for
one of these governments or have retired from government service mainly Armed forces. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a "Pensioner's
Paradise".[57] Ordnance Cable Factory of the Ordnance Factories Board has been set up by the Government of India. There are about 15 medium to
large industries including two in the Public sector. In addition, Chandigarh has over 2500 units registered under small-scale sector. The important
industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys, and machinery. Other industries are relating to food products, sanitary ware, auto parts,
machine tools, pharmaceuticals, and electrical appliances.

The main occupation here is trade and business.[58][59] However, the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education
and Research (PGIMER), the availability of an IT Park and more than a hundred of government schools provide job opportunity to people.

Four major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are: The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry,
ASSOCHAM India [60] in Sector 8, Chandigarh, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce
[61][62]
and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry(CII) which has its regional headquarters at Sector 31, Chandigarh.

Chandigarh IT Park (also known as Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park) is the city's attempt to break into the information technology world.
Chandigarh's infrastructure, proximity to Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, and the IT talent pool attracts IT businesses looking for
office space in the area. Major Indian firms and multinational corporations like Quark, Infosys, EVRY, Dell, IBM, TechMahindra, Airtel, Amadeus
IT Group, DLF have set up base in the city and its suburbs.

The work of the Chandigarh Metro is likely to start by the year 2019. It was initially opposed by the Member of parliament from Chandigarh, Kirron
Kher.[63] with estimated cost of around₹10,900 crores including 50% funds from the governments of Punjab and Haryana and 25% from Chandigarh
and Government of India. Funds from the Japanese government will include approximately 56% of the cost.[64][65] Kher promised a film city for
Chandigarh. After winning the seat, she said that she had difficulty in acquiring land in Chandigarh.[66] However, her proposal was accepted by the
, Chandigarh.[67] These are seen as media of creating jobs.
Chandigarh Administration and the film city is proposed to be set up in Sarangpur

Politics
Chandigarh, as a Union Territory, is not entitled to a state-level election: thus State Assembly
elections are not held and it is directly controlled by the central government. However, one seat is
contested here for theGeneral Elections held every five years.

The following Members of Parliamenthave been elected till date from the Chandigarh constituency:

Legislative Assembly byLe

Corbusier

Punjab and Haryana High Courtby

Le Corbusier
 Election Member Party
1967 Chand Goyal BJS
1971 Amar Nath Vidyalankar Indian National Congress
1977 Krishna Kant Janata Party
1980 Jagannath Kaushal Indian National Congress
1984 Jagannath Kaushal Indian National Congress
1989 Harmohan Dhawan Janata Dal
1991 Pawan Kumar Bansal Indian National Congress
1996 Satya Pal Jain Bharatiya Janata Party
1998 Satya Pal Jain Bharatiya Janata Party
1999 Pawan Kumar Bansal Indian National Congress
2004 Pawan Kumar Bansal Indian National Congress
2009 Pawan Kumar Bansal Indian National Congress
2014 Kirron Kher Bharatiya Janata Party

The city is controlled by a civic administration. In the Municipal Corporation, BJP candidate Arun Sood defeated Congress' Mukesh Bassi by 21-15
votes for the post of Mayor, while BJP's Davesh Moudgil and SAD's Hardeep Singh defeated Congress' Darshan Garg and Gurbax Rawat for the
posts of Sr. Deputy Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively, in the Municipal Corporation's mayoral polls in January 2016.[68] In January 2017 BJP's
Asha Kumari Jaswal was elected as the mayor, BJP's Rajesh Kumar Gupta and Anil Dubey were elected as senior deputy mayor and deputy mayor
respectively.

[69]
Composition of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation as of February 2017

Number of
Political Party
Councillers
Bharatiya Janata Party 20
Shiromani Akali Dal 1
Indian National Congress 4
Independent 1
Nominated 9
Member of Parliament 1
Total 36

Education
There are numerous educational institutions in Chandigarh. These range from privately and publicly
operated schools to colleges and the Panjab University. Other Institutions are Post Graduate Institute
of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Government Medical College and Hospital, Punjab
Engineering College Deemed University, Govt College for Men, Govt College for Women, DAV
College, MCM DAV College for Women, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College Sector-
32, Govt Homeopathic College, Ayurvedic College, Govt Polytechnical College, Govt Home
Science College, Dr Ambedkar Institute of Hotel management, Khalsa College Sec- 26, National
Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research(NITTTR) Sec-26, Government College of
Gandhi Bhavan built by Pierre
Commerce and Business Administration (GCCBA) Sec-50 etc.
Jeanneret for Panjab University
According to Chandigarh administration's department of education, there are a total of 115
government schools in Chandigarh, including Government Model Senior Secondary School, Sector
16, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhavan Vidyalaya, sector 27 and convent schools like St. Stephen's School, St. John's High School, Chandigarh,
St. Anne's Convent School, St. Kabir Public School, St. Xavier's Senior Secondary Schooland Carmel Convent School.

