GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT UNIVERSE

A PROJECT REPORT ON:

“DESIGN & SYNTHESIS OF SMART RETRACTABLE SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM”

B.E SEMESTER 7

(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

(GROUP ID: - 2547)

SUBMITTED BY:

PATEL URMIL PANKAJBHAI. (160953119526)

SALI JAY YASHWANT. (160953119536)

SUTHAR MEHUL VIJAYKUMAR. (160953119546)

VARIA VIRAL GANPATBHAI. (160953119550)

MR. UJJWELL TRIVEDI

(FACULTY GUIDE)

MR. MINESH PATEL

(H.O.D OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

Academic Year: 2018-2019

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 PROJECT APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “DESIGN & SYNTHESIS OF SMART
RETRACTABLE SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM” is a benefited report of the work carried out
by (1) patel urmil (160953119526), (2) Sali jay (160953119536), (3) suthar mehul
(160953119546), (4) varia viral (160953119550) in Semester VII under the guidance and
supervision of Mr. ujjwell trivedi for the partial fulfilment of award of the Degree of Bachelor
of Mechanical Engineering at Institute of Technology & Management Universe, Paldi,
Vadodara, Gujarat.

To the best of my knowledge and belief, this work embodies the work of candidate themselves,
have duly completed, fulfil the requirement of the ordinance relating to the Bachelor Degree
awarded by Gujarat Technological University and is up to the standard in respect of content,
presentation and language for being referred to the examiner.

Internal Guide:

External Examiner:

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 Acknowledgment

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our college “Institute of Technology &
Management Universe, Paldi, Vadodara, Gujarat” for providing us with an opportunity to
undergo to do project work.
I would like to thank to our guide Mr. UJJWELL TRIVEDI for his encouragement and
motivation about our project.
It gives us immense pleasure to thank our HOD Mr. MINESH PATEL, Assistant
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for being a source of constant
inspiration, precious guidance and generous assistance during the industrial Training. We deem
it as a privilege to have worked under his able guidance. Without his close monitoring and
valuable suggestions this work wouldn’t have taken this shape. We feel that his help is
invaluable and unforgettable.
We are also thankful to honourable principal Dr. K.BABA PIE, M.E, PH.D and we
express our sincere gratitude and deep sense of respect for making us available with all the
required assistance and for his support and inspiration to carry our project in the Institute.
We express our sincere gratitude and deep sense of respect for making us available with
all the required assistance and for his support and inspiration to carry out project in the Institute.
We are thankful to the teaching and non-teaching staff of Mechanical department for
their direct as well as indirect help in our project.
We are elated to avail ourselves to this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude
to our parents.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page I

Project approval certificate – ITMU II

Certificate - GTU III

Acknowledgment IV

Table Contents V

List of Figure VI

List of Table VII

Abstract IX

Chapter 1 Introduction 8

Chapter 2 Literature Review 13

2.1 Review on Experimental study 16

chapter 3 Analytical design 18

chapter 4 Components specifications 22

Conclusions 29

Future Scope 30

Reference 31

Appendix 32

A All Periodic Progress Reports (PPR).

B Design Engineering Canvas

C All patent search and analysis report

D Plagiarism report

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 LIST OF FIGURE

SR NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1 1.1 isometric view of frame 9

2 1.2 l-section welded to frame 10

3 1.3 welded part of frame 10

4 1.4 l-section of frame 11

5 1.5 top view of frame 11

6 3.1 plan 19

7 3.2 elevation 19

8 3.3 l-section 20

9 3.4welding gap 20

10 4.1 T section 22

11 4.2 L section 22

12 23
4.3 arc welding

13 4.4 Fasteners 24

14 4.5 solar panel 24

15 4.6 lead screw 25

16 4.7 electric motor 26

17 4.8 dill machine 27

18 4.9 drill bit 27

19 4.10 wire cutter 28

20 5.1 aeiou canvas 32

21 5.2 empathy mapping canvas 33

22 5.3 ideation canvas 34

23 5.4 product development canvas 35

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 LIST OF TABLES

SR NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 Table1.1 t-section material data and bill 13

2 Table 3.1 wind force calculation 20

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 ABSTRACT
This project focuses on the applications of geometrically transformable and expandable
structures with deployed energy production replace the fixed photovoltaic (PV) panels and
tracking systems currently used in buildings rooftop installations.

