Prof. John T.

Koch
University of Wales

Lilla Hörsalen 17.00 - 18.00

Gothenburg, 2 December 2015

This talk presents a case for an alternative model of Celtic origins: speakers of Proto-Indo-European
first reached the Atlantic as early as the Copper Age (3rd millennium BC), their language then evolved
into Celtic, and expanded back towards west-central Europe, preceding the historical expansions, and
onward to Cisalpine Gaul and Anatolian Galatia.
Celtic forms one branch of the Indo-European
macro-family of languages, together with:
• Anatolian (including Hittite)
• Indo-Iranian (including Sanskrit)
• Greek
• Italic (including Latin and the Romance languages)
• Germanic (including Swedish and English)
• Armenian
• Balto-Slavic
• Tocharian (in present-day Xinjiang, China)
• Albanian
 1707
Edward Lhuyd
Archæologia Britannica

the language family

scientifically discovered
and labelled ‘Celtic’

Oppenheimer_raster.indd 152 14/05/2010 16:15:36

 The living Celtic languages of
Lhuyd’s day (1660–1709)
Gaelic (or Goidelic) subfamily
1. Irish
2. Scottish Gaelic
3. Manx (last native speaker died
1975, now revived)

Brythonic subfamily
4. Welsh
5. Breton
6. Cornish (died out about 1800,
now revived)

Oppenheimer_raster.indd 152 14/05/2010 16:15:36

Ancient Celtic languages

1. Goidelic = ogam Irish

2. Brythonic or Brittonic
3. Gaulish
4. Lepontic (attested in the Italian Alps)
5. Galatian (attested in central Asia Minor and the
eastern Balkans)
6. Celtiberian (attested in east-central Spain)
7. Tartessian (in south Portugal and south-west
Spain) [The classification is disputed, but
numerous Celtic names are widely recognized
in the corpus.]
The SW (‘Tartessian’) Hamp, E. P. (with D. Q. Adams) 2013 The Expansion of
the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist’s
inscriptions: some key Evolving View, Sino-Platonic Papers 239, Philadelphia,
Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations,
points University of Pennsylvania.
Jordán Cólera, C. 2005 Celtibérico, Zaragoza, Ediciones del
1. a corpus of 95–100 Departamento de Ciencias de la Antigüedad.
Kaufman, T. 2015 Notes on the Decipherment of
Tartessian as Celtic, Journal of Indo-European
2. closely dated example Monograph Series 62. Washington DC, Institute of the
Study of Man.
in the mature style Koch, J. T. 2009a. (2nd edn. 2013) Tartessian: Celtic in
the South-west at the Dawn of History, Celtic Studies
c. 650–625 BC 13. Aberystwyth.
Villar Liébana, F., B. M.a Prósper, C. Jordán, M.a P.
3. Despite some recent Fernández Álvarez 2011 Lenguas, genes y culturas
en la prehistoria de Europa y Asia suroccidental.
controversy, most Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.

investigators agree that op a r i i n

the corpus contains ty

TARTESSIAN
Dublin Institute for
Advanced Studies
many Celtic names, and
TARTESSIAN

Institiúid Ard-Léinn
Bhaile Átha Cliath
more are now seeing
Latest News
the matrix language as Professor Werner Nahm, Director of the School
Celtic as well. i 0 iabniq
i0iabniq
of Theoretical Physics, will give a seminar on
TARTESSOS
Is Tartessian Celtic? in the Lecture Hall,
ISBN 978–1–891271–17–5
nonialat
10 Burlington Road, on Friday, 16 October 2015
celtic studies publications xiii
at 3.00 p.m.
What is the ‘Celtic from the West’ theory?

The Proto-Indo-European parent language reached

Europe’s Atlantic Façade as Proto-Indo-European and
then evolved into Celtic there. It did not undergo the
sound changes defining Celtic (such as weakening of *p)
in some other place (such as central Europe) and then
move west.

Contact with the non-Indo-European languages of south-

western Europe (such as Iberian and Palaeo-Basque) was
probably a factor transformation of Proto-Indo-European into
Proto-Celtic. These languages also lack the sound /p/.
The most prevalent model for Celtic origins today:
The ‘threefold Celts’
 [= people called Keltoi
 = users of Hallstatt (later La Tène) type Iron Age material
 = speakers of Proto-Celtic]
expanded out of west-central Europe (near the source
of the Danube)
from about the beginning of the Iron Age, i.e. c. 800–750
BC (= Hallstatt C1a).
 G J K L M

[ 190 ] i n t e r p r e t i ng ta r t e s s i a n a s C e lt ic

9.2. The traditional ‘invasive’ or diffusionist model for the expansion of the Celtic languages from Iron
Age central Europe; the lavender outline shows the limits of Ancient Celtic linguistic evidence (mostly
following place- and group names); areas in red indicate zones known to have been settled by Celtic
groups after the attack on Delphi of 279/278 BC.
Problems (verging on impossibilities) with the
prevalent model:
• no historical records of Celtic movements from west-central Europe
to the Atlantic
• There are Celtic languages attested in the Early Iron Age (6th–7th
centuries BC) and they are already separate languages widely
separated geographically.
• The Iberian Peninsula has an Iron Age unconnected with that of
west-central Europe.
• The Iberian Peninsula had diverse and archaic Celtic languages, of
which Tartessian is attested as early as the Hallstatt Iron Age.
• The Hallstatt material (Gündlingen swords, &c.) that had been
thought to signal the arrival of Celts in Britain and Ireland in the 8th
century BC more probably went the other way.
‘Hallstatt sword-bearers’ . . . never invaded
the west nor did they bring ‘Hallstatt’ forms to
Britain or Ireland or introduce an early Celtic #

{
language. . . ‘Hallstatt’ buckets, chapes and ##
#
12 unprovenanced
Britain
swords developed from insular Late Bronze #
#
#
###
###
300 km
#

Age forms. . . Although the buckets and swords

###
###

## ##
have their ultimate origin in continental forms,
#
###
#
# #
G
these were not transmitted at the beginning
# #
# #
## ## #
$$
## # # #

of the Iron Age, but half a millennium earlier G #

#
#
##
#
G
# #
#

at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, ## #

#
G #

when the types that have been associated # # #####

# #####
#
## # ##
$$
$#
$$ $$$
with the ‘Celticisation’ of the west were really
#
16 unprovenanced G
Ireland $ $$ $ $$$
$
$$ $ $ $
$
introduced. . . It is likely that some of our # # ##
# # ##
# # ##
G ## #
# #
## G $ $$
$$
$
# # ## $ G$ $
‘Hallstatt sword-bearers’ had their roots in the ##
# $ $
$
$$ $
$
$$#
Late Bronze Age Celtic or Proto-Celtic Atlantic $
$ $$
$
$$
G $
west and introduced ‘Hallstatt forms’, such # $$$$$$## #
$
#

# $$$ #
as Gündlingen swords, winged chapes and # #$$ $$
# $
#$
$$$$
$ $$$ #
G # #
crescentic single-edged razors of Type Feldkirch/
Benissart . . . to more central parts of Europe, {
$ #
$
600 km # $$
$$$$
# #
#
where they or their kinsmen contributed to the #
#

rise of wealth of the Hallstatt Culture during the

earlier eighth century BC.
Gerloff, S. 2004. ‘Hallstatt Fascination: “Hallstatt”
Buckets, Swords and Chapes from Britain and G hoard or probable hoard # river/single find $ burial or presumed burial
Ireland’, From Megaliths to Metals: Essays in Honour domaine d’origine des épées extensions possibles de ce domaine
of George Eogan, eds. H. Roche, E. Grogan, J. Bradley, pistilliformes à languette
(Milcent 2009, fig. 2)
(Milcent 2009, fig. 2)