Transport
Road
Chandigarh has the largest number of vehicles per capita in India.[70] Wide, well maintained roads
and parking spaces all over the city ease local transport.[71] The Chandigarh Transport Undertaking
(CTU) operates public transport buses from its Inter State Bus eTrminals (ISBT) in Sectors 17 and43
of the city.[72] CTU also operates frequent bus services to the neighbouring states of Punjab,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and to Delhi.

Chandigarh is well connected by road to the following nearby cities, by the following highway
routes: CTU AC bus outside railway station

NH 7 to Patiala in the southwest.

NH 152 to Ambala in the south (NH 44 catches up from Ambala toPanipat-Delhi).

NH 5 to Shimla in the northeast, and toLudhiana in the west.

Air
Chandigarh Airport has scheduled commercial flights to major cities of India including Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Pune, Chennai, Leh, Srinagar, Jaipur, Lucknow,
Ahmedabad and Indore. The airport has international flights toBangkok, Dubai and Sharjah.

Rail
Chandigarh Junction railway station lies in the Northern Railway zone of the Indian Railway
View of Chandigarh Airport new
network and provides connectivity to most of the regions of India. It provides connectivity to eastern terminal
states with link to cities like Kolkata, Dibrugarh; southern states with trains to Visakhapatnam,
Thiruvananthapuram, Bangalore, Chennai, Madurai and Kollam; western states with trains to
Rewari, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Mumbai and Pune; central states with trains toBhopal and Indore; other
northern states with trains to Lucknow, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Ambala, Panipat and Kalka.

Culture

Festivals Chandigarh Station

Every year, in September or October during the festival of Navratri, many associations and
[73]
organisations hold a Ramlila event which has been conducted for over 50 years.

The "Rose Festival" in Zakir Hussain Rose Gardenin February every year, shows thousands of subspecies of roses.[74]

The Mango Festival, held during themonsoons, and other festivals are held at Sukhna Lake.

Sports
The Sector 16 Stadium, has been a venue of several international cricket matches. But it has lost
prominence after the PCA Stadium was constructed in Mohali. It still provides a platform for
-state matches.[75]
cricketers in this region to practice and play inter

The Chandigarh Golf Club has 7,202 yard, 18 hole course known for its challenging narrow
[76]
fairways, along 613 yard long, dogleg 7th hole and floodlighting on the first nine holes.

Postcolonial significance
The Chandigarh Hockey Stadium,
Sector 42
Background
Nehru said of Chandigarh when he first visited the site of the new city in 1952: “Let this be a new town, symbolic of the freedom of India, unfettered
by the traditions of the past, an expression of the nation's faith in the future”.[77] For Nehru, Chandigarh represented a vision for how a new planned
city could be a canvas for the regeneration of the nation itself after centuries of oppression under British colonial rule and the dilution of Indian
character from the nation's towns. Guided by the architectural optics of Le Corbusier the development of Chandigarh was part of a state-driven
fered.[78]
exercise to break from the traditions of imperialism incity making and begin the process of healing from the injustices suf

To the extent that Chandigarh epitomises the destructive influence of the British, in the impetus of its creation as a solution to the otherwise violent
partitioning of territory between India and Pakistan, it represents an early ideological symbol for the birth of India's future. The selection of the
physical site involved an extensive vetting process. Many existing towns in Punjab were surveyed as options for the new capital and dismissed for
poor performance in relation to factors such as military defensibility and capacity for accommodating potential refugee influxes. The construction of a
new town in Chandigarh was determined to be the best option due to its relative strength in these factors as well as its proximity to the national
[79]
capital, New Delhi, its central location within the state of Punjab, its abundance of fecund land and its beautiful natural landscape.