The significance of this expandable geometric system relies on its embedded motion grammar,
i.e. rotation and translation transformations, in the system.

The research draws inspiration from reconfiguration of compound tree leaves in nature, and
addresses issues of redesign and modelling challenges that led to digital fabrication of the
Prototype.

Foldable Solar Panels are lightweight, durable and extremely portable. The solar panels are
mounted to weather resistant fabric that quickly fold for storage and unfold for use.

A new portable solar generator has been developed to generate electricity. It has the potential
to replace petrol generator.

The solar generator can generate 20 Watts of electricity. This amount of power can supply up
to 96 hours of electricity for the purpose of lighting and running small electrical appliances.

The power output is (alternating current) AC current using 150 Watts inverter with 200 Watts
surge, suitable for all commercial single phase electric appliances.

Key words: solar panel, collapsible, retractable, portable, solar tracking, etc…

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 CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION

In 19th century, it was discovered that the presence of the sunlight is capable of generating
required electrical energy. Thereafter solar cells were used in many applications and different
kinds of solar cells were found.

They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid was
unavailable. 1839 Photo voltaic effect was discovered. 1873-1876-selenium‘s photo
conductivity was discovered. 1883-first solar cell was created.

1887 Photoelectric effect is observed. 1953-1956 Silicon solar cells were produced
commercially. 1958 Solar energy was used for space applications. 1970s Solar demand
increased and cost was down.

1982- The first solar plant was established. 1995 Retractable awning with integrated solar cells
was found. 1994-1999 creation of thin-film solar cells. 2005- DIY solar panels were popular.
2015- Flexible printed solar panels evolved.

2016 Sunless solar power was discovered. Solar power has come a long way in the past 200
years, from observing the properties of light to finding new ways to convert it into power.

This technology shows no signs of slowing down if anything, it is advancing at an

unprecedented rate

1.1 Problem Summary (What exact problem are you trying to solve?) and Introduction,

Solar Energy is fast becoming a very important means of renewable energy sources. Currently,
on residential basis the solar panel rooftop system is fixed and at an elevation.

As it is fixed the efficiency is less and in that also the system efficiency is reduced due to dust
on solar panels which cannot be cleaned daily.

To overcome this, with solar tracking, it will become possible to generate more energy since
the solar panel can maintain a perpendicular profile to the rays of the sun.
Additionally cleaning system can be used to overcome degradation in efficiency of current
solar panel system

1.2 Aim and objectives of the project

Currently in India, up-to certain extent people don’t use solar panel system as the system
structure is fixed which create problems
- Full terrace space cannot be utilized
- Create problem during festival – Uttrayan and Diwali.
Efficiency of system is theoretically more but as the system is fixed the efficiency of system is
compromised (reduced).

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Additionally as the solar panels are not accessible for cleaning (due to system at elevated level)
again reduces the efficiency

1.3 Problem Specifications

We need to design a solar panel system that is,

- The system should be movable and also retractable so that it can be closed at consumers
will.
-
- The system should be efficient which can be done by solar tracking.
-
- Solar tracking is normally done by MPPT System (Maximum Power Point Tracking).
In our case we will be going with only 2-axis solar tracking.
-
- Additionally increasing system efficiency by designing solar panel cleaning system.

2.1 design of frame

Figure 1.1 isometric view of frame

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 Figure 1.2 l-section welded to frame

Figure 1.3 welded part of frame

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 Figure 1.4 l-section of frame

Figure 1.5 top view of frame

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 Table1.1 t-section material data and bill

Material Width Height Thickness Length Weight Price

(inch) (inch) (mm) (inch) (grams) (₹-rupee)

Aluminium 4 2 2.5 39 1027.56399 145.90/kg

aluminium 4 2 5 77 3989.89 145.90/kg

Mild steel 4 2 2.5 39 2908.007 45-50/kg

Mild steel 4 2 5 77 11291.39 45-50/kg

Ss303 4 2 2.5 39 2938.834 250/kg

Ss303 4 2 5 77 11411.087 250/kg

Ss304 4 2 2.5 39 2938.834 210/kg

Ss304 4 2 5 77 11411.087 210/kg

Ss304L 4 2 2.5 39 2938.834 255/kg

Ss304L 4 2 5 77 11411.087 2554/kg

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Brief literature review and Prior Art Search (PAS) about the project.

