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eu/Materials-for-Civil-and-Construction-Engineers-4th-Edition-Mamlouk-Solutions-Manual

CHAPTER 2. NATURE OF MATERIALS

2.1. See Section 2.2.1.

2.2. See Section 2.1.

2.3. See Section 2.1.1.

2.4. See Section 2.1.1.

2.5. See Section 2.1.2.

2.6. See Section 2.2.1.

2.7. See Section 2.1.2.

2.8. See Section 2.2.1.

s
2.9. See Section 2.2.1. w

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la

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2.10. If the atomic masses and radii are the same, then the material that crystalizes into a lattice
s

i
W
r

ss
to
es

rld
uc

i
at

.D

o
r

with a higher APF will have a larger density. The FCC structure has a higher APF than
St

.
st

ed
ng

W
n
d

itt
ni
i

e
te

of

th

m
ar
ni

er

the BCC structure.

e

le

on
U

tp
u

t
by

en

g
he

no
in
ud
d

ud
rt
te

is
st
ec

fo

cl

d
ng

in

an
ot

ly

(
le

si
pr

k
s
so

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or
is

se

w
d
k

as
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or

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hi

th
w

d
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an

of

of
is

2.11. For the face-center cubic crystal structure, number of equivalent whole atoms in each unit
pr
Th

rt

ity
se
is

pa

gr
r
d

cell = 4
ou

te
y
an

an

in
c
ir

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of

By inspection the diagonal of the face of a FCC unit cell = 4r

e

th
th

le

y
sa

ro

Using Pythagorean theory:

st
or

de

(4r)2 = a2 + a2
ill
w

16r2 = 2 a2
8r2 = a2
a  2 2r

2.12. a. Number of equivalent whole atoms in each unit cell in the BCC lattice structure = 2

b. Volume of the sphere = (4/3)  r3

Volume of atoms in the unit cell = 2 x (4/3)  r3 = (8/3)  r3
By inspection, the diagonal of the cube of a BCC unit cell
= 4r = a2  a2  a2 = a 3
4r
a = Length of each side of the unit cell =
3

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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3
 4r 
c. Volume of the unit cell =  
 3
volume of atoms in the unit cell (8 / 3) .r 3
APF  = = 0.68
total unit volume of the cell (4r / 3 ) 3

4r
2.13. For the BCC lattice structure: a 
3
3 3
 4r   4 x0.124 x109  -29 3
Volume of the unit cell of iron =   =   = 2.348 x 10 m
 3  3 

2.14. For the FCC lattice structure: a  2 2r

Vol. of unit cell of aluminum = (2 2r ) 3 = (2 2 x0.143) 3 =0.06616725 nm3 = 6.6167x10-29 m3

s
w

ng
la
2.15. From Table 2.3, copper has an FCC lattice structure and r of 0.1278 nm
hi

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n
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rig

W
a
t
Volume of the unit cell of copper = (2 2r ) 3 = (2 2 x0.1278) 3 = 0.04723 nm3 = 4.723 x10-29 m3
py

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em
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to
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at

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St

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st

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W
n
d

4r itt
ni
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te

2.16. For the BCC lattice structure: a 

of

th

m
ar
ni

er
e

le

on
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by

3
en

g
he

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is
st
ec

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3 3
cl

 4r   4 x0.124 x109 
d
ng

in

an
ot

ly

(
le

si
pr

-29 3
k

Volume of the unit cell of iron =   =   = 2.348 x 10 m

k
s
so

or

or
is

se

 3
w

 
d
k

3
as
de
or

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hi

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w

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is

pr

nA
Th

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Density =  
se
is

pa

gr
r
d

ou

te
y
an

an

in
c

VC NA
ir

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of
e

th
th

le

n = Number of equivalent atoms in the unit cell = 2

y
sa

ro
st
or

de

A = Atomic mass of the element = 55.9 g/mole

ill
w

NA= Avogadro’s number = 6.023 x 1023

2 x55.9
  29 23
= 7.904 x 106 g/m3 = 7.904 Mg/m3
2.348 x10 x6.023x10

4r
2.17. For the BCC lattice structure: a 
3
3 3
 4r   4 x0.1363x10  9  -29 3
Vol. of the unit cell of molybdenum =   =   = 3.119 x 10 m
 3  3 
nA 2 x95.94
 =  29 23
 10.215 x 106 g/m3= 10.215 Mg/ m3
VC NA 3.119 x 10 x 6.023 x10

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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4r
2.18. For the BCC lattice structure: a 
3
3 3
 4r   4 x0.128 x10  9  -29 3
Volume of the unit cell of the metal =   =   = 2.583 x 10 m
 3  3 
nA 2 x63.5
 =  29 23
 8.163 x 106 g/m3= 8.163 Mg/ m3
V C N A 2.583x10 x6.023x10

2.19. For the FCC lattice structure: a  2 2r

Volume of unit cell of the metal = (2 2r ) 3 = (2 2 x0.132) 3 =0.05204 nm3 = 5.204x10-29 m3
nA 4 x 42.9
 =  29 23
 5.475 x 106 g/m3= 5.475 Mg/ m3
V C N A 5.204 x10 x6.023x10