J. Coles, & B. Raftery, 124–54. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

Today, Renfrew’s 1987 book
tends to be remembered and
argued about mainly (only?)
with regards his hypothesis that
Anatolia in the First Neolithic
(10,000/9,000 years ago)
had been the Indo-European
homeland.
But Archaeology & Language is
also the source of the idea that
PC evolved in situ in western
Europe following the primary
expansion of PIE into the region.
This is still worth considering
and might work (better?) with a
starting point at the beginning
of the Bronze Age, i.e about
5,000 years ago.
Advantages of the ‘Celtic from the West’ over the PC =
HaC1a (Proto-Celtic = Hallstatt C1a) model:
• The geographical distribution of the Ancient Celtic languages more
closely resembles that of the Atlantic Late Bronze Age (c. 1300–
900/800 BC) and the Beaker Copper Age phenomenon of the 3rd
millennium BC than it does any Iron Age culture.
• economy: Celtic from the West entails a single westward expansion,
at a single stage of European cultural development, rather an Indo-
European migration to west-central Europe followed by a Celtic
westward migration 1,000 or more years later.
• It allows that we take at face value Herodotus’s statement that the
Keltoi lived beyond the Pillars of Hercules and next to the Kunētes
(in the Algarve) the westernmost people in Europe.
• It does not require us to somehow ‘explain away’ the earliest
documentary evidence for the Celtic languages, which comes from
the south-western Iberian Peninsula.
 A B C D G
F

close inverse E

¤
1

distribution {

¤
300 km

¤
56N

¤ ¤
Atlantic Bronze Age

¤
¤ ¤ ¤¤
¤
¤¤¤¤
¤
¤

¤ ¤
¤
¤

¤
metalwork vs. survival of

¤
2

¤
¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

¤
¤
¤

¤
¤
" metalwork depositions

non-IE languages (Iberian

Bronze Final atlantique 2

¤
(Milcent 2012, pl. 81)

¤
¤
Atlantic BA cauldrons and

¤
¤
¤
buckets (Gerloff 2010, plates

¤
¤
144–51)

¤ ¤ ¤
¤
¤

¤
and Aquitanian/Palaeo-

¤
$ Iberian inscriptions, NE script

¤
¤
52N (Hoz 2011, mapa 1.1;

¤
¤
¤¤
¤
¤
Gorrochategui 2013, fig.1)

¤
¤
¤
¤

¤
å Meridional (SE) Iberian

¤
¤
"
inscriptions (Hoz 2011, mapa

¤
Basque)

¤
¤
1.1)

¤
" place-names in -os, -osse, -oz,

¤
¤
-otz, -ués (apud

¤
Gorrochategui 2013, fig. 4)
3 " "
Atlantic " ""
"" "

¤
" " "
"
"
"
" " "" Atlantic Bronze Age II (cf.

Gerloff, S. (with J. P. Northover) 2010 Atlantic Cauldrons

" """ Harrison 2004, fig. 2.1)

¤
"
" " " " 
" " " "
"
and Buckets of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages

¤
¤
¤
Mediterranean sailing routes
" "
L B A I I
48N " (Aubet 2001, fig.40)

in Western Europe: With a Review of Comparable " " "

" "

¤
¤
¤
Vessels from Central Europe and Italy, Prähistorische

¤ ¤
RHAETIAN
Bronzefunde II, 18. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner. 4
c. 1000 BC "

¤¤
Gorrochategui Churruca, J. 2013b ‘Linguistisque et
{
""
""" "
"""" " ""
"
"
" "" ""
" " "
peuplement en Aquitania’, L’âge du Fer en Aquitaine et
" "" ""
" " "
" "
"
""
"" "
"""
"
""
" ""
" "
"
" """ "
"""
"
""
"
"
" "
300 km """""" "" ""
""
""
"
PALAEO- """" " " " "
sur ses marges. Mobilité des hommes, diffusion des idées,
" "
"" """ ""
""""
"
" " " "
"" "
"""""""
44N BASQUE "
"""""""
"""
"""
" ""
"
"""" ""
"
" $
""""" "
" "" $ " ""
" """ $
circulation des biens dans l’espace européenà l’âge du Fer.
"""""" "
"
""" """ """""
" "
"""
" "
$$$

¤¤
"" ""
"
"" "
" "
""
""
"
"""
" "" "

¤
"" """"
""" " "
"
""""
"
" "
" $

¤
¤
""""
"" "
"
" "" """
" "
"""
"
"
"
" " $$$
"
"" """""
" """
" " ""
"""
"" "" " "
""
"""
$ "
"" """ "" " "
"" " "

¤
" "
"
"$ " """ """""
" " ""
Actes du 35e Colloque international de l’AFEAF (Bordeaux,
"
"
$""
" " "" " """ "" "
"
"
" """
""""
""
" " "" " " """ ""
""
"" $$$ $$ $ ETRUSCAN
¤
""
" "" " " $ "
¤

" "$
¤
" """""

¤
""""
" ""
" " "
""
" "$
"$
Hío & $ $ "" $ " "
"""
" "$ $$$
¤

" $
¤¤

$
2–5 juin 2011), Aquitania Supplément 30, ed. A. Colin, F. 5 $$ $$ $$
$ $$$ $

¤
$ $ $ $$ $ $
¤

$$$$$ $$$$$$$ $ $$
$$$$ $$ $$ $
$$$
¤

$$
$
$ $$$$
$$$ $
$
$
$
$$$$
$
¤

$
Verdin, 17–32. $ $$
$$$ $ $
$$$ $ $$
$
$ $
¤

$ $ $

N
Baiões & $$$$
$
$$
Milcent, P.-Y. 2012 Le temps des élites en Gaule atlantique:
$
¤¤

$$$
¤

$$ $ $$

IA
¤

$$$ PALAEO-
¤¤

$$$$$$å
$

ER
$ $ $$$ $ $
chronologie des mobiliers et rythmes de constitution des
40N $
$$ $ SARDINIAN
$$$$$ $$

IB
¤
¤

dépots métalliques dans le contexte européen (XIIIe–VIIe å

åå å
$
å å å å$å$$
å
$$$
å $$
$ $$
å 
pre-colonial å $ $ å
av. J.-C.). Presses Universitaires de Rennes. Tartessos
(tršš)
ååå
å
$ $$ $
å$
6 Huelva & 
¤

8E

4E

 
 
0
PALAEO-BERBER
36N 8W 4W
 12E 16E
 extent of Bell-Beaker (campaniforme)
Complex 2800–2100 BC

the Beaker set

Cunliffe, B. 2010 ‘Celticization from the West: The Contribution of Archaeology’ Celtic from
the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature, ed.
B. Cunliffe, J. T. Koch, 13–38. Oxford, Oxbow Books.
Herodotus on the Κελτοί ‘Celts’, writing c. 440 BC

§2.33. I am willing to believe that [the Nile] rises at the same

distance from its mouth as the Ister [Ἴστρος ‘Danube’], which has
its source amongst the Keltoí at Purēnē [Πυρηνη] and flows right
through the middle of Europe, to reach the Black Sea at Miletus’s
colony of Istria [Ἴστρια]. The Keltoí live beyond the Pillars of
Hercules, next to the Kunēsioi [Κυνησιοι], who are the most
westerly people of Europe.

§4.48. . . . the Ister [Ἴστρος ‘Danube’], that mighty stream which,

rising amongst the Keltoí, the most westerly, after the Kunētes
[Κυνητες], of all the European nations, traverses the whole length
of the continent before it enters Scythia.
’Αργανθωνιος (Herodotus 1.163–5) is interpreted as masculine o-stem
|Argantonios|, ‘pertaining to *Argantonos, -\ ?“god of silver” *arganton’ ~ Celti­
berian arkanta, Arganda, Old Irish arggat, airget ‘silver’, Middle Welsh aryant
‘silver’, Breton arc’hant, argant ‘silver’, Latin argentum, Sanskrit rajatám ‘silver’
< Indo-European *h2erg´¦tom ‘silver’ (< *h2erg´- ‘white’; cf. Falileyev 2010, 55–6).
Compare the Western Hispano-Celtic flaccvs argantoni magilanicvm
mirobrigensis (Alconétar, Cáceres), ­a rganto medvtica
melmaniq[vm] (Riba de Saelices [Vallejo 2005, 186–7]), the divine epithet in
lvggoni arganticaeni (­Villaviciosa, Oviedo [Búa 2000, 274]), the family
name of [t]ovtoni argantioq[vm] ­a mbati f[ilivs] (Palencia
[(González Rodríguez 1986, 123; Vallejo 2005, 186–7])

According to Herodotus, Arganthonios ruled Tartessos from

c. 625­‑545 BC. About 550 BC he invited Phocaean Greek visitors
to found a colony anywhere they wished in his territory. When
they refused, he gave them enough silver to build a great wall
around their city to defend it against the Medes.
swords from the Ría de • Current interpretations see Huelva
Huelva deposition as the core of the polity known as
Ταρτησσος in Greek sources and
TRŠŠ in Semitic sources including the
metal-laden ‘ships of Tarshish’ of
the Old Testament. A joint venture to
Ταρτησσος/Tarshish by Hiram of Tyre
and Solomon of Jerusalem in the 10th
century BC has regained credibility.
Mederos Martín, A. 2006 ‘Fenicios en Huelva, en
el siglo X a.C., durante el reinado de Hîrãm I de
Tiro’, Spal 15, 167–188.