1) FOLDABLE SOLAR PANEL

PATENT DETAILS:
Inventor: Osbert Hay Cheung
Current Assignee: SBM Solar Inc.
Original Assignee: SBM Solar Inc.
Registration: Patent no. – US29413798 (21/02/2012)
Upgradation: Patent no. - USD663261S1 (10/07/2012)

2) FOLDABLE SOLAR PANEL

PATENT DETAILS:
Inventor: Raymond Chu
Current Assignee: Leadinway Co Ltd
Original Assignee: Leadinway Co Ltd
Registration: Patent No. – US11724159 (15/03/2007) Abandoned
Upgradation: Patent No. – US20080223431A1 (18/09/2008) Application
ABSTRACT
A foldable solar panel comprises multiple rigid cell assemblies, multiple folding cell
assemblies and multiple primary flexible seams.
Each folding cell assembly has two symmetric folding cell assembly halves and a flexible
secondary seam. The symmetric folding cell assembly halves are adjacent to each other.
The secondary flexible seam connects adjacent symmetric folding cell assembly halves and
allows them to fold inward onto each other. A primary flexible seam connects a rigid cell
assembly to an adjacent folding cell assembly to form an absorbing surface.
The primary flexible seams and secondary flexible seams facilitate folding
the foldable solar penal to a small volume to facilitate transportation or storage, and effectively
keep the absorbing surface from being damaged.

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 3) PORTABLE FOLDING SOLAR PANELS

PATENT DETAILS
Inventor: Dan Chaimovski, Reuven Marko, Yuval Shachar
Current Assignee: Dan Chaimovski, Reuven Marko, Yuval Shachar
Original Assignee: Dan Chaimovski, Reuven Marko, Yuval Shachar
Registration: Patent No. – US13888928 (07/05/2013)
Upgradation: Patent No. - US20130240015A1 (19/09/2013)
ABSTRACT
A portable folding arrangement of panel’s apparatus is used for generation of power that
may be regulated and supplied to a consumer of the generated power. In particular, such a
power consumer may be an air-conditioner to be used, for example, within a vehicle, to
control the temperature there in.
The apparatus is comprised of a plurality of essentially rigid panels, each having at least
a solar cell, that are connected to supply the power to charge a battery, to operate a power
consumer, and the like.
The plurality of panels are connected to allow the collapsing of the foldable panels face-to-
face, back-to-back, or other folding arrangements.
The apparatus can be unfolded when desired for the purpose of converting the solar energy
into electrical power for storage or use by a power consumer.
4) PORTABLE SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

PATENT DETAILS
Inventor: Steven C. Glidden, Guerin G. Alker
Current Assignee: Steven C. Glidden, Guerin G. Alker
Original Assignee: Steven C. Glidden, Guerin G. Alker
Registration: Patent No. – US08892056 (14/07/1997) Expired
Upgradation: Patent No. – US5969501A (19/10/1999) Grant
ABSTRACT
A trailer mounted self-contained solar power systems having a plurality of solar panel
sections that are arranged to fold about the sides and top of the trailer.
The panel sections unfold and lock together through slide rams that are contained within a
rack structure supporting the panel sections to form a planar array that is easily deployable
at a desired angle to the horizontal.

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 The planar array pivots about a hinge along one side of the trailer top, and the panel sections
are asymmetrically arranged so that positioning of the planar array can be easily
accomplished.

5) SOLAR ARRAY WITH SELF-ERECTING, SELF-RIGIDIZING ROLL UP

SHEETS

PATENT DETAILS
Inventor: Paul A Dillard
Current Assignee: Northrop Grumman Space and Mission Systems Corp
Original Assignee: Northrop Grumman Space and Mission Systems Corp
Registration: Patent No. – US3690080A (21/09/1970) Expired
Re-registered: Patent No. – US3690080A (12/09/1972) Granted
ABSTRACT
A deployable panel for a spacecraft deployable solar array and other deployable structures.
The panel has a number of panel sections hinged edge-to-edge for folding to a stowage
configuration wherein the sections are disposed in confronting face-to-face relation and
extension to a flat unfolded configuration wherein the panel sections are disposed in
coplanar relation.
Fixed to selected edges of the panels are sheets which are held flat between the panel
sections in the folded configuration of the panel and curl into tubular beams for deploying
the panel to unfolded configuration and/or rigidizing the panel when the latter is extended
to unfolded configuration.
In a solar array the sheets provide protection covers for the solar cells when
the solar panel is folded. A deployable panel structure embodying the panel

