Binomial Theorem Guide

BINOMIAL THEOREM
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ................................................................ 3 – 8
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Page # 2 BINOMIAL THEOREM
JEE Syllabus :
Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients
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BINOMIAL THEOREM Page # 3
A. BINOMIAL THEOREM
The formula by which any positive integral power of a binomial expression can be expanded in the form
of a series is known as BINOMIAL THEOREM. If x, y  R and n  N, then
n
n
(x + y)n = nC0xn + nC1xn – 1y + nC2xn – 2 y2 + ........+ nCrxn–ryr + ......+ nCnyn =  Cr x n – r y r .
r 0
This theorem can be proved by induction.

Observations :
(a) The number of terms in the expansion is (n + 1) i.e. one more than the index.
(b) The sum of the indices of x & y in each term is n.
(c) The binomial coefficients of the terms (nC0, nC1.........) equidistant from the beginning and the end
are equal.
(183  73  3.18.7.25)
Ex.1 The value of is
36  6.243.2  15.81.4  20.27.8  15.9.16  6.3.32  64
Sol. The numerator is of the form a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) = (a + b)3 where a = 18, and b = 7
 Nr = (18 + 7)3 = (25)3. Denominator can be written as
Nr ( 25 )3
3 6  6 C1.3 5.21  6 C2 .3 4.2 2  6 C3 .3 3.23  6 C 4 3 2.2 4  6 C5 3.2 5  6 C 6 2 6 = (3 + 2)6 = 56 = (25)3  Dr  ( 25 )3  1
B. IMPORTANT TERMS IN THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION ARE
(a) GENERAL TERM : The general term or the (r + 1)th term in the expansion of (x + y)n is given by
Tr+1 = nCrxn–r. yr
11
 1 
Ex.2 Find : (a) The coefficient of x7 in the expansion of  ax 2  
 bx 
11
 1 
(b) The coefficient of x–7 in the expansion of  ax – 
 bx 2 
Also, find the relation between a and b, so that these coefficients are equal.
11 r
 2 1  11  1  a11– r
Sol. (a) In the expansion of  ax   , the general terms is T = Cr (ax 2 )11– r   11 Cr . r .x 22 – 3r
 bx  r+1
 bx  b
11 a6 7
putting 22 – 3r = 7  3r = 15  r = 5  T6 = C5 .x
b5
11
 2 1 
Hence the coefficient of x in  ax  7  is 11
C5 a6b–5.
 bx 
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11 r
 1  11  –1  a11– r 11– 3r
(b) In the expansion of  ax – 2  , general terms is Tr + 1 = Cr (ax )11– r  2   (–1)r 11
Cr .x
 bx   bx  br
a5 –7
putting 11 – 3r = – 7  3r = 18  r = 6 T7  (–1)6 .11C 6 .x
b6
11
 1 
Hence the coefficient of x–7 in  ax – 2  is 11
C6a5b–6
 bx 
11 11
 2 1   1 
Also given coefficient of x7 in  ax   = coefficient of x–7 in  ax – 2 
 bx   bx 
11
 C 5 a 6b –5 11 C 6 a 5b –6  ab = 1 ( 11
C5 = 11
C6). Which is a required relation between a and b.
Ex.3 Find the number of rational terms in the expansion of (91/4 + 81/6)1000.
1000 – r r
1000
 1  61  1000
1000 – r r
Sol. The general term in the expansion of (9 1/4

+8 ) 1/6 1000
is Tr + 1 = Cr  9 4  8   Cr 3 2
22
   
   
1000 – r r
The above term will be rational if exponent of 3 and 2 are integers. i.e. and must be integers
2 2
The possible set of values of r is {0, 2, 4, ..........1000}. Hence, number of rational terms is 501
(b) MIDDLE TERM : The middle term(s) in the expansion of (x + y)n is (are)
(i) If n is even, there is only one middle term which is given by T(n + 2)/2 = nCn/2. xn/2. yn/2
(ii) If n is odd, there are two middle terms which are T( n 1) / 2 & T[( n 1) / 2 ]1
9
 x3 
Ex.4 Find the middle term in the expansion of  3x – 

