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UNIT I – MATRICES
PART – A
8 6 2
1. Find the sum and product of all the eigen values of 6 7 4 (APR/MAY 2015)
2 4 3
Solution : Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 8+7+3 = 18
Product of the eigen values = A = 8(5)+6(-10)+2(10) = 0
2 0 1
2. If 1 and 2 are the two eigen values of A 0 2 0 , find A without expanding the determinant.
1 0 2
Solution : Let λ be the third eigen value of the given matrix.
ww
We know that, sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements.
i.e. 1 + 2 + λ = 2+2+2 λ = 3
w.E
Now, A = product of all eigen values = (1)(2)(3) = 6
3. asy 6 2 2
The product of two eigen values of the matrix 2 3 1 is 16. Find the third eigen value.
En
2 1 3
gin
Solution : Let 1 , 2 , 3 be the eigen values of the given matrix.
(DEC/JAN 2011, APR/MAY 2012)
7. ww
State Cayley Hamilton theorem.
2 3
(NOV/DEC 2014)
8. w.E
Statement : Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
1 2
Given A
4 3
, Find A1 using Cayley – Hamilton theorem.
asy
Solution : The characteristic equation is 2 - S1 S2 = 0 ,
En
Here, S1 = 4 and S2 = - 5 2 - 4 - 5 = 0 .
By Cayley – Hamilton theorem A2 – 4 A – 5I = 0.
1
Multiply by A , we get A – 4 I – 5 A = 0 1
gin
A 1
1
3
5
[ A 4I ]
2
5
5
eer 4
5
1
5
9.
1
If 2 is an eigen vector of
2 2 3
2 ing
1 6 , find the corresponding eigen value.
1
1 2 0
.ne
2
Solution : (A - I)X = 0 2
1
2 3 x1 0
1 6 x 2 0
2 x 3 0
2
2
1
2 3 1 0
1 6 2 0
2 1 0
t
(–2–)(1)+2(2)+(-3)(-1) = 0 = 5.
2 1 0
10. Find the eigen vector of A 0 2 1 corresponding to the eigen value 2.
0 0 2
x1
Solution : Let X = x2 be the eigen vector of the matrix corresponding to the eigen value.
x
3
The eigen vectors are obtained from the equation (A - I)X = 0
2 1 0 x1 0
0 2 1 x2 0
0 2
0 x3 0
ww
sub c in (1) a + c = 1 a + (-2/a) =1 a2-2 = a i.e. a2-a-2 =0
solving a = -1, 2 c = 2,-1
w.E
12. Determine so that (x2 + y2 +z2) + 2xy – 2xz + 2zy is positive definite.
1 1
asy
Solution : The matrix of the given quadratic form is A 1 1
1 1
En
The principal sub determinants are given by
1
D1 = , D2 =
1 gin
2 1 ( 1)( 1) & D3 = |A| = (+1)2( -2)
eer
The Quadratic form is +ve definite if D1, D2 & D3 > 0 > 2
13. If is the eigen value of the matrix A, then prove that 2 is the eigen value of A2.
Solution :
ing
Let X be the eigen vector of the matrix A corresponding to the eigen value , then AX = X.
(JAN 2014)
Multiply by A A2 X = A (X)
= (AX)
.ne
= ( X)
= 2X
t
Hence, 2 is the eigen value of A2.
14. What is the nature of the quadratic form x2 + y2 + z2 in four variables? (JAN 2016)
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
Solution : The matrix of the given quadratic form is A .
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
Since the matrix is the diagonal matrix, its main diagonal elements are its eigen values.
The eigen values are 1,1,1,0. Hence the nature is positive semi definite.
15. If 2,-1,-3 are the eigen values of the matrix A, find the eigen values of the matrix A2 2I .
Solution : (A/M 2014)
2 2 2 2
The eigen values of A are 2 , (-1) ,(-3) = 4, 1, 9.
The eigen values of A2-2I are 4 – 2,1–2,9 –2 = 2,–1,7
wwSignature (s) = 2p – r =1
18. Identify the nature, index and signature of the quadratic form 2 x1 x2 2 x2 x3 2 x3 x1 .
w.E
Solution:
0 1 1
(NOV/DEC 2015)
asy
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A 1
1
0 1
0
En
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
1
Solution :
0 5 1 x1
5 6 x
T
Quadratic form of A is given by X AX = x1 x2 x3 1 2
1 6 2 x3
= 0x12 x 22 +2x32 10 x1 x2 12 x2 x3 2 x3 x1
PART-B
2 0 1
1(a) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A 0 2 0 (JAN 2016)
1 0 2
ww
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
w.E
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2+2+2 = 6;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element
=
2 0
0 2
2 1
1 2
2 0
0 2 asy
(4 0) (4 1) (4 0) 11 ;
S3 = A = 2
2 0
0
0 0
1
0 2
En
2(4 0) 1(0 2) 8 2 6.
0 2 1 2 1 0
The characteristics equation is λ3 – 6 λ2 + 11λ – 6 = 0. gin
(λ –1)( λ–2) (λ–3) =0
The eigen values are λ = 1,2,3 eer
We know that, (A-I)X=0 0
2
0 1 x1
2- 0 x 2 = 0
ing
1
0 2
x 3 .ne
(2 ) x1 0 x2 x3 0
0 x1 (2 ) x2 0 x3 0
(1)
t
x1 0 x2 (2 ) x3 0
Case (1) : = 1
Substituting =1 in (1) we get
x1 +x 3 0,
x 2 0,
x1 x 3 0
Solving x1 x3 , x 2 0.
Take x1 1 x 3 1.
1
The eigen vectors is X 1 0
-1
ww
Solving x1 x 3 , x 2 0.
Take x1 1 x 3 1.
w.E 1
The eigen vector is X 3 0
1
asy
1 0 1
En
The eigen vectors are 0 , 1 , 0
-1 0 1
gin
(b) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A 2
eer
2 2 3
1 6
1 2 0
ing (APR/MAY 2014)
Solution:
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0. .ne
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = –1;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = -21;
S3 = A = 45.
t
The characteristic equation is λ3 + λ2 –21λ –45 = 0.
(λ +3)( λ+3) (λ–5) =0
The eigen values are λ = – 3,– 3, 5
2 2 3 x1
Consider 2 1 6 x2 = 0
1 2 0
x 3
(2 ) x1 2 x2 3x3 0
2 x1 (1 ) x2 6 x3 0 (1)
x1 2 x2 x3 0
Case (1) : = 5
Substituting =5 in (1) we get
ww
The above three equations are reduced to single equation x1 2x 2 3x3 0,
3
w.E
Put x 2 0 we get the value , x 1 3 x 3 1
X 2 0
1
asy - 2
En
Put x 3 0 we get the value , x 1 -2 x 2 1 X 3 1
0
gin
Therefore the Eigen values λ = 5,– 3,– 3 with corresponding Eigen vector are
-1 3 - 2
- 2 ,0 , 1 eer
1 1 0
ing
8 6 2
2(a) Diagonalize the matrix A= 6 7 4 by means of an orthogonal transformation. .ne
Solution:
2 4 3
t
8 6 2
The symmetric matrix A= 6 7 4
2 4 3
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 18;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 45;
S3 = A = 0.
The characteristic equation is λ3 – 18 λ2 + 45λ = 0.
(λ )( λ–3) (λ–15) =0 The eigen values are λ = 0,3,15
8 6 2 x1
Consider 6 7 4 x 2 0 -----(1)
2
4 3 x 3
ww
solving x1 2, x 3 2, x 2 1, Eigen vector is X 2 1
- 2
w.E
Case (3) : = 15
Substituting =15 in the (1) and solving we get
-7x1 6x 2 2x 3 0,
6x1 8x 2 4x 3 0, asy
2x1 4x 2 12x 3 0
En
gin
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1 2, x 3 1, x 2 2 .
2
Eigen vector is X 3 2 eer
1
ing
It is clear that X1T X 2 = X1T X3 = X 2 T X 3 0
1 2 2 .ne
3 3
2 1
Normalized Eigen vectors are , ,
3
2
t
3 3 3
2 -2 1
3 3 3
1 2 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
Normalized matrix N= 2 1 2
and NT= 2 1 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 1 2 2 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
ww
diagonal matrix D = 0 3 0 .
0 0 6
w.E
i.e. NTAN = D, where N is an orthogonal matrix.
Pre multiply by N and post multiply by NT, we get
N(NTAN)NT = N(D)NT
(NNT)A(NNT ) = NDNT asy
I( A) I = NDNT
A = NDNT En
1
1 1
1
gin 0 -1
2
0
Normalized matrix N
1
3
6
2
2
1
and N
T eer1
2
1
2
2
1 1
3 6
1
3
1 ing
3
2 1
3
1
2
1
3
6
6
6
6
.ne
2
0
A NDN T
1
1
3
6
2
2 0 0
0 3 0
1
1
2
1
0
2
-1
1
2
t
2 3 6
0 0 6 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 2 1
2 6
3 6 6 6
2 3 6 1 0 -1
2 3 6 2 2 2 3 1 1
3 2 1 1 1
0 = 1 5 1
3 6 3 3 3 1 1 3
2 3 6 1 2 1
2 6
3 6 6 6
3 1 1
A 1 5 1
1 1 3
orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature. (APR/MAY 2014, 2015)
Solution:
1 1 3
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A 1 5 1
3 1 1
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =1+5+1 = 7;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = (5-1)+(1-9)+(5-1) = 4–8+4 = 0;
S3 = A = –36.
The characteristic equation is λ3 –7λ2 +36 = 0.
(λ +2)( λ–3) (λ–6) = 0
The eigen values are λ = – 2, 3, 6
1 3 x1
ww
Consider
1
3
1
5
1 x 2 = 0
1 x 3
w.E 1
(1 ) x1 x2 3x3 0
x1 (5 ) x2 x3 0
(1)
3x1 x2 (1 ) x3 0
asy
Case (1) : = –2
Substituting = –2 in (1) we get En
3x1 x2 3x3 0
x1 7 x2 x3 0
gin
3x1 x2 3x3 0 eer
ing
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1 1, x2 0, x3 1
-1
Eigen vectors is X 1 0 .ne
Case (2) : = 3
1
w.E
1
2 3
1
6
1
6
1
3 3
2
3
1
6
-1
0 1
asy 2
-1
3
1 1
6 6
2
1 -1
2 2 1 1 3 2
1
En
0 -1
3 6
2
0 0 0
0 3 0 D ( 2,3, 6 )
gin
T
N AN= 1 5 1
3 3 3
3 1 1
2 3 6
0 0 15
1 2 1 1 1 1
6
6 6 2
3 6
eer
ing
Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is an orthogonal matrix.
Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)
= (YT NT )A(NY)
= YT (NTAN)Y .ne
= YT (D)Y = Canonical form
Under orthogonal transformation X = NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form provided
NTAN = D.
t
Reduced canonical form is 2 y12 3 y22 6 y32 .
Nature: indefinite
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 2.
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(2) – 3 = 1.
4(a) Reduce the quadratic form 6 x2 3 y 2 3z 2 4 xy 2 yz 4 xz into a canonical form by using
orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature. (NOV/DEC 2015, JAN 2014)
Solution:
6 2 2
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A 2 3 1
2 1 3
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
ww
Substituting = 8 in (1) we get
2 x1 2 x2 2 x3 0
w.E
2 x1 5 x2 x3 0
2 x1 x2 5 x3 0
asy
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1 2, x2 1, x3 1
2
Eigen vectors is X 1 1
1 En
Case (2) : = 2
gin
Substituting = 2 in (1) we get
4 x1 2 x2 2 x3 0 eer
2 x1 x2 x3 0
ing
2 x1 x2 x3 0
All the above equations are reduced to single equation 2 x1 x2 x3 0 . .ne
Assume x1 0, x2 1. Substitute in 2 x1 x2 x3 0 we get, x3 1.
0
t
Eigen vectors is X 2 1
1
Case (3) : = 2
In order to get the pairwise orthogonal eigen vectors we assume the third eigen vector as
a
X3 b .
c
Since X 3 X1 0 we get 2a b c 0
T
Since X 2 T X 3 0 we get 0a b c 0
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get a 1, b 1, c 1
T
ww
6
0 1
6
1
6 6 2 2 6
2 3 1
1 1
2 3
1
8 0 0
0 2 0 D
w.E
N AN=
2 2 2 6 2 3
2 1 3 0 0 2
1 1 -1 1 1 -1
3 3 6 3
3
asy 2
Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is a orthogonal matrix.
Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)
En
= (YT NT )A(NY)
= YT (NTAN)Y
gin
= YT (D)Y = Canonical form
eer
Under orthogonal transformation X = NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form
provided NTAN = D. Reduced canonical form is 8 y12 2 y22 2 y32 .
Nature: Positive definite ing
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 3. .ne
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(3) – 3 = 3.
2 1 2
5(a) Verify Cayley- Hamilton theorem for the matrix A= 1 2 1 and hence find A4 and A–1.
t
1 1 2
(NOV/DEC 2014, APR/MAY 2017)
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 6;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 8;
S3 = A = 3.
The characteristic equation is λ3 – 6 λ2 + 8λ – 3 = 0.
To verify Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have to show that A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I = 0
2 1 2 2 1 2 7 6 9
A 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 6 6
2
1 1 2 1 1 2 5 5 7
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering 13
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Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
Sub. Name & Code: Mathematics-II/ MA8251 Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2017- 18
7 6 9 2 1 2 29 28 38
A 5 6 6 1 2 1 22 23 28
3
5 5 7 1 1 2 22 22 29
29 28 38 7 6 9 2 1 2 1 0 0
3 2
A - 6A + 8A - 3I = 22 23 28 6 5 6 6 8 1 2 1 3 0 1 0
22 22 29 5 5 7 1 1 2 0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
ww
Find A 4
w.E
Pre multiply (1) by A
(A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I )A = 0 A 4 - 6A 3 + 8A 2 - 3A 0
A 4 6A 3 - 8A 2 3A
asy
En
4
gin
29 28 38 7 6 9 2 1 2 124 123 162
A = 6 22 23 28 8 5 6 6 3 1 2 1 95 96 123
22 22 29 5 5 7 1 1 2 95 95 124
eer
Find A -1
ing
Pre multiply (1) by A–1
.ne
A -1 (A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I ) = 0 A 2 - 6A + 8I - 3A -1 0
t
A -1 A 2 - 6A 8I
7 6 9 2 1 2 1 0 0 3 0 3
1
A = 5 6 6 6 1 2 1 8 0 1 0 1 2 0
-1
5 5 7 1 1 2 0 0 1 3 1 1 3
(b) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the matrix represented by
2 1 1
A8 5 A7 7 A6 3 A5 A4 5 A3 8 A2 2 A I when A 0 1 0 . (NOV/DEC 2015)
1 1 2
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 5;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 7;
D(A) = A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I
By long division method we get ,
A8 5 A7 7 A6 3 A5 A4 5 A3 8 A2 2 A I
A3 – 5 A2 7 A – 3I (A5 A) A2 A + I
= (0) (A5 A) A2 A + I = A2 A + I
8 5 5
A2 A + I = 0 3 0
5 5 8
ww
8 5 5
A 5 A 7 A 3 A A 5 A 8 A 2 A I = 0 3 0
w.E
8 7 6 5 4 3
5 5 8
2
Solution:
Let = x 2 y 2 z 1
Now, The gradient of is i j k
x y z
2 x, 2 y, 1
x y z
(1,1,1) = (2 x)i (2 y) j k (1,1,1) =2 i 2 j k
The unit normal vector is
2i 2 j k 2i 2 j k
nˆ
9 3
4. Find the angle between the surfaces x logz = y – 1 and x2y = 2 –z at the point (1, 1, 1)
2
w.E
2 = i (2 xy ) j x 2 k (1) , ( 2)(1,1,1) = 2i j k and | 2| = 6
2 j k . 2i j k
a s y
cos
1.2
1 2
5 6
=
0 2 1
30
cos
1 1
.
