An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
Heart: Structure – Functioning - Heart beat: Origin & Conduction - Cardiac
cycle - Heart sound - Pulse rate - Heart diseases and disorders

Blood vessels: Types; structure and functions blood vessels -

conducting, resistance, distributing, exchange, reservoir or capacitance vessels
– Arteries – Veins - Capillaries – Coronary vessels.

Circulation types: Pulmonary – Systemic.

click on the topic that you

want to know
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS
Blood vessels can be classified according to their
size and wall structure.
Conducting Vessels

Distributing Vessels

Resistance Vessels

Exchange Vessels

Capacitance or
Reservoir Vessels

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

Conducting Vessels:
- large arteries from heart and their main branches.
- walls of these vessels are elastic in nature.

Distributing Vessels:
- smaller arteries reaching individual origans,
- branch into the organs.
- walls of these vessels are muscular in nature.

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS
Resistance Vessels:
Mostly arterioles..
wall of these vessels are highly muscular.
hence these vessels can reduce the pressure of the
blood due to peripheral resistance.

Exchange Vessels:
These are the capillaries.
walls of these vessels allow exchange between blood
and tissue fluid surrounding cells.

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS
Capacitance or Reservoir Vessels:
- These are the larger vessels and veins.
- They are of varying sizes,
- They collect and convey blood back to the heart.
The higher capacitance of these vessels is due to their
distensibility.
Hence their blood content is more, even at low pressure.
The number of such veins is also enormous.
Thus the veins are called as the `Blood reservoirs`

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 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES are blood vessels that carry

blood away from heart
VEINS carry blood from capillaries
towards the heart.
Arteries and Veins are named and
classified according to their
anatomical position.
CAPILLARIES are very minute
blood vessels that connect
arterioles and venules.

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 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

Arteries have three layers

of thick walls which are
able to expand and
contract.

Arterioles are small arteries that connect larger arteries with capillaries.
Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

Smooth muscle
fibers contract.
Another layer of
connective tissue is
quite elastic, allowing
the arteries to carry
blood under high
pressure.

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 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELSTypes of Arteries

Large elastic arteries

The walls of these arteries contain elastic fibres.
- the smooth wall measures about 1µ thick
- it gets stretched under effect of pulse and recoils elastically
Muscular arteries
The wall has 30-40 layers of smooth muscles.
They regulate blood supply and called as distributing arteries.
The small muscular arteries are capable of vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
The larger arteries are inelastic and have thick walls.
Arterioles
They conduct blood from the arteries to the capillary bed.
These are also small vessels capable of vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS
Arterioles

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

Capillaries are microscopic, fine vessels found between

arterioles and venules.
They measure about 5-8 µ in diameter.
they are concentrated into capillary beds.
the wall of capillary is only one cell layer thick.

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 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

Some capillaries have

small pores between the
cells of the capillary wall,
allowing materials to flow
in and out of capillaries as
well as the passage of
white blood cells.

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 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

Nutrients, wastes, hormones etc., are exchanged

across the thin walls of capillaries.

Control of blood flow into capillary beds is done

by nerve-controlled sphincters

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 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

- carry blood from capillaries to the heart.

- blood in veins is oxygen-poor.
- pressure in veins is low,

Veins depend on nearby muscular contractions to move blood along.

Veins have valves that prevent backward flow of the blood
Venules are smaller veins gather blood from capillary beds into veins.

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 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

Veins seen in anatomy are medium veins.

They run in between venules and large veins.
There are several valves in medium veins.
These valves are semi-lunar type.

Veins with a diameter above

2 mm have valves.
Large veins transport blood
towards the heart.

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

BLOOD VESSELS

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
BLOOD VESSELS

Coronary vessels
Damage or narrowing of the
coronary blood vessels leads
to Coronary Artery Disease.
Heart disorders like heart
attack, myocardial infarction,
the chest pain of Angina are
usually caused by CAD

There are 2 main coronary arteries the left and the right.
The left one branches into left circum flex artery and the left
anterior descending artery.
Right main coronary artery and the left coronary arteries branch
off the aorta, surround and penetrate the heart muscles.
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 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.
BLOOD VESSELS

Coronary vessels

Arterioles and capillaries branch off from the coronary

arteries to supply the heart muscle with oxygen rich blood.
Deoxygenated blood drains into the coronary veins, which
carry it back into the Heart’s right atrium.
Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

Heart: Structure

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

Heart Anatomy
Internal structure of heart shows four chambers.
The two upper chambers are called Atria,
and the two lower chambers are called Ventricles.
The left aperture is guarded by Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve.
The right aperture is guarded by Tricuspid valve.
These valves are attached with papillary muscles by Chordae
tendinae.
Left and right atria communicate with their respective ventricles
through Atrioventricular apertures.
Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT
 An Illustration for the students who aspire for medical studies.

End

Prepared by T. Madhavan & K. Chandrasekaran, Lecturers in Zoology, Directorate of School Education., Pondicherry. EXIT