6) LARGE SCALE DEPLOYABLE SOLAR ARRAY

PATENT DETAILS
Inventor: Neal Beidleman, Gregg Freebury, Will Francis, Mark Lake, Rory Barrett, Philip
N. Keller, Robert Taylor
Current Assignee: Composite Technology Development Inc.
Original Assignee: Composite Technology Development Inc.
Registration: Patent No. – US11695163 (02/04/2007) Active
Upgradation: Patent No. – US12873615 (05/10A/2010) Active

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 ABSTRACT
A deployable structure is disclosed. The deployable structure may include one or more slit-
tube longerons; and one or more flat sheets coupled with the one or more slit-tube longerons.
The one or more slit-tube longerons and the one or more flat sheets may be stowed by rolling
the one or more slit-tube longerons and the one or more flat sheets together into a roll.
In one embodiment, at least a portion of the one or more slit-tube longerons may be exposed
when stowed.
In another embodiment, the one or more slit-tube longerons may be manufactured from a
shape memory material. These slit-tube longerons unroll into to a straight configuration
when exposed to heat

7) TEN FOLDS ENGINEERING Ltd.

PATENT DETAILS: Not Available

Martyn is an architect with more than 25 years of experience designing homes, office
buildings and other structures throughout the U.K. He was inspired to design Ten Fold
products because his four adult children pay painfully-steep rents in the UK, where the
average rent for a one-bedroom flat in London is around $1,600 per month.

2.1 Review on Experimental study:

1. First of all we find out the problem associated with the fixed solar panel system which is
mounted on rooftops, in order to solve this kind of problems we are designing and synthesizing
mechanism, which is used to retract or collapse the solar panel system, by using this system
we can properly utilize the land or space.

The most challenging task is to design the system or mechanism which can be retract or
collapse the whole solar panel system without decreasing the output of the system and also the
mechanism do not damage the solar pane.

The most important thing is the mechanism cannot be fully retractable

2. A solar panel deployment system includes a main support frame and a solar panel array
providing at least one solar panel, wherein the solar panel array is coupled to the main support
frame, and each of the solar panels are mounted in a solar panel frame. The system also includes
a lift mechanism coupled to the main support frame and solar panel array, and an array
extender/retractor coupled to the solar panel array, wherein the array extender/retractor is
actuated to deploy the solar panel array or to retract the solar panel array.
A collapsible solar system includes a frame structure and a sunlight tracking arrangement. The
frame structure includes a supporting base adapted for mounting on a platform and a solar panel
pivotally coupling with a rotational frame which is rotatable supported on the supporting base.
The solar panel is pivotally folded between a stored position that the solar panel is laid flat on

