Failure Criterion

Lesson 8
1. Introduction to Laminate Composite Simulation

2. Zone-Based Process
3. Ply-Based Process
4. Modeling 3D Laminates
5. Materials and Micromechanics
6. Solution and Post-Processing
7. Laminate Theory
Activity:
8. Laminate Failure Analysis • Failure metrics on mud guard
9. Laminate Dynamic Simulation
10. Laminate Optimization
© 2013. Siemens Product Lifecycle Management Software Inc. All rights reserved
Page 1 Siemens PLM Software
Laminate failure analysis
• This lesson introduces the laminate failure theories implemented in NX

Laminate Composites.
• NXLC uses these theories to predict classical first-ply failure.
Failure analysis in NX Laminate Composites
NX Laminate Composites uses ply and bond failure theories when you:
• Validate the laminate strength.
• Use advanced post processing tools to visualize and review failure analysis
results.
• Optimize your laminate.
You can compute:

• Ply and bond failure indices
• Ply and bond margins of safety
• Ply and bond strength ratios
Failure analysis properties – 2D
In order to obtain failure metric results, you need to:

• Select a failure theory for your laminate physical
property.
• Enter a value for allowable stress for bonding.

You must enter this value even if you are not
interested in interlaminar results
• Specify tensile stress or strain limits in directions
1 and 2 for all materials.
• Specify compressive stress or strain limits in
directions 1 and 2 for all materials.
• Specify shear stress or strain limits in 12 plane
for all materials.
• (Optional) Specify shear stress or strain limits in

13 and 23 planes for all materials.
Failure analysis properties – 3D
In order to obtain failure metric results, you need to:

• If your 3D laminate has been inflated, select a failure theory and an interlaminar
failure theory for all the plies that the solid laminate property references.
• If you are defining the laminate directly in the modeler (ie it has not been inflated),
then you can define failure theories at the ply level.
• Enter a value for shear stress for bonding or normal stress for bonding. You
must enter one value even if you are not interested in interlaminar results
• Specify tensile stress or strain limits in directions 1, 2 and 3 for all materials.
• Specify compressive stress or strain limits in directions 1, 2 and 3 for all

materials.
• Specify shear stress or strain limits in 12, 13 and 23 planes for all materials.
Failure analysis properties
Stress and strain limits are the maximum stress and strain that the
material can withstand in the specified direction.
You specify them in the Stress Limits and Strain Limits groups of the Strength tab
of Isotropic Material and Orthotropic Material dialog boxes.
If you select Tsai-Wu theory, you can define the Tsai-Wu Interaction Coefficient
(F12).
• When the Tsai-Wu Interaction Coefficient (F12) is not defined or when the
specified value violates the stability check, the software sets it to 0.0.
Note
• For ply materials, the stress and strain allowables are calculated from the
specified matrix and fiber material values.
Ply failure envelopes
The ply failure envelope plots help you to see how much stress a ply can withstand
under combined loading.
The shape of the envelope depends on:
• The failure theory.
• The allowable strengths of the ply material.
The size of the envelope varies with the amount of

shear stress.
The limits of shear stress correspond to the in-plane
shear strength for the selected ply’s material.
Failure index results
The failure index is a scalar quantity that indicates the regions where the
composite laminate structure could fail.
• The failure index can be a positive or negative number.
• You want your failure index results to be below 1.0.
• Regions where the failure index is above one are where the plies could fail.
Strength ratio results
The strength ratio is a scalar that measures the safety of your design.
• A strength ratio of 2 indicates that the structure can withstand a load that is twice
as large as the load it was analyzed for.
• The strength ratio is always positive.
• You want your strength ratio results to be above 1.0.
• Regions where the strength ratio is below one are where the plies could fail
Advantage of strength ratio over failure index
• For failure theories that use a second order polynomial equation with linear
terms, the strength ratio accurately predicts the allowable load.
• The failure index only indicates pass/fail, it cannot be used to deduce an
allowable load for these failure theories.
Margin of safety results
The margin of safety is a variation of the strength ratio that includes a user-
specified safety factor.
• The margin of safety is expressed as a percentage.
• You want your margin of safety results to be positive.
• Negative margin of safety results indicate regions that are not structurally
sound.
• Only NXLC computes margins of safety.
Ply stress and strain limit notation
Mathematical notation
Description
Stress Strain
XT XTε Tensile limit in direction 1
XC XCε Compressive limit in direction 1
YT YTε Tensile limit in direction 2
YC YCε Compressive limit in direction 2
ZT ZTε Tensile limit in direction 3
ZC ZCε Compressive limit in direction 3
Sε or Sε12, Sε13, Shear limit in 12, 13, and 23
S or S12, S13, S23 Sε23 planes
Sb Shear stress limit for bonding
Sn Normal stress limit for bonding
Classification of failure theories
Limit failure theories

• The failure index is a linear function of one of the components of the elemental
stresses or strains.
• For a linear solution, the relation between applied loads and failure index is
linear.
• Limit failure theories in NX Laminate Composites:
• Maximum Stress ply failure theory (2D/3D)
• Maximum Strain ply failure theory (2D/3D)
• Max Transverse Shear Stress ply failure theory (3D)
• Interlaminar bond failure theories

