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Abstract – Contemporary study on producing hydrocarbon can provide physical behavior of geological layers on
fields open new windows to review the previous successful centimeter scale, therefore relatively detailed geological
work. This study focuses on qualitative interpretation of signatures can be interpreted when geophysical logs
gamma ray log to delineate the geophysical signature of Lower integrated with seismic reflection profiles with an aim to
Goru formation encountered in Hakeem Daho well. Lower
construct virtual geological model. Moreover, in one
Goru formation represents the early Cretaceous age in lower
indus basin, Pakistan. The gamma ray log response shows dimensional modelling (like logs interpretation in one well)
different shapes sampled at specified intervals, provide an the scale of study depends on instrument length and sensor
insight of heterogeneities in subsurface and depositional position inside the borehole, to study the laminas and
environment of Lower Goru formation. keeping in view the sedimentation pattern of reservoir there is a need of an
importance of gamma ray log, initially, qualitative attempt to incorporate core data of subsurface layers or field
interpretation method is adopted to get substantial information samples of exposed rocks. Presently, unavailability of the
related to depositional setting, grain size, depositional energy of core data restrict us to interpret the geophysical response of
Lower Goru formation by expanding gamma ray response Lower Goru formation only up to meter’s scale.
recorded in sand pockets sandwiched in Lower Goru formation
The gamma ray log is one of the most powerful tools
in understudy well. The integration of petrophysical
parameters derived from other geophysical logs of understudy used in geological sequences and stratigraphic studies. The
well help to interpret a gas bearing zone ranging from 3143- gamma ray (GR) magnitude recorded in borehole indicates
3166 meter in Massive sands (a member of Lower Goru the radioactive emission from a particular formation, thus
formation). Four intervals studied but due to thickness issues a serves as lithology log due to its capability to distinguish
relatively best thickness zone is suggested. The results show that shale beds (characterized with high GR magnitude) from
there is a good quality reservoir sands attributed with average interbeded sandstone and carbonates (characterized with
porosity of the zone is ranging between 5 -13 % (averaging 7- relatively low GR magnitude).
9% effective porosity) and Sw 40%. The gamma ray response depends on the measure of the
rock radioactivity which reflects the clay-mineral content,
Keywords – Sinjhoro field, Lower Goru, Hakeem Daho
well, Depositional environment the grain size and depositional energy. Nazeer et al., (2016)
suggested that the radioactive content is present in geological
INTRODUCTION layers as an ingredient of their mineralogical composition
and depositional environment and can be utilized as key
Understudy area lies in Sinjhoro which is an oil & gas component in geological modelling of basin fill deposits,
producing field of Lower Indus Basin (LIB), Pakistan even if 3D seismic and core data are not available.
operated by national E&P company (Oil and Gas Several foreign researchers like Selley (1978), Rider
Development Company Limited, Pakistan). The Sinjhoro (1990), Cant (1992), Chow et al., (2005), Sarhan (2015) and
field is covering an area of 179.31 square kilometers, typified national researchers like Nazeer et al., (2016) inferred
with multiple fields (such as Baloch, Chak-2, Chak-63, depositional facies from shapes of gamma ray curves
Chak-63SE, Chak-66, Chak-66NE, Chak-7, Hakeem Daho, because GR log shapes observed in specific intervals of the
Lala Jamali and Resham) currently producing overall 3000 reservoir are related with geological characters such as grain
BOPD Oil, 30 MMCFD gas and 155 MTD LPG. The size, bedding of layer succession, depositional energy and
successful discoveries from concessions of Sanghar north may help in lateral distribution of subsurface facies (in case
and south unearth a new oil province “Sinjhoro field” after of correlating spatially distributed wells).
the Potwar oil province in the up country.
Conventionally, subsurface model is prepared with AN OVERVIEW OF GEOLOGY
integration of seismic interpretation and geophysical logs.
