Urban Heat Island Characteristic

This section will explain the characteristics of UHI based on the processing of satellite image
data that associated with the provision of RTH in Bandung that has been described previously. The
comparisons of UHI were researched in two measurements in different years, 1997 and 2013. This
section will also discuss the area distributions that approaching extreme surface temperature points for
each measurement years.

Comparison of Temperature Distribution

The discussion of the characteristics of UHI will be focused on 1997 and 2013. The result of
satellite image processed from Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 that indicate surface temperature are used to
estimate the temperature in Bandung on two years of measurement. Satellite image processing for
extracting surface temperature was generated after radiometric and atmospheric corrections to thermal
band for Landsat 8 image, whereas in Landsat 5 images atmospheric corrections were not carried out
because of lack of data collections so an approach was made to convert digital values from satellite
images to brightness temperature units.

In 1997, the results of the analysis showed there is a minimum and maximum temperature
range from 17,189˚C to 32,182˚C. The area with a higher temperature distribution is found in the
western part of the city, while the lower temperature distribution is found in the eastern part of the city,
only few in the southern part of the city. In some region there is an area that has a higher temperature
than the surrounding area. From the map above, it can be seen that the area of Husein Sastranegara
Airport is an area with the highest temperature distribution compared to the surrounding area. This
proves that at that time Husein Sastranegara Airport was dominated by pavement which resulted in low
albedo values in that area. Some points in the northern of city also have a higher temperature
distribution compared to the surrounding area. It can be seen that the distribution of surface
temperature in 1997 has actually shown some urban phenomenon. Areas with higher temperature
intervals in western of the city is actually not entirely dominant. There are still parts of the city like SWK
Tegallega and SWK Kordon which have areas with surface temperature distribution approaching surface
temperatures below the average. The area which is currently SWK Cibeunying can also be found in areas
with below-average surface temperatures. Next as a comparison, will be presented surface temperature
distribution map of Bandung in 2013.

In 2013, it was seen that there were minimum and maximum temperature icreases for each
17,474˚C and 33,567˚C. This is in line with data from BMKG which states that Bandung experienced an
increases of maximum temperature line. And also in line with data from RAD-GRK of Bandung which
shows a trend of the average air temperature increase (about 0,017˚C per year).

It can be seen that the area with an air temperature that close to the maximum temperature are
expanding. In the east, it can be seen that only a few regions have a temperature distribution below the
average or close to the minimum temperature. However, the eastern part of the city also experienced a
reduction of the area that have lower temperatures compared to the 1997.

This mainly caused by the widespread of built-up area in the Western Bandung area and the
development of city center so that the anthropogenic heat generated by people activities also affects
the temperature of the city. In 2013 it was found that there was an increase of maximum surface
temperature from around 32˚C to 33˚C. This characteristic supports the results of a study conducted by
Tursilowati in 2002 which stated that there was an increase in the area of UHI (areas with high
temperatures of 30-35˚C) located in the built-up areas consist of settlements and industries in the city
center. This will be further detailed in the comparison of regional classification in Bandung based on the
following temperature distribution intervals :

From the picture above, it can be seen that the area with temperatures more than 29˚C and
within 25-21˚C actually had decreased even though that was not significant. In 1997, areas with
temperature distribution more than 29˚C there are approximately around 58% and in 2013 it was
reduced to 52,26%. Same conditions happen in the area with temperature distribution of 25-29˚C that
previously in 1997 had the proportion around 34,99% turn into around 21,07% in 2013. Bu what needs
to be noted is, that in 2013 there were more areas that approaching the maximum temperature point
(indicated by dark red) which was included in the class temperature interval above 33˚C. There is a
maximum temperature difference with a higher increase than the increase in minimum temperature. So
what need to be seen is the increasing intensity of the phenomenon of the area expansion with air
temperature approaching the maximum point of air temperature distribution. The intensity of air
temperature increase is seen in the eastern city area. This is evidenced by the increase of the area with
surface temperature more than 33˚C around 7,74% of the total city area which is an area with dark red.
It can be seen that most of the concentration of the areas with the maximum temperature is located in
SWK Cibeunying and SWK Tegallega.

On the contrary, the area with temperature distribution of 21-25˚C experienced the most
temperature increase compared to other area, from around 6,45% in 1997 to around 11,895% in 2013.
Areas with temperature distributions of 17-21˚C also experienced expansion even though not as
significant as the previously, around 0,164% in 1997 to 3,960% in 2013. For the last there is an area that
has a very small proportion around 0,808% of the total Bandung area with temperature distribution
approaching the minimum temperature. Comparison of the area of each temperature interval can be
seen in the following table recapitulation: