Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ca/wiki/HomePage&show_comments=0
CHAPTER. II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Introduction:
The present study is made on the health status of the working women in
Gulbarga district. As such information on the general health of women,
reproductive health of women, stress related ill health, fatigue due to heavy
work load, etc are essentially needed. The literature is not available covering
all the aspects. Hence the researcher searched the relevant literature on
certain keywords which are able to fulfill the information requirements of the
research project. To collect the relevant literature, the researcher searched
various Journals and other publications such as books in the Women’s
Studies, Sociology, Social Work and other related subject disciplines on the
following keywords:
Health of Women;
Health of Working Women;
Reproductive Health of Women;
Menstrual and Menopause Health Problems;
Health of Elderly Women;
Hereditary Diseases of Women.
11
2.2. Review of Literature:
12
increasing women’s wage employment as a primary goal, not necessarily on
its own merits, but as part of the demographic drive to reduce fertility. At
what costs to women's welfare do such demographic outcomes occur? The
existing structural nature of women's work (domestic as well as non-domestic)
has severe built-in hazards for women's health (reproductive and otherwise)
which no amount of first rate quality of care and/or access to health services
alone can deal with. Focusing on Tamil Nadu, the author argues in addition
that a demographic model state need not necessarily be a reproductively safe
place.
13
suggesting that broad generalizations about health-related gender differences
are inappropriate. As a means of clarifying more fully the significance of
gender as a determinant of health, gender is examined as it interacts with other
social characteristics associated with health and disease, such as
socio-economic status, paid and unpaid work, exposure to stressors, and social
support. The research that attempts to explain gender related differences in
health also is examined, among which social role explanations dominate. The
possible reasons for the diminishing longevity advantage of women over men
in recent years also are discussed.
14
physical disability on various stages of their life cycle, explored through life
histories of women belonging to different age groups and those belonging to
different castes.
15
and improve the quality of health care for all women, it is important for policy
makers to understand the factors that influence their utilization and
expenditures for medical care.
16
lives of women. However, the act overlooks the fact that childcare is a
problem for many of the working women, especially for young mothers.
17
accruing to women through better access to local employment, at minimum
wages, with relatively decent and safe work conditions. The paper also
discusses barriers to women’s participation.
18
women’s access to health and healthcare, is undeniable. This study is an
attempt to provide such an analysis in simple terms.
19
Ashokkumar and Khan (2010) published a paper “Health status of
women in India: Evidences from National Family Health Survey-3
(2005-06) and future outlook” in ‘Research and Practice in Social
Sciences”. India, in the millennium set goals to minimize women health
problems after the ICPD (International Conference on Population and
Development, 1994, Cairo). As far as women health is concerned, mainly in
the developing countries, including India, the situation is very depressing.
Women have disproportionately paid the price of fertility regulation. But have
they benefited in terms of better health? This paper, five key factors have been
identified in the principal focus of this study: reproductive health, violence
against women, nutritional status, unequal treatment of girls and boys, and
HIV/AIDS. Analysis shows that the wide variation in cultures, religions, and
levels of development among Indian states and union territories, it is not
unusual and startling that women’s health also varies immensely from state to
state. The study suggests that many of the health problems of Indian women
are related to or exacerbated by high levels of fertility.
20
from working on computers and the companies must do something for the
better health of their employees.
21
potential health impact of psychosocial risks and preliminary priorities for
action, and discusses potential barriers and solutions to addressing
psychosocial risks and work-related stress in developing countries. This
research applied a mixed methodology including semi-structured interviews,
two rounds of an online Delphi survey, and four focus groups. Twenty nine
experts with expertise in occupational health were interviewed. Seventy four
experts responded to the first round of an online Delphi survey and 53
responded to the second round. Four groups of experts with a total of 37
active participants with specific or broader knowledge about developing
country contexts participated in focus group discussions. Results: High
concern was expressed for the need to address psychosocial risks and
work-related stress and their health impact. Developing country experts’
knowledge about these issues was comparable to knowledge from
industrialized countries, however, application of expert knowledge was
reported to be weak in developing countries. Socio-economic conditions were
regarded as important considerations. Priorities to be addressed were
identified, and barriers to implementing possible solutions were proposed. The
future research and action paradigms in relation to psychosocial risk
management will need to be broadened to include the larger social, political
and economic contexts in developing countries beyond issues focusing solely
on the working environment. Work-related psychosocial risks and the
emerging priority of work-related stress should urgently be included in the
research and political agendas and action frameworks of developing countries.