Modernism in new town design

Off the back of this conflation of assets Chandigarh then was well poised to serve a function as a city-building project in national identity. From a
federal policy perspective, the development of the new town became a tool in India for modernisation and an intended driver of economic activity,
legal reform, and regional growth as well as a significant agent for the decolonisation project.[80] As Britain's grip on their empire began to weaken
their accelerated withdrawal between the beginning of the second world war and 1947 left their former colony in states of disarray and
disorganisation, and policymakers for the new Indian government were required to contend with issues such as rapid rural depopulation, urban
congestion, and poverty. As well as in Chandigarh this policy tool was implemented in the creation of new capital cities in Bhubaneswar and
Gandhinagar, and more broadly throughout India in the 112 planned cities created between independence and 1971, purposed to absorb migration
gy.[81]
from those regions in demise after being abandoned by the British and provide hubs for growing industries such as in steel and ener

These examples form a genealogy of utopian urban forms developed in post-independence India as a panacea for issues related to underdevelopment
as well as post-independence complications to do with separatist religious conflict and the resulting diplomatic tensions. Chandigarh is the first
example of a state-funded master-planned modernisation scheme. These "urban utopias" attempt to enforce nation-building policies through a
federalised rule of law at a regional level, and diffuse a postcolonial urbanism which codes justice in its design.[82] The intent is that the economic
success and progressivism of cities such as Chandigarh as a lightning rod for social change would gradually be emulated at the scale of the nation.
Chandigarh was for Nehru and Le Corbusier an embodiment of the egalitarian potential offered by modernism, where the machine age would
complete the liberation of the nation's citizens through the productive capacity of industrial technology and the relative ease of constructing civic
facilities such as dams, hospitals, and schools; the very antithesis of the conservative and traditional legacy of colonialism.[80] Though built as a State
capital Chandigarh came to be focused in industry and higher education.[81] The specialisation of these new towns in particular functions represents a
crucial aspect of the modernisation process as a decolonising enterprise, in completing a national portfolio where each town forms a part of the
utopian model for contemporary India.

The post-colonialism of Chandigarh is rooted in the transformation of the political ideals of those such as Nehru who generated a new Indian
nationalism into the design of new built forms.[83] Scholars such as Edward Said have emphasised the sinister nature of nostalgia and the
romanticisation of colonial architecture in newly independent colonies as artefacts which perpetuate the ideological legacy of the hegemon and
[84] Insofar as modernism in architecture (which defined town planning under the Nehru era
replicate the hierarchy of power even after decolonisation.
of rule) represents an active radical break from tradition and a colonial past even the very presence of Le Corbusier has been recognised as an
indelible resistance to the British construction legacy, as he provided the first non-British influence on design thinking in India, enabling a
generational shift in the contemporary cohort of architects and planners to be hired by the state throughout the rest of the century who were initiated
under a Modernist conditioning.[83] As early as the 1950s the presence of the International Style could be detected in the design of houses in India,
"whether mistri or architect designed".[85] The development of low-cost housing was a priority for Chandigarh, and the modern forms designed by
Corbusier are characterised by a dispensing with colonial forms focused on classic aesthetics and a refocusing on strategies such as using narrow
frontages and orientation for minimising direct exposure to the sun and maximising natural ventilation and efficient cost while providing modern
amenities in the International Style aesthetic.[86] These developments are credited as the beginning of a "Chandigarh architecture", inspiring a gradual
experimentation with form and an "Indianising" of the International Style which precipitated the formation of the country's new cultural identity in
town design.[83]

Criticisms
Criticisms are well established of the implementation of the postcolonial vision of Nehru and Le Corbusier, and of the critical emphasis on its
influence. Claims have been made that the focus on Corbusier's architect-centred discourse erases the plural authorship of the narrative of
Chandigarh's development, arguing that it was, in fact, a hybridity of values and of "contested modernities" of Western and indigenous Indian origin
and cultural exchanges rather than an uncontested administrative enterprise.[87] Such a criticism is consistent with claims that decolonisation in India
has marked a shift from segregation based on race to segregation based on class, and that planned cities are truly "designed" ones which represent the
values and interests of a Westernised middle-class Indian elite which ignore the complexities of India's diverse ethnic and cultural landscape and
enabled neocolonial hierarchies such as the imposition of the Hindi language on non-conforming castes.[78][80][83] Furthermore, the early over-
saturation of the minimalist International Style on building design in Chandigarh has attracted criticisms of effecting a “democratic, self-effacing
banality”, though this criticism is perhaps negligent of how this was necessary in galvanising higher standards of urban living throughout the
country[88]

