< FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY>

<MAY/2018>

< XBHA2103>

< HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY>

MATRICULATION NO: <850908075127001>

IDENTITY CARD NO. : <850908-07-5127>
TELEPHONE NO. : <0174376204>
E-MAIL : <krubanlingis@gmail.com>
LEARNING CENTRE : <Penang>

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INSTRUCTIONS
 Do not copy the assignment question and instructions to your answer.
 Prepare your assignment answer following the layout of the ASSESSMENT
CRITERIA shown in the RUBRICS provided for the course. Where RUBRICS are
not provided, follow the instructions/guidelines specified by the Open University
Malaysia (OUM) for the assignment concerned.
 Your assignment should be written according to the number of words outlined in the
assignment instruction EXCLUDING references.
 Type your answer using 12 point Times New Roman font and 1.5 line spacing.
 Show the number of words at the end of your assignment.
 Tables and figures where provided, should be appropriately titled.
 List your references separately in the APPENDIX page.

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Question 1

1.0 The Anatomy of Lower Back

The lower back, known as the lumbar district, could be a complicated structure of vertebrae, plates,
spinal string, nerves, tendons, and muscles. The body part district of the rear backings the
heaviness of the abdominal space.
The lumbar district contains 5 vertebrae, known as the lumbar vertebrae and its labeled as (L1-L5).
The discs, fabricated from spongy pads of gristle, that cushion and stabilize the lumbar vertebrae.
80% of the disc is water. Disc is connected to the bone on top of and below is taken into account as
a bone joint, permitting movement of the rear.
Facet joints that connect the two lower projections of one bone to the two higher projections of the
vertebrae below it. The lower back additionally contains ligaments that hold the vertebrae in situ,
and it attaches the muscles to the rachis. Alongside the muscles, it additionally gives strength,
support, and stability the lower back.
Most of the lower back is created up from muscles and tendons that facilitate to support the spine.
The muscles of the rear bone are connected to every vertebral section to subsequent and they are
liable for dominate the movement of lower back for activities as straightening the rear, bending
forward at the waist and additionally bending backward. The abdominal muscles settled at the front
and side of the abdomen, are important in supporting and protective at abdominal internal organs
and additionally play an important role in the protective movement of the back in backward,
forward, and aspect bending.

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The other necessary part of our backbone is funiculus and nerves that travel through a central hole
in every vertebra. The nerves that return of the funiculus is called nerves roots. The nerves submit
to tiny openings on either aspect of the connecting vertebrae and mix from spinal nerves. There are
5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves and the bundle of nerve roots that exit the bottom of the spine
referred to as the "cauda equine".

1.0.1 Why lower back pain happens?

The causes of back pain are multifactorial but there are some case studies stated that the lower back
pain is the most common cause of Job-related disability such as improper lifting technique when
lifting a heavy object in the workplace and there is also another factor that can lead to back pain
such as weak body posture and poor weight management these three factors are common in causing
back pain problem among people.

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1.0.2 improper lifting technique

One of the foremost common causes of low back pain and neurology is poor lifting technique
or frequent lifting at work. Most injuries are caused by poor lifting mistakes exploitation poor
posture while lifting, or just lifting one thing that's too heavy. Putting an excessive amount of
strain on your back will increase the risk of injury.
Most lifting injuries are a result of a strain, or temporary state, placed on the lower back
muscles during a bent forward position. During this position wherever the knees is straight, an
excess stretch is placed on the soft tissues of your lower back. They either tear or become
inflamed because of fatigue and overuse.
This has led to regulations making the employer responsible for the teaching of correct lifting
strategies to the worker. A study distributed on men aged between 18 to 55 years old who
lifted a minimum of 20 kg quite double on a daily basis showed that they were at accumulated
risk of low back pain.

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Prevention Technique

Using back belts or lumbar support belt

Back belts, or lumbar support belts, are generally light-weight belts worn around the lower
back to provide support to the lumbar. Industrial back belts tend to be almost like weight
lifting belts or special belts utilized in medical rehabilitation medical aid. Back belts area unit
well-liked among staff across a variety of industries airline baggage handlers, warehouse staff,
grocery, etc. specifically to forestall lifting injuries. The theory underlying the utilization of
back belts is that the belts reduce forces on the spine, stiffen the spine, or increase intra-
abdominal pressure. Analysis has nonetheless to demonstrate the effectual of back belts in
preventing applied science injuries. In some cases, staff exposes themselves to a larger risk of
injury, a basic cognitive process that the rear belt is providing additional support and
protection.