22
employment contracts and working conditions. In this paper, consequences of
these changes on occupational and public health and safety are examined.
These include the disruption of human biological rhythms, the increase of
workers fatigue due to changes in patterns of working hours and years of
employment, job insecurity and occupational stress, which have a serious
impact on workers’ health and may result in an increase in occupational
accidents. Unsafe work practices related to workload and time pressure, the
impact of work changes on public safety and the deterioration of workers’
living conditions with respect to income, social-family life, health and
insurance benefits, are also described. In this context, difficulties that occur
due to the changing work environment in conducting effective occupational
risk assessments and implementing OSH measures are discussed (for example,
frequent changes between tasks and workplaces, underreporting of
occupational accidents and diseases, lack of methodological tools, etc.). A
fundamental criterion used while studying consequences on health and safety
and the relative preventive measures is that health and safety must be
approached as ‘the promotion and maintenance at the highest degree of the
physical, mental and social well-being of workers’ and not only as retention of
their work ability. The study limits in combining ‘‘flexibility” at work and
overall protection of occupational and public safety and health in a
competitive market are put forward for discussion.
23
repercussions not only for women, but also for their children and other family
members. This commentary focuses on the trend in five key women’s issues in
India: maternal and child health; violence against women; nutritional status;
unequal treatment of girls and boys; and care quality. The discussion is based
on data extracted from Indian National Family Health Surveys (NFHS-1,
NFHS-2 NFHS-3) spanning the period 1993-2006, and data from the Indian
Sample Registration System and National Crime Research Bureau.
24
Regulations” in ‘Journal of International Women’s Studies’. This article
is an analytic and discursive review of data and studies about women workers
in the manufacturing sector in the Philippines in the light of labor regulations.
The analyses focus on the following: occupational health and safety, health
and safety programs, provision of facilities at work, and labor issues
pertaining to women workers. Policy and advocacy work implications are
recommended based on the discursive analysis.
25
the state of Punjab. The sample of 1000 women teachers was taken, out of
which 500 (250 rural and 250 urban) were from schools and 500 (250 rural
and 250 urban) from colleges. The data was subject to statistical analysis and
the results revealed that there is no significant interactive effect of area
(Rural/Urban), institution (School/College) and age (<35 years/>35 years) on
the variable of psycho-social problems of women teachers.
26
the workers. Present study aims at understanding the association between
occupational risk factors and reproductive health of married working women
in University of Gujrat (UoG), Pakistan. In Pakistan the opportunities for
working women is not appreciable as compared to developed countries.
Women are mostly secluded from such opportunities. So in this study
researchers try to highlight the importance of the issue in the context of the
Pakistan and more specifically working women in UoG. For the present study
110 married working women were sampled form University of Gujrat through
simple random sampling by using sample size determinant formula. The
results showed that there is a positive association between occupational risk
factors and reproductive health of married working women.
27
Sherly Thomas (2011) published her research paper “A Study on the
Health Problems of Women Working in a Textile Unit in Coimbatore” in
‘International Journal of Science and Technology’. The economic status of
women is now accepted as an indicator of a society‟s stage of development.
Textile industry is the only industry to have employed women workers since
long time. Women workers unlike the majority in the informal sector have
been exposed to rigorous work, discipline, fixed working hours, specific
production norms etc. In TamilNadu, the garment industry is female
dominated field. There are many health problems to which the women
workers in textile industry is exposed to. To examine the health problems of
women workers in the textile unit a study is undertaken. The data was
collected with the help of a questionnaire administered to 60 women. The
study found out that many of them suffered from backache, joint pains,
headache and general tiredness. The medical expenses were a big burden for
these women. The women do not give much importance to their health. They
try to work even when they are sick and weak, just to supplement the family
income. The health hazards of the women working in the textile industry are
much higher compared to their counter parts in other sectors. It is therefore an
urgent need on the part of the policy makers to take effective steps to better
the condition of women in textile industry.
