Beruflich Dokumente
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Sarah Naim Abdel-Hassan This study was conducted in the field of Agriculture college, Al-Muthanna
and Abdul Mohsin University at the winter season 2016-2017, to study the effect of zeolite mineral on
Abdullah Radi the chemical properties of sand. Six levels of natural zeolite metal 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8
and 1%, were used with two levels of decomposed animal organic matter at 0.2 and
Institution: 0.4%, in two different soil cultures (sandy and loamy) to study. Zeolite was mixed with
Soil and Water Resource,
the organic matter and 10 Kg of soil in an anvil capacity 15-25 Kg to reach the size
Agriculture College,
6*2*2 m. The chemical fertilizer NPK was mixed with soil and zeolite according to the
Al-Muthanna University,
Iraq. fertilizer recommendation of the wheat crop. For all the treatments, the wheat seeds
were planted by the Maxibak class on 15/11/2016 and harvested on 15/4/2017. The
Corresponding author: results showed that the added zeolite led to the rise in the sandy and loamy soils
Sarah Naim Abdel-Hassan reaction degree and lowering in the electrical conductivity rates and dissolved salts in
both soils which increased zeolite mineral adding rate that contributed the rising of
the rate of cation exchange capacity and NPK during growth period in the soil. The
sandy soil response significantly improved the level of 1% zeolite with 0.4% organic
matter. The results showed that the addition rate of zeolite was associated with the
rate of soil organic matter.
Keywords:
Zeolite, Chemical properties, Sandy and loamy soils.
Article Citation:
Sarah Naim Abdel-Hassan and Abdul Mohsin Abdullah Radi
Effect of zeolite in improving the chemical properties of sandy and loamy soils
Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 2053-2066
Dates:
Received: 02 July 2018 Accepted: 07 Aug 2018 Published: 21 Sep 2018
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the soil were estimated before planting and some traits Richards (1954). Chlorides (Cl-1) were estimated by
were studied after the harvest. The exchange capacity titration with silver nitrate (AgNO3) 0.05 N by the
was estimated to be saturated with sodium (1 M) and method of Jackson (1958) sulphates (SO4-2) were esti-
ammonium (1 M). Measurement of cations and dis- mated accessing the turbidity using barium chloride
+2 +2
solved ions of calcium (Ca ) and magnesium (Mg ) by (BaCl2.2H2O) using spectrophotometer type Biochrom
the method of titration with EDTA-Na2 (0.01N) as per (Libra S5) at 470 nm. The degree of soil reaction in
+1
Jackson (1958). Potassium (K ) and sodium were esti- suspension 1: 1 (soil: water) was measured using a pH-
mated using flame photometer (Jackson, 1958), carbon meter model (PTR 79). According to Jackson (1958) the
(CO3-2) and bicarbonate (HCO3-1) by H2SO4 titration electrical conductivity (Ec) was measured in separated
(0.01 M) using orange methyl detector according to 1:1 ratio using conductivity bridge and were estimated
Table 2. Some physical and chemical properties of mineral zeolite
Partial density Bulk density Porosity CEC
S. No pH EC (dsm-1)
(Mg m-3) (Mg m-3) )%( (C.Mol.kg-1)
1 7.3 2.21 1.0 0.09 91 73.6
Distribution of sizes of mineral (microns)
More than Less than
2 4750-2360 2360-1000 1222-622 622-322 322-125 125-75
4752 75
3 14.44% 39.11% 25.11% 16.13% 0.65% 3.23% 1.12% 0.21%
by method sedimentation using acetone (Richards, after mixed with the level of zeolite mineral parasites
1954). Nitrogen was extracted by potassium chloride and organic matter ratios for each treatment. Ten seeds
solution (2 standards), using microcaldale according to of the maxipak wheat plant, an economic crop were
the method described by Page et al. (1982). Extraction planted in each pot, and seedlings were reduced to four
of phosphorus was done in sodium bicarbonate solution after 10 days of planting for each pot to maintain mois-
(pH=8.5) and colour development was measured using ture content nearer to the field capacity and to compen-
ammonium molybdenum solution and ascorbic acid as a sate moisture loss due to evaporation. In a weighted
reducing factor estimated using spectrophotometer fol- method, crop processing was carried out by weeding
lowing the methods of Watanabe and Olsen (1965). and pest control until the end of the experiment and the
Available potassium was extracted by ammonium ace- major nutrients were added: e.g. nitrogen in the form of
tate solution (1 standard) and estimated using flame urea. In the first batch payments 1.1 g before planting
photometer Page et al. (1982). Plastic pot with a capaci- and in the second batch 1.1 g after planting for forty