30
5.
E
In what direction from (3, 1, -2) is the directional derivative of = x2y2z4 a maximum? Find the
magnitude of this maximum.
Solution: Given = x2y2z4 ngi (APR /MAY 2015)
nee
(2 x y2z 4 )i (2yx 2z 4 ) j (4z3 x 2 y2 )k
3, 1, 2
= 96i 288 j 288k
Solution:
r r
t
(JAN 2016)
Let r x i yj zk
r r x 2 y2 z2
r 2 x 2 y2 z2
diff w.r.t x, we get
r r x
2r 2x
x x r
r y r z
similarly ;
y r z r
ww 3
r
r
w
r
Evaluate yzi xzj xyk . dr where C is the boundary of a closed surface S.
7.
.Ea c
(JAN 2016)
sy
Solution: curl F F
i
j
k
En
i x x j y y k z z 0
x y z
yz xz xy
g
ine
F is irrotational F is conservative force yzi xzj xyk . dr 0
Evaluate log r
c
eri
ng
2
8. (MAY 2016)
Solution :
2 log r
2
2
log r log r .ne
x
1 r
x x
1 x
t
x r x x r r
2 2 r
r (1) x (r 2 ) r x(2r)
x x x
2
x r r 4
r 4
2 x x y z
r x(2r) r 3r (1) x2r r y2r r z2r r
2
4
r r4
3r 2x 2y 2z 2 3r 2 2r 2 1
2 2 2
2
r4 r4 r
9. Find ‘a’, such that F (3 x 2 y z )i (4 x ay z ) j ( x y 2z )k is solenoidal. (MAY 2015)
ww
Solution:
i
j k
w.E
curlF F
x
y
z
i(1 1) j (3z 2 3z 2 ) k (6 x 6 x) 0
asy
6 xy z 3 3x 2 z 3xz 2 y
F is irrotational.
En
If F 5 xyi 2 yj , evaluate F .dr where C is the part of the curve y = x3 between x =1 and x =2.
gin
12.
C
Solution: y = x dy = 3x dx
3 2
2
e
er
c
F dr =
c
(5 xydx 2 ydy ) = 5x x dx 2 x 3x dx
3
1
3 2
ing
2
= (5 x 4 6 x5 )dx x5 x6
2
1 .ne
13. If
2
1
= 31 + 63 = 94.
F = x i xy j , evaluate the line integral F dr
2
from (0,0) to (1,1) along the path y = x.
t
c
Solution:
c dr c x dx xy dy
F 2 2
y x
1
1 x3 x 4 7
= ( x x )dx =
2 3
.
0 3 4 0 12
14. If F (4 xy 3 x 2 z 2 )i 2 x 2 j 2 x 3 z k .Check whether the integral F dr is independent of the
C
path C.
Solution:
This integral is independent of the path of integration if F 0
ww
region R of the xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then
R
N
Mdx Ndy x
M
dxdy
y
w.E
C
En
partial derivative in V and on S , then F nˆ ds divF dV
gin S
where n̂ is the outward unit normal vector to the surface.
V
18.
x2 + y2 + z2 = a2
e
Using Divergence theorem, evaluate xdydz ydzdx zdxdy over the surface of the sphere
S
eri
Solution: By Divergence theorem,
F nˆ ds divF dV
ng.
S
xdydz ydzdx zdxdy .F dv 3 dv
V
S
V
V
net
4 3
= 3 a = 4 a3.
3
19. Find the area of the circle of radius ‘a’ using Green’s theorem.
N M
Solution: Green’s theorem is Mdx Ndy dxdy
C R
x y
1
dxdy 2 xdy ydx
,
By Greens theorem, we have, Area =
R C
In a circle x y a , x = a cos y = a sin , : 02
2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
Area = 2
= a d = a2
2 2
( a cos a sin ) d
2 0 2 0
20. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and F axi byj czk , Prove
that F nˆ ds (a b c )V
S
PART B
Given : div( gradr ) (r ) r
n n 2 n
1.(a)
n n n
( r n ) i (r ) j (r ) k (r )
x y z
x y z
inr n 1 jnr n 1 knr n 1
r r r
n2
nr ( xi yj zk )
(r n ) nr n 2 r .
ww Now,
2 (r n ) (nr n2 r )
w.E n (r n 2 r )
n r n 2 r r n 2 r
asy
n n 2 r n 4 r r 3r n 2
n n 2 r n 4 r 2 3r n 2
n n 1 r n 2 En
Put,
gin
n 1
1
eer
2 0
r
ing
(b) Pr ove that curl grad 0,u sin gStoke' sthoerem (APR/MAY 2017) .ne
Solution : curl F .ds F .dr
s
c
t
Let , F = grad
( ).d r
c
(i j k ).(dxi dy j dzk )
c
x y z
.dx .dy .dz
c
x y z
d 0
c
Solution :
i j k 1
x y z
Given : 2 xyz 3i x 2 z 3 j 3x 2 yz 2 k 2
comparing 1 and 2
2 xyz 3 3
x
x2 z3 4
ww y
3x 2 yz 2 5
w.E z
asy
Integrating (3) w.r.t “x” (keeping y and z as constant)
x2 yz 3 f1 y, z
En
Integrating (4) w.r.t “y” (keeping x and z as constant)
x2 yz 3 f 2 x, z gin
Integrating (5) w.r.t “z” (keeping x and y as constant) eer
x2 yz 3 f3 x, y
ing
x 2 yz 3 c ,where c is constant.
.ne
Given : 1, 2, 2 4
16 c 4
t
c 20
(b) Find ‘a’ and ‘b’ so that the surfaces ax3 by 2 z (a 3)x2 and 4x2 y z 3 11 cut orthogonally
at (2, -1, -3) (MAY / JUN 2016)
Solution :
Let1 ax 3 by 2 z a 3 x 2
2 4 x 2 y z 3 11
1 3ax 2 a 3 2 x i 2byzj by 2 k
2 8 xyi 4 x 2 j 3z 2 k
16 8a 12 16 6b 27b 0
128a 192 69b 0
128a 69b 192 1
8a 3b 4a 12
4a 3b 12
ww
Solving equations (1) & (2) we get;
a 2.333
b 7.111
w.E
curve defined by x 2 4 y , 3x 2 8z from x 0 to x 2 .
3. (a) Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field F 3x 2 i 2 xz y j zk along the
(APR/MAY 2017)
Given :
x2 4 y
asy
x2 2x x En
y dy
4
4 2 gin
Also,3 x 2 8 z
eer
z
3x 2 ing
8
6 x 3x .ne
dz
8
4
t
Work done = F .d r
c
(3x 2 i (2 xz y ) j zk ).(dxi dy j dzk )
c
3x 2 dx (2 xz y )dy zdz
c
2
3x 2 x 2 x 3x 2 3x
3x dx (2 x.