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Proper Lifting Technique

Before lifting, take a flash to consider what you're getting ready to do. Examine the item for
sharp corners, slippery spots or alternative potential hazards. apprehend your limit and don't
attempt to exceed it. ask for help if required. Or if can, divide the load to create it lighter.
apprehend wherever you are reaching the item down and check that the destination and your
path are freed from obstructions. Then follow these steps.

1. Stand near to the load along with your

feet unfold shoulder breadth apart. One
foot should be slightly in front of the
other for balance.

2. Squat down, bending at the knees (not

your waist). Tuck your chin whereas
keeping your back as vertical as
attainable.

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3. Get a firm grasp of the object before
beginning the lift.

4. Slowly begin straightening your legs,

lifting slowly. Never twist your body
during this step.

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 5. Once the lift is complete, keep the
object as close to the body as possible. If
the load’s center of gravity moves away
from your body, there is a dramatic
increase in stress to the lumbar region of
the back.

If you want to turn with carrying the load, turn with your feet, not your body part. To position,
the thing below the amount of your waist, follow constant procedures in reverse order. keep in
mind to stay your back as vertical as can, and bend at the knees.

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1.0.3 Weak Body Posture

Poor workplace posture is a major cause of back pain, workplace stress and can lead to
repetitive strain injuries. This can result in poor employee health and low morale which will
ultimately lead to reduced productivity, lost time and higher business costs.
Posture is the position in which we hold our bodies while standing, sitting, or walking. Good
posture is the correct alignment of body parts supported by the right amount of muscle tension
against gravity.
Without posture and the muscles that control it, we would simply fall to the bottom. Several
muscle teams, as well as the hamstrings and enormous back muscles, are critically vital in
maintaining good posture. whereas the ligaments facilitate to carry the skeleton along. once
posture muscle functioning properly its stop the forces of gravity from pushing us over
forward. bodily property muscles also maintain our posture and balance throughout the
movement.

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Good Posture Technique
The key to smart posture is coaching your body to sit down, stand and walk in positions
wherever the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments throughout operating
in the workplace.

A good seat for working ought to have good back support, arm rests and a swivel base. Once
sitting, attempt to keep your knees and hips level and keep your feet flat on the ground, or use
a footstool. you must ideally be able to sit upright with support within the tiny of your back. If
you are using a keyboard, make sure your elbows are at the right-angles which your forearms
are horizontal.

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Good posture while standing

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4
8

Standing with proper alignment of body postures can allow one to think of a lot of efficiency
with less fatigue and tension on your body's ligaments and muscles. Being conscious of good
standing posture is that the initiative to breaking old body posture habits and reducing stress
and strain on your spine. A good standing posture are:
1. Keep your head level and your earlobes should be in line with your shoulder. Do not
push your head forward, backward, or to the side
2. Tuck your stomach in
3. Keep your knees slightly bent
4. Keep your feet about shoulder with apart
5. Stand straight and tall with your shoulder pulled backward
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 6. Let your arms hang naturally down at the side of the body
7. Bear your weight primarily on the balls of your feet
8. Shift your weight from your toes to your heels, or one foot to the other if you have to
stand for a long period.

Good posture while walking

7 2

3
8

9 4

The way you hold your body is extremely necessary to walk well and easily. The poor
walking technique might find yourself in injury, discomfort, or cause you to tire as sooner as
you ought to. Walking with wise posture is efficient, economical and easier for the body. Once
you walk with correct method, you’ll be able to breathe easier and avoid back pain drawback.
There is some good walking guide that will help to reduce injuries on your back for example:
1. Hold your head up straight, just look straight ahead and keep your chin parallel to the
ground
2. Keep your core muscle slightly flexes while walking
3. Keep your thumbs pointing forward and this will help you keep your shoulder upright