• Cypriot influence in the Ría de Huelva

Phase (1050–950/900 BC) followed
by massive Tyrian presence from the
Baiões-Plaza de las Monjas Phase
(950/900–825 BC)
• literacy and the historical record reach
the Atlantic
• beginnings of Palaeohispanic literacy
under Phoenician (and Cypriot)
influence
 ‘Tartessian’, the
language of the
{
LIPPOS H

î î
South-western

î
%

inscriptions
% KONIMBRIGA

î
40N 40N 40N

îî î
î
150 km

î
î
î

î
î
î
î
H COLLIPO

î
8W
H
4W
There is a corpus

î
î

î
î
56 Almoroquí
Almoroqui
LAEPIA
of c. 100 very early

î î

î
î
SCALLABIS

î î

î
îîî
B
Alcáçova

î
inscriptions in the
de Santorém %

î
H LACIPEA Cabeza
del Buey
KONISTURGIS

îîî
57 Medellín 55 Siruela

SW of the Iberian

î î
î
î

îî

îî
î î
î
î

îîî î
î î
î
îî
îîî
Lisbon %
H KONIOI
Peninsula, which
OLISIPO

îî

î
H

îîî
î
%

î
î
Quinta do
î

Almaraz Alcácer do IULIPA

UAMA

at the very least

Sal/Abul
SALACIA/
SALACIA
SALACIA?beuibon
H%KALLIPOUS
CANTIPO
contain evidently

B
î
Castelo de
B

Moura 54 Capote
B Bî B

HEPORA?
Celtic elements
B
B

B B

î
B B

î
TUROBRIGA

î
B B

î
HIPORCA IPTUCI H
and which may
B

î
% Río Tinto HIPSCA
IPONUBA
H HIPPO NOVA

î
îî
ILIPA
53 Alcalá H MAGNA H
simply be in a
î

Niebla
IPAGRuM
IPAGRUM

î
ILIPULA H IPOCOBULCOLA
B B

del Río IPOCOBVLCOLA

H ORIPPOH 51 Puente Genil
H VENTIPPO HHOSTIPPO
LIPPOSH
î

î
% 52 Villa-
î
Celtic language.
B
B
B

AESURIS %
IPSES ONOBA manrique BASILIPPO ILIPULA
MINOR H
H KUNETES
î
% Huelva
DIPPOS H
%
î

LACCOBRIGA
SERIPPO H
Sacrum
Lagos Mezquitilla
î

There is a closely
Promontorium
MAINAKE
î
î

Chorreras
ACINIPPO H MALAKA
Doña Malaga % %% % % % %

dated example in
î

Blanca Cerro del Villar % SEXI

SEXI
B

MBA Alentejo stelae (c. 1800–1300 BC.)

GADIR %
% SAEPOH MAENUBA
Almuñécar
Almuñécar
the -briga line
C I L B ILACIPPO H
the mature style
Cádiz CENI Toscanos
H place-names with IP(P)O % Alcorrín
SW (Tartessian) inscriptions (c. 750–400 BC)
HBAESIPPO
LBA warrior stelae (c. 1250–750 BC)
(left) from Medellín
î

% pre-colonial Phoenician trading posts (c. 950–800 BC)

% Phoenician colonies (c. 800–500 BC) FRETUM TARTESSIUM
c. 650–625 BC.
onfirm their earlier indentification as isolatable syntactic units.
The version of the Untermann/Correa transliteration system used here is a
ollows.The South-western or ‘Tartessian’ Script
a a e e i  i o o u u

ba b b e B bi U bo p bu  P

ka ga k ke ge K ki gi q ??U ko go g     ku gu Q

ta da t te de T ti di 0 ?U to do DY tu du d

l l m m m, n n r r ?( ŕ R

s s ś S ?φ A :|
some forms in the SW inscriptions identified as Celtic names
aalaein, meleśae, The 72 most legible inscriptions
aarkuui, mutuuirea, comprise 1752 graphemic
signs. The sequences of signs
aibuuris, niiraboo, provisionally identified as
akoosioś, ooŕoir, names all have Indo-European
albooroi, rinoeboo, or Palaeohispanic parallels,
alkuu, sarune(ea), usually both. Most often these
forms have specifically Celtic
]anbaatiia, soloir, affinities, including case endings
asune, taalainon, that are consistent with a
bootiieana, ]taarnekuun, classification as Celtic. This
onomastic subset comprises 596
ebuuŕoi, tiilekuurkuu, signs or 34% of the corpus.
kaaśetaana (probably tiirtoos,
an occupational title tuurea,
rather than a name), tuuŕekuui,
koobeeliboo, ]tuurkaaio[, Cf. kings of Tartessos
liirnestaakuun, -uarbuui, ’Αργανθωνιος and
lokooboo, uursaar Gargoris
naŕkee (J.27.1),
naŕkee (S. Martinho), naŕkeentii and these variants
naŕ[ke]e (J.1.1), make up 276 of the 1752 signs
naŕk [e] (J.26.1, J.57.1, MdC),
e
of the 72 most readable SW
na]ŕk e (J.16.2),
e
inscriptions. These forms thus
naŕk et i (J.56.1)
e i
constitute 15.8% of the corpus.
naŕk enii (J.2.1, J.21.1),
e

n[aŕke]enii (J.6.1),
naŕkeentii (J.12.1, J.16.1, J.17.2, J.18.1),
[n]aŕkeentii (J.1.5),
na]ŕkeentii[ (J.4.3),
n(a)ŕkeenii (J.11.1),
n]aŕkeenii (J.11.3),
na]ŕkeeni (Corte Pinheiro) Most of what we know of
naŕ]keenii (J.19.1), the Ancient Celtic languages
naŕrk e:n: (J.23.1),
e
is names. So, trouble with
n[a]ŕk en (Cabeza del Buey IV),
e
the matrix language is not a
na[ŕ]k en (Monte Gordo),
e
surprise.
naŕk enai (J.7.1, J.55.1),
e

]naŕkeeuu[ (Corte do Freixo 2).

 [ 102 ] tartessian

The Tartessian epigraphic formula J.21.1

Arzil, Garvão (Concelho de Ourique), south Portugal [Museu da Escrita do
Sudoeste, Almodôvar; Museu Regional, Beja] (Correia no. 61) 109.5 x 46.5 x 11cm
NAMES followed by
uar(n)baan tee-ro-baare baa-naŕkeentii
|u̯ ar aman de-ro-bāre(t) ma narkēnti|
Commentary
The inscription is carefully carved
between two lines along three
sides of the large stone. It follows
tentative translation: ‘. . . has carried away the conventional arrangement—
right-to-left, anti-clockwise, be-
to the highest destination, so they now lie ginning in the lower right-hand
corner, and closing with the
down [here].’ formula word naŕkeenii. Signs
have been lost at the beginning
naŕkeentii looks Indo-European. (removing the entire naming
phrase, which cannot have been
longer than eight signs) and
tee-ro-baare looks (specifically) Celtic with ro also in the middle, where the
formula tee[(e)· ro-ba]are can
< PIE *pro. be restored with confidence.

Within the 72 inscriptions examined

statistically here, variants of the formula
account for 565 signs of the total of 1752 or
_[
iineKRanera ]e h n a b r a u_ [
32.2% of the corpus and 49% of the matrix  __

language, i.e. excluding the names (counted as Syntactic analysis

596 signs or 34% of the corpus). . . .]uarb aan tee[(e)· ro- ba]are naŕkeenii
|. . . ¯araman de (e). . . ro- b\re; naŕkenji|
    acc.sg. pvb ?E pf V 3sg. V 3pl.