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the platform, and a tracking position that the solar panel is pivotally folded at an inclination
angle to be perpendicular to the direction of the sun. The sunlight tracking arrangement
includes a horizontal driving unit selectively adjusting a horizontal direction of the solar panel,
and a vertical driving unit pivotally lifting up the solar panel until the solar panel is pivotally
folded at the inclination angle to be perpendicular to the direction of the sun.
There is very small difficulty in this system is retraction and extraction of system is slower
3. A solar tracking assembly includes a spine and a plurality of paired brackets connected to
the spine. The brackets are positioned on opposite sides of the spine and at least one of the
paired brackets includes wheels to allow rolling movement of the spine. An array arm is
attached to each bracket and is movable from a shipping position to a deployed position, and
at least one solar array panel is secured to each array arm. A method of installing a solar panel
assembly includes assembling in a secondary automated process at least one solar panel
assembly in an offsite location, loading the solar panel assembly in the shipping position on a
truck, transporting the truck to a deployment site, and off-loading the solar panel assembly
from said truck
In this type of technology during the solar panels tracking there is continuous power supply is
required
4. A solar array according to this invention includes a solar blanket which is folded into
adjacent panels that are hinged together in an accordion-folded mode at parallel hinges. A pair
of foldable spines is fixed to the panels and runs the length of the array. The hinges are included
in the spine. The spines are mounted at one end to a base plate, and also at the other end to a
tip plate. The base plate is intended to be attached to the spacecraft structure with a yoke which
will provide required standoff for rotational clearance during sun-tracking.
A panto graph deployment structure extends between the two plates. It can be retracted for
storage and extended to deploy the blanket. A conductive harness is attached to the blanket to
collect current from the panels.
In this invention the mechanism is complicated and spring is also used in this system, so the
life of the system is less.
5. A deployable/retractable photovoltaic concentrator solar array assembly for space
applications that includes a plurality of solar array panels that are carried by a pantograph arm
arrangement that is deployable to position the panels in a predetermined canted arrangement
for receipt of solar radiation. Each panel includes a plurality of spaced cylindrical off axis
parabolic mirrors that concentrate the reflected light on a line that falls upon a series of
photovoltaic cells arranged longitudinally along the back of each mirror. The cylindrical
parabolic mirrors are aligned with the cylindrical axis perpendicular to the axis about which
the panels are canted, so that such canting causes no loss of focus. The array panels may be
hardened to resist perceived threats and the panto graph arm arrangement is operable to position
the array panels in a preferred orientation according to the nature of the threat. A preferred
method of making the parabolic concentrator mirrors and assembling them into array panels is
disclose.
In this system the solar panels are not fully retracted so the efficiency of solar panel system is
reduced.

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 CHAPTER 3: ANALYTICAL DESIGN

1) CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD FOR SINGLE SOLAR PANEL

Dimension = 1.956×0.991 m

Location = Vadodara

Wind speed = 44 m/s

Calculation of wind load at large size = 1.956 m

Terrain categories = 3 (usually consider according to height and wind speed)

Life of system = 20 years

NOTE: based on IS [PART-3]: 2015 design loads for buildings and structure

Basic wind speed = vb = 44 m/s

Design wind speed = (vz)

Vz = vb×k1×K2×k3×k4

K1 = risk co efficient = 1.00 (depends upon life cycle and wind speed)

K2 = terrain height factor (depends upon height and terrain category (assume))

Height (Z)

10 0.91
15 0.98
20 1.01
30 1.06
K3 = topography factor (depend upon slope of panels)
Slope ≤ 3 → k3 = 1
Slope > 3 → k3 = 1.36
K4 = importance factor for cyclonic region (depends upon type of structure)
K4 = 1
Vz = 44 K2 m/s

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Design wind pressure (Pz): title no [7.2] page no [9]
Pz = 0.6 v𝑧 2
= 0.6 [44 K2]2
Pz = 1161.6 k22 n/𝑚2
Design wind speed (pd) title no [7.2] page no [9]
Pd = kd ×ka× kc× pz
Kd = wind directionality factor title no [7.2.1] page no [9]
(Depends upon shape of structure)
For rectangular = kd =0.9
Triangular, square = kd = 0.9
Circular = kd = 1
Ka = area averaging factor title no [7.2.2] page no [10]
(Depends upon the area of structure)[Panel]
1) ≤ 10𝑚2 → 𝑘𝑎 = 1
2) 25𝑚2 → 𝑘𝑎 = 0.9
3) ≥ 100𝑚2 → 𝑘𝑎 = 0.8
Kc = frame factor = 0.9 (pressure co efficient)
Pd = 0.9 × 1 × 0.9 × 1161.6 𝑘22
Pd = 940.896 k𝟐𝟐 𝒏/𝒎𝟐 (𝟏)
0.7× 𝒑𝒛 = 813.12 𝒏/𝒎𝟐 (𝟐)
Take larger from (1) and (2)
Wind force = f = cp × ae × pd title no [7.4] page no [32]

Plan elevation

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

𝒃 𝒕
= 0.506 = 0.0194
𝒍 𝒍

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Graph title no [7.4.2.2] page no [35]
Consider cf = 1
Cf = force coefficient
Ae = effective area
TABLE 3.1 WIND FORCE CALCULATION