2.20. For the FCC lattice structure: a  2 2r

Volume of unit cell of aluminum = (2 2r ) 3 = (2 2 x0.143) 3 =0.06616725 nm3 = 6.6167x10-29 m3
s
w

ng
la
nA
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)
n
Density =  
ht

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W
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VC N A
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For FCC lattice structure, n = 4 rld

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at

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St

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st

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ng

A = Atomic mass of the element = 26.98 g/mole

n
d

itt
ni
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te

of

th

m
ar
ni

NA= Avogadro’s number = 6.023 x 1023

er
e

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on
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g
he

no
in
ud
d

4 x26.98
ud
rt
te


is
st

= 2.708 x 106 g/m3 = 2.708 Mg/m3

ec

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6.6167 x10 29 x6.023x10 23

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2.21.  
s

rt

ity
se
is

pa

gr
r
d

ou

te
y
an

VC NA
an

in
c
ir

e
of
e

th
th

For FCC lattice structure, n = 4

le

y
sa

ro
st
or

4 x63.55
de

Vc = = 4.747 x 10-29 m3
ill
w

8.89 x10 6 x6.023x10 23

4 x(4 / 3) .r 3
APF = 0.74 =
4.747 x10 29
r3 = 0.2097 x 10-29 m3
r =0.128 x 10-9 m = 0.128 nm

nA
2.22. a.  
VC NA
For FCC lattice structure, n = 4
4 x 40.08
Vc = 6 23
= 1.717 x 10-28 m3
1.55 x10 x6.023x10

19
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Full file at https://testbankuniv.eu/Materials-for-Civil-and-Construction-Engineers-4th-Edition-Mamlouk-Solutions-Manual

4 x(4 / 3) .r 3
b. APF = 0.74 =
1.717 x10  28
r = 0.7587 x 10-29 m3
3

r =0.196 x 10-9 m = 0.196 nm

2.23.

2.24. See Section 2.2.2.

2.25. See Section 2.2.2.

2.26. See Section 2.2.2.

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la
2.27. See Figure 2.14.
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to

2.28. See Section 2.2.5.

es

rld
uc

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at

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St

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st

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ng

W
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th

m
ar
ni

2.29. mt = 100 g
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e

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on
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by

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g
he

no
in

PB = 65 %
ud
d

ud
rt
te

is
st
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fo

cl

PlB = 30 %
ng

in

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le

si
pr

k
s
so

or

or
is

se

PsB = 80 %
w

w
d
k

as
de
or

e
hi

th
w

From Equations 2.4 and 2.5,

i
ov

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an

of

of
is

pr
Th

rt

ity
se

ml + ms = 100
is

pa

gr
r
d

ou

te
y
an

an

in
c

30 ml+ 80 ms = 65 x 100
ir

e
of
e

th
th

le

Solving the two equations simultaneously, we get:

y
sa

ro
st
or

de

ml = mass of the alloy which is in the liquid phase = 30 g

ill
w

ms = mass of the alloy which is in the solid phase = 70 g

2.30. mt = 100 g
PB = 45 %
PlB = 17 %
PsB = 65 %
From Equations 2.4 and 2.5,
ml + ms = 100
17 ml+ 65 ms = 45 x 100
Solving the two equations simultaneously, we get:
ml = mass of the alloy which is in the liquid phase = 41.67 g
ms = mass of the alloy which is in the solid phase = 58.39 g

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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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2.31. mt = 100 g
PB = 60 %
PlB = 25 %
PsB = 70 %
From Equations 2.4 and 2.5,
ml + ms = 100
25 ml+ 70 ms = 60 x 100
Solving the two equations simultaneously, we get:
ml = mass of the alloy which is in the liquid phase = 22.22 g
ms = mass of the alloy which is in the solid phase = 77.78 g

2.32. mt = 100 g
PB = 40 %
PlB = 20 %
PsB = 50 %
From Equations 2.4 and 2.5,
ml + ms = 100
40 ml+ 50 ms = 40 x 100
s
w

ng
la
Solving the two equations simultaneously, we get:
hi

)
n
ht

eb
c

tio
ea
rig

W
a
ml = mass of the alloy which is in the liquid phase = 33.33 g
t
py

in
in

e
em
co

d
s

i
W
r

ss
to
es

ms = mass of the alloy which is in the solid phase = 66.67 g rld

uc

i
at

.D

o
r
St

.
st

ed
ng

W
n
d

itt
ni
i

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te

of

th

m
ar
ni

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e

le

on
U

tp
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by

en

g
he

no
in
ud
d

ud
rt
te

2.33. a. Spreading salt reduces the melting temperature of ice. For example, at a salt composition
is
st
ec

fo

cl

d
ng

in

an
ot

ly

of 5%, ice starts to melt at -21oC. When temperature increases more ice will melt. At a
(
le

si
pr

k
s
so

or

or
is

se

temperature of -5oC, all ice will melt.

w
d
k

as
de
or

e
hi

th
w

d
i
ov

t
an

of

of
is

pr
Th

rt

ity
se
is

pa

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b. -21oC
r
d

ou

te
y
an

an

in
c
ir

e
of
e

th
th

le

y
sa

ro

c. -21oC
st
or

de
ill
w

2.34. See Section 2.3.

2.35. See Section 2.3.

2.36. See Section 2.4.

21
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Full file at https://testbankuniv.eu/Materials-for-Civil-and-Construction-Engineers-4th-Edition-Mamlouk-Solutions-Manual

exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.