 6 
9
 x3 
Sol. The number of terms in the expansion of   3 x –  is 10 (even). So there are two middle terms.
 6 
 9  1 93
i.e.   th and   th two middle terms. They are given by T and T
 2   2  5 6
4
9  x3  x 12 9.8.7.6 3 5 189 17
 T5 =T4 = C 4 (3 x )5  –   9 C4 35 x 5 . 4 
 . 4 4 x 17  x
+1
 6  6 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 2 . 3 8
5
 x3 
4 x15 – 9.8.7.6 3 4 19 21 19
and T6  T5 1  C5 (3 x )  –

  –  C 4 3 4.x 4 5  . 5 5x – x

 6  6 1.2.3.4 2 .3 16
(c) TERM INDEPENDENT OF x :

Term independent of x contains no x ; Hence find the value of r for which the exponent of x is zero.
10
 x  3 
Ex.5 The term independent of x in    2  is
 3  2x  
r 10 – r
3r
10  x 2  3  2 –10 35 –r
Sol. General term in the expansion is Cr    2  10 Cr x 2 . 10 – r
 3   2x  2
2
3r 20
For constant term,  10  r= which is not an integer. Therefore, there will be no constant term.
2 3
(d) NUMERICALLY GREATEST TERM : To find the greatest term in the expansion of (x + a)n.
n n
 a  a
We have (x + a)n = xn  1   ; therefore, since xn multiplies every term in  1   , it will be
 x   x
sufficient to find the greatest term in this later expansion. Let the Tr and Tr + 1 be the rth and (r +1)th
r
n a
n Cr  
 a Tr 1 x n – r 1a
terms in the expansion of  1   then 
r –1
 . Let numerically, Tr + 1 be the
 x Tr n a r x
Cr –1  
x
Tr 1 n – r 1 a
greatest term in the above expansion. Then Tr + 1  Tr  T  1   1  r  (n  1)
r r x x 
  1
a 
Substituting values of n and x, we get r  m + f or r  m where m is a positive integer and f is
fraction such that 0 < f < 1. In the first case Tm + 1 is the greatest term, while in the second case
Tm and Tm + 1 are the greatest terms and both are equal.
Ex.6 Find numerically the greatest term in the expansion of (3 – 5x)11 when x = 1/5
11 11
 5x   5x 
Sol. Since (3 – 5x)11 = 311 1 –  . Now in the expansion of 1 –  ,
 3   3 
Tr 1 (11 – r  1) 5 x  12 – r  5 1  12 – r  1   12 – r   1
we have  –  –     =    x  
Tr r 3  r  3 5  r 3
   3r   5 
Tr 1 12 – r
 1  1  4r  12  r  3  r = 2, 3
Tr 3r
so, the greatest terms are T2 + 1 and T3+1.  Greatest term (when r = 2)
2 2
 5   5 1 11.10 1  1
 311 | T2 1 | 311 11
C 2  – x   311 11
C2  –    311   55  3 9  x  
 3   3 5 1 .2 9  5 
3 3
 5   5 1 11.10.9 – 1
11
and greatest term (when r = 3) = 3 | T3 1 | 3
11 11
C3  – x   311 11
C 3  –    311   55  3 9
 3   3 5  1 . 2 . 3 27
From above we say that the value of both greatest terms are equal.
C. If ( A +B)n = I+ f , where I & n are positive integers, n being odd and 0 < f < 1,
then (I + f). f = Kn where A – B2 = K > 0 & A –B <1 . If n is an even integer,

then (I + f) (1 – f) = kn
Ex.7 If (6 6  14)2n1 = [N] + F and F = N – [N] ; where [*] denotes greatest integer, then NF is equal to
Sol. Since (6 6  14) 2n 1 = [N] + F. Let us assume that f = (6 6 – 14 )2n 1 ; where 0  f < 1.
2n1
Now, [N] + F – f = (6 6  14) 2n 1 – (6 6 – 14) 2n 1  2  C1(6 6 )2n (14) 2n1 C3 (6 6 )2n–2 (14)3  ......