2
). .dx . dx
x 0
8 4 2 8 4
2
3x 4 x3 9 x3
(3x
2
)dx
x 0
8 8 32
ww M x 1 y
M
2
x2
w.E y
Also, N y 3 x 3
N
y
3x 2
asy
By Green’s theorem , En
Mdx Ndy y
N
gin
M
dxdy
y
c
Consider ,
R
eer
N M 1 1
ing
1 1
2 x dydx
.ne
t
2
1 1
1
1
x 3
2 dy
1
3 1
4
1
dy
1
3
4 1 8
y 1 1
3 3
consider
Mdx Ndy
c AB BC CD DA
AlongBC , x 1, dx 0
BC 1
1
y4
1
4 1
2
Along CD y=1,dy=0 and x varies from 1 to -1 ,
1 1
2 x3 4
Mdx Ndy 2x dx 2
CD 1 3 1 3
ww 1 1
y4
Mdx Ndy y 1dy y 2
3
DA 1 4 1
w.E 4 8
c Mdx Ndy 0 2 3 2 3 2
asy 1 2
ˆ dv
eer
Solution :G.D.T is
S
F .n ds
V
.F
ing
F 4 xzi y 2 j yzk
.ne
.F 4 z 2 y y 4 z y
Now
t
1 1 1
V
.F dv = (4 z y)dxdydz dv dxdydz
0 0 0
1 1 1
= 4 zx yx dydz
0 0 0
1
1 1
1
y2
= 4 z y dydz 4 zy dz
0 0 0
2 0
1
1
1 z2 1
= 4 z dz 4 z
0
2 2 2 0
(i) F .nˆds
S1
D C G F
A B Y
X E
4 xzi y
ww j yzk .i dydz
2
=
AEGD
=
w.E
4 xzdydz
AEGD
=
1 1
4zdydz x 1 on S1 asy
0 0
En
gin
1 1 1
= 4 yz dz 4 zdz
eer
0 0 0
1
z2 4
= 4 = =2
2 0 2
ing
(ii)
.nˆds
F
.ne
t
S2
4 xzi y
= 2
j yzk .. i dydz
OBFC
1 1
= 4xzdydz
0 0
= 0 x 0 on S 2
(iii) .nˆds
F
S3
4 xzi y
= 2
j yzk .. jdxdz
EBFG
1 1
y dxdz y 1
2
= on S 3
0 0
= dxdz x dz
0 0 0 0
1 1
= 1dz z 1
0 0
F .nˆds = 4 xzi y
(iv) 2
j yzk . J dxdz
S4 OADC
y
2
= dxdz
OADC
= 0 y 0 on this surface
(v) .nˆds
F
ww =
S5
4 xzi y
2
j yzk .k dxdy
w.E DEFC
1 1
yzdxdy z 1
asy =
0 0
on S 5
=
1 1
ydxdy yx dy
1 1
En
0 0 0 0
gin
1
= ydy
y 2
2 0 2
1
1
eer
0
F .nˆds
ing
(vi)
S6
.ne
=
OAEB
4 xzi y 2 j yzk .. k dxdy
t
1 1
= yzdxdy z 0
0 0
on this surface
=0
F.nˆds
S s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6
1 3
= 2 0 1 0 0
2 2
F .nˆds .Fdv
S V
F .dr xydx 2 yzdy xzdz
C
F .dr F
OA
.dr .dr
F
AB
.dr
F
BC
.dr
CD
F
ww
Along OA y=0,dy=0,z=0,dz=0
.dr 0
F
OA
w.E
Along AB ,x=1,dx=0,z=0,dz=0
.dr 0
F asy
AB
En
Along BC,y=2,dy=0,z=0,dz=0
gin
0
F .dr 2 xdx 1 eer Z
BC 1
ing
Along CO x=0,dx=0,z=0,dz=0
.dr 0
.ne F
CO
F
G
t E
.dr 1
C
F A 0 C
B Y
X
i j k
F
x y z
xy 2 yz xz
2 y ˆj j kˆ x
= iˆ
= 2 yi
ˆ zˆj xkˆ
S
F nˆds ....
S1 S2 S5
ˆ iˆ
x 0, n
2
3 2 3
F .nˆds 2 ydydz y dz
2
S 0 0 0 0
= 4 3 12
ˆ iˆ
x 1, n
w
w
3 2
F nˆdS 2 ydydz 12
S2
w.E
y 0, nˆ ˆj
0 0
asy
3 1 3
= -1
9 9
S F .nˆ ds 12 12 1
2 2
= -1
L.H.S = R.H.S
6. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F x2 yz i y 2 zx j z 2 xy k taken over the
rectangular parallelopiped bounded by the planes x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, and z = c.
(MAY / JUN 2014)
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
UNIT-III ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
PART-A
1. Define an Analytic function (or) Holomorphic function (or) Regular function.
Solution: A function is said to be analytic at a point if its derivative exists not only at that point but also
in some neighbourhood of that point.
2. Define an Entire (or) an Integral function.
Solution: A function which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane except at z = is called an entire
function.
Example: ez, sinz, coshz.
3. State the necessary conditions for f(z) to be analytic.
Solution:
Let u x and v y
u x 1, u y 0, u xx 0, u yy 0 ;
ww v x 0, v y 1
w.E v xx 0, v yy 0
u xx u yy 0 u is harmonic.
asy
and v xx v yy 0 v is harmonic.
But u x v y and u y v x u and v are not analytic.
6. En
Find the critical points of the transformation w 2 ( z )( z )
gin
(MAY/JUNE 2016)
Solution: Given: w2 ( z )( z ) ( 1 )
dw 2 z ( )
.ne
dw
dz
0 z
2w
(3)
and
dz
0
2w
0
t
dz 2 dw 2z ( )
w 0 ( z )( z ) 0 z ,
The critical points are , and
2
7. Define Harmonic function.
Solution:
Any function which possess continuous second order partial derivatives and which satisfies Laplace
2 f 2 f
equation is called a harmonic function. (i.e) If
0 , then f is harmonic then
x 2 y 2
8. The real part of an analytic function f(z) is constant, prove that f(z) is a constant function.
( MAY 2017)
Solution:
Let f(z) = u + iv
Solution: A transformation under which angles between every pair of curves through a point are
preserved in magnitude but altered in sense is said to be isogonal at that point.
11. Define Bilinear transformation (or) Mobius transformation (or) linear fractional transformation.
az b
Solution: The transformation w , ad – bc 0 where a, b,c,d are complex numbers is called a
cz d
ww
bilinear transformation. This is also called as Mobius or linear fractional transformation.
12. Define Cross Ratio.
w.E z z z z
Solution: The cross ratio of four points z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 is given by 1 2 3 4 .
z1 z 4 z3 z 2
asy
2
13. Show that f (z) = z is differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic at z = 0. (APR / MAY 2015)
Let z = x + iy and z x iy
Solution:
z zz x 2 y 2
2 En
f (z) z (x 2 y 2 ) i0
2
gin
u x 2 y2 , v0 eer
u x 2x
u y 2y
, vx 0
, vy 0
ing
.ne
So the C-R equations ux = vy and uy= - vx are not satisfied everywhere except at z = 0.
So f (z) may be differentiable only at z = 0. Now ux = 2x, vy = 0 and uy= 2y, vx = 0 are continuous
everywhere and in particular at (0, 0). So f (z) is differentiable at z = 0 only and not analytic.
t
14. Determine whether the function z is analytic or not. ( MAY / JUN 2014)
Solution: Let z = x + iy
z x iy
u=x,v=-y
ux 1 vx 0
uy 0 v y 1
ux vy vx u y
C-R equations are not satisfied. Therefore f (z) is not analytic.