Seismic reflection profiles provide better understanding of Understudy well is producing hydrocarbons from main
sedimentary cover and geological architecture of basin fill reservoir (Lower Goru sands) of southern LIB. In In
deposits such as in LIB, Pakistan. The producing reservoirs stratigraphic succession of LIB, the Lower Goru formation
of LIB are characterized with sand packages of Cretaceous represents early Cretaceous age and comprises shoreface
age, deposited in marine-deltaic environments. The sands, with transgressive marine shales which providing top
resolution of seismic reflection is optimum up to several seal in petroleum system. Regionally, the trapping
meters scale thus pitiable to pick the thin beds particularly mechanism is a complex combination of structural dip,
deformed sands with interbeded shale which are commonly sealing faults and loss of reservoir quality to the north in LIB.
associated in LIB, Pakistan. The geophysical wireline logs Three tectonic events are responsible for the structural
configuration of the hydrocarbon producing fields in LIB: a)
Badin
Badin
Adam
The depositional environment “tidal flat sub- of the interval with relatively consistent gamma log readings
environment” is characterized by Left bow shape of GR log that indicate uniform lithology. The consistent GR cycle is
response that is observed at three very thin beds having unit observed in front of multiple beds ranging from 3111-3116
thickness (1 meter) ranging from 2336-2337 meter, 2340- meter, 3145-3151 meter, 3165-3166 meter having thickness
2341 meter, 2665-2666 meter interval of Lower Goru 5 to 6 meter represents aggradational stacking of sand beds
formation in understudy well. Left boxcar trend of GR log in Lower Goru formation at specified intervals in under study
defined by consistent trend of GR with low values observed wells.
in two intervals ranging from 2959-2963 meter, 3065-3069
meter in Lower Goru formation. Left boxcar trend of GR log INTERPRETAION OF MASSIVE SANDS
associated with wave dominated deltaic environment in
which very fine- to medium grained sand layers deposited as In second part of the present work, a hydrocarbon
tide channel sandstone characterized with fine grain at the bearing zone is identified in Hakeem Daho-01 by utilizing
base with mud drapes followed by very fine-grained facies. additional geophysical logs. The logs interpretation is shown
In the light of interpretation by Siddiqui et al. (2013) the in figure 3a. Geophysical log analysis is done through
muddy tidal flat are favorable depositional environment for available windows based computer application. The log
left boxcar. analysis is depends on formulae calculations and pre-
The depositional environment known as Tidal channel established crossplots and chart for evaluating necessary
sandstone is characterized with finning upward or bell shape. petrophysical parameters concerning lithology, porosity,
GR log values increases upward consistently from minimum volume of shale, saturation of water and derived saturation
value of log reading in trend, or may increases relatively of hydrocarbons in the specific zone.
from minimum values, indicating increasing shale content, Conventionally, a reservoir zone is characterized with
forming fining upward trend with abrupt base. The bell- low gamma ray values, high resistivity values, Neutron
shaped successions are usually indicative of a transgressive density cross over, and less water saturation. All these
sand, tidal channel or deep tidal channel and fluvial or deltaic ingredients are successfully found in a 23 meter thick bed of
channel system. The observed trends of fining upward are sandstone (Massive Sands which is a stratigraphic member
not smooth suggesting as varying lithology in respective of Lower Goru formation) extending from 3143-3166 meter
sand intervals of Lower Goru formation ranging from 3099- encountered in under study well.
3103 meter.
The cylindrical trend of gamma ray log is identified by
“even block with sharp top base” or left blocky boxcar
characterized with sharp boundaries at the upper and bottom
Sr. No. GR log Response GR log Shape Interval Key description of Facieses Depositional
(API Scale) Depth (in accordance with Rider 1990) Environment
0 200 (meter)
Fig. 2 Facies description from GR log respone in Lower Goru sand pockets
ZDEN (g/cm3)
CNCF (%)
Fig. 3b Neutron and Density chart in selected zone
Permeability (mD)
Porosity (%)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
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