ty of 10 Kg depth and 25 cm for mineral levels (0 and days. The phosphorus was added in the form of P 2O5 (3
0.2 %) for zeolite and plastic pot with a capacity of 15 g) before planting and potassium was added in the form
Kg depth 28 cm for mineral levels (0.4 and 0.6 %) zeo- of potassium sulphate (1 g) before planting. At the final
lite. Plastic pot with a capacity of 20 Kg depth 32 cm maturity stage, the plant was harvested in 15/4/2017,
for mineral levels (0.8 and 1 %) zeolite and the bottom carried out the experiment factorial in pots 6x2x2 in a
of the pot was filled with 300 g of fine gravel (less than Complete Random Design (CRD) with three replicates
4 mm) with the addition of cotton fabric to prevent soil per transaction and distributed in a random manner. The
leakage. 10 Kg of the two soils were added on each pot chemicals properties of the soil such as interaction de-
dSm-1 at the level of addition of 0.2% zeolite and then level of 0.4% organic material, but the addition of zeo-
gradually decreased with the addition of the 1% mineral lite metal has reduced these values to 1.00 and 0.55 at
to 0.38 dSm-1. Zeolite had an effect in reducing this the level of organic matter addition at 0.2% and 0.4%,
quality in both sandy and loamy soils. As there is a respectively. The values of the electrical conductivity of
quick response to the EC with different percentages of both soil levels are lower at 0.4% organic matter than at
mineral added in sandy soils, it decreased from 3.35 to 0.2% organic matter, indicating the importance of in-
-1
2.63, 1.85, 1.23, 0.65 and 0.38 dSm when raising metal creasing the organic matter ratio with zeolite in reducing
added to soil from 0 to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1%, respec- soil salinity. There were significant differences between
tively. The loamy soils decreased from 4.53 dSm-1 to the two soil in the values of electrical conductivity as
-1
3.85, 3.20, 2.43, 1.63, 0.78 dSm when the metal was the mean of the sandy soil was 1.68 dSm-1 and the mix-
upgraded from 0 to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1%, respective- ture showed 2.73 dSm-1.
ly. Although there was a significant effect of the organic Cation exchange capacity (C.Mol.Kg-1)
matter in reducing the values of electrical conductivity, Table 5 shows that the mixing of zeolite with
the control treatment of sandy soil showed 3.85 at the sandy soils resulted in an increase in the exchange ca-
level of 0.2% organic matter and decreased to 2.85 pacity of sandy soils to 11.26, 25.86 and 34.41 C.Mol.
when raising the level of organic matter to 0.4%, but Kg-1 for metal levels of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% respectively
raising the levels of added zeolite metal has reduced the with the control treatment having 3.19 C.Mol.Kg -1 to
values of electrical conductivity at both levels of sandy whereas the loamy soil had 19.15, 31.28 and 39.27
soils. In loamy soil, as for the control treatment, it was C.Mol.Kg-1 for the same levels respectively, compared
4.80 at the level of 0.2% organic matter and 4.25 at the to the control, which recorded the lowest average of
10.71 C.Mol.Kg-1. Moreover, the addition of zeolite to in the soil with the increase in the amount of organic
the soil increases the values of cation exchange capaci- matter added was noted. The largest difference in the
ty. The addition of zeolite with 0.8% and 1% zeolite for values of available nitrogen was recorded in the level of
sandy soil gave the highest increase of 39.84 and 48.86 1% zeolite, 11.06 mg.kg-1 at the level of organic matter
C.Mol.Kg-1 and the loamy soil had 44.42 and 55.48 at 0.2% and rose to 11.88 mg.kg-1 in the level of 0.4%
C.Mol.Kg-1 respectively for the same levels. organic matter indicating the importance of adding zeo-
-1
Available nitrogen (mg.kg ) lite with organic matter in raising the values of available
Table 6 shows a significant effect of zeolite in nitrogen in sandy soils. The nitrogen values in both the
raising the nitrogen values in both the soil after harvest. soils were higher at 0.4% of organic matter at an aver-
In loamy soil the nitrogen content was significantly age of 12.14% and 0.2% at organic matter addition, the
higher than the sandy soil. The doubling of the amount average was with an average of 11.47 mg.kg-1 at all lev-
of organic matter added showed significant differences els of addition of zeolite metal, indicating the im-
in the ratio of nitrogen uptake in both soil and increase portance of increasing the organic addition of available
with increasing the percentage of organic matter added. nitrogen when treated with zeolite metal.