‘[This grave/death] has carried away. . . to the highest destination. They now remain.’
ro or ao, it would entail the characteristically Celtic loss of Indo-European p in
original *pro or h2epo.
the principal defect in the two-language theory
___________________________________________________________

J.56.1 “A syntagm like

Madroñera, Cáceres, Spain [Museo Arqueológico Provincial, Cáceres] akoosioś naŕkeetii
(Correia no. 77) 160 x 65cm (Untermann 1997, J.56.1)
seems undoubtedly to be
a funerary formula from an
Indo-European language
with a thematic nominative
singular anthroponym
followed by a third person
singular verb, also with
thematic inflexion.”
(Villar 2004, 264)
 i0eKRan Soi ( l ) o 8 a        Syntactic analysis
  akoo(l)ioś naŕkeet ii
                    N nom.sg. V 3sg.
Villar,
‘Akolios F. lies/rests
now 2004 ‘The Celtic
[here].’ Language of [Rodríguez
the IberianRamos: akoolion: . . .
?Cf. κεῖται Πάτροκλος
Peninsula’, P. Baldi & P. U. Dini (eds.),But,Studies in 2010, 394 n. 517. ]
see De Hoz ‘[here] lies Patroklos’
Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics in Honor of (2006, 296; Iliad 23.210).
Commentary
William R. Schmalstieg, Amsterdam, 243–74.
A single complete series of 14 signs running right-to-left in the middle of a
smooth surface. The stem line of l l is obscured where the stone is cracked. This
 J.18.1 ‘Mealha Nova 1’,
Aldeia de Palheiros (Concelho de ­Ourique), south Portugal [Museu
Regional, Beja]

   r oDr e K a n aÀ i0o p 
  [ b]ehab o
  n e K Ra n a b er a
  i0
bootiieana≡ keertoo ≡robaa tee·baare baa naŕkeentii
|Bōd´eanā≡ kerdo ≡roa mā de·bāre; ma narkenti|

‘[this grave] has borne away Bōd´eana 〈and〉 the first daughter
of the craftsman (Old Irish cerd; Welsh cerddor); so “they”
remain in place [here]’.
For robaa |roa mā| < IE *pro-meh2, cf. Middle Irish rom ‘early,
too soon’ < IE *pro-mo-, Homeric πρόμος ‘foremost man’
compare anbaatiia iobaa[ |­Amba(χ)tiā iōa mā| ‘youngest
daughter of Amba(χ)tos’ (J.16.2) and tuurea iub aa |Tureā
iūa mā| ‘youngest daughter of Turos’ (J.7.8).
 J.1.1 
‘Fonte Velha 6’ Bemsafrim, Lagos, south ‘For the divine Lugoues and
Portugal [Museu Municipal Figueira de Foz; for the chief men—and for
Museu da Escrita do Sudoeste, Almodôvar]
(Correia no. 15) 136 x 73 x 15cm all the “heroic ones”—a
burial rests unmoving within
the sacred grove that has
carried away [the offering/
deceased] towards the
ploughland, so they might
give [benefit].’

Transliteration
lokooboo≡niiraboo too aŕaia|i kaaltee lokoo|n ane naŕkee
kaakiiśiin|koolobo|o ii tee·ro-baar|e (be)e tea|siioonii
North-west Hispano-Celtic examples of the ­dative plural theonym from the
earlier Roman Period: Lvcvbo arqvienobo (Sober, Lugo), LVcovbv[s]
arqvieni[s] (Outeiro do Rei, Lugo; Búa 2000, 266–7), dibvs m[.] lvcvbo
from Peña Amaya, north of Burgos (Búa 2003, 153–4; Marco Simón 2005, 301), and
lvcobo ­a rovsa[-] (Lugo).
 s/
J.4.1   enusanoiio # i

‘Benaciate 2’, S. Bartolomeu de Messines   ] * * a r a b r a b o e n i Ru = enab rau

(Concelho de Silves), south Portugal
   o d e r o a t * * [ ------- ]

?ibooi ion asune ≡ uarbaan

≡ ekuuŕine obaar baara*******taa oretoo/
‘In the town(??) . . . I [this stone monument] have
carried to the highest one, to Asun\ (??the divine
she-ass/mare) and Ekuu‑ŕ¼(g)n¼ (the horse queen)
. . . . of deliverance (< coursing under).’

ekuuŕine = Eku-rīganī ‘horse-queen’:

cf. the Gaulish and Ancient British horse
­goddess EPONA REGINA.
 A B C D G
F
If we conclude that the theory of Hallstatt E

¤
origins will not account for Hispano-Celtic 1

{
(being both too late and unconnected to

¤
the Iberian Iron Age), that still leaves the
300 km

¤
56N

¤ ¤
possibility that Proto-Indo-European became

¤
¤ ¤ ¤¤
¤
¤¤¤¤
¤
¤

¤ ¤
¤
¤
Celtic in central Europe then expanded west 2

¤
¤

¤
¤

¤
¤ ¤ ¤ ¤

¤
¤
at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age,

¤
¤
" metalwork depositions
Bronze Final atlantique

¤
(Milcent 2012, pl. 81)

1300/1200 BC.

¤
¤
Atlantic BA cauldrons an

¤
¤
¤
buckets (Gerloff 2010, p

¤
¤
144–51)

¤ ¤ ¤
¤
¤

¤
¤
$ Iberian inscriptions, NE

¤
However, there are reasons to think that Celtic

¤
52N (Hoz 2011, mapa 1.1;

¤
¤
¤¤
¤
¤
Gorrochategui 2013, fig

¤
¤
¤
¤

¤
å Meridional (SE) Iberian

¤
¤
"

has deeper roots along the Atlantic Façade

inscriptions (Hoz 2011, m

¤
¤
1.1)

¤
" place-names in -os, -oss

than this. These include the following:

¤
¤
-otz, -ués (apud

¤
Gorrochategui 2013, fig
3 " "
Atlantic " ""
"" "

¤
" " "
"
" " " "" Atlantic Bronze Age II (c

• Although the literacy of the SW inscriptions " " """ Harrison 2004, fig. 2.1)

¤
"
"" " " 
" " " "
"

¤
was adapted from that of the Phoenicians

¤
¤
¤
Mediterranean sailing r
"" "
LBA II
48N (Aubet 2001, fig.40)
"
" ""
(and probably the Cypriots), the stelae with
"

¤
¤
¤

¤ ¤
RHAETIAN
writing use a revived local burial rite of the 4 c . 1 0 0 0 B C "

¤¤
Middle Bronze Age (1800–1300 BC).
{
""
""" "
"""" " """" "
"
""
"
"" " "" "
" "
" " "
" "
""
""" " ""
""
""
"""
""
"""
" """"
"
"
""
"
" "
300 km " """ " "
"
"

• Hispano-Celtic retains the Western Indo-

" "
" "
PALAEO- """" "
"
"""
"
"""
""
"""
""
""
"
"
"
"
" "" """"
"
" """""
44N BASQUE """""""""""""""""""""" " " $
""""
"" " "" """ $"
"""" ""
" """ $
"
""""""" """"
" """
" " $

¤¤
" "" "
" """ ""
" "" "
$$
" " ""
$$$
""

European word for ‘bow and/or arrow’

"
"

¤
"" """
""""" """""" "
" "

¤
¤
"" "
"""" " "
""
""
" "
"
"
""" " " "
"" """ " ""
""
""" """
" "
"" $
""
""
$ "
"" "" "" " "
"" "" "" """"""
" " "

¤
"
"
"
$"
"
""$
" "
"""
" " """ " "
"" """""
" ""
"
"
" " """
"""
"
""
""" "" " " """ ""
""
"" $$$ $$$ ETRUSCAN

¤
""""" " $ "

¤
" "$

¤
" """""

¤
"
"""" """ " "
"
"
"$"$
""" "$
& Hío $ " $$

*arkwo-. Archery survived from the Beaker 5

$ " " "

¤
" "
$ " $ $$
¤¤
$$
$$ $$$ $$$

¤
$ $ $ $$$ $
$$

¤
¤ $$$$$ $$$$$$$ $ $$$$
$$ $ $$ $
$$$

¤
$ $$
$$$
$$$$
$ $
¤
$$$$$$
$
$ $
$$$ $

Copper Age (3rd millennium BC) in Iberia.