15. Find the map of the circle z 3 under the transformation w = 2z (NOV / DEC 2012)
Solution: Given w = 2z , z 3
ww u x e x sin y
u x ( z,0 ) e z ( 0 ) 0
u y e x cos y
u y ( z,0 ) e z ( 1 ) e z
En
w = z2 u iv x iy x 2 y 2 i 2 xy
2
Solution:
z 1 ing
19. Obtain the invariant points of the transformation w
z 1
z 1
.ne
(APR / MAY 2015)
Solution: Given: w
z 1
The invariant points are obtained by replacing w by z. t
z 1
i.e, z
z 2 1 0 z i
z 1
20. Find the image of the circle z 1 by the transformation w = z + 2 + 4i
Solution:
Given: w = z + 2 + 4i
u + iv = x + iy + 2 + 4i = ( x + 2 ) + i ( y + 4 )
u = x + 2, v=y+4
x = u – 2, y=v–4
z 1
2 2
1. If f (z ) is a regular function of z, prove that log f ( z ) 0 (APR / MAY 2017)
x
2
y 2
Solution :
Given
f ( z ) u iv
f ( z) u v 2 2
1
log f ( z ) log(u v ) 2 2
ww 1
log f ( z ) log(u v )
2
2
2 2 2
w.E 1
2 x y
log(u v )
2
2
2
2
2 2
asy
1 2
[log(u v )]
1
[log(u v )] 2 2
2
2 2
(1)
2 x 2
2 y
En 2
gin
consider ,
1 2
[log(u v )]
1 1 u v
2u 2v
eer
ing
2 2
2 x 2
2 x u v x x 2 2
(u v )[uu vv u v ] [uu vv ] 2 2 2 2 2
u v
x x
2
x
2
2
y y y
.ne
similarly
1
2 y
2
[log(u v )]
(u v )[uu vv u v ] [uu vv ]
2
u v
2 2
2 2
y y
2
y
2
2
2
x
2
y y
2
t
2 2
2 2 log f ( z ) 0
Substitute in equation (1), we get x y
y
2. Prove that u x 2 y 2 & v are harmonic functions but not harmonic conjugate. (NOV 2014)
x y2
2
Solution :
u 2x ;
x
u 2 yy
u 2
xx
; u 2 yy
u u 0
xx yy
v and v
(x y ) (x y )
x 2 2 2 y 2 2 2
v v 0
xx yy
Solution :
w
ww z
1 z
w(1 z ) z
w wz z w w 1 z w (w 1) z
w.E
z
w
w 1
Put z x iy, w u iv
u iv
asy
u iv u 1 iv
x iy
u iv 1
u iv 1 u 1 iv En
u u 1 iuv iv u 1 v 2
u 1 v 2
2
u 2 v 2 u iv
u 1 v 2
2 gin
Equating real and imaginary parts eer
x
u 2 v2 u
u 1
2
v2
, y
u 1
v
2
v2 ing
y 0
u 1
v
2
v2
0 .ne
y 0
u 1
v
2
v 2
0 v0 t
Thus the upper half of the z plane is mapped onto the upper half of the w plane.
4. Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic function. (MAY 2014)
ww
w.E
asy
Show that the transformation w
1 En
gin
5. transforms in general, circles and straight lines into circles and
z
straight lines. (APR / MAY 2017)
Solution :
1 1 eer
w
z
z
w
ing
x iy
1 u iv
2 2
u iv u v .ne
x
u
u v
2 2
v
and y 2 2
u v
t
Consider the equation a(x2+y2)+bx+cy+d=0 ------------(1)
1
Under the transformation w equation (1) becomes
z
d(u2+v2)+bu – cv + a = 0---------------(2)
a 0, d 0 Equation (1) and (2) represents a The transformation maps a circle not
circle, not passing through the origin, passing through the origin in z–plane into a
in the z–plane and w–plane circle not passing through the origin in w–
plane
a = 0, d 0 Equation (1) represents a straight line The transformation maps a straight line not
not passing through the origin in the passing through the origin in the z–plane
z–plane and equation (2) represents a into a circle passing through the origin in
circle passing through the origin in w– w–plane
ww
a = 0, d = 0
plane
w.E straight line passing through the origin straight line passing through the origin in z–
in the z–plane and w–plane plane into a straight line passing through
the origin in w–plane
Solution : eer
Cross-ratio
w w1 w2 w3 z z1 z2 z3
ing
w w3 w2 w1 z z3 z2 z1 .ne
w (1) i 1 z 1 0 1
w 1 i (1)
z 10 (1)
t
w 1 1 z i 1
w 1 1 z i 1
z i
w
1 iz
y
7. Can v tan 1 be the imaginary part of an analytic function? If so construct an analytic
x
function f(z) = u + iv, taking v as the imaginary part and hence find u. (MAY / JUNE 2016)
y
Given v tan 1
x
y x
v and v
x y x y
x 2 2 y 2 2
f ( z ) v ( z ,0)dz i v ( z ,0)dz C
y x
, C complex const.
f ( z ) log z C
To find u :
f ( z ) log(re ) [ z re ]
i
u iv log r i
ww 1
u log r log( x y ) 2 2
w.E
Prove that w
z
2
asy
8.
za za
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
ww
w.E
asy
En
9.
gin
Find the bilinear transformation that transforms the points z = 1, i, -1 of the z-plane into the points
w = 2, i, -2 of the w-plane. (MAY/ JUNE 2016)
Solution :
eer
w w1 w2 w3 z z1 z2 z3
w w3 w2 w1 z z3 z2 z1
ing
.ne
( w 2)(i 2) ( z 1)(i 1)
( w 2)(i 2) ( z 1)(i 1) t
z (6 18i ) 2i 6
w
z (i 3) 3 9i
z (6 18i ) (6 2i )
w
z (i 3) (3 9i )
10. Determine the analytic function f(z) = u + iv, given that 2u+3v = ex (cos y – sin y).
Solution:
F z dz e dz i e dz
z z
ww F z 1 i e z C (5)
From (4) & (5)
w.E 1 i ez C 2 3i f z
f z
1 i z
e
C
f z
2 3i
1 5i z
e
2 3i
C asy
2 3i
13
En
UNIT – IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION
gin
1. State Cauchy’s Integral Theorem.
PART – A
eer (APR / MAY 2015)
ing
Solution: If f (z ) is analytic at every point of the region R bounded by a simple closed curve C and if
3z 2 7 z 1
Solution: Let f (z) = z 1 dz
C
cos z
5. Evaluate C z 1 dz if C is | z | = 2.
cos z
Solution: Let I =
C
z 1
dz . Singular point is given by z – 1 = 0 z = 1
ww
Let f(z) = cos πz which is analytic inside and on C.
cos z
dz I =
f ( z)
z 1 dz = 2πi f(1) = 2πi cos π = –2πi.
I=
w.E 1
C
z 1 C
6. Expand
z2
at z = 2 as a Taylor’s series.
asy (MAY / JUNE 2016)
1
En
Solution: Let f (z ) = 2 . z = 2 is a regular point so, we can find Taylor’s series about z = 2.
z
f ( z ) f (a)
f ' (a)
( z a)
f ' ' (a)
( z a) 2 ...
gin
1! 2!
eer
f (z ) =
1
z2
f (2)
1
4 ing
f ' ( z) =
2
f '(2)
1
.ne
f ' ' ( z) = 6
z3
z4
3
f ''(2) 3
2
22
t
f '(2) f ''(2)
f ( z ) f (2) ( z 2) ( z 2) 2 ...
1! 2!
1 1 31 1 3( z 2) 2
( z 2) ( z 2) .... 3 z
2
...
4 4 8 2! 4 2
7. Obtain the Taylor’s series expansion of log 1 z when z = 0.
Solution: Let f z log 1 z f 0 log1 0
1 1
f ( z ) f (0) 1
1 z 1 0
1
f ( z ) f (0) 1
1 z 2
2
f ( z ) f (0) 2
1 z 3
f (0) f (0) 2 z2 z3 z4
log(1 z ) f (0) z z ... z ....
