Database

Management
System
(DBMS)
Database Management System (DBMS)

Database is collection of interrelated data where data can be easily accesses, managed and updated. For
example, consider office department in school maintains details of the student such as name of the
student, age, address, class etc. These all records are related with student stored in a database.

Database management System is collection of data and set of programs to access the data. It allows
creation, definition and manipulation of database. DBMS provides protection and security to database.
Some examples for popular dbms are MySQL, Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft Access and IBM DB2.

Applications of DBMS

 Banking: Banks uses database for customer accounts, loans and other transactions.
 Airlines: Airlines uses online database for reservation, arrival and departure of the planes
,schedule information etc.
 Education: Schools, colleges and universities use database for course details ,registration,
examination details ,result etc.
 Credit card transactions: It is used to keep track of purchases on credit cards to generate
statements.
 Telecommunications: Telecommunication department uses database to store information about
telephone numbers, details of calls, generating bills etc.
 E-commerce: It uses online databases for buying and selling of products, online transaction
processing, internet marketing etc.
 Finance: It uses database for storing information such as sales, stocks, bonds etc.
 Sales: it uses databases for storing product details, transaction and customer details.
 Human resources: Organizations use databases for storing information about employees ,
salaries, tax, salary checks etc.

Advantages of DBMS

 Controlling Data Redundancy: if database have more than one records of same type then it is
called data redundancy. In DBMS, all data is stored in one single database file and that recorded
data is placed in the database.
 Data Sharing: Data can be shared by authorized users of the organization among multiple users.
Many users can be authorized to access the same data simultaneously. The remote users also
can share the same data.
 Enforcing Data Integrity: In database approach, data integrity is much easier. In database, data
is stored in the tables. A single database contains multiple tables which is easy to retrieve and
update the data.
 Data Security: Data security is the protection of the database from unauthorized access. The
DBMS ensures access of the database through authorized channel. To ensure security, DBMS
provides security such as by giving user name and passwords.
 Ease of application development: The programmer needs to develop applications according to
user specification. The other issues such as data integrity, security etc are handled by DBMS
itself which makes application development easier.
 Multiple user interfaces: DBMS provides different types of user interfaces such as application
program interfaces, graphical user interfaces which includes form style and menu driven
interfaces. Form style interface provides user interaction with forms and menu driven interface
provides user interaction with list of options called as menus.
 Backup and recovery: Most of the DBMS’s provide backup and recovery subsystems which
creates automatically backup of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if
required.
  Data Independence: Data Independence keeps data separated from all programs that make use
of it. In DBMS, database and application programs are separated from each other and we can
easily change the database structure without modifying the application program.
 Reduced Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to centralized nature of the system.

Disadvantages of DBMS

 Cost of Data Conversion: When computer file based system replaced with database system, it
must be converted to database file. It’s difficult to convert data file into database, so for this we
have to take help of database designers along with application programmers and also we should
take help of software which costs lot of money for developing the software.
 Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements. DBMS is
extremely complex piece of software. The operation of database system with several users and
databases is quite costly and demanding.
 Cost of Hardware and Software: To run DBMS software, we need high speed of data processor
and large memory size and DBMS software also too high.
 Size: DBMS is large piece of software due to its complexity and breadth functionality. It occupies
large space of disk and large memory to run the efficiently.
 Cost of staff training: DBMS is complex database system which is required to train the users all
levels including programming, application development etc for which organization has to pay lot
of amount for training staff to run the DBMS.
 Higher impact of failure : In most of the organizations, all data stored in a single database.
Since all users and applications rely on the availability of the DBMS. If database is damaged due
to electric failure or database corruption data may lost forever

Characteristics of DBMS

 It reduces complex relationships between data.

 Enforces user defined rules and ensures data sharing.
 It provides different interfaces which user can manipulate the data.
 Integrated database helps in understanding relationship between data stored in different
applications.

 It has automatic backup and recovery procedures.
 Provides clear and logical view of process that manipulates data.
 Changes made in the database schema should not affect the other levels.
 Controls data redundancy and control over security.
 It contains ACID properties which stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability
which maintains data in healthy state in case of failure.