$ $$ $
$ $$ $$$$ $$
¤

$ $ $

N
& Baiões $$
$
$
$
$$$
¤¤

$$$

¤
$$ $ $$

IA
¤

Most of the rest of the Atlantic zone lost

$å
$$ PALAEO-
¤¤

$$
$$$
$

ER
$ $$ $$ $$
40N $$
$$$ SARDINIAN
$$$$$ $$

IB
¤
¤


archery during the Middle Bronze Age, and
åå å
$
å å å å$å$$
$$$
å
å å $$
å $ $$
pre-colonial å $ $å
$ $$ $
the other Celtic languages lost the word.
Tartessos ååå
å
(tršš) å$
6 Huelva & 
¤

8E

4E


 
0
PALAEO-BERBER
36N 8W 4W
 12E
 H E L O 7ED former COLOCIWM, PRIFYSGOL BANGOR, 4–6 MEDI

HELO HELO
Arts & Humanities Research Council students, staff and friends of Bangor
11/11/10 Guildhall
11/11/106.30
Guildhall
p.m. 6.3
University, plus articles on some of yourUniversity, plus articles on some ofDon’t
fellow alumni. forgetalumni.
your fellow to let us varied
know as if your
French,details change
Chemistry, by updating
Popular variedthem
Music, on our
as French, Chemistry, Popular Music, Hughes, Vice-Chancellor said: “Putting this
We love to hear your stories, either from Weyour
lovetime
to hear
at Bangor
your stories,
or sinceeither
you’ve
website: from your time at Bangor or Film,
www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update
Music for sincePsychology,
you’ve YouSocial
can also let
Policy, us know
Music
Social your
for Film, email Social Policy, Social
Psychology, good news alongside the University’s decision
us save costs and Deliverythe environment Plan
left the University, so please get in touch
left
if you
Acknowledgements:
2011-2015
the University,
have any tososhareplease
andget
we incan
touch there
address Acknowledgements:
if you have
so weany toWork,
can share
send
7TH COLLOQUIUM,
This publication
and all
Nursing
you weand
canEnvironmental
the is This
University.
Studies.
latest news from for publication
Work,
the Nursing and
University
The articles
viaEnvironmental
our
BANGOR
is forprinted here, UNIVERSITY,
Studies.to appoint a Pro Vice-Chancellor with
to the best 4–6 SEPTEMBE
Agoriad
include them in the next Bangoriad. include them in the next Bangoriad . e-newsletter. Welcoming the awards, Professor JohnWelcoming G. the awards, Professor John G.

m
quarterly responsibility for Welsh medium matters and
ies Research
Artsto
&Council
Humanities Research Councilonline former students, staff former andstudents,
friends ofstaff Bangor andknowledge,
friends of Bangor
sa
Don’t forget to let us know if your details
Don’t
change
forgetby to
updating
let us know
themifonyour
ourdetails change by updating
Hughes,them on our
of our were correct at the time of
ing-in receive Bangoriad
c
Vice-Chancellor said: “Putting this
Hughes, Vice-Chancellor said: “Putting this

e
its significant investment in the Welsh Hall of

r
website: www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update Youwww.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update
website: can also let us know your email You can alsogood let usnews
knowalongside
your email the University’s decision
good news alongside the University’s decision
sts
onment
and the environment
W
Best wishes, Residence, there has never been a better time
an 2011-2015
Delivery Plan 2011-2015
address there so we can send you all the address
University.
latest news
there from
so wethe
The
canUniversity
send you via
articles
all the
University. printed
our latest news fromtothe
The
University
appoint
here,
a Pro via
articles
our
to
Vice-Chancellor
the printed
best here,
with to appoint a Pro Vice-Chancellor with
going to press. The views to the best expressed in this
Agoriad Agoriad Arddangosfa
Arddangosfa
INDO-EUROPEAN
INDO-EUROPEAN FROM
FROM
­ Hen luniau o­ W
He
Bethan Perkins, Editor
for Welsh medium matters for andstudents to come to Bangor to study
fdeceive
you’re happy to receive future 11/11/1
m m
quarterly e-newsletter. quarterly e-newsletter. responsibility for Welsh medium matters responsibility
and

csa
onlineBangoriad online
cs a of our knowledge, were of ourcorrect knowledge, at thewere time correct of at the time of through the medium of Welsh, and to have a

Wre Wre
its significant investment in the Welsh Hall its significant
of investment in the Welsh Hall of
Best wishes, Best wishes, Development and Alumni Relations
Residence, Office,
there magazine
has never been a better Residence,
time are not necessarily those of Bangor
there has never been a betterrich timeexperience in doing so.”
ns ppyoftoBangoriad
ture via email only, going to press. Thegoing
Bethan Perkins, Editor
receive future
Bethan Perkins, Editor Gartherwen,
viewstoexpressed press. Theinviews this expressed in this
for students to come to Bangor to studyfor students to come to Bangor to study

eoriad
Development and Alumni Relations Office,
visit:via email only,
11/11/10 (tan
magazine
Development and Alumni Relations
THETHE
are 11/11/10
10EAST
Bangor,not
Office, Rhagfyr)
EAST
Bangor University,
(tan
AND10
ANDLlyfrgell
necessarily
magazine
Gwynedd LL57 rich Rhagfy
8.00 W
p.m
through the medium of Welsh, and to have
are Llyfrgell
those not
2DGexperience in doing so.” of
University or the Editor. For permission to
necessarily
through
Bangor
a
Genedlaethol
the medium of Welsh, and to have a
those of Bangor
rich experience in doing so.”
DIABEtEs UK FUNDING
nly, Gartherwen, Gartherwen, UK reproduce any article to please contact the Editor.
Ffilm: The Proud Valley (1940)
8.00 p.m. 8.00 p.m.
University or the Editor. University For permission Cymru
or the Editor. yn toWrecsam
For permission
Bangor University, Bangor University, Health charity Diabetes UK has
Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Llyfrgell Genedlaethol awarded a 07/10/10
£14,500 grantOdeon, Wrecsam 7.30 p.m.
bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update
CELTIC
CELTICFROM FROMTHE THEWEST:
WEST
Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG to Dr John
Phone: + 44 (0) 1248 388332 DIABEtEs
/ 382020 UK FUNDING DIABEtEs UK FUNDING
UK UK reproduce any article reproduceplease contact any article the please
Editor. contact the Editor.
Ffilm: The Proud Valley (1940) Ffilm: The Proud Valley (1940) Mulley of Bangor’s School of Biological
Cymru yn Wrecsam Cymru yn Wrecsam Hydref ­ Rhagfyr
Fax: +44 (0) 1248 383268 Health charity Diabetes UK has
awarded a 07/10/10
£14,500 grantOdeon, Wrecsam
Health charity Diabetes UK has
7.30 p.m. grantOdeon,
a 07/10/10 Wrecsam Sciences,
7.30 to fund
p.m into the Pdx2
. researchBeth
euk/alumni/update
ateyour interest or email:
Phone: + 44 (0) 1248 388332 / 382020 Phone: + 44 (0) 1248 388332 / 382020 Data Protection: Alumni data is held securely and
to Dr John awarded £14,500 to Dr John Cyflwyniad: yw Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru?
Hanes T
e-mail: alumni@bangor.ac.uk Mulley of Bangor’s School of BiologicalMulley of Bangor’s School of Biological gene and its role in insulin production in
2010
RECONCILING
RECONCILING
Fax: +44 (0) 1248 383268 Fax: +44 (0) 1248 383268

rest or email: Hydref

Data ­Protection:
Rhagfyr Alumni Hydref ­Protection:
Rhagfyr
www.bangor.ac.uk/alumniSciences, toCyflwyniad:
Datadata confidentially on the University’s
fund research into the Pdx2Sciences, to fund research into the Pdx2
gene and its role in insulinBeth
is held Alumni securely yw Llyfrgell
data Genedlaethol
itsCyflwyniad:
andis held securely Cymru?
Beth yw Llyfrgell
human 12/10/10
cells.
in thisGenedlaethol
and
Greater Ysgol
Cymru?
Morgan
understanding
Development
of Llwyd, Wrecsam 7.00 p.m.

ni@bangor.ac.uk gene will hopefully shed light on

Hanes Teulu aHanes HanesTeulu Lleola­ Hanes

DiwrnodLleol
Ag
production ingene and role in insulin production
e-mail: alumni@bangor.ac.uk e-mail: alumni@bangor.ac.uk
www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni 2010
confidentially
www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni 2010
on theconfidentially
University’s
human cells.
Bangor University: + 44 (0) 1248 351151 12/10/10 Ysgol Morgan
on the and
Greater understanding
Development Llwyd,cells.
Wrecsam
12/10/10
Greater7.00
AlumniDevelopment
of human
University’s Ysgol
p.m.Morgan
of Llwyd,
Relations Office database for the
understanding Wrecsam
new ways 7.00treatments
to develop
Beth with
p.m.
sy'n diabetes.
for
yr atig? Dewch i glywed am y wefan
.ac.uk
13/11/1
this gene will hopefully shed light on this gene will hopefully shed light on people suffering