1! 2! 2 3 4
8. ez
Obtain the Laurent expansion of the function in the neighbourhood of its singular point.
z 1
2
ww
Solution: If C1 , C2 are two concentric circles with centre at z = a and radii r1 and r2 (r1 < r2) and if f(z)
is analytic inside and on the circles and within the annular region between C1 and C2, then for any z in
w.E
the annular region, we have f ( z ) an ( z a)n bn ( z a) n ,where
n 0 n 1
an
1
asy
f ( z)
2 i C ( z a)n 1
dz and bn
1
f ( z)
2 i C ( z a)n 1
dz
En
1 2
gin
Statement: If f(z) is analytic inside a closed curve C except at a finite number of isolated singular points
a1,a2,…an inside C, then f ( z )dz = 2 i (sum of the residues of f(z) at the singular points lying inside C).
C
eer
11. Determine the poles and residues at each pole of the function f(z) = cot z
cos z ing
Solution: Given f(z) = cot z =
sin z
The poles of f(z) are given by sin z = 0 z = nπ when n = 0, 1, 2,... .ne
Residue of f(z) at z = nπ is P(n )
cos z
cos n
1
t
Q ' (n ) d cos n
sin z
dz z n
1
12. Find the residue of f(z) = z sin at z = 0
2
z
1 1 3
1 2 z z
... = ...
z 1
Solution: Given f(z) = z sin = z
2
z 1! 3! 1 6z
1 1 1
Residue of f(z) = z 2 sin at z = 0 is the coefficient of =
z z 6
ww
Z 2 lies out of the given circle z 1 , hence e2z
w.E C
z 24 dz 0
15. If f (z) =
1
z 1 asy
2 1 ( z 1) ( z 1) 2 ... , find the residue of f (z) at z = 1. (NOV/DEC 2012)
En
Solution: Given the series expansion of f(z) about z = 1 is =
1
2 1 ( z 1) ( z 1) 2 ...
Residue of f(z) at z = 1 is –1
eer
16. Find the value of
C ( z 4)
4
3
( z 2)
dz where C is | z | < 3
ing
Solution: Given f ( z )
4 .ne
( z 4) 3 ( z 2)
The poles are given by( z – 4)3(z – 2) = 0 z 2 & z = 4 (thrice)
,
t
z 2 is a simple pole and lies inside C. But z = 4 is a pole of order 3 and lies outside C.
4 4 4 1
[Res of f(z)]z=2 = lim ( z 2) f ( z ) lim ( z 2) lim
z 2 z 2 ( z 4) 3 ( z 2) z 2 ( z 4) 3 (2) 3 2
4 1
By Cauchy Residue theorem, dz = 2 i i
C ( z 4) ( z 2)
3
2
z
17. Find the poles and residues of f ( z ) .
z 3z 2 2
Res of f(z)z1 = Lt ( z 1) z
1
z 1 ( z 1)( z 2)
Res of f(z)z2 = Lt ( z 2) z
2
z 2 ( z 1)( z 2)
1 e2z
18. Calculate the residue of f ( z ) at the poles. (NOV / DEC 2014)
z4
1 e2z
Solution: Given, f ( z ) . Here z 0 is a pole of order 4
z4
1 d3 4 1 e
2z
[Res of f ( z )] z 0 lt ( z 0)
z 0 3! dz 3 4
z
1 d3 1 d2
lt 1 e 2z
lt 2e 2 z
z 0 3! dz 3 z 0 3! dz 2
1 d 1 4
lt 4e 2 z lt 8e 2 z
z 0 6 dz 6 3
ww
z 0
Express
d
2cos sin as complex integration. (DEC/JAN 2016)
19.
w.E 0
1 z2 1 z 2 1
asy
Solution: Here z ei , dz iei d d
dz
iz
dz cos
dz
2z
and sin
2iz
1 2
d 1
En
iz 1
iz
2 0 2cos sin 2 C z 2 1 z 2 1 2 C 2iz 2 2i z 2 1
, C :| z | 1
2
2 z 2iz
gin
2iz
2
dz
C 2iz 2i z 1
2
2
dz
C z 2iz (2i 1)
2
eer
20. Define Essential singularity with an example.
ing (DEC/JAN 2016)
Solution: If the principal part of Laurents series contains an infinite number of non - zero terms, then
z = z0 is known as essential singularity.
1 1 .ne
1
2
Example: f ( z ) e 1 z z ... has z = 0 as an essential singularity. Since f(z) is an infinite series of
z
1! 2!
negative powers of z.
t
PART – B
z 1
1. Evaluate ( z 1) ( z 3)dz, where C is | z | = 2 by Cauchy Integral Formula.
C
(MAY / JUN 2016)
Solution :
z 1
z 1 z 3
C ( z 1) ( z 3)dz C ( z 1)dz
2 i f (1)
Since z=1 lies inside the circle | z | = 2
z=3 lies outside the circle | z | = 2
z 1
f ( z)
Here z 3
f (1) 1
Hence by Cauchy integral formula
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering 45
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Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net
Sub. Name & Code: Mathematics-II/ MA8251 Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2017- 18
f z 2 i n
z a n 1
dz f a
C
n!
2 i f (1)
2 i
2
z
2. Evaluate ( z 1)
c
2
( z 2)
dz where C is z 3 . (APR / MAY 2015)
Solution :
Here z 1 is a pole lies inside the circle
z 2 is a pole lies inside the circle
z2
dz
c
( z 1)2 ( z 2)
1 d
Re s f ( z ) lt ( z 1) 2 . f ( z )
(2 1)! z 1 dz
ww
z 1
lt
d
( z 1) 2
.
z2
( z 1) ( z 2)
w.E
2
z 1 dz
d z2 z2 4z
= lt
z 1 dz ( z 2)
asy
lt ( z 2)2
z 1
=
5
9 En
Re s f ( z ) lt ( z 1). f ( z ) gin
eer
z 2
z 1
z2
lt ( z 1).
( z 1) ( z 2)
z 1
2
ing
4
9 .ne
By Cauchy Residue theorem,
z 2
t
( z 1) ( z 2)dz 2 i (sum of residues)
c
2
5 4
2 i 2 i
9 9
( z 1) dz 1
3. Evaluate ( z 1) ( z 2)
C
2
, where C is the circle | z – 2 | =
2
by Cauchy Residue Theorem.
For z = 2, | z – 2 | = | 2 – 2 | = 0 < ½
d z z 1 z
Re s f ( z ) lt ( z 2) 2 lt 1
z 2
z 2 dz z 1z 2 z2 z 12
2
z dz
( z 1) ( z 2)
C
2
2 i (1) 2 i
z 2 1
4. Obtain Laurent’s Series to represent the function in the region | z | < 2 and
ww
2 z 3
( z 2)( z 3)
w.E
Solution :
Let f ( z )
z 2 1
( z 2)( z 3)
1
3
8
z 2 z 3
z asy
z
(i) Given | z | < 2
2
1 and
3
1
En
f ( z) 1
3
z
8
z gin
21
2
31
3
eer
ing
1 1
3 z 8 z
1 1 1
2 2 3 3
3 z z z
2
2 2 2 2
3
8 z z 2 z 3
1 1 ... 1 ...
3 3 3 3 .ne
(ii) Given 2 < | z | < 3
t
This region is annular about z = 0 and f (z) is analytic in this region.
z 2
|z|<3 1 and 2 < | z | 1
3 z
3 8
f ( z) 1
2 z
z 1 31
z 3
1 1
3 2 8 z
1 1 1
z z 3 3
3 2 2 2 8 z z 2 z 3
2 3
1 1 ... 1 ...
z z z z 3 3 3 3
8 z z z
2 3
1 3 z 2 z 4 z 8 z ... 1 ...