• Transverse shear (2D/3D)
• Normal (3D)
• Core shear failure theory (2D/3D)
Classification of failure theories
Interactive failure theories

• These theories consider interaction between multiple components of the
stress tensor in a single expression.
• Failure index is a nonlinear function of stresses and applied loads.
• Interactive failure theories in NX Laminate Composites:

• Hill ply failure theory (2D/3D)
• Hofmann ply failure theory (2D/3D)
• Tsai-Wu ply failure theory (2D/3D)
• LaRC02 ply failure theory (2D)
• Puck ply failure theory (2D)
• Von Mises ply failure theories (2D/3D)

Hill failure theory – 2D
Failure Index
where :
For the cross terms:
X = XT if σ1 and σ2 are of the same sign.

X = XC if σ1 and σ2 are of different signs.
Hill failure theory – 3D
Failure Index
where :
Hill failure theory
Margin of Safety
FS is the safety factor.

Note
The Hill margin of safety cannot be computed if the failure index is less
than or equal to 0.
Strength Ratio
Tsai-Wu failure analysis-2D
Failure Index
Where
NX and NX Nastran perform the following stability check:
• If the stability check passes, the user-defined value for F12 is used. If the stability
check fails, F12 is set to 0.0.
Tsai-Wu failure analysis-3D
Failure Index
Note
• F23 and F13 cannot be defined in NX materials
Tsai-Wu failure analysis
Margin of Safety
To calculate the margin of safety for the Tsai-Wu failure criterion, we must first
determine the value of the proportionality factor α such that the state of stress given by
ασ1, ασ2, and ατ12 gives a failure index F of 1:
If the roots are real, the software takes α to be the smallest positive root, else α
is set to zero.
MS = (α/FS – 1) X 100
• Where FS is the safety factor.
Tsai-Wu failure analysis
Strength Ratio
SR = α
Hoffman failure analysis-2D
Failure Index
The expression of the Hoffman failure criterion is:
Margin of Safety and Strength Ratio

The Hoffman margin of safety and strength ratio are computed in a way similar
to the Tsai-Wu theory.
Hoffman failure analysis-3D
Failure Index
Where
Maximum stress failure analysis
Failure Index
The failure index corresponds to the largest value of:
Note: For 3D elements, ratios for σ3, τ13 and τ23 are also considered
Maximum stress failure analysis
Margin of Safety
 1.0 
MS    1 X 100
 FS  F 
Strength Ratio
1
SR 
F
Maximum strain failure analysis
Failure Index
The failure index corresponds to the largest value of:
Note: For 3D elements, ratios for ε3, γ13 and γ23 are also considered
Maximum strain failure analysis
Margin of Safety
 1.0 
MS    1 X 100
 FS  F 
Strength Ratio
1
SR 
F
LaRC02 failure analysis
LaRC02 failure theory applies to unidirectional fibers.

• Both fiber and matrix failure are considered:
• Fiber failure criterion —Three mutually exclusive fiber failure criteria
equations are developed.
• One equation is used if fibers fail under tension
• The other two equations are used if fibers fail under compression.
• A misalignment plane is assumed and different equations are used
depending on whether the misalignment normal matrix stress σm2 is
tensile or compressive.
LaRC02 failure analysis
• Matrix failure criterion —Three mutually exclusive matrix failure

criteria equations are developed.
• One equation is used if the matrix fails under tension
• The other two equations are used if the matrix fails under
compression.
• Different failure index equations are used depending on the size of
the normal fiber stress, σ1, with respect to the compressive stress
allowable in direction 2 of the unidirectional ply, YC.
Fiber direction
Puck failure analysis
Puck failure theory applies to unidirectional fibers. Both fiber and matrix failure
are considered :
• Fiber failure criterion — In this criterion, two mutually exclusive fiber failure
criteria equations are developed. One equation is used if fibers fail under
tension and the other equation is used if fibers fail under compression.
• Matrix failure criterion — In this criterion, three mutually exclusive matrix

failure criteria equations are developed. They are called:
1. Inter-fiber failure mode A — matrix fails in tension
2. Inter-fiber failure mode B — matrix fails in compression
3. Inter-fiber failure mode C — matrix fails in compression
Matrix failure modes

Von Mises failure analyses
You can use Von Mises failure theories only for isotropic materials.
Strength Ratio
Von Mises yield theory Von Mises ultimate theory

SY SU
SRYield  SRUlt 
 VonMises  VonMises
SY is the yield strength. SU is the ultimate tensile strength.
For a 2D isotropic material:
For a 3D isotropic material:
Von Mises failure analyses
Failure Index
1
F
SR
Margin of Safety
 1.0 
MS    1 X 100
 FS  F 
FS is the specified safety factor.
Core ply material failure analysis
Using the core ply material, NX computes two failure index result sets, two margin
of safety result sets, and two strength ratio result sets:
• One for the shear in plane 13
• One for the shear in plane 23