28
definition of domestic work as a conceptual issue that is necessary for
understanding domestic work and explores the constitutional and employment
law framework and the challenges in legislating for this sector. It concludes
with exploring ways of reducing the gap between law and practice.
29
since ages, the role of women was confined to household chores and limited to
domestic issues. In the male-dominated Indian society, women suffered to
extreme levels of exploitation. Some factors – like death of bread winner,
sudden fall in family income or inadequate family income – forced women to
seek employment in informal sector (small trader, artisan or field laborer on a
family farm) but yet, that did not result in women empowerment. The
participation of women as workers and women’s education was negligible.
Indian women is distinct from their western counter parts in that they do not
shed their conventional roles as mothers and house wives inspire of their
professional responsibilities. They are skilled at blending professional
excellence and traditional love for home harmoniously. The study is purely
exploratory in nature and seeks to identify the factors preventing women
employees from aspiring for higher post and problems faced by women
executives in public sector banks related to work performance. Further this
aims also at finding out the organizational support for women employees to
achieve higher post. Conclusion has been given.
30
there is no significant difference overall between public and private sector
employees in terms of total stress levels, certain individual stressors—such as
work experience and educational qualifications—do yield differences. The
major limitation of this study is that it was conducted in Uttar Pradesh alone,
while the work culture of organizations other than in Uttar Pradesh may be
different.
31
conflict, family-work conflict and life satisfaction than female managers. The
result also revealed significant differences in different dimensions of
occupational stress: role overload, role conflict and strenuous working
conditions, and in all the dimensions male managers had greater mean scores
than female managers. The regression analysis showed that work-family
conflict, family-work conflict and occupational stress together contributed
16% variance in the life satisfaction of male managers and 18% of female
managers.
32
‘International Journal of Business and Management Tomorrow’,
Mangaiyarkarasi and Sellakumar (2012) assessed the level of occupational
stress and how stress is related to General Health among IT (Information and
Technology) workers in a selected company. A sample of 100 employees both
male and female was randomly selected from a selected IT industry.
Occupational Stress Scale and General Health Questionnaire were
administered individually to collect data. One-way ANOVA was used to
analyze the data to test the hypothesis. The result shows that there is a
significant difference found between high and low Occupational Stress on
General health. Hence it is concluded that increase of occupational stress
affects the general health of the IT workers.
33
the teachers and the office workers and when both compared with control. But
with regard to the age, weight and BMI of the teachers and office workers,
there was a significant increase noted than the control and this was considered
as one of the causative factor for the cardiovascular disorders. The study result
concluded that the working environment affected the teachers to a greater
extent resulted in increased blood pressure, pulse rate and pulse pressure
while the working environment of office workers affected their health to a
lesser extent than the teachers. But when both of them were compared with
the control population, both the workers are affected by their environment.
34
carried out like factor analysis and reliability test. Based on the test result
some of the major finding will be derived that will be significant and relevant
to identify the factors that causes stress among health workers and means to
overcome it.
35
was not statistically significantly associated with all respiratory symptoms
being studied.
36
most of the police constables are having more than 16-20 years of experience
(40%), second most used coping strategies is think how best he can handle the
problems, because most of them are having UG level qualifications and very
good experience in handling crisis situations. And also seeing criminals going
free and lack of personal time are most stressful events faced by the
constables, In this study it shows that poor organizational policy is the major
stressor for grade III police constables.
37
stakeholders; (3) development of OSH infrastructure and OSH professionals.
Other issues include integration of occupational health with primary health
care.
38
neat narrative that paid work is empowering women by providing them with
choices and freedom, nor do they convey that paid work is demeaning and
devoid of any important benefit. Instead, the findings call for considering a
context-specific view of the potential of paid work for women’s well-being
and underline the significance of public policy in enhancing the well-being of
poor women in India.
39
receive from others in the workplace and the strategies they use to respond to
work pressures.
40
prevalence of professional stress, risk for depression and harmful alcohol use
among software engineers and to study the association between professional
stress, risk for depression and harmful alcohol use. The results revealed that a
total of 129 subjects, participated in the study. 51.2% of the study sample was
found to be professionally stressed at the time of interview. 43.4% of the
study population was found to be at risk for developing depression. 68.2% of
those who were professionally stressed were at risk for developing depression
compared with only 17.5% of those who were not professionally stressed.