Users

DBMS is used by many users for various purposes. In large organizations, many people are involved in
design, use and maintenance of database with hundreds of users. The people whose job is to maintain
day-to-day use of large database, we call them as actors on the scene. Some of them are described as
follows :
  Database Administrators(DBA): In database environment, the primary resource is database
itself and the secondary resource is DBMS and related software. Administrating these resources
is the responsibility of the database administrator. The DBA is responsible for authorizing access
to the database, system license, monitoring its use, acquiring software and hardware resources
as needed.
 Database Designers: these are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in a database for
choosing structure to the database to represent the data. Database designers work on the design
part of the database. Database designers communicate with database users in order to
understand their requirements and create design as per user’s requirements. They decide what
data should be kept and in what format data should be there, these are all decided by database
designers. They interact with users and develop views of the database that meet requirements of
users.
 End Users: End users are the people whose job is to access the database for querying, updating
and generating the reports. There are several categories of end users: Casual end users access
the database but they may need different information each time. Parametric end users make up
sizable portion of the database and users. Sophisticated end users include engineers, scientists,
business analysts and others familiarize with DBMS to implement their applications to meet their
complex requirements. Standalone users maintain database by using readymade program
packages which provide menu based or graphic based interfaces.

DBMS Architecture

The basic client/server architecture was developed to deal with large number of PCs, work stations,
database servers, web servers and other components are connected with network. The client/server
architecture consists of many PCs and work stations which are connected via network .A client in this
framework is a user machine which provides user interface and local processing.

The second approach i.e. two-tier architecture was taken by some object oriented DBMSs, where DBMS
were divided between client and server in more integrated way. The server level may include data
storage on disk pages, recovery and buffering of disk pages and other functions. The client level may
include user interface, interaction with programming language compiler, recovery across multiple servers
and other functions. It is simplicity and compatibility with existing system.Three-tier Architecture

Three tier architecture adds intermediate layer between the client and server as shown below.
An end user sits on client tier i.e. web interface which is used by client to communicate with server
through intermediate layer. All views are generated by applications which reside in the application tier.

The middle layer sometimes called application server or sometimes web server depending on the
application. This tier is uses business roles that are used to access data from the server. For user
application tier works as view of the database. The intermediate tier accepts requests from the client,
processes the request and sends the commands to database server.

The database tier includes data management services which gives result for client via middle tier.
Security is the best in the three tier architecture because the middle tier protects the database tier.

DBMS Data Models

Data Model is collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of the database. It
describes relationship between different parts of the data. Data Models can be categorize according to
types of concepts that describe structure of the database.

 Conceptual Data Model: It provides concepts that are close to many users which perceive the
data.
 Physical Data Model: It provides concepts that describe how data is stored in the computer.
 Representational Data Model: It can hide details some details of data storage but it can be
implemented on computer system directly.

Conceptual data model is also known as high level data model that provide relationship between
different entities. Conceptual data model is created by combining requirements from various sources like
business analysts, business documents and end users. It is first step in constructing data model and
which provides representation of business of the organization. It describes structure of the database and
gives information of about main subject area of the organization. It comprises relationship between
subject area and entities in the subject area.
Physical data model is also known as low level data model that describe how data is stored in the
computer by representing information such as record formats, record orderings and access paths. It is
used to create relationship between tables. It includes tables, columns, primary key, foreign key and
relationship between tables. Database performance, physical storage etc are the important parameters of
the physical model. An access path is structure that makes search for particular database records. It
includes storage allocation of database system. An index is example of access path that allows direct
access to data using index keyword.

Representational model is also known as implementation data model used frequently in traditional
DBMSs. This model includes widely used relational data models such as network and hierarchical
models. Representational model represent data by using record structures and hence are sometimes
called record based data models .

Another new level called object data model group (ODMG) is representational data model which is
closer t conceptual data model. They are particularly used in software engineering domain.

Entity Relationship Model

It is graphical representation of entities and their relationships to each other. An entity is a real world
object that is distinguishable from other objects. It is frequently used for the conceptual design of
database applications and much database design tools employ its concepts. It works around real world
entity and association among them. It is relies on concepts of entities, attributes and relationships. It
represents pictorial representation of entities and relationship between entities in the format called ER
diagram. ER model describes data as entities, attributes and relationships as follows:

 Entity: It represents real world object ,such as employee or project that is described in the
database.
 Attribute: It represents property of the entity, such as employee name, address or salary.
 Relationship: It represents an association between two or more entities, for example ,
relationship between a employee and a project.