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 4. When shifting your weight to your front leg, stretch the knee forward
5. Your feet should always point forward
6. Keep your shoulder straight and stable and don’t let them hang forward
7. While walking let your arms swing casually and naturally with your elbow slightly
bent
8. Slightly tense your glutes at the end of every step
9. The knee of your back leg should be slightly bent

Poor weight management

When your body carries extra weight especially around the midsection that weight pulls your
pelvis forward. Every extra pound adds strain to back muscles and ligaments. Over time, the
spine can become tilted and develop an unnatural curvature. Research has shown that obesity
poses more than a mechanical stressed joint. Excess body fat also produces chemicals that
contribute to joint damage. The combination of weight-related risks can cause a range of
damage to the spinal discs and other structures.
When we have excess fat in our belly, we are likely to experience side effects. The core is the
center of gravity and will shift with excess weight. This shift will pull your body forward and
potentially strain your back. The shift will also cause the body to hold an unnatural posture
that in return can cause lots of back pain, and down the line back issues.
Prevention of poor weight management
Maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight can help ease or prevent back issues, and
reduces stress on other joints as well. Dropping just a few pounds can make a big difference to

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your back. For every 4 pounds, we lose, we will remove 16 pounds of pressure from our
spine. In one study, the risk of developing osteoarthritis dropped 50 percent with each 11-
pound weight loss. A proper diet and regular exercise method are one of the most important
factors that contribute to losing weight. There is some balances diet chart and exercise that
will help to reduce weight for example as the picture below.

If we maintain a well-balanced diet and regular exercise there is a chance that we can reduce
back pain injuries.

Exercise for stronger backbone

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Core Strengthening the backbone and muscle is one of the key elements that will help to
reduce backbone pain. There are several exercises that will helps us to maintain a stronger
backbone and muscle the exercise includes in the picture below:

Conclusion
Using proper lifting techniques, good body posture method, exercise and proper weight
management technique can help prevent downtime due to avoidable back injuries. With a little
practice, precautional ways like these will become sensible daily habits that would help to
prevent back injuries from both on and off the job. The employer ought to give training to
their worker the proper lifting technique to reduce back pain injuries at the workplace. No
approach can fully eliminate back injuries. However, a substantial portion can be prevented by
incorporating effective administrative and engineering controls.

Question 2

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What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a condition wherever the quantity of glucose is just too high for our body and it
cannot use it properly. The physical structure processes the food that we have a tendency to
eat and switch it as fat, protein, or carbohydrates. Food that impact the blood glucose are
known as carbohydrates. The carbohydrates that digest change into glucose and its use for the
human body. Example of carbohydrates is bread, rice, pasta, potatoes, corn, fruit, and milk
product. Glucose may be a main supply of fuel and its transfer to the blood and use by the cell
for energy.
The pancreas an organ that placed near to our abdomen and its produce a hormone call insulin
to assist the glucose to get into the cell of our bodies. After we are diagnosed as a diabetes
patient our body either cannot produce any insulin or not enough insulin to assist glucose to
enter our body cell or the insulin that has been produced is doesn't work properly (known as
hormone resistance). This causes the amount of sugar to build up in our blood and this is why
many people diabetes as "sugar".
There are different types of diabetes such as Prediabetes, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 diabetes
and Gestational (pregnancy) Diabetes.

Prediabetes
Prediabetes could be a condition characterized by glucose (sugar) levels that are higher than
normal however not yet high enough for a diagnosis as diabetes. Prediabetes is an alert that
triggers up to tell that we are within the risk of diabetes.
With prediabetes, the possibilities of getting type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and
stroke are higher. With some weight loss and moderate physical activity, we can delay or
forestall type 2 diabetes. we can even come back to normal glucose levels, possibly without
taking any medicines.
Prediabetes individuals are in the danger of developing in type 2 diabetes within the short
period Especially if the individuals produce other risk factors corresponding to Being
overweight, High blood pressure, an oversized waist circumference, indicating fat around the
abdominal area, abnormally.