Odds ratio revealed that subjects who were professionally stressed had 10
times higher risk for developing depression compared to those who were not
professionally stressed. Subjects who were professionally stressed had 5.9
times higher prevalence of harmful alcohol use compared to those who were
not professionally stressed. Subjects who were at risk for developing
depression had 4.1 times higher prevalence of harmful alcohol use compared
with those who were not at risk for developing depression. Such higher rates
of professional stress, risk for developing depression and harmful alcohol use
among software engineers could hinder the progress of IT development and
also significantly increase the incidence of psychiatric disorders.
41
symptoms including somatic symptoms and psychological symptoms are
higher in females compared to males.
42
employees. This is due the fact that there is tough competition in private
sector and each company wants its employees to be highly efficient and
hardworking giving least or no importance the working conditions. Another
hypothesis pertains that occupational stress among urban working women is
higher than those of rural. Another hypothesis pertains that health status is
directly affected by the stress. With the increase in stress level, health of
women is tremendously affected. Another hypothesis pertains that
occupational stress in married women is greater than those who are unmarried.
Married women have to work in two shifts i.e; for home and in office as well.
Managing both duties sometimes becomes unbearable as she is not able to
give time and relaxation for herself, which in turn increases her stress level
which directly causes health problems.
43
women’s. Stress make a person more susceptible to disease, which then
aggravates any existing illness or chronic condition such as heart disease,
depression, ulcers, irritable bowel disease, diabetics, the common cold,
urinary tract infections. Some people seek comfort from stress by engaging in
behaviours such as alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, or overeating, which
have negative physical and emotional health consequences of their own. A
recent survey showed that 70-90 percent of women feel stressed at work place
and outside. Depression, only one type of stress reaction, is predicted to be the
leading occupational disease of the 21st century, responsible for more days
lost than any other single factor. Globally, 23 percent of women executives
and professionals, say they feel “super stressed”. The aim of the field study
has been to find out the cause and effects of stress on the working women.
Causes of occupational stress and several specific techniques have been
suggested through stress management. To conclude, the effective management
of stress involves directing stress for productive purposes, preparing role
occupants to understand the nature of stress helping them to understand their
strength and usual styles and equipping them to develop approach strategies
for coping with stress.
2.3. References:
44
4. Anandhi, S (2007): Women, Work and Abortion: A Case Study from
Tamil Nadu. Economic & Political Weekly. March 24, 2007. P.
1054-1060.
5. Ashokkumar and Khan, ME (2010): Health Status of Women in India:
Evidences from National Family Health Survey-3 (2005-06) and Future
Outlook. Research and Practice in Social Sciences. Vol. 6. No.2.
August 2010. P. 1-21.
6. Ashok Kumar and Sundar (2012): Problems Faced by Women
Executives Working in Public Sector Banks in Puducherry.
International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services &
Management Research. Vol. 1. No. 7. July 2012. P. 180-193.
7. Bano, Bushara and Jha, Rajiv Kumar (2012): Organizational Role
Stress Among Public and Private Sector Employees: A Comparative
Study. The Lahore Journal of Business. Vol. 1. No. 1. Summer 2012.
P. 23-36.
8. Dalmia, Aaradhana J (2012): Strong Women, Weak Bodies, Muted
Voices Women Construction Workers in Delhi. Economic & Political
Weekly. Vol. 47. No. 26 & 27. June 30, 2012. P. 249-256.
9. Darshan, MS, et al (2013): A Study on Professional Stress, Depression
and Alcohol Use Among Indian IT Professionals. Indian Journal of
Psychiatry. Vol. 55. No. 1. January-March 2013. P. 63-70.
10. Divya Raju, et al (2013): Influence of Occupational Stress on Health
Among the Medical Transcriptors. International Journal of Pharma
and Biological Sciences. Vol. 4. No. 1. January 2013. P. 1101-1106.
11. Geeta Kumari, et al (2010): Studies on Health Problems of Software
People: A Case Study of Faculty of GCE and GIMT Gurgaon, India.
International Journal of Innovation, Management and
Technology. Vol. 1. No. 4. October 2010. P. 388-397.
12. Hasnain, N, et al (2012): Work-Family Conflict and Occupational
Stress as Correlates of Life Satisfaction Among Male and Female
Managers. International Review of Business and Social Sciences.