Wind speed K2 Pd = 940.896 Ae = l× 𝒃 Wind force

(m/s) 𝒌𝟐𝟐 F = cf× 𝒂𝒆 ×
𝒑𝒅
20 1.01 959.81 𝒏/𝒎𝟐 1.9384 1860.49 n
30 1.06 1057.19 𝒏/𝒎𝟐 1.9384 2049.26 n

2) ESTIMATION OF ARC WELDING:

1) For single length welding of frame

Figure 3.3 l-section Figure 3.4 welding gap

𝑎𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 2
𝑎𝑐 2 = (0.051)2 + (0.051)2
𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝒎
Length of weld = 0.072 m
For total length of weld

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L = 24× 𝑙
= 24× 0.072
L = 1.728 m = 1.8 m
L = 1.8 m
Consumption of electrode = 1.5 m/m weld
Consumption of electrode length
1.5 1
? 1.8

1.8×1.8
Consumption of electrode = = 2.7 m
1

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 CHAPTER 4: MATERIALS / TOOLS REQUIRED
1) T-section:

Figure 4.1 T section

A T-section (or tee beam), used in construction, is a load-bearing structure of reinforced
concrete, wood or metal, with a t-shaped cross section.
The top of the t-shaped cross section serves as a flange or compression member in
resisting compressive stresses. The web (vertical section) of the beam below the compression
flange serves to resist shear stress and to provide greater separation for the coupled forces
of bending.
The T-beam has a big disadvantage compared to an I-beam because it has no bottom flange
with which to deal with tensile forces.
One way to make a T-beam more efficient structurally is to use an inverted T-beam with a floor
slab or bridge deck joining the tops of the beams. Done properly, the slab acts as the
compression flange.
2) L-section:
L section or (L-beam) is optimised for horizontal weight bearing members.
Failure of L-section is usually buckling of the top flange in compression. L-section is especially
convenient where the top flange can be controlled by supported structure or slab.

Figure 4.2 L section

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A closed section tube is best for columns, but in large structure where column stability or
torsion is not critical an L-section universal column is often used.
In walls they can be oriented so that their directional strength keeps the wall flat. Angle is better
for tension members, angle is also good in some compression situations.
Channel can be used for horizontal tension members where angle would sag. Channel generates
twist or side force when loaded as a horizontal beam. Where angle would sag. Channel
generates twist or side forces when loaded as horizontal beam. Where attachment to the web
of an RSJ is needed, a channel section may be a better choice.
3) Welding:
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials,
usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature
metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.
In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a
pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on weld
configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base material (parent
metal).
Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld.
Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being
contaminated or oxidized.
Although less common, there are also solid state welding processes such as friction welding in
which the base metal does not melt.
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW):

Figure 4.3 arc welding

Also known as "stick welding" or "electric welding", uses an electrode that is coated in flux to
protect the weld puddle.

The electrode holder holds the electrode as it slowly melts away. Slag protects the weld puddle
from atmospheric contamination.

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 4) Fasteners:

Figure 4.4 Fasteners

A fastener (US English) or fastening (UK English) is a hardware device that mechanically
joins or affixes two or more objects together.

In general, fasteners are used to create non-permanent joints; that is, joints that can be removed
or dismantled without damaging the joining components.

Welding is an example of creating permanent joints. Steel fasteners are usually made
of stainless steel, carbon steel, or alloy steel.

5) Solar panel:

Figure 4.5 solar panel

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Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity.
A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6x10
photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of
a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and
residential applications.
Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and
typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module determines the area of
a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area
of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a few commercially available solar modules that
exceed efficiency of 24%.
A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain
multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules,
an inverter, and a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and optionally a solar
tracking mechanism.
The most common application of solar energy collection outside agriculture is solar water
heating systems.
The price of solar electrical power has continued to fall so that in many countries it has become
cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the electricity grid since 2012, a phenomenon
known as grid parity.

6) Lead screw:
A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw or translation screw, is a screw used
as a linkage in a machine, to translate turning motion into linear motion.
Because of the large area of sliding contact between their male and female members, screw
threads have larger frictional energy losses compared to other linkages.

Figure 4.6 lead screw

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They are not typically used to carry high power, but more for intermittent use in low power
actuator and positioner mechanisms.
Common applications are linear actuators, machine slides (such as in machine
tools), vises, presses, and jacks.
Leadscrews are manufactured in the same way as other thread forms (they may be rolled, cut,
or ground).
A lead screw is sometimes used with a split nut also called half nut which allows the nut to be
disengaged from the threads and moved axially, independently of the screw's rotation, when
needed (such as in single-point threading on a manual lathe).