1 2 3 4
3 3 3 3
1
5. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of valid in the regions z 2 and 0 z 1 1
z 2 z 1
(APR / MAY 2017)
Solution :
z
(i). Let f z
z 1 z 2
z A B
Now
z 1 z 2 z 1 z 2
ww
z A z 2 B z 1
Put z 1
w.E
A 1
Put z 2
B 1
f z
1
2
z 1 z 2 asy
Given z 2, 2 z i.e.,
2
z
1
1 1
z En
f z
1
2
z 1 z 2
gin
1
1
2
2
eer
z 1 z 1
z z
ing
.ne
1 1
1 1 2 2
1 1
z z z z
(ii). z 1 1
Let u z 1
i.e., u 1
t
1 2
f z
z 1 z 2
1 2
u 1 u
1
2 1 u
1
u
1
2(1 u u 2 ...)
u
1
2 1 (1 z ) (1 z )2 ...
1 z
z2 4z 2
6. Find the Laurent’s series expansion of f(z) = 3 in 3 < | z + 2 | < 5 (JAN 2016)
z 2 z 2 5z 6
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
2
d
7. Evaluate 13 12 cos
0
by using Contour integration. (MAY / JUN 2016)
Solution :
Consider the unit circle | z | = 1 as contour C.
dz dz
dz
I iz iz 2 2
C
13 5
2
z 1 C 26iz 5 z 5
2
C 5 z 26iz 5
2iz 2iz
1
Let f ( z ) 2 I 2 f ( z )dz
5 z 26iz 5 C
26i 2 4 . 5(5)
z
ww
26i
10
26i 676 100 26i 576 26i 24i
10
10
10
i
, 5i
5
w.E
which are simple poles.
i
Now 5 z 2 26iz 5 5 z z 5i
5
asy
Since
i 1
1, the pole z
i
lies inside C En
5 5 5
and 5i 5 1, the pole z 5i lies outside C. gin
i i i
Now R lim z f ( z ) lim z
1
lim
1
5z 5i
eer
5 z 5 i 5 z
5
i 5
i
5
5 z z 5i z 5
i
ing
lim
z
i
5 5
i
1
1
24i
5i
.ne
5
I 2.
12 6
dx
8. Evaluate (x
0
2
a2 )2
, (a 0) using contour integration (APR / MAY 2017)
Solution :
dz
Let z dz
z 1
2 2
C C
1
Where z
z 1
2 2
Y
ח
z dz x dx z dz......(1)
-R O R X
C R
To evaluate of z dz
C
is the solution of z 2 1 0
1
The poles of z
2
z 1
2 2
i.e., z i z i 0
2 2
w.E
Now Res ( z )z i
Lt 1 d
z i 1! dz
z i z
2
Lt 1
z i 1!
2
1
z i 2 2
Lt 1 d 1
asy
z i 1! dz ( z i)2
z 2 1 z i z i
Lt
2
z 1
En
z i z i 3
2 2
gin
i i 2i 3
1
4i eer
z dz 2 i Sum of residues of z at its poles which lies inC
C ing
1
2 i ..........(2)
4i 2 .ne
Let R , then z so that z 0
Lt
z dz 0.........(3)
t
z
z dz x dx
C
dx
x 1
2
2 2
dx
2
x 1
2
0
2 2
dx
.
x 1
2
0
2 4
Solution :
dz z2 1
Let z e i, dz i e i d , sin
iz 2iz
2
d
dz
iz
1 2p sin p2 z 1 2
2
, Cis | z | 1
0 C
1 2p a
2iz
dz dz 1 dz
2
C iz p(z 1) iza
2 2
C pz iz(p 1) p
2
pC 1
z 2 iz p 1
p
2
d dz 1
1 2p sin p2
p C
i
........(1)
0
ww (z ip) z
p
w.E
i
The poles are given by z ip & z
p
i
asy
| z | = | i p | = p < 1. z= ip lies inside C and z
p
lies outside C.
x sin x dx
10. Evaluate (x a )
0
2 2
, where a > 0 (MAY / JUN 2016)
Solution:
x sin x x sin x
2 2 dx 2 dx
0
x a 2
x a2
x sin x 1 x sin x
0 x2 a 2 dx 2 x2 a 2 dx
1 z sin z
z 2 a 2 dz
2
zeiz
z 2 a2
2ia 2
asy
dz 2 i Sum of the residues at each poles in the upper half plane
e a
2 i En
ie
2
a gin
I=I.P. of 2
zeiz
dz eer
z a2
= I.P. of ie a ing
e a ...........(2)
Sub (2) in (1) .ne
x sin x 1 1 a
0 x2 a2 dx 2 x 2 e t
UNIT- V LAPLACE TRANFORM
PART A
1. State the sufficient condition for the existence of Laplace transforms. (APR / MAY 2015, 2017)
1
2. Find the Laplace transform of e 2t t 2 .
Solution: L e2t t 2 = L t 2
1 1
s s 2
1 1 1
2 1 2 2
=
3
2 s 3
s 2
ss 2
ss 2
1
1
= 2 2 ,n 1 n n
3
( s 2) 2
t
3. If L[f(t)] = F(s), Prove that L f 5F 5 s .
5
Solution: L f t e st f (t ) dt
ww
t
L f = e st f t dt
0
tw.E
5 0
put u 5du = dt
5
5
t 5 su
L f = e f u 5du
asy
5 0
En
gin
5 e (5 s ) u
f u du
0
4.
= 5 F(5s)
Find the Laplace transform of unit step function. eer
0 , t a
Solution: The Unit step function is ua ( t )
1, t a, a 0
ing
The Laplace transform L f t e
st
st e st
f (t ) dt e (1) dt
1 as
e e .ne
e as
.
5.
0
s
a s a s s
(DEC-2016)
t
t
Solution: Let F t f t dt
0
F ' t f t
L F ' t sL F t F 0 sL F t 0
t
L f t sL F t sL f t dt
0
t F s
L f t dt
0 s
cos at
6. Does L exist?
t
s 4
2
=
2 s2 4 2 4 s2
s 4
2
2
16
L[sin 2t 2t cos 2t ] =
s
ww
2
2
4
8.
w.E s2
Find L1 2
s2
s 2s 2
( s 1) 1
Solution: L1 2
s 2s 2
= L1
asy
( s 1) 1
2 L1 F s a e at L1 F s
( s 1)
= L1 2
1
L
( s 1) 1 En 1
( s 1) 1
2
s
=e–t L1 2
s 1
1
L1 2
s 1
gin
s 2 –t
L1 2 = e (cos t + sin t) eer
s 2s 2
ing
9. What is the Laplace transform of f (t ) , 0 t 10 with f (t ) f (t 10) ?
Solution: Given f(t) is a periodic function with period p .ne
L[f(t)] =
1
ps
1 e 0
p
e st f (t )dt t
1 10 st
Put p =10, L[f(t)] =
1 e 10s 0
e f (t )dt
2 t
10. Using Laplace transform, Evaluate te sin t dt (APR / MAY 2015)
0
st
2t d
Solution: e f (t ) dt = e f (t ) dt = L[t sin t ]s 2 = L sin t
0 0 s 2 ds s 2
d 1
2s 4
2
ds s 1 s2 1
25
2
11. s
Find L1 (MAY-JUNE 2016)
s2 4s 5
s 1 1
e2 t L1 2 2L 2
s 1 s 1
e2t cos t 2sin t
12. Find the Laplace transform sin3 2t
1
sin t 3sin t sin 3t
1 3 1
Solution: L sin3 2t = L[3sin2t – sin6t] = L[sin2t] – L[sin6t] 3
4 4 4 4
3 2 1 6
= 2 – 2
4 s 4 4 s 36
6 1 1
= 2 .
