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105 FoCARS
Foundation Course For Agricultural Research Service
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P. Krishnan and P. Namdev
INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
SYSTEM IN INDIA
K. Kareemulla1
1. Introduction
Over three billion people which is almost half of the world’s
population live in rural areas. Roughly 2.5 billion of these rural people
derive their livelihoods from agriculture. For many economies,
especially those of developing countries, agriculture can be an
important engine of economic growth. In many poor developing
countries, primary activities such as agriculture still constitute the
backbone of the economy. Another dimension scope and opportunity
for agriculture is that almost 12.5 per cent of the global population is
under nourished. Vast majority of them are in developing countries.
Traditionally agriculture was the prime occupation and contributed to
major national economies’ share. As the other industries – mining,
communications, transport and other industries emerged with
inventions paving way for commercialization, this sector was relegated
to the second and with the services sector like banking and software
emerging in the last five decades the services sector occupied the prime
share in global economy. This paper deals with the global and Indian
agriculture economies with focus on veterinary / animal sciences.
The agriculture sector does not provide a large part of global GDP –
which continues to be dominated in all regions by services with almost
70 per cent share followed by about 20 per cent in industry and
agriculture contributes about 5 per cent. However, agriculture plays an
important role, especially because approximately one-third of the
world’s population still obtains its livelihood from agriculture. In
developing countries its share is certainly higher in the range of 14 –
56 per cent.
1
Principal Scientist, RSM Division, NAARM
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In the Indian context agriculture is the driving force and fulcrum for
the country’s economy. It may be a global phenomenon that as the
growth and development takes centre stage more of contribution comes
from services and manufacturing and agriculture and forestry get
relegated to the third place. The situation in India is no different but
with slight modification. Indian agriculture has performed remarkably
well in terms of output growth, despite weather and price shocks in the
past few years. Indian agriculture contributes to 8% global agricultural
gross domestic product to support 18% of world population on only
9% of world’s arable land and 2.3% of geographical Area. Although
agriculture, including allied activities, accounted for only 13.9 per cent
of the GDP in 2013-14, its role in the country's economy is much
bigger with its share in total employment as high as 53 per cent during
2005-10. The declining share of the agriculture and allied sector in the
country's GDP is consistent with the normal development trajectory of
any fast growing economy. This does not mean that the contribution of
the sector is by any means a mean value. The multiplicative and
complementary effect it has on other sectors is much more than what
the data speak.
Therefore, it is in this context that the growth and development of
agriculture has to be viewed through the lens of research and
development since the primary stakeholders of the sector viz. farmers
are the determinants and decide the very survival of any such system.
The foundations for the organized contributions for research and
technology to agriculture were probably laid in with the starting of
agriculture departments in the states followed by higher education
colleges, famine commission (in 1880s), then Imperial (Indian)
Agricultural Research Institute (1905), Royal Commission on
Agriculture (1926) and so on till the latest World Bank assisted
National Agricultural Innovation Project. Several institutions promoted
by government, corporate and NGOs have come up in the past century
or so that set the mandate to conduct research and development leading
to technologies for sustainable agriculture. These institutions although
might be owned by different agencies but have the common broad
agenda to generate and transfer technologies for the better of Indian
agriculture. The Indian Council for Agriculture Research (ICAR) has
taken upon itself the onus of coordinating and driving these institutions
forward. Therefore, the future of agriculture and the agriculturists lies
in the hands of national agricultural Research System (NARS).
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alone that too only in Asia amounts to $10.8 billion for Rice, $2.5
billion for wheat and $ 0.8 billion for maize.
The ICAR and the national agricultural research system have played a
pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent
developments in agriculture in India through its research and
technology development that has enabled the country to increase the
production of food grains by 4 times, horticultural crops by 6
times, fish by 9 times (marine 5 times and inland 17 times), milk 6
times and eggs 27 times since 1950-51, thus making a visible impact
on the national food and nutritional security. It has played a major role
in promoting excellence in higher education in agriculture. It is
engaged in cutting edge areas of science and technology development
and its scientists are internationally acknowledged in their fields.
Therefore, it is essential to know the structure and functioning of
NARS in detail.
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National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing
research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries
and animal sciences in the entire country (fig.1). With 102 ICAR
institutes (including four deemed universities) and 65 Agricultural
Universities spread across the country this is one of the largest
national agricultural systems in the world.