Entity

An entity is real world object with an independent existence. It may be object with a physical
independence such as person, car, employee etc or it may be an object with conceptual existence such
as company, job etc.

Example for Entity

Attributes

The properties of a entity is called as attributes, consider above example, STUDENT is an entity with
properties name, student_number, class and student_address.
Types of Attributes:

 Simple attribute: The attributes which are not divisible are called simple attributes. For example,
phone number is atomic value of 10 digits.
 Composite attributes: They can be divided into smaller parts which represent more basic
attributes with independent attributes. For example, address can be divided into street, city, state,
zip.
 Single valued attribute: This attribute contain single value for particular entity. For example, age
is single valued attribute of a person.
 Multivalued attribute: It contain more than one values. For example, a person may contain more
than one degree, phone number etc.
 Derived attribute: This attribute do not exist in physical database, but values are derived from
other attributes present in the database. For example, age and birth date are attributes of a
person. Age can be derived from data of birth.
 Null value: An entity may not have applicable value for an attribute. For example, apartment
number applies to addresses that are in the apartment building and not to other type’s
residences.

Relationship

Relationship exists between two database tables when one table has foreign key that references to
primary key of the other table and it is also associates between entities.

Following are types of relationships between tables.

 one-to-one relationship: In this type, a row in table A can have no more than one matching row
in table B.

 one-to-many relationship: In this type, a row in table A can have more matching rows in table B
but row in table B can have only one matching row in table A.
  many-to-many relationship: In this type, a row in table A can have many matching rows in table
B and vice versa.

 many-to-one relationship: In this type, more than one entities from table A can be associated with
at most one entity of table B but one entity from table B can be associated with more than one
entity from table A .

Relational Model

The relational model represents the database as collection of relations. It is most popular data model in
DBMS. In the relational model, all data must be stored in the form of tables and each relation consists of
rows and columns. When a relation is thought of set of table values, each row in the table represents
collection of related data values.

In the relational model, each row in the table represents real world entity or relationship. In this model, a
row is called a tuple, a column header is called attribute and table is called a relation. Each row contains
unique value and each column contains values from a same domain.

Primary Keys

In order for a table to qualify as a relational table it must have a primary key.

The primary key consists of one or more columns whose data contained within is used to uniquely
identify each row in the table. You can think of the primary key as an address. If the rows in a table were
mailboxes, then the primary key would be the listing of street addresses.

When a primary key is composed of multiple columns, the data from each column is used to determine
whether a row is unique.

In order to be a primary key, several conditions must hold true. First, as we mentioned, the columns must
be unique. To clarify, we’re referring to the data within the rows, not the column names
themselves. Also, no value in the columns can be blank or NULL.
Foreign Keys

A foreign key is a set of one or more columns in a table that refers to the primary key in another
table. There isn’t any special code, configurations, or table definitions you need to place to officially
“designate” a foreign key.

Difference between Primary Key & Foreign Key

1. Primary Key
2. Foreign Key

1. Primary key uniquely identify a record in the table.

2. Foreign key is a field in the table that is primary key in another table.
1. Primary Key can't accept null values.
2. Foreign key can accept multiple null value.
1. By default, Primary key is clustered index and data in the database table is physically organized
in the sequence of clustered index.
2. Foreign key do not automatically create an index, clustered or non-clustered. You can manually
create an index on foreign key.
1. We can have only one Primary key in a table.
2. We can have more than one foreign key in a table.

Queries of DBMS:-
1. create table stu_info(ID int,name text(20),class text(20), rollno text(20),status text(20));
2. insert into stu_info(ID,Name,Class,RollNo,Status) values(ID,Name,Class,RollNo,Status);
3. alter table stu_info add column status2 text(200);
4. update stu_info set status='A' where ID=5;
5. select * from stu_info;
6. select ID,Name from stu_info;
7. select * from stu_info where ID=4;
8. select * from stu_info where Name=”chander”;
9. delete from stu_info;
10. delete from stu_info where name=”chander”;