7) Motor:

Figure 4.7 electric motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.

Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic
field and winding currents to generate force in the form of rotation.

Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor
vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or
electrical generators.

An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates in the reverse
direction, accepting mechanical energy (such as from flowing water) and converting this
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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 8) Drill machine and Drill bit:

Figure 4.8 dill machine

A drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment, usually a drill
bit or driver bit, used for making holes in various materials or driving screws.
The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against
the target material.
The tip, and sometimes edges, of the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the target
material.
This may be slicing off thin shavings (twist drills or auger bits), grinding off small particles
(oil drilling), crushing and removing pieces of the work piece (SDS masonry
drill), countersinking, counter boring, or other operations.
Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and do-it-
yourself projects.
Specially designed drills are also used in medicine, space missions and other applications.
Drills are available with a wide variety of performance characteristics, such
as power and capacity.

Figure 4.9 drill bit

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Drill bits are cutting tools used to remove material to create holes, almost always of circular
cross-section. Drill bits come in many sizes and shapes and can create different kinds of holes
in many different materials.
In order to create holes drill bits are usually attached to a drill, which powers them to cut
through the work piece, typically by rotation. The drill will grasp the upper end of a bit called
the shank in the chuck.
Drill bits come in standard sizes, described in the drill bit sizes article.
A comprehensive drill bit and tap size chart lists metric and imperial sized drill bits alongside
the required screw tap sizes. There are also certain specialized drill bits that can create holes
with a non-circular cross-section.
While the term drill may refer to either a drilling machine or a drill bit for use in a drilling
machine, in this article, for clarity, drill bit or bit is used throughout to refer to a bit for use in
a drilling machine, and drill refers always to a drilling machine.

9) Wire cutter:

Figure 4.10 wire cutter

Diagonal pliers (or wire cutters or diagonal cutting pliers or diagonal cutters or side cutting
pliers) are pliers intended for the cutting of wire (they are generally not used to grab or turn
anything).

The plane defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or "on
a diagonal", hence the name Instead of using a shearing action as with scissors, and diagonal
pliers cut by indenting and wedging the wire apart.

The jaw edges are ground to a symmetrical "V" shape, thus the two jaws can be visualized to
form the letter "X", as seen end-on when fully occluded.

The pliers are made of tempered steel, and inductive heating and quenching are often used to
selectively harden the jaws.

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 CONCLUSION

The current scenario in the solar panel system is to fix the solar panel with the foundation on
terrace.
There is unavailability of system which can collapse or retract the solar panel and the system
are available in market is not capable to track the sunrays in order to achieve maximum
efficiency of solar panel system.
So we conclude that the design of our smart retractable solar panel system should be able to
retract or collapse and also the system should be able to track the sun by further changing in
dimensions of the mechanism and with the help of MPPT-sensor (Maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) or sometimes just power point tracking (PPT) is a technique used
commonly with wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) solar systems to maximize power
extraction under all conditions.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

India’s plan to become of the largest solar power markets in the world has received a massive
boost as the latest estimated of its solar power potential

In solar energy sector, many large projects have been proposed in India.

Thar Desert has some of India’s best solar power projects, estimated to generate 700 to 2,100
GW.

On March 1st, 2014, the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, inaugurated at Diken
in Neemuch district of Madhya Pradesh, India’s biggest solar power plant.

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) launched by the Centre is targeting
20,000 MW of solar energy power by 2022

Gujarat’s pioneering solar power policy aims at 1,000 MW of solar energy generation.

In July 2009, a $19 billion solar power plan was unveiled, which projected to produce 20 GW
of solar power by
2020.

About 66 MW is installed for various applications in the rural area, amounting to be used in
solar lanterns, street lighting systems and solar water pumps, etc.

1) It is used in agriculture, industries and commercial use.

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 REFERENCE
[1] Priyankamani, Nithiyananthan.K, PratapNair,(2015)‘Energy saving hybrid solar
lighting system model for small houses‘, World Applied Sciences Journal, Asia,Vol 33 No
3, PP: 460-465.