Vol. 1. No. 9. August 2012. P. 1-10.
13. Holeyannavar, PG and Itagi, SK (2011): Relationship Between Stress,
Health Status and Emotional Competence of Primary School Teachers
and Housewives. Humanity and Social Sciences Journal. Vol. 6. No.
1. 2011. P. 59-65.
14. Holeyannavar, PG and Itagi, SK (2012): Stress and Emotional
Competence of Primary School Teachers. Journal of Psychology. Vol.
3. No. 1. 2012. P. 29-38.
15. Jamwal, Renu and Gupta, Deepti (2010): Work Participation of
Females and Emerging Labour Laws in India. Asia-Pacific Journal of
Social Sciences. Vol. 2. No. 1. January-June 2010. P. 161-172.
45
16. Janzen, BL (1998): Women, Gender and Health: A Review of Recent
Literature. Winnipeg: Prairie Women’s Health Centre for Excellence,
1998.
17. Jinky Leilanie Lu (2011): Occupational Health and Safety of Women
Workers: Viewed in the Light of Labor Regulations. Journal of
International Women’s Studies. Vol. 12. No. 1. 2011. P. 68-78.
18. Jocelyn Sackey and Mohammed-Aminu Sanda (2011): Social Support
as Mental Health Improver for Managerial Women in the
Organizational Work Environment. Business Intelligence Journal.
Vol. 4. No. 2. July 2011. P. 362-370.
19. Kaila, HL (2007): Women Managers in Indian Organizations. Journal
of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. Vol. 33. No. 1.
January 2007. P. 93-102.
20. Kakkar, Nidhi and Ahuja, Jyoti (2013): Stress Among Women
Lecturers Working in Govt. and Private Colleges: A Comparative
Study. Advanced International Research Journal of Teacher
Education. Vol. 1. No. 1. March 2013. P. 113-117.
21. Kaur, Ravinder and Kaur, Naginder (2011): Psycho-social Problems of
Women Teachers Working in Schools and Colleges of Punjab.
Contemporary Research in India. Vol. 1. No. 3. September 2011. P.
185-190.
22. Kortum, Evelyn, et al (2010): Psycho-social Risks and Work Related
Stress in Developing Countries: Health Impact, Priorities, Barriers and
Solutions. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and
Environmental Health. Vol. 23. No. 3. 2010. P. 225-238.
23. Lakshmi Lingam and Vaidehi Yelamanchili (2011): Reproductive
Rights and Exclusionary Wrongs: Maternity Benefits. Economic &
Political Weekly. Vol. 46. No. 43. October 22, 2011. P. 94-103.
24. Mangaiyarkarasi, K and Sellakumar, GK (2012): Occupational Stress
in Relation to General Health Among Information Technology (IT)
Workers. International Journal of Business and Management
Tomorrow. Vol. 2. No. 5. May 2012. P. 1-6.
25. Mariammal, et al (2012): Work Influenced Occupational Stress and
Cardiovascular Risk among Teachers and Office Workers. Journal of
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. Vol. 4. No. 3. 2012. P.
1807-1811.
26. Mehrotra, Nilika (2004): Women, Disability and Social Support in
Rural Haryana. Economic & Political Weekly. December 25, 2004. P.
5640-5644.
27. Muhammad Shoaib, et al (2011): Occupational Risk Factors
Associated with Reproductive Health of Working Women: A Case
Study of University of Gujrat. Academic Research International.
Vol. 1. No. 2. September 2011. P. 292-301.
46
28. Muthu Velayutham and Chandru (2012): An Empirical study on Job
Stress and its impact on health workers in Private Hospitals at
Tiruchirappalli, South India. Interdisciplinary Journal of
Contemporary Research in Business. Vol. 4. No. 7. November 2012.
P. 367-376.
29. Nadeem Malik (2011): A study on Occupational Stress experienced by
Private and Public Banks Employees in Quetta City. African Journal
of Business Management. Vol. 5. No. 8. April 2011. P. 3063-3070.
30. Nakkeeran, N (2003): Women’s Work, Status and Fertility Land, Caste
and Gender in a South Indian Village. Economic & Political Weekly.
September 13, 2003. P. 3931-3939.