Core results replace the in-plane ply results in advanced post reporting of laminate
results.
Failure Indices
K(t) is the strength correction factor that can be either constant or a function of
the ply thickness, t.
Core ply material failure analysis
Margin of Safety
 1.0 
MS    1 X 100
 FS  F 
Strength Ratio
1
SR 
F
Interlaminar failure analysis
Failure Index
Failure Type Laminate Allowable Material Limits
Isotropic Orthotropic
2D
Shear
3D
Normal 3D
Interlaminar failure analysis
Margin of Safety
 1.0 
MS    1 X 100
 FS  F 
Strength Ratio
1
SR 
F
User-Defined Failure Theory
 User created C, C++ & Fortran functions which are compiled as DLLs
 These DLLs are invoked by NXLC in:
 Advanced Post Reporting
 Analyze Laminate Strength
 Optimization
 The following 2D/3D failure metrics are passed as 6-entry arrays:
 Failure index, strength ratio and margin of safety
 Processes ply stresses/strains from NX Nastran, MSC Nastran, ANSYS and
ABAQUS
Page 36
References
M. Hyer, Mechanics of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials. McGraw-Hill, 1998.

O. Daniel, I.M. Ishai, Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials. Oxford, 2nd ed., 2006.
Davila, C.G., Jaunky, N., and Goswami, S., “Failure Criteria for FRP Laminates in Plane Stress”,
44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference,
Norfolk, Virginia, 7–10 April 2003.
Puck, A. and Schürmann, H., “Failure Analysis of FRP Laminates by Means of Physically Based
Phenomenological Models”, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 58, 1998, pp. 1045–1067.
Puck A., Kopp, J. and Knops, M., “Guidelines for determination of the parameters in Puck’s action
plane strength criterion”, Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 62, 2002, pp. 371–378.
P. Hopkins, Benchmarks for Membrane and Bending Analysis of Laminated Shells, Part2: Strength
Analysis, NAFEMS, 2005.
Activity: Structural integrity analysis of a laminated mud guard
In this activity, you will:

• Analyze failure using different
theories.
• Display failure index results.
Review questions
1. True/False. To perform a failure analysis, you must specify stress or strain

limits for all materials.
2. True/False. The ply failure envelope plots help you verify the ability of your
laminate to withstand membrane forces and bending moments.
3. True/False. The failure index is a scalar quantity that indicates the regions
where the composite laminate structure could fail.
Answers to review questions
1. True/False. To perform a failure analysis, you must specify stress or strain

limits for all materials.
• True. For all material, you must specify tensile, compressive, and shear
stress or strain limits.
2. True/False. The ply failure envelope plots help you verify the ability of your
laminate to withstand membrane forces and bending moments.
• False. The ply failure envelope plots help you see how much stress each
ply can withstand under combined loading.
3. True/False. The failure index is a scalar quantity that indicates the regions
where the composite laminate structure could fail.
• True.

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Lesson 8

1. Introduction to Laminate Composite Simulation

• This lesson introduces the laminate failure theories implemented in NX

• NXLC uses these theories to predict classical first-ply failure.

• Optimize your laminate.

You can compute:

• Ply and bond margins of safety

• Ply and bond strength ratios

In order to obtain failure metric results, you need to:

• Enter a value for allowable stress for bonding.

• (Optional) Specify shear stress or strain limits in

In order to obtain failure metric results, you need to:

• Specify compressive stress or strain limits in directions 1, 2 and 3 for all

• The allowable strengths of the ply material.

The size of the envelope varies with the amount of

• You want your failure index results to be below 1.0.

• The margin of safety is expressed as a percentage.

• You want your margin of safety results to be positive.

• Only NXLC computes margins of safety.

Limit failure theories

• Maximum Strain ply failure theory (2D/3D)

• Max Transverse Shear Stress ply failure theory (3D)

• Interlaminar bond failure theories

• Core shear failure theory (2D/3D)

Interactive failure theories

• Failure index is a nonlinear function of stresses and applied loads.

• Interactive failure theories in NX Laminate Composites:

• Hofmann ply failure theory (2D/3D)

• Tsai-Wu ply failure theory (2D/3D)

• LaRC02 ply failure theory (2D)

• Puck ply failure theory (2D)

• Von Mises ply failure theories (2D/3D)

For the cross terms:

X = XT if σ1 and σ2 are of the same sign.

FS is the safety factor.

NX and NX Nastran perform the following stability check:

• F23 and F13 cannot be defined in NX materials

Margin of Safety and Strength Ratio

LaRC02 failure theory applies to unidirectional fibers.

• Matrix failure criterion —Three mutually exclusive matrix failure

• Matrix failure criterion — In this criterion, three mutually exclusive matrix

Matrix failure modes

Von Mises yield theory Von Mises ultimate theory

For a 3D isotropic material:

• One for the shear in plane 23

Failure Type Laminate Allowable Material Limits

FS is the specified safety factor.

M. Hyer, Mechanics of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials. McGraw-Hill, 1998.

In this activity, you will:

• Display failure index results.

1. True/False. To perform a failure analysis, you must specify stress or strain

1. True/False. To perform a failure analysis, you must specify stress or strain

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