Management Information System

MBA IV
June 2010
Q.1(a) Explain the purpose of MIS (Management Information
System) with atleast one example?

A.1
A management information system is a system that has important tools to
support, analyze, deliver and add reliability to any organization. It ensures
that appropriate data is collected from various sources, processed and sent
to needy destinations. Also this helps to solve businesses problems. The
term MIS is often used to submit to a group of information management
methods tied to the support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support
Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.

MIS stands for management information system. MIS is a mainframe or

minicomputer based system that provides predefined periodic reports on an
organization's performance in formats tailored to the informational needs of
different management levels: strategic, tactical, and operational.

At its basic level, MIS monitors day-to-day activities and distributes

information on those activities to middle management to support and
enhance tactical decision-making. For example, MIS not only gives middle
managers the information they need to make informed decisions on how to
best organize resources to achieve their division's goals, but also reports on
whether those goals are being met.

At the most senior levels of management, MIS provides the information

necessary to make informed strategic decisions. Upper management uses
MIS output to evaluate performance, manage resources, comply with
regulatory requirements, and manage risk — including assessing the
effectiveness of existing risk management controls.

There are four subsystems of MIS.

Transaction Processing System (TPS)
Management Information System (MIS)
Decision Support System (DSS)
Office Support System (OSS)
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
These systems are used to record day-to-day transaction of an organization.
These are very low- level information system. Sales processing system is a
transaction system.

Management Information System (MIS)

MRS is the natural extinction to the transaction processing system. These
systems get data from TPS and create reports according the names of
different levels of management.

Decision Support System (DSS)

DDS also get data from TPS and used it to help decision makers in making
their decision. These systems are just to help decision maker and these
system cannot make decision maker.

Office Support System (OSS)

These are information system, which provide support in office work like ward
processor, spread sheet etc. These information systems also provide
facilities of communication of information.

Q.1(b) Assess the benefits and drawbacks of major national

programmes to introduce computers and computer based
information system into the healthcare system.

Q.1(c) Define Databases and why is a DBMS important for E-

business?

Databases
A database consists of an organized collection of data for one or more uses,
typically in digital form. One way of classifying databases involves the type
of their contents, for example: bibliographic, document-text, statistical.
Digital databases are managed using database management systems, which
store database contents, allowing data creation and maintenance, and
search and other access.

Database Management System

A database management system (DBMS) consists of software that operates
databases, providing storage, access, security, backup and other facilities.
Database management systems can be categorized according to the
database model that they support, such as relational or XML, the type(s) of
computer they support, such as a server cluster or a mobile phone, the
query language(s) that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery,
performance trade-offs, such as maximum scale or maximum speed or
others. Some DBMS cover more than one entry in these categories, e.g.,
supporting multiple query languages.Examples of some commonly used
DBMS are MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server,
FileMaker,Oracle, RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper,FoxPro,etc. Almost every database
software comes with an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) driver that
allows the database to integrate with other databases.

Components of DBMS

Most DBMS as of 2009 implement a relational model.[2] Other DBMS systems, such as Object
DBMS, offer specific features for more specialized requirements. Their components are similar,
but not identical.

[edit] RDBMS components

• Sublanguages— Relational DBMS (RDBMS) include Data Definition Language (DDL)

for defining the structure of the database, Data Control Language (DCL) for defining
security/access controls, and Data Manipulation Language (DML) for querying and
updating data.
• Interface drivers—These drivers are code libraries that provide methods to prepare
statements, execute statements, fetch results, etc. Examples include ODBC, JDBC,
MySQL/PHP, FireBird/Python.
• SQL engine—This component interprets and executes the DDL, DCL, and DML
statements. It includes three major components (compiler, optimizer, and executor).
 • Transaction engine—Ensures that multiple SQL statements either succeed or fail as a
group, according to application dictates.
• Relational engine—Relational objects such as Table, Index, and Referential integrity
constraints are implemented in this component.
• Storage engine—This component stores and retrieves data from secondary storage, as
well as managing transaction commit and rollback, backup and recovery, etc.

[edit] ODBMS components

Object DBMS (ODBMS) has transaction and storage components that are analogous to those in
an RDBMS. Some ODBMS handle DDL, DCL and update tasks differently. Instead of using
sublanguages, they provide APIs for these purposes. They typically include a sublanguage and
accompanying engine for processing queries with interpretive statements analogous to but not
the same as SQL. Example object query languages are OQL, LINQ, JDOQL, JPAQL and others.
The query engine returns collections of objects instead of relational rows.

Types of Database

Operational database

These databases store detailed data about the operations of an organization. They are typically
organized by subject matter, process relatively high volumes of updates using transactions.
Essentially every major organization on earth uses such databases. Examples include customer
databases that record contact, credit, and demographic information about a business' customers,
personnel databases that hold information such as salary, benefits, skills data about employees,
manufacturing databases that record details about product components, parts inventory, and
financial databases that keep track of the organization's money, accounting and financial
dealings.

[edit] Data warehouse

Data warehouses archive modern data from operational databases and often from external
sources such as market research firms. Often operational data undergoes transformation on its
way into the warehouse, getting summarized, anonymized, reclassified, etc. The warehouse
becomes the central source of data for use by managers and other end-users who may not have
access to operational data. For example, sales data might be aggregated to weekly totals and
converted from internal product codes to use UPC codes so that it can be compared with
ACNielsen data.Some basic and essential components of data warehousing include retrieving
and analyzing data, transforming,loading and managing data so as to make it available for further
use.

[edit] Analytical database

Analysts may do their work directly against, a data warehouse, or create a separate analytic
database for Online Analytical Processing. For example, a company might extract sales records
for analyzing the effectiveness of advertising and other sales promotions at an aggregate level.
[edit] Distributed database

These are databases of local work-groups and departments at regional offices, branch offices,
manufacturing plants and other work sites. These databases can include segments of both
common operational and common user databases, as well as data generated and used only at a
user’s own site.

[edit] End-user database

These databases consist of data developed by individual end-users. Examples of these are
collections of documents in spreadsheets, word processing and downloaded files, or even
managing their personal baseball card collection.

[edit] External database

These databases contain data collected for use across multiple organizations, either freely or via
subscription. The Internet Movie Database is one example.

[edit] Hypermedia databases

The Worldwide web can be thought of as a database, albeit one spread across millions of
independent computing systems. Web browsers "process" this data one page at a time, while web
crawlers and other software provide the equivalent of database indexes to support search and
other activities.