MODELS
MODELS FORFOR LANGUAGES
LANGUAGE YmunwZh Office â
forpurposes ni! yr atig? Dewch i glywed amnewydd
of promoting for the closer links between y wefana dwedwch eich stori chi
new ways to develop treatments for new ways to develop treatments for
Bangor University: + 44 (0) 1248 351151 and Alumni Relations
Bangor University: + 44 (0) 1248 351151 and Office Alumni database Relations
Beth with
sy'n diabetes. the
yr atig? Dewchpeople i glywed database
Beth
am ywith
sy'n
wefan
13/11/10 Coleg 13/11/10 Iâl 10.00 Coleg
a.m.
Iâl­ 10.0
3.0
people suffering suffering diabetes.
newydd a dwedwch eich stori chi newydd a dwedwch eich stori chi www.casgliadywerincymru.co.uk
YmunwZh purposes â ni! of YmunwZh
promoting purposes closer â ni! of
linkspromotingbetween
Bangor
www.casgliadywerincymru.co.uk www.casgliadywerincymru.co.uk
closer links between
University and
2/11/10its Llayformer
Miners Welfare students.
10.00 a.m. ­The4.00 p.m.

ININLATER LATERPREHISTORY PREHISTORY

Bangor University and Bangor its former
University students. and
data its
The
a.m. ­ is former
Llayavailable students.
to the The
University's academic and
at:
2/11/10 Llay Miners Welfare 10.00 2/11/10 4.00 Miners
p.m. Welfare 10.00 a.m. ­ 4.00 p.m.
BANGORIAD
data is available to ONLINEthe
dataUniversity's
is availableacademic to the University's
and
administrative academic
Acknowledgements:and
Noson
departments Agored ­ Llywydd
This publication is for
for LLGC, Dafydd Wigley, yn
the purpose of
BANGORIAD ONLINE BANGORIAD ONLINE former students, staff and friends of Bangor

/alumni/update
Noson Agoredcosts­ and
Llywydd LLGC,students,
Acknowledgements: This publication is for Acknowledgements:
Dafydd
Noson Wigley,
Agored yn­ Llywydd
This publication is for
LLGC, Dafydd Wigley,
arwain yn here,
noson o sgyrsiau
to the besta chyflwyniadau.
administrative departmentsadministrative for the departments
purpose staff and of for the purpose of
01970 632800 Bangor
former
Help
students,
us save
staff and friends of
the environment
Bangor former friends of Bangor University. The articles printed
promoting closer links with alumni, 6.30 as
p.m. well as to
date
mni/update
byarwain
opting-in nosonhere,
to o sgyrsiau
receive a chyflwyniadau.
Bangoriad arwain
online nosonhere,o sgyrsiau besta chyflwyniadau.
of our knowledge, were correct at the time of

01970 632800 01970 632800 Bangor— —44Medi Medi2014

2014
Help us save costs and the environmentHelp us save costs and the environment
University. The articles printed to the best
University. The articles printed to the
promoting
by opting-in to receive Bangoriad online closer
by opting-in to receive linkspromoting
of our knowledge,
Bangoriad online
only. with
If were
you’recorrect
happyalumni,
tocloser
at the time as
ofof our
receive links
well
knowledge,
future with
wereas toalumni,
correct at the time of as well 11/11/10
going to press.
as toGuildhall
The views expressed in this
11/11/10 Guildhall 6.30 p.m.
editions of Bangoriad via email only, recognised
11/11/10 Guildhall 6.30 p.m. Colour
going to
only. If you’re happy to receive future only. If you’re happy to receive future press. The views expressed in this going to press. The views expressed in
University
this magazine are not
societies.
For permission to For full details
necessarily those of Bangor

post@llgc.org.uk
Colour University orColour
editions of Bangoriad via email only, recognised University orrecognised
societies.
For permissionUniversity
to For full details
societies.
For permission to For full Agoriad
details
Introduction Introduction
magazine are not necessarily those of Bangormagazine are not necessarily those of Bangor the Editor. Logotype Logotype
editions of Bangoriad via email only,

post@llgc.org.uk
post@llgc.org.uk
please
the visit: Arddangosfa ­ Hen luniau o Colour
Wrecsam
Fonts Fonts

visit: www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni
University Editor. University or the Editor. reproduce any article please contact the Editor. affects moods and creates an emotional response based on
Colour Colour
please visit: please visit: Agoriad Arddangosfa ­reproduce
Hen luniau Agoriad
o Wrecsam Arddangosfa ­ Hen luniau o Wrecsam
visit: www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni visit: www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni
reproduce www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update
any article please contact the Editor. any article please contact the Editor. Colour affects moods and creates an emotionalColour
responseaffects
based moods
on and creates an emotional response based on
our instinctive associations. Such is the power of colour that it often
Typography
Digital Media
Typography
Digital Media

11/11/10 (tan 10 Rhagfyr) Llyfrgell Wrecsam

John
JohnT.T.Koch Koch
www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update our instinctive associations. Such is the power ofour
colour
instinctive
that it associations.
often Such is the power of colour that it often
has different meanings in different cultures.
Imagery Imagery
to11/11/10
note your interest orRhagfyr)
email: Datacultures.
Protection:has
Alumni data is held securely
in differentand
Alumni data(tan
is held10 Llyfrgell
11/11/10
Wrecsam
data(tan
is held10 Rhagfyr) LlyfrgellonWrecsam Examples Examples
has different meanings in different different meanings cultures.

The EIA www.llgc.org.uk/wrecsam10

stelae with writing
to note your interest or email: to note your interest or email:
Data Protection: securely and
Data Protection: Alumni securely and confidentially National Waterfront Museum National Waterfront Museum

8.00 p.m. the University’s Development

www.llgc.org.uk/wrecsam10
www.llgc.org.uk/wrecsam10
alumni@bangor.ac.uk Welsh Assembly Government Welsh Assembly Government
Our core colour is red. The historic red of Wales is an emotionally
alumni@bangor.ac.uk alumni@bangor.ac.uk confidentially
8.00 p.m. 8.00 p.m.
on the University’s Development confidentially on the University’s Development
Our core colour is red. The historicand
redAlumni
of WalesRelations
Our
is ancore Officeisdatabase
emotionally
colour
Contacts
for thered of Wales is an emotionally
red. The historic
Contacts

© Bangor University©2011 © Bangor

Bangor University 2011 University 2011 and Alumni Relations Office database for the and Alumni Relations Office database for the
intense colour associated with warmth,
purposes of promoting closer links between purposes of promoting closer links between
the family group, each museum Bangor
energy
purposes
has a special
and
intense
vibrant
vitality.
of promoting
the family
University
colour
colour
and
Within
associated
closer
group,
its of
links between
its eachstudents.
former museum The
intense colour associated with warmth, energy and vitality. Within
with warmth, energy and vitality. Within
theoffamily
has a special vibrant colour its group, each museum has a special vibrant colour of its

with Celtic names revive the

Bangor University and its former students. The Bangor University and its former students. The own that makes it distinctive and identifiable.
­ DiwrnodHanes Teulu a Hanes Lleol ­ Diwrnod Agored
own that makes it distinctive and identifiable. own that makes it distinctive and identifiable.
Update your contact details Update
at: Update
your contact details Hanes
at: your contactadministrative
details at: TeuluforatheHanes Lleol ­ Diwrnod Hanes Agored
Teulu a Hanes Lleol administrativedata is available to the University's academic and data is available to the University's academic and
data is available to the University's academic and Agored
departments for the purpose of
departments purpose of administrative departments for the purpose of

www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update
www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update promoting closer
www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni/update
13/11/10 Coleg
links with alumni, Iâl
as well as10.00 a.m.
topromoting 13/11/10
­
closer 3.00 p.m.
links with Coleg
alumni, Iâl
as well as10.00 a.m.
to promoting ­ 13/11/10
3.00
closer p.m.
links Coleg
with alumni, Iâl as10.00
as well to a.m. ­ 3.00 p.m.
burial style
Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymruof
Llyfrgell the EBA/MBA
Genedlaethol
CANOLFAN
CANOLFANUWCHEFRYDIAU UWCHEFRYDIAUCYMREIG CYMREI
recognised University societies. For full details recognised University societies. For full details