The mixing of zeolite with sandy soils resulted in an Available phosphorus (mg.kg-1)
increase in the post-harvest nitrogen ratio after a signifi- Table 7 shows that the sandy soil was signifi-
-1
cant increase from 130 mg.kg in comparison to 7.54, cantly higher than the loamy soil on average phosphorus
-1
8.46, 9.47, 10.38 and 11.47 mg.kg when lifting the content after harvest. The doubling of the amount of
metal levels from 0.2 and 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1%, respec- organic matter added showed significant differences in
tively. The increase in the amount of available nitrogen the ratio of phosphorus available in both soil with sig-
nificant effect of the interaction between zeolite and soil showed 5.40 at 0.2% organic matter and 4.95 mg.kg -1 at
texture. The zeolite mixing with the soil had a signifi- 0.4% organic matter. Zeolite has raised these values to
cantly increased phosphorus values. The highest aver- 16.35 mg.kg-1 and 16.60 mg.kg-1 at is 0.2% and 0.4%
age phosphorus in the sandy soil was 12.30 mg.kg -1 at organic matter respectively.
-1
the level of 1% zeolite and 16.48 mg.kg in the mixed Available potassium (mg.kg -1)
soil. A comparison of these values with control treat- Table 8 shows a significant effect of zeolite in
-1 -1
ment of 3.53 mg.kg for sandy soils and 5.18 mg.kg raising the available potassium values in all soil types, a
for loamy soils showing the role of the metal in increas- significantly higher values in loamy soils when com-
ing the phosphorus uptake in soil. A gradual increase of pared with sandy soils in the average potassium content.
phosphorus with increased zeolite added to sandy soils The doubling of the amount of organic matter added has
-1
from 9.53 to 9.98, 10.75, 11.65 and 12.30 mg.kg when shown significant differences in the rate of available
the added zeolite increased from 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and potassium in soil types. It increased the proportion of
1% respectively was added. The results showed a signif- organic matter added, as well as a significant effect of
icant effect of the organic matter in raising the values of the interaction between zeolite and soil texture and a
available phosphorus, as in the control treatment of significant effect of the interaction of other factors were
sandy soil showing 3.20 mg.kg-1 at 0.2% organic matter noted. In the sandy soils, it is higher than 1%, with an
-1
and 3.85 mg.kg at 0.4% organic matter. Raising phos- average of 103.00 mg.kg-1, and the levels of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6
phorus values at both levels of sandy soil more, double and 0.8% of zeolite had averages of 64.75, 74.00, 86.00
the effect of organic matter in the comparison sample and 102.00 mg.kg-1, respectively. Zeolite increase led to
significantly. In the loamy soil as for control treatment it the increase of available potassium. The level of 1%
zeolite had the highest mean soil level of 123.25 gree may be due to the high adsorption of base cations
-1
mg.kg , exceeding all levels of sandy and loamy soil by the ion exchange sites of the mineral which is con-
followed by 0.8% zeolite with an average of 118.50 sistent with Ajirloo et al. (2013). This phenomenon was
-1
mg.kg . The increase in the amount of available potas- repeated in the mixed soil as the values of the reaction
sium with the increase in the amount of organic matter level increased at the end of the experiment. The
added showed the largest difference in the available increase in the level of the mineral added to the soil may
potassium value at the level of 1% zeolite, as it is be due to the direct effect of the zeolite metal base or
-1
100.50 mg.kg at the level of 0.2% organic matter and the adsorption of alkaline elements in the soil and rais-
rose to 105.50 mg.kg-1 at the level of 0.4% organic mat- ing the values of their reaction. The values of the reac-
ter. It is noted that the level of 0.4% organic matter, tion level for both soil levels are less at 0.4% organic
-1
which scored an average of 92.42 mg.kg , while the matter than at the level of 0.2% organic matter even at
record level of 0.2% organic matter had less average of all levels of addition of zeolite metal, indicating the
-1
79.25 mg.kg , considering for the effect of soil texture importance of increasing the percentage of organic mat-
on the potassium content, the loamy soil was signifi- ter added to soil when treated with zeolite. However, the
-1
cantly higher with an average of 88.54 mg.kg and extent of the increase in the loamy soil is higher than the
sandy soil with a mean average of 83.13 mg.kg -1. sandy soils due to the washing of basal elements in the
sandy soils higher than the rate of the loamy soil.
DISCUSSION Electrical conductivity (dSm-1)
Interaction degree The differences in electrical conductivity are
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