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High glucose levels within the past and for women having given birth to a baby weighing over
4.1 kg (9 lbs).
Prediabetes is usually characterized by the time of day when blood sugar values are abnormal:
• Impaired fasting glucose: blood sugar (sugar) levels are more than normal after eating
nothing caloric for a minimum of 8 hours.
• Impaired glucose tolerance: blood sugar (sugar) levels are more than normal 2 hours
after drinking a sweet liquid equivalent to a meal high in carbohydrates (sugars).

Type 1 diabetes occurs most frequently in kids, adolescents or young adults. approximately
10% of individuals with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes used to be known as
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body produces
very little or no insulin. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are dependent on daily insulin
injections for his or her survival.
The exact causes of type 1 diabetes are still unknown. In most cases, the insulin-producing
beta cells within the pancreas are destroyed by the body’s immune system.
Researchers believe that a genetic predisposition and certain environmental factors contribute
to type 1 diabetes.

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Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (90% of cases). it usually happens in
adulthood, for individuals 40 years and older. unfortunately, for many years, it's begun showing in
younger and younger age groups. In some populations at risk, it may even occur in childhood.
The type 2 diabetes happen when pancreatic cells that do not produce enough insulin. In others,
the insulin they produce doesn't do its job properly, creating what is known as insulin resistance.
In both cases, the result is an increase in blood glucose (sugar) levels, since the body isn't able to
effectively use the glucose as an energy source its develop into diabetes. Risk factors for type 2
diabetes include older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, previous history of gestational
diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.

Gestational (pregnancy) Diabetes

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Gestational diabetes will develop once a lady is pregnant. Pregnant women create hormones
which will cause insulin resistance. All women have insulin resistance late in their maternity. If
the pancreas doesn’t create enough insulin throughout maternity, a woman develops gestational
diabetes.
Overweight or obese women have a higher likelihood of gestational diabetes. Also, gaining an
excessive amount of weight throughout pregnancy might increase your chance of developing
gestational diabetes.
Gestational diabetes most frequently goes away once the baby is born. However, a woman who
has had gestational diabetes is more probably to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Babies born
to mothers who had gestational diabetes are more probably to develop obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes diagnosis method

The diagnosis of diabetes is created by a straightforward blood test measurement of your blood

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glucose level. Usually, these tests are continual on a subsequent day to verify the diagnosis.
A diagnosis of diabetes may be a scary and unclear expertise because there's so many data is
required in and also the diagnosis might return as shock.
People with type 2 diabetes might hear their condition described as “mild,” however type 2
diabetes isn't a “mild” medical condition. Each form and all stages of diabetes are serious, with
several possible complications, including eye, heart, kidney, and nerve injury if never go for
correct treatment and medication.

The process of a Negative feedback loop to control the level of sugar

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The above method is called homeostasis during a normal system is achieved by maintaining a
glucose level of concerning 90mg glucose/100mL of blood. This balance is disturbed by a
stimulus such as consumption a meal or skipping a meal.
When we eat a meal, our glucose level rises as a result of we tend to absorb sugar and
carbohydrates into our blood via our digestive system. Consequently, glucose exceeds the set
point of 90mg/100mL and therefore the cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood.
insulin then travels through the circulatory system and signals the liver and body cells to
require up glucose and store it as glycogen. The glucose level declines to the set point and
therefore the input for insulin release diminishes as we tend to come back to homeostasis.
When we skip the meal, our glucose level drops as a result of our bodies have burnt up most
of the glucose that was already in the blood from the previous meal that we have eaten. As a
result, glucose drops below the set point and therefore the cells of the pancreas release

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glucagon into the blood. glucagon then travels through the circulatory system and signals the
liver to break down its glycogen stores and release them into the blood as glucose.
The glucose level rises to the set point and therefore the input for glucagon release diminishes
and we come back, yet again, to homeostasis. This insulin glucagon negative feedback loop
permits for precise regulation of the glucose.

Conclusion
diabetes is a complex disease that affects any part of our bodies such as eye, heart, kidney, and
nerve injury if never go for correct treatment and medication. Diabetes also affects many
people in our country too from kids, adult, pregnant women and older person. The
development of diabetes may be a delay with effective lifestyle changes and also a proper
medication will help to cure the diabetes problem. Our human body has its own mechanisms
that work to reduce and raise the glucose level in our body that help us to control the blood
glucose and maintain good health.
(3272 words)

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