 [N] + F – f = even integer.
Now 0 < F < 1 and 0 < f < 1 so –1 < F – f < 1 and F – f is an integer so it can only be zero
Thus NF = (6 6  14) 2n 1 (6 6 – 14 )2n 1 = 202n +1

.
D. SOME RESULTS ON BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
(a) C0 + C1 + C2 + ............+ Cn = 2n
(b) C0 + C2 + C4 + ............= C1 + C3 + C5 + .......... = 2n – 1
( 2n)!
(c) C02 + C12 + C22 + ............+ Cn2 = 2n
Cn = n ! n!
(2n)!
(d) C0. Cr + C1. Cr + 1 + C2. Cr + 2 +............+Cn – r Cn = (n  r ) (n – r )!
Remember : (2n) ! = 2n. n! [1.3.5........(2n – 1)]
Ex.8 If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 +.................+ Cnxn then show that the sum of the products of the Cis
2n!
taken two at a time represents by :   CiCj is equal to 22n–1 –
0i jn
2.n!.n!
Sol. Since (C0 + C1 + C2 + ........+Cn – 1 + Cn)2  C02  C12  C22  ......  Cn–1
2
 Cn2  .......+
2(C0 C1  C0 C2  C0 C3  ...  C0 Cn  C1C2  C1C3  C1C n  C 2C 3  C 2C 4  ...  C 2 C n  ......  Cn –1Cn )
2n – 1 2n!
 ( 2n ) 2  2n C n  2   Ci C j . Hence   Ci C j  2 –
2.n!. n!
0  i  j n
0  i j n
Ex.9 If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + .........+Cnxn then prove that   (Ci  C j )2  (n – 1)2n Cn  22n
0i jn
Sol. L.H.S 0  (C i  C j )2 = (C + C )2 + (C + C )2 + ....+ (C + C )2 + (C + C )2 + (C + C )2 + ....+ (C + C )2

 i j  n 0 1 0 2 0 n 1 2 1 3 1 n
+ (C2 + C3)2 + (C2 + C4)2 + ........+ (C2 + Cn)2 + .........+ (Cn–1 + Cn)2
 2n! 
= n (C02 + C12 + C22 +..........+Cn2) + 2   C iC j  n.2n Cn  2.2 2n –1 –  {from Ex. 8}
0 i  j  n  2 .n! n! 
2n
= n. Cn + 22n – 2n
Cn = (n – 1). 2n
Cn + 22n = R.H.S.
E. BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR NEGATIVE OR FRACTIONAL INDICES
n(n – 1) 2 n(n – 1)(n – 2) 3

If n  Q, then (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x +...........  provided |x| < 1.
2! 3!
Note :
(i) When the index n is a positive integer the number of terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n is finite i.e.
(n + 1) & the coefficient of successive terms are : nC0, nC1, nC2, .........., nCn
(ii) When the index is other than a positive integer such as negative integer or fraction, the number of
terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n is infinite and the symbol nCr cannot be used to denote the
coefficient of the general term.
(iii) Following expansion should be remembered (|x| < 1)

(a) (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + x4 – .........
(b) (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + .........
(c) (1 + x)–2 = 1 –2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + .........
(d) (1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + .........
(iv) The expansions in ascending powers of x are only valid if x is 'small'. If x is large i.e. |x| > 1 then
we may find it convenient to expand in powers of 1/x, which then will be small.
F. APPROXIMATIONS
n(n – 1) 2 n(n – 1)(n – 2) 3