[2] (2005). “Sustainable production of solar electricity with particular reference to the Indian
economy”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 9 (5): 444.doi:10.1016/j.rser.2004.
03.004. (Publication archived in Science Direct, needs subscription or access via university)

[3] Solar Photovoltaic, Renewing India. Retrieved 2010-11-27.

[4] Solar”. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India. Retrieved 21 February
2014.

[5] Comprehensive technical data of PV modules, Retrieved 21 February 2015.

[6] India’s first solar PV project registered under the CDM | For the Changing Planet.
Greencleanguide.com (2011-09-24). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.

[7] Krishna N. Das (January 2, 2015), India’s Modi raises solar investment target to $100
blnby 2022". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-01-02.

[8] Chittaranjan Tembhekar (26 October 2009). ”India tops with US in solar power”.
Economic Times.

[9] Physical Progress (Achievements), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of
India. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

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 APPENDIX
A) All Periodic Progress Reports (PPR):

B) Design engineering canvas:

1) AEIOU CANVAS:

We think that the best way to convince a client about the value of design is to first understand
what is need and application.

This exercise allows us to better analyses the desires and needs of clients and in the process
uncovers previously unseen or unnoticed ways to improve a product or service.

It’s a very simplistic way to identify and reduce potential hurdles and in the process, we are
better able to satisfy their needs.

Our Domain is Engineer which is selected by my group, in this we observe all activity, user of
this and find some problem which is related to the solar system should be movable and also
retractable so that it can be closed at consumers will.

Figure 5.1 aeiou canvas

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The AEIOU canvas in which we find and observe all things related to our domain. After long
survey we collect basic information like activity, environment, interactions, objects, users
which are related to our domain and by this collected information we make AEIOU canvas.
Etc…

Environment: - dusty, cloudy, high velocity wind, humidity, rainy.

Interaction: - worker, supervisor, engineer, plant manager, sun to solar panel, heat
generation.

Objects: - foundation, solar panels, solar array, structure, tools, l-channel, connectors,
batteries.

Activities: - interaction, controlling, heating, maintenance, data collection, studying,

assembly, power supply, reading.

Users: - industries, sellers, workers, distributors, domestic, house holders.

2) EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS

This canvas consists of the ideology behind the user, so in this canvas some brief ideas are
express which are express in canvas.

People section consist of persons related to user technically and similar persons may related to
user. Then we divided activities in social & technical and try to find out the importance of each
activity and situations & location regarding.

The ideation canvas consists of people, activities, situation, context or location related to the
direction of design thinking procedure.

Figure 5.2 empathy mapping canvas

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Finally, it consists of the proposals and solutions to the problems which are aroused because
of the topic we have chosen.

In empathy mapping canvas we observe users and activities happening and by that we recorded
the happy story and sad story of users related to our product.

Users: - people, supervisor, engineer, workers.

Activity: - controlling, maintenance, data collection, planning

Story boarding:

Happy: - because of our foldable collapsible design portability of the solar system will be
easy, it has solar tracking system for more efficiency in any condition.

Sad: - periodic maintenance is required for the mechanism, and the system will be operated
manually.

3) IDEATION CANVAS:
In the ideation canvas we observe that how people use our product and in which situation or
context or location they use it.

Figure 5.3 ideation canvas

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People: - engineer, people, workers, plant inspector.

Activities: - data collection, planning, controlling, maintenance.

Situation/context/location: - desert, terrace, garden, roof top, barren flat land.

Props/possible solution: - solar tracking, improved design, use electric system, collapsing,
retractibility.

4) PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS:

In this canvas we observe our products purpose, experience function, and features.

And components used for it and customers revalidation and rejection, redesign and retain.

Figure 5.4 product development canvas

Purpose: -collapsibility, portability, efficiency.

People: - engineer, manager, workers, domestic users.

Product experience: - in progress

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Product function: - portability, collapsibility, bulk solar tracking.

Product features: - solar tracking, retracting mechanism, portability.

Components: - lead screw mechanism, scissor mechanism, electric motor, mppt sensor,
hydraulic and pneumatic system.

Customer revalidation: -. Not available.

Reject/redesign: - in progress.

c) all patent search and analysis (psar):

d) plagiarism report:

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