4 s 4 s 2 36
ww 1
13. Find L tan
1 1
w.E
Solution:
s
1
Let F(s) = tan 1
F' s
=
1 1
2 2
s
= 2
asy
1
1 (1/ s) s s 1
1 En
By property L1 F' s L1
sint
s 2 1 gin
L F ' (s) sin t ;
1 1
L F ( s) L1 F ' s
1
t eer
1 sin t
L1 tan 1
s t ing
.ne
14. Solve using Laplace transform
dy
dt
y e t given that y(0) = 0.
s3
Solution: Lt F s Lt 0
s s s 12
w.E
0
1
1 1 2s
sin u cos(t u)du L 2 2 2 L 2
s 1
s
s 1
t
2
sin t
2
L
2s
2
s2 a2
t sin at
asy
18. Give an example for a function having Laplace transform but not satisfying the continuity condition.
1
Solution: f t t 2 has Laplace transform even though it does not satisfy the continuity condition. (i.e.) It
is not piecewise continuous in (0,) as Lt f t En
19. Define a Periodic function with example.
t 0
gin
eer
Definition: A function f (t) is said to be periodic function if f(t + p) = f(t) for all t. The least value of p > 0 is
called the period of f(t). For example, sin t and cos t are periodic functions with period 2 .
20. State Convolution theorem on Laplace Transform. (MAY-JUNE 2017)
Statement: The Laplace transform of convolution of two functions is equal to the product of their Laplace
transforms. ing
(i.e) L f t g t L f t L g t .
.ne
1.
PART B
2t
(a) (i) Find the Laplace transform of f (t ) te cos 3t t
(APR/MAY 2017)
s2 4
(ii) Find L1 log
s 2
2
Solution:
d
(a) (i) L[tf (t )] F ( s)
ds
L[te 2t cos 3t ] L[e 2t cos 3t ] = L[cos 3t ]ss 2
d d
ds ds
d s d s2
= =
ds s 9 ss 2
2
ds ( s 2)2 9
s 2 2 9 1 ( s 2)2( s 2) s 2 2 9
= - =
2
( s 2) 2 92 ( s 2) 9
2
ww
Taking Laplace transforms on both sides, we have
d 2 y dy
L 2 3 2 y L[e t ]
dt
w.Edt
s 2 L( y (t )) sy(0) y ' (0) 3sL( y (t )) y (0) 2 L( y (t )
1
s 1
asy
s 2 L( y (t )) s 0 3sL( y (t )) 3 2 L( y (t )
1
En s 1
L( y (t ))( s 2 3s 2)
1
s 1
s3
gin
L( y (t )) =
s 4s 4
2
( s 1) 2 ( s 2) eer
s 2 4s 4
y (t ) L1
ing
( s 1) ( s 2)
2
.ne
By partial fraction method:
s 2 4s 4
=
A
B
( s 1) ( s 2) ( s 1) ( s 1)
2 2
C
s2
t
By solving we get A=1, B=1, C=0
s 2 4s 4 1 1
L1 L1 e t te t .
2
( s 1) ( s 2) ( s 1) ( s 1)
2
(or)
s 2 4 s 4 1 ( s 2) 2 1 ( s 2) 1 ( s 1 1) 1 1 1 1
1
y (t ) L = L = L = L = L
2
+ L
( s 1) 2
( s 2 ) ( s 1) 2
( s 2) ( s 1)
2
( s 1) ( s 1) ( s 1)
2
= e t te t
s2
(b) Apply convolution theorem to evaluate L1 2 (APR/MAY 2017)
( s 4)(s 9)
2
Solution :
(a) = *
= =
ww =
1
w.E =
1
2
2
a sy
0
1 sin(3t u ) sin(5u 3t ) t 1 sin 2t sin 2t sin 3t sin 3t
=
2 1
5
En
=
0 2 1
5 1
5
=
4
10
6
sin 2t sin 3t
10 gin
3
= sin 3t sin 2t
2
eer
5 5
ing
3. (a) Verify initial and final value theorems for the function f(t) = 1 + e–t (sin t + cos t)
.ne
Solution :
(a) Initial value theorem states lim f (t ) lim sF ( s)
1
t 0
1 s 1
s
1 s2
t
F ( s) L(1 + e-t (sin t + cos t)) = =
s s 1 1 s 1 1 s s 12 1
2 2
1 s2 ss 2
R.H.S: lim sF ( s) = lim s lim 1
s s 1 1 s s 1 1
s s 2 2
2
s 2 1
lim 1 s
=2.
s 2 2
2
s 1 2
s s
Final Value theorem states lim f (t ) lim sF ( s)
t s0
5s 2 15s 11
1
(b) Find L
s 1 s 2 3
Solution :
5s 2 15s 11
L1
s 1 s 2 3
By the method of partial fraction method:
5s 2 15s 11 A B C D
=
s 1s 2 ( s 2) ( s 2) ( s 2) ( s 1)
3 2 3
w.E 5s 2 15s 11
L1 3
( s 1)( s 2)
1/ 3
L1
4
( s 2) ( s 2)
2
7
( s 2) 3
1/ 3
( s 1)
1
asy 7 1
= e 2 t 4e 2 t t e 2 t t 2 e t
3 2
En 3
L f (t )
1
p
1 e ps 0
e st f (t )dt
ing
1 2 st
a
.ne
t
a a
L f (t )
1
1 e as 0 1 e as 0
st
e f (t )dt e Edt e Edt st
a
2
E 2 st
a
e st a 2 e st a
a
E
e dt e dt =
st
= as as
1 e 0 1 e s 0 s a
a
2 2
as
as
E 1 e as 2e 2
as
E e 2 1 e as e 2
= =
1 e as s s s s 1 e as s
as
2
1 e 2
as
1 e 2
E =E
= as
as
as
s s
1 e 1 e
2
2
1 e 2
t sin 3tdt
4t
(b) Find the Laplace transform of e
0
Solution :
4t t t
L e t sin 3tdt L t sin 3tdt
0 0 ss 4
1 1 d 1 d 3
= L(t sin 3t ) = L(sin 3t ) = 2
s ss 4 s ds s s 4 s ds s 9 ss 4
ww 1 6 s
=
s s 2 9
2
ss 4
=
s
1 6s 4
4 2
2
s 4 9
=
6
s 4 2 9
2
w.E
5. (a)Find the Laplace transformof
asy 1 cos t
t2
Solution :
1 cos t
L
1
2
s
ds ds En
t
2
s s s s 1
logs log s 2 1 ds
gin
s
1
2 s eer
logs 2 log s 2 1 ds
1
s
2
1
2
s
ing
1
s2
log 2
1
s2 1
ds log 2 ds .ne
2s s 1s
s
cot 1 s log
2
2s
s2 1
s
s
t
(b) Using Laplace transforms technique solve y '' y ' t 2 2t , given y 4, y ' 2 when t 0
(MAY/JUNE 2016)
Solution :
y '' y ' t 2 2t , given y 4, y ' 2 when t 0
s 2 L( y (t )) 4s 2 sL( y (t )) 4
2 2
s3 s2
2 2
( s 2 s ) L( y (t )) 4s 2
s3 s2
2 2
( s 2 s ) L( y (t )) 4s 2
s3 s2
2 2
s( s 1) L( y (t )) 3 2 4s 2
s s
1 2 4s 2s 2s 2
4 3
2
L( y (t )) 4 s 2 =
s( s 1) s 3 s 2 s 4 ( s 1)
2 2 2 t3
y (t ) L1 4 2 2e t
s s ( s 1) 3
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
ww
w.E
a syE
ngi
nee
rin
g.n
et