(1  x)n  1  nx  x  x  ......
1.2 1.2.3
If x < 1, the terms of the above expansion go on decreasing and if x be very small, a stage may be
reached when we may neglect the terms containing higher powers of x in the expansion. Thus, if x be
so small that its squares and higher powers may be neglected then (1 + x)n = 1 + nx, approximately,
This is an approximate value of (1 + x)n
Ex.10 If x is so small such that its square and higher powers may be neglected then find the approximate
(1– 3x)1/2  (1– x)5/3

value of
(4  x)1/2
3 5x
1– x  1– –1/ 2
(1 – 3 x )1/ 2  (1 – x )5 / 3 2 3  1  2 – 19 x 1  x  1 19  x
Sol.   2 – x  1 – 
( 4  x )1/ 2  x 
1/ 2
2  6   4  2  6  8 
2 1  
 4
1 x 19  x 19 41
 2 – – x = 1 – – x =1– x
2 4 6  8 12 24
Ex.11 The value of cube root of 1001 upto five decimal places is
1/ 3
 1   1 1 1/ 3(1/ 3 – 1) 1 
Sol. (1001)1/ 3  (1000  1)1/ 3  10 1    10 1  .  2
 ......
 1000   3 1000 2! 1000 
= 10 {1 + 0.0003333 – 0.00000011 + ......} = 10.00333
1 1.3 1.3.5
Ex.12 The sum of 1     ........ is
4 4.8 4.8.12
n(n – 1) 2
Sol. Comparing with 1 + nx + x + ......  nx = 1/4 ...(i)
2!
n(n – 1)x 2 1.3 nx(nx – x ) 3 1 1  3 1  3 1 3 1

   – x    – x   x  –  – ...(ii) {by (i)}
&
2! 4 .8
or 2! 32  4  4  16 4  4 4 4 2
1
putting the value of x in (i)  n(–1/ 2)  1/ 4  n= –
2
 sum of series = (1 + x)n = (1 – 1/2)–1/2 = (1/2)–1/2 = 2
G. EXPONENTIAL SERIES
(a) e is an irrational number lying between 2.7 & 2.8. Its value correct upto 10 places of decimal is
2.7182818284.
(b) Logarithms to the base 'e' are known as the Napierian system, so named after Napier, their
inventor. They are also called Natural Logarithm.
n
x x x2 x3  1
(c) e  1     ......; where x may be any real or complex number & e  Lim1  
1! 2 ! 3 ! n 
 n
x x x2 2 x3 3
(d) a  1  na  n a  n a  ......... where a > 0
1! 2! 3!
1 1 1
(e) e  1  1!  2!  3 !  ......
H. LOGARITHMIC SERIES
x2 x3 x 4
(a) n (1 + x) = x –  –  ........ where – 1 < x  1
2 3 4
x2 x3 x 4
(b) n (1 – x) = – x – – –  ........ where – 1 x < 1
2 3 4
1 1 1
Remember : (i) 1–  –  ........   n 2 (ii) en x = x (iii) n2 = 0.693 (iv) n 10 = 2.303
2 3 4

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BINOMIAL THEOREM

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ................................................................ 3 – 8

This theorem can be proved by induction.

B. IMPORTANT TERMS IN THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION ARE

Sol. The general term in the expansion of (9 1/4

(c) TERM INDEPENDENT OF x :

then (I + f). f = Kn where A – B2 = K > 0 & A –B <1 . If n is an even integer,

Thus NF = (6 6  14) 2n 1 (6 6 – 14 )2n 1 = 202n +1

D. SOME RESULTS ON BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

2(C0 C1  C0 C2  C0 C3  ...  C0 Cn  C1C2  C1C3  C1C n  C 2C 3  C 2C 4  ...  C 2 C n  ......  Cn –1Cn )

Sol. L.H.S 0  (C i  C j )2 = (C + C )2 + (C + C )2 + ....+ (C + C )2 + (C + C )2 + (C + C )2 + ....+ (C + C )2

E. BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR NEGATIVE OR FRACTIONAL INDICES

n(n – 1) 2 n(n – 1)(n – 2) 3

(iii) Following expansion should be remembered (|x| < 1)

n(n – 1) 2 n(n – 1)(n – 2) 3

(1– 3x)1/2  (1– x)5/3

= 10 {1 + 0.0003333 – 0.00000011 + ......} = 10.00333

n(n – 1)x 2 1.3 nx(nx – x ) 3 1 1  3 1  3 1 3 1

 sum of series = (1 + x)n = (1 – 1/2)–1/2 = (1/2)–1/2 = 2

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