Cymru Genedlaethol Cymru

recognised University societies. For full details

Llyfrgell
visit: www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni visit: www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni visit: www.bangor.ac.uk/alumni

01970 632800 01970 632800

AA Library
CHELTAIDD
CHELTAIDD PRIFYSGOL
PRIFYSGOL CYMRU CYMR
© Bangor University 2011 © Bangor University 2011
The National Library of 01970
The 632800 Library of Wales
Wales
National
© Bangor University 2011
sgol Bangor stelae of the same region
Keep in touch online: Keep in touch online:
umni
? Prifysgol Bangor Keep in touch online:
post@llgc.org.uk post@llgc.org.uk post@llgc.org.uk The National of Wales
www.llgc.org.uk/wrecsam10 Aberystwyth
www.llgc.org.uk/wrecsam10 Aberystwyth
Bangor University Alumni Prifysgol Bangor
Bangor University Alumni Prifysgol Bangor
Aberystwyth
www.llgc.org.uk/wrecsam10Ganolfan UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF
OF WALES
WALES CENTRE CENTRE FOR FO
(circular pavement Y& cist with
Bangor University Alumni Prifysgol Bangor Wales Red Wales Red
Geltaidd Y Ganolfan Geltaidd Pantone 032 Pantone 032 Wales Red
ne
Y Ganolfan Geltaidd
CAWCS ADVANCED ADVANCED
CAWCSWELSH WELSHAND
ANDCELTIC
CELTICSTUDIES STUDIE
C0 M90 Y86 K0 C0 M90 Y86 K0 Pantone 032
n BangorAlumni BangorAlumni Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru 12
C0 M90 Y86 K0
12
Digital Humanities

Digital Humanities

CAWCS
uting The National Library ofBangorAlumni
Wales The National Library of Wales Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru

stela reused as lid).

gital Humanities
Bangor University ALUMNI Bangor University ALUMNI
Aberystwyth Aberystwyth The National Library of Wales
ogies Bangor University ALUMNI Aberystwyth

hts 2 BANGORIAD AUTUMN 2011 2 BANGORIAD AUTUMN 2011

Alentejo stelae and the tumuli of the Monte da Atalaia necropolis (near Aldeia
ties

UMNI
y,
nd.
2 BANGORIAD AUTUMN 2011

ws

ies,

s
de Palheiros, Ourique), all south Portugal
Ruiz-Gálvez Priego, M. 1998 La Europa atlántica en la Edad del Bronce: un viaje a las raíces de la
ces
ns,
ols

Europa occidental. Barcelona, Crítica.

Department of Digital humanities Department of Digital humanities
King’s College London King’s College London
26-29 Drury Lane 26-29 Drury Lane
London WC2B 5rL London WC2B 5rL Department of Digital humanities
Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 2931 Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 2931
King’s College London
Fax: +44 (0)20 7848 2980 Fax: +44 (0)20 7848 2980
26-29 Drury Lane
email: digitalhumanities@kcl.ac.uk email: digitalhumanities@kcl.ac.uk
www.kcl.ac.uk/ddh www.kcl.ac.uk/ddh London WC2B 5rL
n
Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 2931
e
 1. EBA/MBA 1900/1800–1300 BC > 2. LBA 1300–900/800 BC > 3. EIA

claiming Bronze ancestors/founders: nativism as a response to the Orientalization

(Phoenicians and Tartessians) at Bronze-Iron Transition (c. 900 BC)
 §5. the common Palaeohispanic name Arquius
and the regional survival of archery from the
Beaker Copper Age

‘The name Arquius probably meant one who

had to do with a bow, that is to say, an archer,
and was derived from a Celtic word cognate
with Latin arquus and arcus, a bow or arch’
(1891–4, 106). ‘We have probably a trace of
the word [for bow] in Welsh arffed, “the lap or
abdomen”, cf. German Schambug’ (Ib., FN 7).
Rhŷs, J. 1891–94 ‘The Celts and the other Aryans of the P and Q
groups’, Transactions of the Philological Society, 1891–94, 104–31.