Notable people from Chandigarh

Mohinder Singh Randhawa, Indian Civil Service officer who played a major role in establishing the city of Chandigarh
AJ Kanwar, National Award Winning (Dr. B. C. Roy Award) Dermatologist, Former Profesor & Head, PGI, Chandigarh
Neerja Bhanot, Ashoka Chakra Awardee, flight attendant and model
Milkha Singh Commonwealth gold medalist.[89][90]
Kapil Dev, former Indian international cricketer[91]
Jaspal Bhatti, Padma Bhushan Awardee, Film and TV Actor and renowned satirist
. from the city)[92]
Kirron Kher, Indian actress and theatre artist (also BJP M.P
Sargun Mehta, Punjabi Film Actress
Prince Narula, Actor
Yuvraj Singh, Indian international cricketer[93]
Gurleen Chopra, Punjabi actress[94]
Jeev Milkha Singh, professional Golfer[95]
Binny Bansal, Founder of Flipkart, Billionaire.[96]
Sachin Bansal, Founder of Flipkart, Billionaire.[96][97]
Mohit Sehgal, TV actor
Kulraj Randhawa, Punjabi Film Actress[98]
Ayushman Khurrana, Indian Film actor
Gurbani Judge, MTV India VJ and actress
Harita Kaur Deol, Pilot
Mamta Joshi, Sufi singer
Yami Gautam, Indian film actress
Surveen Chawla, Punjabi Film Actress
Gul Panag, Indian film actress and Social Activist[99]
Abhinav Bindra, Olympic gold medalist[100]
Mahi Gill, Indian actress[101]
Mukesh Gautam, Punjabi film director
Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava, Bioinformatics Scientist[102]
Ramesh Kumar Nibhoria, winner of Ashden Awards-UK[103]
[104]
Nek Chand, Indian artist and creator of the Rock Garden of Chandigarh
Sabeer Bhatia, Indian-American Entrepreneur who foundedHotmail[105]
Rochak Kohli, Music Composer, Singer, Lyricist
Sandesh Jhingan, Indian International Professional footballer
Neel Kamal Puri Novelist, Columnist
Aanchal Kumar Model, Actress
Sri Srinivasan, United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Pammi Somal, Bollywood journalist and filmmaker
Sarbjit Bahga, Architect, Author, Photo-artist
Piare Lal Sharma, writer
Manan Vohra, cricketer

Gallery
The Open Hand Punjab and Haryana Secretariat Building by Palace of Assembly
Monument in Chandigarh High Court Le Corbusier Building by Le Corbusier

Rock Garden The Rose Garden Government Museum & Musical Fountain, Sector
Art Gallery 17, Chandigarh

Le Corbusier Centre, The entrance to Valley of Chandigarh Museum and

Sector 19 Animals, Sector 49 in Art Gallery
Chandigarh.

See also
India – Wikipedia book
New Chandigarh (city)
Chandigarh capital region
Faridabad
Mohali
Panchkula
Pinjore
Kalka
Ambala Chandigarh Expressway

Notes
a. see § Etymology
b. The lowest is Daman and Diu (618 females per thousand males) and second lowest isDadra and Nagar Haveli(774 females per
thousand males).[44]

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Further reading
Fynn, Shaun. Chandigarh Revealed: Le Corbusier's City
Today. Princeton Architectural Press, 2017.
ISBN 9781616895815
Evenson, Norma. Chandigarh. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press, 1966.
Sarbjit Bahga, Surinder Bahga (2014)Le Corbusier and
Pierre Jeanneret: The Indian Architecture, CreateSpace,
ISBN 978-1495906251
Joshi, Kiran. Documenting Chandigarh: The Indian
Architecture of Pierre Jeanneret, Edwin Maxwell Fry and Jane
Drew. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing in association with
Chandigarh College of Architecture, 1999.ISBN 1-890206-
13-X
Kalia, Ravi. Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City. New
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Chandigarh and Planning
Development in India, London: Journal of the Royal Society of
Arts, No.4948, 1 April 1955, Vol. CIII, pages 315–333. I. The
Plan, by E. Maxwell Fry, II. Housing, by Jane B. Drew.
Nangia, Ashish. Re-locating Modernism: Chandigarh, Le
Corbusier and the Global Postcolonial. PhD Dissertation,
University of Washington, 2008.
Perera, Nihal. "Contesting Visions: Hybridity, Liminality and
Authorship of the Chandigarh Plan"Planning Perspectives 19
(2004): 175–199
Prakash, Vikramaditya. Chandigarh’s Le Corbusier: The
Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India. Seattle:
University of Washington Press, 2002.
Sarin, Madhu. Urban Planning in the Third World: The
Chandigarh Experience. London: Mansell Publishing, 1982.

External links
Government

The Official Website of Chandigarh Administration

General information

Chandigarh Encyclopædia Britannicaentry

Chandigarh at Curlie
Geographic data related toChandigarh at OpenStreetMap

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandigarh&oldid=898138735

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