24/09/2018

 Filters with self-adjusting characteristics (i.e.,  Filter characteristics need to vary with
adapts automatically to changes in input
signals) changing conditions
 Some applications:
◦ Removal of artifacts or contaminations (e.g. eye  Spectral overlap between signal and noise
blinks) in electroencephalography (EEG) and
electrocardiogram (ECG) signals  Noise band is unknown, or varies with time
◦ Dealing with jamming signals within the
communication spectrum
◦ Telephone echo cancellation

 Contaminated signal:
yk  sk  nk

◦ where: sk = desired signal, nk = noise

signal estimate
 Desired signal estimate:
sˆ k  y k  nˆ k  s k  n k  nˆ k

◦ where: n̂ k  noise estimate

 Squaring both sides,  Adjusting the adaptive filter towards

sˆ k  s k  ( n k  nˆ k )
2 2 2
 2 s k ( n k  nˆ k ) optimum position, minimizes remnant noise
power and hence total output power
 Taking the expectations of both sides,
 Thus, minimizing output power is to
    
E sˆ k  E s k  E ( n k  nˆ k )
2 2 2
  2 E s k
( n k  nˆ k )  maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio:

 If desired signal is uncorrelated with noise,

 
2
 2

min E sˆ k  E s k  min E ( n k  nˆ k )
2


    
E sˆ k  E s k  E ( n k  nˆ k )
2 2 2


1
 24/09/2018

 Sub-area in DSP dealing with processing of

signals at more than one sampling rate

 Two primary operations:

1. Decimation (sampling rate decrease)
2. Interpolation (sampling rate increase)

 Some applications:
◦ Audio processing (oversampling, CD player, data
acquisition) 
◦ Digital communication (transmultiplexers, receivers)
◦ Biomedicine (narrowband filtering of EEG/ECG signals)
w (n)   h(k )  x(n  k )
k  

y ( m )  w ( mM )   h ( k )  x ( mM  k )
k  

 Input sampling rate (Fs1) = 6 KHz

 Output sampling rate (Fs2) = 2 KHz

 LPF’s cutoff frequency?

 x ( m / L ), m  0 ,  L ,  2 L ,...
w (m )  
 0, otherwise


y (m )   h (k )  w (m  k )
k  

2
 24/09/2018

 DSP (by Proakis & Manolakis)

 DSP: A Practical Approach (by Jervis and
Ifeachor)