< NW IE *haérku̯ os ‘bow and/or arrow’; Latin arcus,

earlier arquus; Gothic arƕazna ‘arrow’, OE earh.
Cf. Trawsganu Cynan Garwyn: cant armell ym arffet ‘a
hundred arm rings in my lap’ ; Latin arcuātus ‘bent like a
bow’ (Spanish arqueado ‘curved’) ~ PC *arku̯ eto- ‘(human
body) flexed like a bow’
The word does not otherwise survive in Goidelic or
Syr John Rhŷs Brythonic; MIr. boga and Welsh bwa from Old Norse, OIr.
saiget ‘arrow’, Welsh saeth from Latin.
1840–1915
 EXAMPLES:
¶CELTIBERIAN REGION . L. Arqvivs [L. f.] Gal. Aetvrae Arqvi f. (CIL II, 2465 — Valença, Viana
Co[nt]v[ci]anco (CIL II, 2830; HEp, 6, 896 — San
Esteban de Gormaz, Soria); A(vlo) M() Mvnerigio
Arqvi f. (CIL II, 2834; HEp, 10, 582 — Calderuela, Soria);
L. Valerivs L. f. Arqvocvs (Palol-Vilella 1987, 96;
HEp, 2, 151; HEp, 13, 199 — Peñalba de Castro, Burgos).
¶CENTRAL REGION. Arqvio (HEp, 4, 103; ERAv, 30 —
Ávila); Fl[orin]a liberta Arqviocvm (AE, 1985,
604; Abascal 1994, s.v. — Alcalá de Henares, Madrid).
¶WESTERN PENINSULA. Arqvivs Cantabr(i)
(AE, 1973, 307 — Braga); Arqvivs Viriati f. Ɔ
Acripia (CIL II, 2435; HEp, 4, 1011 — Braga); [A]
rqvivs Cantab[ri---] (AE, 1973, 308; HEp, 1, 664
— Braga); Apil[vs] Arqv[i] (CIL II, 2433 — Dume,
Braga); C. Ivlio Cilio Arqvi (Gimeno - Stylow
1993, nº 48 — Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Cáceres);
Arqvia Helena (CIL II, 377 — Condeixa-a-Velha,
Condeixa-a-Nova, Coimbra); AntoniVm ArqViVm,
ex gente VisaligorVm (CIL II, 2633; ERPL, 303
— Astorga, León); ArqViVs Clemens GigVrrVs
(ERPL, 12; HEp, 7, 387 — Puente de Domingo Flórez,
León); S. Arqvi(vs) Cim(---) l(ibertvs) (CIL II,
2373 — Carriça, Maia, Ourense); Valerie Arqvi
(f.) (AE, 1983, 508 — Yecla de Yeltes, Salamanca);
Arquius, &c.
do Castelo); Camala Arqvi f. Talabrigensis
(AE, 1952, 65 — Estoraos, Ponte de Lima, Viana do
Castelo); Abrvi Arqvi Apiobicesis (Vasconcellos
1905, 234; J. Mª. Blázquez 1962, 81 — Taroquela,
Cinfães, Viseu); Ambato Arqvi f. (ERZamora, 114;
CIRPZ, 241— Villalcampo, Zamora); Arqvio Talai f.
(ERZamora, 103; CIRPZ, 164 — San Pedro de la Nave,
Zamora); Iemvriae Arqvi f. (HAE, 913; ERZamora,
41; CIRPZ, 264 — Villalcampo, Zamora); Aplondvs
Arqviaecvs Svrnae f. Mirob(rigensis (CIL II,
4980 b; AE, 1913, 5; AE, 1987, 616 k — Garlitos, Badajoz);
Ambati Arqvici (HEp, 11, 361 —Barruecopardo,
Salamanca); [H]ercvl[an]ae Arq[vi]c(i) f(iliae)
(HEp, 11, 386 — Salamanca). ¶Divine Names:
LVGVBO ARQVIENOBO C. Ivlivs Hispanvs V.
S. L. M.(IRLugo, 67 — Liñarán, Sober, Lugo) possibly
meaning ‘to the Lugoues Arqui(o)-genoi, i.e. born of
the archer’; LVGOVBV[S] ARQVIENI[S] Silonivs
Silo EX VOTO (IRLugo, 68; IRG II, 18 — Sinoga,
Rábade, Otero del Rey, Lugo); ¶ S.W. INSCRIPTIONS.
In MLH IV, the opening sequence of inscription J.7.6
(‘Ameixial 2’, Loulé, Faro) aarkuuioriou〈ti〉bea:i where
it is preferable to segment aarkuui as a dative singular
PC *[arku̯ i̯uːi] ‘to/for Arquius’ > aarkuui [arku̯ (u̯ )uːi].
 more EXAMPLES: delabialized byform
¶Celtiberian region. Arcea Alticon Aleonei
filia (Abásolo 1974a, 48 — Lara de los Infantes,
Burgos); Arcea [---] Ambati f. (Abásolo 1974a,
188 — Lara de los Infantes, Burgos); Arcea [---]
avca Ambati Terenti f. (EE, VIII 150; Abásolo
1974a, 160 — Lara de los Infantes, Burgos); Arceae
Desiiae Cadaeci f. (Abásolo 1974a, 95 — Lara
de los Infantes, Burgos); [A]rceae Dessicae
Pat[er]ni f. (AE, 1983, 600; HEp, 4, 198 — Lara de
los Infantes, Burgos); Arcea Elanioca Paterni f.
(Abásolo 1974a, 146 — Lara de los Infantes, Burgos);
Arceae Longinae C. f. (matri) (CIL II, 5799;
Abásolo 1974a, 154 — Lara de los Infantes, Burgos);
Arcea Plandica Maticvla(e) f. (CIL II, 2860;
Abásolo 1974a, 176 — Lara de los Infantes, Burgos).
¶Western Peninsula. Arciae Mo[---] (HEp, 4,
1023; ERRBragança, 22; HEp, 12, 599 — Meixedo,
Bragança); Arcivs Epeici f. Bracarvs (HAE, 992;
HEp, 11, 647; HEp, 13, 647 — Vila da Feira, Aveiro);
Tavrvs Arci f. Ammicivs (AE, 1971, 146; HEp, 7,
168 — Villar del Rey, Badajoz); Anivs Arci (ILER, 974
— Idanha-a-Velha, Idanha-a-Nova, Castelo Branco);
Arcivs (AE, 1967, 157 — Idanha-a-Velha, Idanha-
a-Nova, Castelo Branco); [Cae]nivs Arci (Almeida
1956, 154, nº 20 — Idanha-a-Velha, Idanha-a-Nova,
Castelo Branco); L. Svlla Arci f. (AE, 1967, 157
— Idanha-a-Velha, Idanha-a-Nova, Castelo Branco);
Tertvla Arci f. (HAE, 1172; Almeida 1956, 133
— Idanha-a-Velha, Idanha-a-Nova, Castelo Branco);
Tovtoni Arci f. (AE, 1967, 144; HEp, 2, 770; HEp,
5, 989 — Idanha-a-Velha, Idanha-a-Nova, Castelo
Branco); Arcivs (HEp, 5, 1055 — Ponte da Barca,
Viana do Castelo); Arcissvs Arenier(i) f. (CIL
II, 733; CPILC, 116; Albertos 1977b, 35 — Cáceres);
Medamvs Arcisi f. caste[l]lo Meidvnio
(Cadones 130 — Cadones, Celanova, Ourense).
• The renowned 20th-century
Celtic-scholar Kenneth Jackson
thought there was a non-Indo-
European language—spoken
alongside a P-Celtic one—
amongst the Picts. The place-
name and group-name evidence
that was the basis for Jackson’s
Arrows and archery wrist
guards were essential to the
Beaker package everywhere.
After the Early Bronze Age,
there is little trace of archery in Beakers (= intoxicating
beverage), archery
later prehistoric Britain, Ireland, equipment, copper
or NW France. Loanwords daggers
predominate in the attested
Insular Celtic languages: MIr.
boga and Welsh bwa from
Old Norse, OIr. saiget ‘arrow’,
Welsh saeth from Latin. Breton
gwarek ‘bow’ is a deverbative
formation.
Parker Pearson (2005, 28)
explains this gap with the rise
of the ‘pan-European warrior
cult’ (during the Middle Bronze
Age), which valued hand-to-
hand engagements between Harrison, R. J. & V. Heyd 2007 ‘The Transformation of Europe in the Third
high-status combatants and Millennium BC: the Example of “Le Petit-Chasseur I + III” (Sion, Valais,
equipment suitable for such Switzerland)’, Prähistorische Zeitschrift 82/2, 129–214.
activity: leather shields, leather Parker Pearson, M. 2005, ‘Warfare, violence and slavery in later prehistory:
armour, spears, rapiers later an introduction’, Warfare, Violence and Slavery in Prehistory, BAR
swords. International Series 1374, ed. M. Parker Pearson & I. J. N. Thorpe, 19–33.
Thus exceptionally, in the Iberian Peninsula, bows and arrows are one of the
recurrent motifs of the Late Bronze Age warrior stelae, where they occur together
with other items of the high-status warrior’s panoply: shields, spears, swords,
helmets, chariots, brooches, mirrors, combs (Harrison 2004, 144, 146).
Harrison, R. J. 2004 Symbols and Warriors: Images of the European Bronze Age. Bristol, Western Academic & Specialist Press.

ÉCIJA III, Sevilla MONTEMOLÍN, Marchena, Sevilla

• bows & arrows as represented on SW Peninsular LBA warrior stelae
• probable arrowheads
§13. probable arrowheadsfrom
from the Ríade
the Ría deHuelva
Huelva deposition
deposition (1050–950/900
(1050–950/900 BC) BC)
• Bronze
and bows Age rockasart
& arrows from Fossum,
represented on SWTanum, Sweden
Peninsular LBA warrior stelae
Harrison, R. J. 2004 Symbols and Warriors: Images
of the European Bronze Age. Bristol, Western
Academic
Harrison, R. J.&2004
Specialist
SymbolsPress.
and Warriors: Images
of the European Bronze Age. Bristol, Western
Ruiz-Gálvez
Academic Priego, M. 1995
& Specialist Press. ‘Cronología de la Ría
de Huelva en el marco del Bronce Final de Europa
Ruiz-Gálvez Ritos M.
occidental’,Priego, de1995
paso‘Cronología
y puntos dedepaso.
la La Ría de
Ría de Huelva en el marco del Bronce Final de
Huelva en el mundo del Bronce Final europeo, ed. M.
Europa occidental’, Ritos de paso y puntos de
Ruiz-Gálvez, 79–83. Madrid, Editorial Complutense.
paso. La Ría de Huelva en el mundo del Bronce
Final europeo, ed. M. Ruiz-Gálvez, 79–83.
Madrid, Editorial Complutense.
Arcobriga: probably
not ‘the hillfort of the
bear’ PIE *H2ŕ̥tḱos,
cf. Palaeohispanic
ARTIVS ‘bearlike’.
There were three
places in the ancient
Iberian Peninsula called
Arcobriga. The location
of only one is certain:
Monreal de Ariza in the
province of Zaragoza.
An impressive hill
overlooks the ruined
Roman town there.
Thus far, no pre-Roman
hillfort has been found
on the site.
Arcobriga enlarged
& Montemolín turned
CON CLU SI O NS
Due to rapid advances in research — especially in the field of archaeo­
genetics — we will probably soon know more about the peoples and
languages of later prehistoric western Europe than we do now.
Present evidence permits the following provisional conclusions.
• Undifferentiated Proto-Celtic did not first expand from west-central
Europe towards the Atlantic beginning in the earliest Iron Age
(Hallstatt C1a, 800/750 BC).
• It is not impossible that Proto-Celtic expanded rapidly westward
from ‘Urnfield’ west-central Europe at the beginning of the Late
Bronze Age (1300/1200 BC).
• However, it is more likely that Celtic roots in the west are deeper,
going back to the Early Bronze Age (2100–1700 BC) or Beaker
Copper Age (late 3rd millennium), the result of a primary expansion
of Proto-Indo-European to the Atlantic before Proto-Celtic emerged.
 Prof. John T. Koch
University of Wales

Lilla Hörsalen 17.00 - 18.00

Gothenburg, 2 December 2015

This talk presents a case for an alternative model of Celtic origins: speakers of Proto-Indo-European
first reached the Atlantic as early as the Copper Age (3rd millennium BC), their language then evolved
into Celtic, and expanded back towards west-central Europe, preceding the historical expansions, and
onward to Cisalpine Gaul and Anatolian Galatia.