31. Nur Aqilah, MY and Juliana, J (2012): Association between
Occupational Stress and Respiratory Symptoms among Lecturers in
Universiti Putra Malaysia. Global Journal of Health Science. Vol. 4.
No. 6. 2012. P. 160-170.
32. Padmini Swaminathan (1997): Work and Reproductive Health: A
Hobson’s Choice for Indian Women? Economic & Political Weekly.
October 25, 1997. P. WS53-WS62.
33. Pandit, Somya and Upadhyaya, Shobha (2012): Role Conflict and its
effect on Middle Class Working Women of India. IOSR Journal of
Business and Management. Vol. 4. No. 1. September-October 2012.
P. 5-37.
34. Papadopoulos, Gerasimos, et al (2010): Occupational and public health
and safety in a changing work environment: An integrated approach for
risk assessment and prevention. Safety Science. Vol. 48. 2010. P.
943-949.
35. Preeti Singh and Anu Pandey (2005): Women in Call Centres.
Economic & Political Weekly. February 12, 2005. P. 684-689.
36. Rajasekhar, D and Sasikala, B (2013): An Impact of Stress
Management on Employed Women. Language in India. Vol. 13. No.
4. April 2013. P. 208-221.
37. Ratna Sudarshan and Shrayana Bhattacharya (2009): Through the
Magnifying Glass: Women’s Work and Labour Force Participation in
Urban Delhi. Economic & Political Weekly. November 28, 2009. P.
59-67.
38. Reetika Khera and Nandini Nayak (2009): Women Workers and
Perceptions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
Economic & Political Weekly. Vol. 44. No. 43. October 24, 2009. P.
49-58.
39. Sahu, UC and Saha, KB (2010): A Trend in Women’s Health in India –
What has been achieved and What can be done. Rural and Remote
Health. June 2010. P. 1-11.
47
40. Sengupta, Ranja and Jena, Narendra (2009): The Current Trade
Paradigm and Women’s Health Concerns in India: With Special
Reference to the Proposed EU-India Free Trade Agreement.
Consortium for Trade and Development, December 2009.
41. Sharma, RK and Dhawan, Saroj (1986): Health Problems of Rural
Women. Health and Population: Perspectives and Issues. Vol. 9.
No. 1. 1986. P. 18-25.
42. Sherly Thomas (2011): A Study on the Health Problems of Women
Working in a Textile Unit in Coimbatore. International Journal of
Science and Technology. Vol. 1. No. 5. November 2011. P. 200-203.
43. Shunmuga Sundaram and Jeya Kumaran (2012): A Study on
Occupational stress and Coping strategies among Police Head
Constables (Grade III). Research Journal of Management Sciences.
Vol. 1. No. 1. August 2012. P. 44-47.
44. Shyam Pingle (2012): Occupational Safety and Health in India: Now
and the Future. Industrial Health. Vol. 50. 2012. P. 167-171.
45. Somashekhar, N and Vinodh Kumar, GC (2012): Occupational
Problems and Challenges of Women Bus Conductors in Road
Transport Industry: With Special Reference to BMTC. International
Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention. Vol. 1. No. 1.
December 2012. P. 55-60.
46. Sudha Narayanan (2008): Employment Guarantee, Women’s Work and
Childcare. Economic & Political Weekly. March 1, 2008. P. 10-13.
47. Taylor, et al (2005): Women’s Health Care Utilization and
Expenditures. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Working
Paper No. 05014. June 2005.
48. Sunny Jose (2012): Women’s Paid Work and Well-being in Rajasthan.
Economic & Political Weekly. Vol. 47. No. 45. November 10, 2012.
P. 48-56.
49. Uzma Rashid and Nisar Ahmad Wani (2013): Impact of Occupational
Stress on the Health Status of Working Women in Anantnag District
(J&K). International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow. Vol. 2.
No. 4. April 2013. P. 1-7.
50. Vasanthi, Nimushakavi (2011): Addressing Paid Domestic Work: A
Public Policy Concern. Economic & Political Weekly. Vol. 46. No.
43. October 22, 2011. P. 85-93.
51. Vijayadurai, J and Venkatesh, S (2012): A Study on Stress
Management among Women College Teachers in Tamilnadu, India.
Pacific Business Review International. Vol. 5. No. 2. August 2012.
P. 50-62.
48