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Deemed Universities - 4
Institutions – 64
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National Bureaux - 6
Directorates/Project Directorates – 13
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Network Projects 20
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Other Projects - 10
10. National Fund for Basic and Strategic Research, New Delhi
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the project has achieved its main objective of helping to strengthen the
regional research capabilities of the Agricultural Universities and
decentralize agricultural research. The project has created an awareness
of developing mission-oriented, problem-specific, relevant research
with multidisciplinary thrust, and thus has made considerable impact in
many areas where enough attention was not paid earlier.
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The total budget is US $ 250 million: the World Bank will fund US $
200 million as credit and US $ 50 million by the Government of India.
Components of NAIP
The NAIP will function through four components:
1. The ICAR as the Catalysing Agent for the Management of
Change in the Indian NARS
2. Research on Production to Consumption Systems (PCS)
3. Research on Sustainable Rural Livelihood Security (SRLS) and
4. Basic and Strategic Research in the Frontier Areas of
Agricultural Sciences (BSR)
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5. Other Agencies
5.1 General Universities:
Many General Universities with well-developed faculties in
agriculture, or strong departments engaged in areas such as genetics,
plant physiology, mycology, entomology, biochemistry, economics,
chemistry, marine biology, home science, etc. have made distinctive
contributions to agricultural research in the country. Besides, the
Central Universities like the Banaras Hindu University, Shanti Niketan,
etc. have Institutes/Schools of Agricultural Sciences, which are
engaged in research in agriculture and allied areas, some of which are
supported by the ICAR.
5.2 Other Scientific Organizations:
Many other scientific organizations either directly undertake research,
or sponsor and support programmes related to agriculture. The Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), through its network of
National Laboratories, provides research support in areas like
processing of agricultural products, recycling of agricultural wastes,
development of various agro-chemicals, etc. The Indian Council of
Medical Research's (ICMR) research on the nutritional qualities of
various agricultural produce including toxicity and occupational health
of agricultural workers have greatly helped the ICAR in planning its
research programmes. Some of the areas in which the Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre (BARC) is actively engaged are the development of
newer varieties of crops and preservation of agricultural produce. The
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is helping the research
system to assess India's soil and water resources. Technological
institutions like IIT, Kharagpur, are active in the fields of agricultural
engineering, soil and water management, and agronomy. The
Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of
Biotechnology (DBT) promote research on genetic engineering, post-
harvest technology, and areas of basic sciences supportive to
agriculture. The Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
works on the utilization of solar and wind energies and biogas for
agricultural purposes. The Department of Meteorology is actively
engaged in research on crop-weather forecasting. The Department of
Ocean Development is involved in assessing the fishery resources in
the country and promotes research in the area of fisheries. Similarly the
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5. International Co-operation
International co-operation has played a significant role in developing
and strengthening the research system in India. Many developed
countries like USA, UK, USSR, Canada, Australia, Japan, several
European countries; Charitable Institutions, etc.; Rockefeller and Ford
Foundations; various International Agencies like FAO, UNDP,
UNESCO, World Bank, etc.; and the International Agricultural
Research Centers under the Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR) System have contributed extensively
to the cause of agricultural research in India. Spectacular achievements
in increasing the food production have raised the country's image
considerably, and the bilateral arrangements have changed from the
erstwhile donor-donee status to relationship of equal partnership in
research. The reciprocity and mutuality of interests with the less
developed and as well as the technologically advanced countries are
the essence of international co-operation. The Government has
authorized ICAR, assisted by the DARE, to enter into bilateral
cooperative agreements with several countries and agencies. The mode
of collaboration normally follows the pattern of: (a) exchange of
germplasm of plant and animal origin; (b) exchange of scientific and
technical information; (c) visits of scientists and experts; (d) training of
scientists; and (e) infrastructure development.
References:
Balaguru, T. and Raman, K.V. 1988.Agricultural Research System in
India. In: Agricultural Research Systems and Management in the
21st Century, Raman, K.V. et al. (Eds), NAARM Alumni
Association, Hyderabad.
FAO. 1986. Agricultural Research Systems in The Asia - Pacific
Region, RAPA PublicationNo.17, Food and Agricultural
Organization Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok,
Thailand.
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Figure 1
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Figure-2
Organizational Structure of ICAR
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Figure-3
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Figure - 4
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